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Islam in South Asia

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Islam in South Asia David Taylor. Islam in South Asia. London: Routledge, 2010. 1662 S. ISBN 978-0-415-55471-8. Reviewed by Dietrich Reetz Published on H-Soz-u-Kult (June, 2013) David Taylor hat in dieser Publikation eine Menschen, das sich durch die zahlreichen regio‐ umfassende und sehr nützliche Sammlung zum nalen und lokalen Konflikte sowie durch das Nu‐ Thema Islam in Südasien erstellt, die sowohl für klearpotential der beiden größten Länder – Indi‐ die Forschung als auch besonders für die Lehre en und Pakistan – noch erhöht. Heutzutage leben den langjährigen Kenntnisstand zu diesem Wis‐ über 500 Millionen Muslime in Südasien, weit sensfeld weitgehend widerspiegelt. Sie besteht mehr als in den arabischsprachigen Ländern zu‐ aus verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen Aufsätzen sammen. In einigen Regionen des Subkontinents und einem Buchbeitrag, die unter vier großen bilden sie die Mehrheit, wie im heutigen Pakistan, Themen zusammengefasst wurden. Sie zeigen die Bangladesch und auf den Malediven, sowie Teilen Rolle des südasiatischen Islam in Geschichte und Indiens. In anderen Regionen Südasiens stellen Kultur, als Faktor und Akteur in der Kolonialzeit, Muslime eine bedeutende Minderheit dar, wie die in Verbindung mit Politik und Gegenwart, sowie rund 150 Millionen Muslime in Indien bezeugen. zu Bereichen wie Frauen, Bildung, Wirtschaft, Ju‐ Die gesammelten Artikel stammen aus unter‐ gend, und zu differenzierten Praktiken und Inter‐ schiedlichen Quellen und reichen von 1958 bis pretationen des Islam. In der Einleitung gibt der 2009. Dazu zählen Veröffentlichungen aus eta‐ Autor eine allgemeine Einführung in die histori‐ blierten Journalen wie Modern Asian Studies, In‐ schen Entwicklungen des Islams in Südasien. Da‐ ternational Sociology, Journal of the American bei geht er besonders auf die Politik der Muslim Academy of Religion, Journal of Islamic Studies League und die Entwicklungen in den Jahren und vielen anderen. nach der Unabhängigkeit ein. Südasien umfasst Das erste Buch enthält die Einleitung und den hierbei die heutigen Nationalstaaten Pakistan, In‐ thematischen Schwerpunkt „South Asian Islam in dien, Bangladesch, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka und Historical and Cultural Context“. Die Aufsätze die Malediven. dazu behandeln den Sufismus, vor allem in Indi‐ Taylor trägt damit der zunehmenden Bedeu‐ en, die Aufteilung der sozialen Schichten sowie Ri‐ tung des Wissens- und Forschungsfeldes „Islam in ten bestimmter Strömungen bis hin zu politischen Südasien“ Rechnung, das auch heute noch oft un‐ Reformen muslimischer Herrscher/innen im 18. terschätzt wird. Diese Bedeutung leitet sich nicht Jahrhundert. nur daraus ab, dass Südasien die Region bildet, in Das zweite Buch hat den Schwerpunkt „Re‐ der die Mehrheit der Muslime auf der Welt lebt, form and Resistance during the Colonial Period“. sondern auch aus dem hohen politischen und Als Einstieg dient der Artikel „Religious change wirtschaftlichen Gewicht der beteiligten Staaten and the self in Muslim South Asia since 1800“ von mit einer Gesamtbevölkerung von über 1,5 Mrd. H-Net Reviews Francis Robinson. Weitere