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1 Scenarios of Encounter: Place, Performance, and Commemoration Scenarios of Encounter: Place, Performance, and Commemoration in Tūranganui-a-Kiwa and London Huw Alun Rowlands Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography Royal Holloway, University of London 2020 1 Declaration of Authorship I, Huw Rowlands, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: ___ ______________ Date: _____14 December 2020______________ 2 Acknowledgements I offer my thanks to Professor Felix Driver – I greatly value the huge contribution your experience and unfailingly positive support have made to my learning over the past six years; to Professor Helen Gilbert – your precise and thoughtful interventions have always brought clarity and renewed motivation to my work on this thesis; and to the numerous members of Royal Holloway, University of London’s Social, Cultural, and Historical Geography community amongst whom I have been privileged to work – I have enjoyed and benefited from your enthusiasm, knowledge, and generosity. I offer my thanks to the Technē AHRC Doctoral Training Partnership for the studentship and for their outstanding support, to RHS for a field work grant, and to the British Library and William Frame for the opportunity to undertake a three-month placement in support of work on the Library’s exhibition James Cook: The Voyages. I offer my thanks to everyone who participated in interviews and conversations; your knowledge, wisdom, and experience are woven into this thesis. Thank you: Julie Adams, Reverend Stephen Donald, Kerry Donovan, Briony Ellis, Meng Foon, Dafne Louzioti, Anne Iranui Maguire (Te Aitanga a Hauiti), Luciana Martins, Iona Maxwell (Ngāti Porou, Ngāi Tāmanuhiri), Tapunga Nepe (Rongowhakaata, Ngāi Tāmanuhiri, Te Aitanga a Māhaki, Ngāti Kahnungunu), Wayne Ngata (Te Aitanga a Hauiti, Ngāti Ira, Ngāti Porou), Glenis Phillip Barbara (Ngāti Porou and Ngāti Uepōhatu), Lala Rolls, Dame Anne Salmond, Joy Slappnig, Timothy Smith, Paul Tapsell (Te Arawa, Ngāti Raukawa), John Webster Te Kapene Thatcher (Ngāi Te Rangi, Ngāti Ranginui, Ngāti Porou, Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti), Nedine Thatcher-Swann (Ngāti Porou, Ngāi Tāmanuhiri, Te Aitanga a Hauiti), Kirk Torrance (Ngāti Kahnungunu), James Tremlett, Michael Tuffery, Eloise Wallace, and others who wished to remain 3 anonymous. I offer my thanks to the staff who assisted my research in Aotearoa New Zealand: Christine Middleton (Ngāti Porou) and Mahea Tupara (Te Aitanga a Hauiti and Te Aitanga a Māhaki) at the Gisborne District Council archives; and Dudley L. Meadows and Christine Page at Te Whare Taonga o te Tairāwhiti Museum and Art Gallery. I offer my thanks to Ripeka Khan, Ngāti Rānana and the te reo Māori class. I offer my thanks to family and friends who have supported me in many ways: Claire De Bie, Elsa Daouti, Liam Emerson, Poushali Ganguli, Joy Godden, Poonam Lall, Citra Lila Devi Dasi, Sheila Michie, the New Mayapur community, and Luca Pulia. I acknowledge my parents, my family, and my ancestors, recognising that their lives are present in mine. I acknowledge the places that I belong to. I acknowledge all those, living and passed, through whom my life has been immensely richer. They are present in this work in many ways. I acknowledge the violence of colonialism and recognise its continuing impact on peoples around the world. I acknowledge the privilege that colonisation has afforded me and the responsibilities that come with it. Ko Lochnagar te maunga Ko Dee te awa Ko Forbes te iwi Ko Michie te hapū Ko Huw toku ingoa Kia ora 4 Abstract Cross-cultural encounters are active processes of place making. In this thesis, commemorations and histories of cross-cultural encounter are understood as performances which may perpetuate or challenge prevailing narratives. The thesis takes as its focus the arrival of HMB Endeavour, commanded by James Cook, at Tūranganui-a-Kiwa, Aotearoa New Zealand in October 1769. A foundation for its place-based analysis is the idea of the contact zone, as used by Mary Louise Pratt in relation to encounters on the colonial frontier and by James Clifford in the context of museum-based encounters. I build on this foundation by applying Diana Taylor’s concept of scenarios to multiple historical and contemporary commemorations to better understand how cross-cultural encounters contribute to the making of places. The relationship of the scenario of encounter to questions of place-making and memory provides the focus of the first part of the thesis. The core of the thesis comprises four case studies. Chapter 2 considers the first histories of the encounters at Tūranganui-a- Kiwa, written by the voyagers themselves, establishing their fragility, entanglement in pre- existing conventions, and their performative qualities. Three further case studies of commemorations follow, focussing on different places and forms. Chapter 3 examines commemorative events in Tūranganui-a-Kiwa Poverty Bay, Aotearoa New Zealand between 1905 and 2019, marking a series of anniversaries of the 1769 landings there. Chapter 4 analyses exhibitions marking the 250th anniversary of the Endeavour’s departure from England held in London in 2018 at key institutional sites: the British Library, the Royal Academy, and the National Maritime Museum. Finally, Chapter 5 studies a feature-length 5 documentary film Tupaia’s Endeavour (2020), exploring the power of the medium to challenge the scenario of encounter. I take a geographical approach that focuses on commemorative place-making. I conclude that when the scenario itself is a focus there is greater potential for positive change. 6 Contents Declaration of Authorship ..................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 5 Contents ............................................................................................................................... 7 Figures ................................................................................................................................ 10 Chapter 1. Cross-cultural encounters in contact zones: scenario, archive, and repertoire ... 17 1.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 17 1.2. Voyaging with the Endeavour ................................................................................ 20 1.3. Approaches to Place.............................................................................................. 28 1.4. Situated Encounter ............................................................................................... 35 1.5. Performance and/as History ................................................................................. 40 1.6. Approaches, Methods, and Sources ...................................................................... 54 1.7. Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 2. The Endeavours at Tūranganui-a-Kiwa ............................................................... 73 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 73 2.2. The Endeavour’s First Historians ........................................................................... 75 2.3. Performing Scenarios of Encounter ....................................................................... 88 2.4. Perpetuating the Narrative: Self-Defence? .......................................................... 102 2.5. Perpetuating the Scenario of Encounter .............................................................. 117 2.6. Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 120 Chapter 3. Tūranganui-a-Kiwa: Commemorations and the Scenario of Encounter ............. 124 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 124 7 3.2. Repertoire for the archive: the 1905 re-enactment on film ................................. 128 3.3. Inscribing landscape: unveiling the first monument to Cook, 1906 ...................... 141 3.4. The Cook anniversary commemoration: 1919 and the Great War ....................... 148 3.5. Celebrating Colonisation: The Spectacular 1969 Anniversary .............................. 154 3.5.1. The Scenes of Cook Week ............................................................................ 155 3.5.2. Behind the Scenes ........................................................................................ 163 3.5.3. Scenes of Change ......................................................................................... 173 3.6. Tuia – Encounters 250: 2019 ............................................................................... 175 3.6.1. Scenes of Encounter .................................................................................... 175 3.6.2. Beyond the Scenes: Narrative and Scenario ................................................. 185 3.6.3. Repertoire and Archive ................................................................................ 191 3.7. Conclusions ........................................................................................................
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