State Repression and Human Security in Balochistan A Dissertation Submitted To Sikkim University In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy By Dipika Kaushik Department of International Relations School of Social Sciences February 2017 Gangtok 737102 INDIA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A note of gratitude to a number of people, whose genuine support and encouragements made this dissertation a successful work. The dissertation began and ended with the dedicated guidance and enormous help of my supervisor Dr. Manish Srivastava, without whose support it would be almost impossible for the completion of the same. I would like to express my heartiest thankfulness and acknowledge him for helping me to get an access to Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis library. I also express my sincere thanks to the faculty members of my Department (International Relations/Politics), Dr. Sebastian and Ph Newton Singh for their valuable suggestions. The major resources throughout the dissertation writing has been the Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis library in New Delhi and Central Library of Sikkim Therefore, I am thankful to all the concerned authorities of these libraries who provided me access to the library and procured relevant materials during the course of my research. It was indeed their constant support, encouragement and patience which contributed at large in the process of this research. Dipika Kaushik Glossary of Acronyms Used AD After the death of Christ ADB Asian Development Bank AHRC Asian Human Rights Commission ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations BC Before Christ BLUF Baloch Liberation United Front BNM Baloch Nationalist Movement BNV Baloch National Voice BPLF Balochistan People s Liberation Front BRP Baloch Republican Party BRP Baloch Republican Party BSMA Baloch Social Media Activists BSO Baloch Students Organisation BSU Balochistan States Union (BSU BUJ Balochistan Union of Journalists CPEC China-Pakistan Economic Corridor EU European Union FC Frontier Corps FIR First information report GPI Gender Parity Index GPIA Gwadar Port Implementation Authority HRCP Human Rights Commission of Pakistan HRD Human Development Report HRW Human Rights Watch HSR Human Security Report ICHS Independent Commission on Human Security ICJ International Commission of Jurists IFJ International Federation of Journalists ISA Ideological State apparatus ISI Inter Service Intelligence IVBMP International Voice for Baloch Missing Person JUI Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam JWP Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP) KSNP Kalat State National Party KSNP MI Military Intelligence MMA Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal NAP National Awami Party (NAP) NGO Nongovernmental organization NWFP North west Frontier Province PCPO Press Council of Pakistan Ordinance PFUJ Pakistan Federal Union of Journalist PIPS Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies PML Pakistan Muslim League PNP Pakistan National Party (PNP) PONM Pakistan Oppressed Nations Movement PPL Pakistan Petroleum Limited PPO The Press and Publication Ordinance PPP Pakistan People’s Party PSDP Public Sector Development Program PSDP Public Sector Development Programme RPPO Revised Press and Publication Ordinance RSA Repressive State apparatus SATP South Asian Terrorism Portal SHARP Society for Human Rights and Prisoners TF-88 Task Force-88 UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Program’s US The United States of America WGEID Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances Table of Contents Page Nos. Declaration Certificate Plagiarism Check Certificate Acknowledgements Glossary of Acronyms Used CHAPTER-I: State Repression and Human Security: A Conceptual Study 1-20 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Framework of Analysis 1.3. State Apparatuses 1.3. a. Repression as a State Measure 1.3. b. Regimes and Repression 1.3. c. Instruments of State Repression 1.4 The Concept of Human Security 1.4. a. The UNDP Approach to Human Security 1.5 Literature Survey 1.6. Rational and Scope of Study 1.7. Objectives 1.8. Research Question 1.9. Methodology 1.10 Chapterization CHAPTER-II: Origins and History of Balochistan 21-52 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Section I: Early History 2.2.a. British Invasion 2.3 Section II: Rise of Baloch Nationalism 2.4 Section III: Partition and the British withdrawal 1947 2.5 Section IV: Pakistan accession over State of Kalat in 1948 2.6 Section V: Post 1950’s Era 2.7 Section VI: The State of Baloch Insurgency 2.8 Conclusion CHAPTER –III: Patterns of State Repression in Balochistan 53-73 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Section I: Background 3.3 Section II: Forms and Patterns of State Repression 3.3.a. Extrajudicial Killing 3.3.b. Target Killings 3.3.c. Disappearance 3.3.d. Torture, Kill and Dump 3.3.e. Political Imprisonment 3.4 Conclusion CHAPTER- IV: State Repression as a threat to Human Security 74-93 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Section I: State of Human Security in Balochistan. 