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Efficacy of Organic and Synthetic Insecticides on the Control of Cotton Pests: the Bollworm Complex, Helicoverpa Armigera, Dipar

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Efficacy of Organic and Synthetic Insecticides on the Control of Cotton Pests: the Bollworm Complex, Helicoverpa Armigera, Dipar Efficacy of organic and synthetic insecticides on the control of cotton pests: The bollworm complex, Helicoverpa armigera, Diparopsis castanea, Earias insulana (Noctuidae) and the leafhopper, Jacobiella fascialis (Cicadellidae), for small-scale farmers By Lawrence Nkosikhona Malinga A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Entomology) Faculty of Science and Agriculture Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Fort Hare Alice 5700 Supervisor: Prof. Samuel Waladde Co-supervisors: Dr Emmanuel Do Linh San Mr Eugen Eulitz August 2012 i DECLARATION This is to declare that this thesis entitled “Efficacy of organic and synthetic insecticides on the control of cotton pests: The bollworm complex, Helicoverpa armigera, Diparopsis castanea, Earias insulana (Noctuidae) and the leafhopper, Jacobiella fascialis (Cicadellidae), for small-scale farmers” is my own work and has not been previously submitted to any institute. I know that plagiarism means taking and using the ideas, writings, works or inventions of another as if they were ones own. I know that plagiarism not only includes verbatim copying, but also extensive use of another person’s ideas without proper acknowledgment (which sometimes includes the use of quotation marks). I know that plagiarism covers this sort of use of material found in textual sources (e.g. books, journal articles and scientific reports) and from the Internet. I acknowledge and understand that plagiarism is wrong. I understand that my research must be accurately referenced. I have followed the academic rules and conventions concerning referencing, citation and the use of quotations. I have not allowed, nor will I in the future allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as their own work. Signature of author: .......................................... Date: ....................................... Signature of supervisor: ................................... Date: ....................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor Prof. Samuel Waladde for his tireless efforts, valuable criticism and support during the writing of this work. I also would like to thank my first co-supervisor, Mr. Eugen Eulitz, for his teaching and guidance during the practical work. My thanks also go to my second co-supervisor, Dr. Emmanuel Do Linh San, for being there for me in such a short notice. I want to thank Dr. Graham Thompson, Dr. Gerrit Prinsloo and Ms. Jennie van Biljon for their constant support. I also would like to thank the staff at ARC Biometry Unit for their assistance with the analysis of the data, as well as Prof. Johnnie Van Den Berg for his precious advice regarding the use of economic threshold levels. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my dearest wife Thobile Lorraine, my handsome son Unathi Stanley (Minime) and my lovely daughter Nomathemba Laurencia for their undying love, support and patience throughout the years. iii ABSTRACT A research was conducted on cotton to test different plant extracts with potential insecticidal properties against bollworms (Noctuidae) and leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) for the use by small-scale, cotton farmers. The study was carried out during the 2006/07 and 2007/08 seasons at ARC Institute for Industrial Crops, Rustenburg (25°39.0 S, 27°14.4 E) in the North West Province of South Africa. Four organic insecticides, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacium), khaki weed (Tagetes minuta), thorn apple (Datura stramonium) and garlic (Allium sativum) were compared with two chemical treatments, Mospilan® (acetamiprid) and Decis® (deltamethrin), and an untreated control. The cultivar, DeltaOPAL, was planted and the trial conducted using standard practices. Overall, Decis® and tobacco treatments exhibited significantly less bollworm larvae than the other treatments. Tobacco was the most promising biological pesticide against American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and spiny bollworm (Earias insulana) larvae. All the treatments were significantly effective against the red bollworm (Diparopsis castanea) larvae, but Decis® and Mospilan® provided the best control. Although khaki weed, garlic and thorn apple were promising biological pesticides against the bollworm complex, tobacco was the most effective organic treatment. Mospilan® seemed to be more effective on the control of leafhoppers (Jacobiella fascialis), followed by Decis® and tobacco. Among the plant extracts, tobacco and garlic gave higher seed cotton yields compared to the khaki weed and thorn apple during both study seasons. In 2006/07, none of the treatments reached the corresponding economic threshold levels (ETLs). In contrast, in 2007/08, only rarely were the treatments (mostly Decis® and Mospilan®) below the corresponding ETLs. These differences were attributed to the higher rainfall recorded during the 2007/08 season, which reduced the effectiveness of the treatments by partly washing away the pesticidal applications. In addition, a high weed infestation also created competition for nutrients in the soil, thus resulting in lower (0.50-1.25 ton/ha in 2007/08 vs 2.50-5.00 ton/ha in 2006/07), but acceptable cotton seed yields. In conclusion, it is suggested that some plant extracts (particularly from tobacco and garlic) can be used as a cheaper and more environment-friendly alternative to chemical insecticides for the control of bollworms and leafhoppers, although it has been demonstrated that their efficacy do not reach the one of chemical treatments. Further research in the near future is recommended. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 3 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 3 2.1 American bollworm ..................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Crop damage and economic importance ...................................... 5 2.2 Red bollworm .............................................................................................. 6 2.2.1 Crop damage and economic importance ...................................... 6 2.3 Spiny bollworm ........................................................................................... 6 2.3.1 Crop damage and economic importance ...................................... 9 2.4 Management of the bollworm complex ..................................................... 10 2.4.1 Chemical control ......................................................................... 11 2.4.1.1 Synthetic chemical insecticides ..................................... 11 2.4.1.2 Botanical pesticides ...................................................... 11 2.4.2 Biological control ......................................................................... 12 2.4.2.1 Parasitoids .................................................................... 12 2.4.2.2 Predators ....................................................................... 14 Predatory bug ............................................................... 14 Spiders ......................................................................... 15 Lacewings .................................................................... 15 v 2.4.2.3 Pathogens and biopesticides ........................................ 16 2.4.2.4 Bt cotton ........................................................................ 16 2.4.3 Cultural control ............................................................................ 18 2.4.3.1 Pheromones and traps .................................................. 18 2.4.3.2 Agronomic techniques ................................................... 19 2.4.3.3 Crop rotation ................................................................. 19 2.4.3.4 Scouting ........................................................................ 20 2.4.3.5 Intercropping ................................................................. 20 2.5 Leafhoppers (Jassids) .............................................................................. 21 2.5.1 Life cycle ..................................................................................... 22 2.5.2 Crop damage and economic importance .................................... 22 2.5.3 Control and management of leafhoppers .................................... 23 2.5.3.1 Chemical control ........................................................... 23 2.5.3.2 Biological control ........................................................... 25 2.5.3.3 Cultural control .............................................................. 26 2.6 Locally available plants with pesticidal potential
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