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Urban Futures: How Security and Aspirations to Cosmopolitanism Reconfigure the City Centre

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Urban Futures: How Security and Aspirations to Cosmopolitanism Reconfigure the City Centre URBAN FUTURES: HOW SECURITY AND ASPIRATIONS TO COSMOPOLITANISM RECONFIGURE THE CITY CENTRE A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2014 ELISA PIERI SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Department of Sociology Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 5 Declaration .............................................................................................................................. 6 Copyright statement ............................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2 Methodology and Research Design .................................................................... 19 2.1 The Contribution of Science and Technology Studies ................................................ 20 2.1.1 Expectations, Visions and Futures ................................................................... 21 2.1.2 Multi-Stakeholder Engagement, Contested Knowledge and Up-Streaming Participation ....................................................................................................... 22 2.1.3 Socially Robust Policy Making .......................................................................... 24 2.2 The Contribution of Surveillance Studies, Governmentality and Biopolitics ............. 25 2.3 The Contribution of Frame Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis ......................... 28 2.4 Mixed-Methods .......................................................................................................... 30 2.4.1 Documentary and Media Analysis ................................................................... 30 2.4.2 Interviews and Focus Groups ........................................................................... 31 2.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 33 Chapter 3 Researching Manchester City Centre .................................................................. 35 3.1 Manchester ................................................................................................................. 35 3.2 The City Centre ............................................................................................................ 45 3.3 Media .......................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.1 Recurrent Themes and Portrayals of Manchester in Local Printed Media ....... 51 3.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 56 Chapter 4 Security and the City: Risk, Securitisation and the Built Environment ............. 59 4.1 Risk .............................................................................................................................. 61 4.2 Risk and the City .......................................................................................................... 63 4.3 The Process of Securitisation ...................................................................................... 69 4.4 Security by Design ....................................................................................................... 73 4.4.1 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) ............................. 75 4.4.2 The UK Secured by Design (SBD) Scheme ......................................................... 81 4.4.3 Designing out Terrorism and the UK Legacy ..................................................... 84 4.5 Branding and the Security Paradox ............................................................................. 88 4.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 91 Chapter 5 Stakeholders’ Views of City Centre Safety and of Security by Design .............. 93 5.1 Stakeholders’ Views, Values and Experiences of Manchester City Centre’s Safety and Security ...................................................................................................................... 93 5.2 Feeling Vulnerable? Stakeholders’ Take on the Disjoint Between Fear and Incidence of Crime ..................................................................................................................... 96 5.3 Stakeholders’ Take on Variability of Risks and Risk Exposure .................................. 102 5.4 Stakeholders’ Views, Values and Experiences of Everyday Security by Design Solutions .................................................................................................................. 104 2 5.5 Stakeholders’ Views of Security by Design for Temporary Events ........................... 111 5.5.1 Participants’ Views of the Ring of Steel .......................................................... 111 5.5.2 Participants’ Views of Village Gating during Pride ......................................... 118 5.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 126 Chapter 6 Security and Surveillance in the Sensor City ................................................... 129 6.1 ICTs and Visibility in the Sensor City ......................................................................... 130 6.2 Theorising Virtual Surveillance ................................................................................. 134 6.3 Configurations of Surveillance in Manchester City Centre ....................................... 138 6.3.1 CCTV in Manchester City Centre: Stakeholders’ Experiences and Views ....... 139 6.3.2 Ubiquitous Surveillance .................................................................................. 141 6.3.3 Identity Dominance ........................................................................................ 141 6.3.4 Networked and Clustered Surveillance: Public-Private Hybrids ..................... 143 6.3.5 Resident Databases......................................................................................... 144 6.3.6 Para-Policing and Soft-Policing in the Sensor City .......................................... 148 6.3.7 Shop a Looter .................................................................................................. 150 6.3.8 Proactive Policing ............................................................................................ 153 6.3.9 Exclusion Zones ............................................................................................... 156 6.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 159 Chapter 7 Cosmopolitanism .............................................................................................. 163 7.1 The Current Cosmopolitan Turn ............................................................................... 163 7.2 A Critique of Cosmopolitanism ................................................................................. 165 7.3 Aesthetic Cosmopolitanism ...................................................................................... 167 7.4 Banal Cosmopolitanism and the Regeneration of Manchester ................................ 168 7.5 Cosmopolitanism in Local Policy and Promotional Discourses ................................. 169 7.6 Mapping Participants’ Views of Cosmopolitanism in Manchester City Centre ........ 173 7.6.1 Diversity versus Cosmopolitanism .................................................................. 175 7.6.2 Cosmopolitan Built Environment and Practices ............................................. 177 7.6.3 Cosmopolitanism, Danger and Security .......................................................... 180 7.7 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 181 Chapter 8 Stakeholders’ Priorities and the Future(s) of Manchester City Centre .......... 183 8.1 Future Priorities and Security ................................................................................... 183 8.2 Public Space .............................................................................................................. 189 8.3 Resident Population, Property Development and Housing ...................................... 192 8.4 Hospitality, Leisure and Activity Planning ................................................................. 200 8.5 Partnership and ‘Community’ ................................................................................... 203 8.6 Boundaries, Mobility and Diversity ........................................................................... 207 8.7 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 208 Chapter 9 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 211 9.1 Future Research ........................................................................................................ 223 Appendices .........................................................................................................................
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