4.2.a. Economic Security 4.2.b . Educational System 4.3 Sections II: State Repression as a threat to Human Security 4.3.a. Attacks and Threats on Schools 4.3.b. Planning and Development 4.3.c. Civil Society and Development Agencies 4.3.d. Threat on Media 4.4 Conclusion CHAPTER-V: Conclusion 94-99 Bibliography 100-110 Annexure List of Maps, Tables and Figures List of Maps Sl. No. Name of Maps Pg.no Map : 1 Map of Balochistan post 1948 Map : 2 District- wise Map of Balochistan. Map : 3 Balochistan under British Domination (1800’s-1947) 25 List of Tables Sl. No. Name of Tables Pg.no Table :1 Fatalities in Balochistan 2011-2016 55 Table: 2 Bomb Blasts in Balochistan 2001-2016 56 Table : 3 Number of Extrajudicial Killing 61 Table : 4 Number of Baloch Missing 64 Table : 5 Attacks on schools (2010,2009,2008) 84 List of Figures Sl. No. Name of Figures Pg.no Figure: 1 Fatalities in Balochistan 2011-2016 55 Figure: 2 Bomb Blasts in Balochistan 2001-2016 56 Figure: 3 Number of Extrajudicial Killing 61 Figure: 4 Number of Baloch Missing 64 Figure: 5 Multidimensional Poverty Number of Baloch Missing 77 Figure: 6 Multidimensional Poverty Number of Baloch Missing 78 Headcount Dedicated to the encapsulating beauty of Balochistan. Map 1: Map of Balochistan Post 1948 Source: http://www.lodhran.pk/balochistan-map.aspx Map 2: District-Wise Map of Balochistan Source : http://www.lodhran.pk/balochistan-map.aspx CHAPTER I State Repression and Human Security: A Conceptual Study. 1.1 Introduction This study attempts to examine state repression as a threat to human security by taking the case of Balochistan province of Pakistan. Balochistan was an independent State of Kalat until 1947.After the British forces decided to withdraw from the Indian subcontinent; Lord Mountbatten held a meeting and declared State of Kalat as independent. However, on 27 March 1948, the then Pakistani government mobilised armed forces against the State of Kalat and forced an instrument of accession, thereby renaming the State of Kalat as Balochistan and declared it as a part of Pakistan. The Baloch nationalists, however, rejected the accession, and by 1950s, mooted the idea of a separate Balochistan through „self-determination‟. In 1951, a Balochistan States Union was created including Lasbela, Kharan, Makran and Kalat. It was administered by Khan of Kalat as its president and a civil servant as its prime minister. However, the Khan of Kalat was suspected by the federal government for carrying out a secessionist policy. This led to the dissolution of Balochistan State Union assembly. In 1955, one unit policy was adopted by Pakistan. This led to the demand for provincial autonomy. Finally, in 1970 Balochistan was granted as a fully-fledged province of Pakistan. However, there was political instability, and subsequently the first democratically elected Mengal government was dismissed by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Thus, the Baloch citizens lost faith in democratic means within the framework of Pakistan and its constitutional process which led to Baloch students taking up arms to prevent marginalisation of community. This has been the starting point for series of insurgencies and rebel attacks. Pakistan started imposing its state apparatus to repress all by upsurge of activities against the government. Conceptually, a state repression involves the actual or threatened use of physical sanctions against an individual or organisation within the territorial jurisdiction of the state, for the purpose of imposing a cost on the target as well as the deterring specific 1 activities and beliefs perceived to be challenging to government personnel practise or institution. To curb the Baloch rebellion, the Pakistani state subsequently adopted methods of abduction, target killing, extra judicial detainment and so on. Since then, Pakistan has been channelizing all its forces to assert its control over this area. Balochistan has witnessed a major demographic, social, political and economic change, ever since it became part of Pakistan. There has been increase in death toll and constant violence. Repressive measures such as abduction, extra judicial killing, target killing, media censorship, and above all militarization of the state are some of the major ongoing issues in the state. Today, Baloch leaders are agitating vociferously in Pakistani Parliament and outside against the setting up of new cantonments in the province at Sui, Kohlu and Gwadar. Besides the four existing cantonment at Quetta, Sibi, Loralai and Khuzdar; the province also has three naval base, four missile testing sites, two nuclear development sites and 59 paramilitary facilities . These cantonments have over the years become centres of parallel authority beyond the provincial and local government. Baloch perceive these cantonments as nothing but grabbing and forceful occupation of their traditional land by the army (Bansal, 2010).To further complicate the problem, the state has been witnessing abductions and extra-judicial killings. This has led to issues related to underdevelopment of the state and protection and welfare of its citizenry, leading to a demand for autonomy and secession of Balochistan from Pakistan. In its classical formulation, security means the protection and welfare of the state.