Artikel diskutieren die in North India, London 1974; , hier kaum vertre‐ muslimische Identität in Bengalen, das Zusam‐ ten sind. menspiel von Bildung und Wissenschaft mit dem Während eine große Vielfalt von Themen ab‐ Islam in Indien, den Einfluss des Dichters Iqbal gedeckt wird, liegt der Schwerpunkt in der Be‐ und des Politkers Maulana Azad sowie einzelne handlung historischer Phänomene und von Ent‐ politische Strömungen. wicklungen der jüngsten Vergangenheit. Darüber Das dritte Buch mit dem Schwerpunkt „Islam hinaus gibt es eine Reihe von Tendenzen, die ge‐ and Politics in Contemporary South Asia“, bezieht genwärtig die Wissenschaftler beschäftigen, die sich vor allem auf islamische Ausprägungen in Pa‐ sich hier wenig niederschlagen. Dazu gehören kistan, Bangladesch und Indien. Die Artikel zu Pa‐ nicht zuletzt die globalen Verflechtungen religi‐ kistan sind stark politisch geprägt und behandeln öser, politischer und wirtschaftlicher Prozesse, Islamisierung, Militanz und das Zusammenspiel die Auseinandersetzung mit aktuellen Tendenzen von Religion und Staat. Auch die Artikel zu Bang‐ religiöser und politischer Radikalisierung und Mi‐ ladesch untersuchen den Zusammenhang von Is‐ litanz sowie die Ausdifferenzierung theologischer, lam und Fundamentalismus bzw. islamischer Mi‐ rechtlicher und kultureller Konzepte im Islam litanz. Einige Artikel behandeln islamische Strö‐ und unter Muslimen. Auch der aktuelle soziale mungen in Südindien, auf den Malediven und bie‐ und politische Wandel in den muslimischen Ge‐ ten einen allgemeinen Ausblick auf die Entwick‐ sellschaften Südasiens hat seither neue Erkennt‐ lungen in Südasien. nisse hervorgebracht. Vgl. Dietrich Reetz, The Das vierte Buch trägt den Titel „Gender, Iden‐ Deoband Universe. What Makes a Transcultural tity and Development“. Die Aufsätze behandeln and Transnational Educational Movement of Is‐ Themen der islamischen Rechtsprechung und ver‐ lam? In: Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa schiedene Aspekte von Frauenrechten, wie die and the Middle East 27 (2007) 1, S. 139–159; ders., Tradition der Mitgift in Bangladesch, die Organi‐ ‘Alternate Globalities?’ On the Cultures and For‐ sation Al-Huda als neue soziale Bewegung, in der mats of Transnational Muslim Networks from besonders Frauen aktiv sind, und die Rolle von South Asia, in: Ulrike Freitag / Achim von Oppen Frauen im sogenannten ‘War on Terror’. Die Arti‐ (Hrsg.), Translocality. The Study of Globalising kel im vierten Buch untersuchen außerdem ver‐ Processes from a Southern Perspective, Leiden schiedene Aspekte der globalen Ökonomie, wie 2010, S. 293–334.; C. Christine Fair, The educated der Arbeitsmigration aus Bangladesch in den militants of Pakistan: implications for Pakistan’s Mittleren Osten oder das Islamic Banking in Pa‐ domestic security, in: Contemporary South Asia 16 kistan. (2008) 1, S. 93–106; Praveen Swami, The Well-Tem‐ pered Jihad. The politics and practice of post-2002 In dem Sammelband überwiegen Autoren, Islamist terrorism in India, in: Contemporary die die muslimischen Gesellschaften vor allem South Asia 16 (2008) 3, S. 303–322; Ananya J. Kab‐ durch ihre religiösen Merkmale bestimmt sehen, ir, The Kashmiri as Muslim in Bollywood’s ‘New wie Francis Robinson, während ihre Antagonisten Kashmir flms’, in: Contemporary South Asia 18 in den Debatten der 1970er- und 1980er-Jahre wie (2010) 4, S. 373–385; Muhammad K. Masud, The Paul Brass, der den instrumentellen Charakter re‐ Construction and Deconstruction of Secularism as ligiöser Identitäten in Südasien betonte Vgl. Paul an Ideology in Contemporary Muslim Thought, in: R. Brass, Muslim Separatism in United Provinces. Asian Journal of Social Science 33 (2005) 3, S. 363– Social Context and Political Strategy before Parti‐ 383; ders., Rethinking sharī’a. Javēd Ahmad Ghā‐ tion, in: Economic and Political Weekly 5 (1970) 3, midī on hudūd, in: Welt des Islams 47 (2007) 3/4, S. 167–186; ders., Language, Religion and Politics S. 356–375; Paul Rollier, Texting Islam. Text Mes‐ 2 H-Net Reviews sages and Religiosity among Young Pakistanis, in: südasiatischen Raumes schließen. Das betrifft Contemporary South Asia 18 (2010) 4, S. 413–426; auch die unvermindert bedeutsamen muslimi‐ Raphael Susewind, „Opfer“ und „Aktivistin“ – schen Regionalkulturen wie in Balochistan. Inso‐ Zwei Muslima aus Gujarat ringen mit der Ambiva‐ fern stellt die Sammlung zwar ein gutes Referenz‐ lenz des Sakralen, in: Internationales Asienforum werk dar, das breite Grundlagen für eine Wis‐ 42 (2011) 3/4, S. 299–317; vgl. Patricia Jeffery / Ro‐ sensvermittlung zu dem Themenkreis des Islam ger Jeffery, Underserved and overdosed? Muslims in Südasien legen hilft, aber die Auseinanderset‐ and the Pulse Polio Initiative in rural North India, zung mit weiterführenden aktuellen Publikatio‐ in: Contemporary South Asia 19 (2011) 2, S. 117– nen nicht ersetzen kann. Vgl. Jan-Peter Hartung, 135; Nida Kirmani, Constructing ‘the Other’: Nar‐ Affection and Aversion: Ambivalences among rating Religious Boundaries in Zakir Nagar, in: Muslim Intellectual Elites in Contemporary South Contemporary South Asia 16 (200) 4, S. 397–412; Asia, in: South Asia Research 21 (2001) 2, S. 189– Mohammad Waseem, Judging democracy in Pa‐ 202, hier: Bd. 3.; Jamal Malik, Muslim Culture and kistan. Conflict between the Executive and Judi‐ Reform in 18th-Century South Asia, in: Journal of ciary, in: Contemporary South Asia 20 (2012) 1, the Royal Asiatic Society 13 (2003) 2, S. 227–43, S. 19–31; Joshua T. White, Beyond moderation. Dy‐ hier: Bd. 1; Annemarie Schimmel, The Idea of namics of Political Islam in Pakistan, in: Contem‐ Prayer in the Thought of Iqbal, in: The Muslim porary South Asia 20 (2012) 2, S. 179–194; Philippa World 48 (1958) 3, S. 205–22, hier: Bd. 2.; Thomas Williams, An absent Presence. Experiences of the K. Gugler, Mission Medina. Da’wat-e Islāmī und ‘welfare state’ in an Indian Muslim mohalla, in: Tablīgī Gamā’at, Würzburg 2011; Jan-Peter Har‐ Contemporary South Asia 19 (2011) 3, S. 263–280. tung, Viele Wege und ein Ziel. Leben und Wirken Inzwischen sind auch eine Reihe weiterer von Sayyid Abū l-Ḥasan ‘Alī al-Ḥasanī Nadwī Themenhefte zum Islam in Südasien, zu Musli‐ (1914–1999). Würzburg 2004; Jan-Peter Hartung / men und Medien in Südasien, zu Islam, Jugend Helmut Reifeld, Islamic Education, Diversity and und Geschlechterforschung in Indien und Pakis‐ National Identity. Dini Madaris in India post 9/11, tan sowie zu Pakistan erschienen, die die For‐ London 2005; Margrit Pernau, Bürger
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