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Pakistan: the Worsening Conflict in Balochistan
PAKISTAN: THE WORSENING CONFLICT IN BALOCHISTAN Asia Report N°119 – 14 September 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. CENTRALISED RULE AND BALOCH RESISTANCE ............................................ 2 A. A TROUBLED HISTORY .........................................................................................................3 B. RETAINING THE MILITARY OPTION .......................................................................................4 C. A DEMOCRATIC INTERLUDE..................................................................................................6 III. BACK TO THE BEGINNING ...................................................................................... 7 A. CENTRALISED POWER ...........................................................................................................7 B. OUTBREAK AND DIRECTIONS OF CONFLICT...........................................................................8 C. POLITICAL ACTORS...............................................................................................................9 D. BALOCH MILITANTS ...........................................................................................................12 IV. BALOCH GRIEVANCES AND DEMANDS ............................................................ 13 A. POLITICAL AUTONOMY .......................................................................................................13 -
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
U A Z T m B PEACEWA RKS u E JI Bulunkouxiang Dushanbe[ K [ D K IS ar IS TA TURKMENISTAN ya T N A N Tashkurgan CHINA Khunjerab - - ( ) Ind Gilgit us Sazin R. Raikot aikot l Kabul 1 tro Mansehra 972 Line of Con Herat PeshawarPeshawar Haripur Havelian ( ) Burhan IslamabadIslamabad Rawalpindi AFGHANISTAN ( Gujrat ) Dera Ismail Khan Lahore Kandahar Faisalabad Zhob Qila Saifullah Quetta Multan Dera Ghazi INDIA Khan PAKISTAN . Bahawalpur New Delhi s R du Dera In Surab Allahyar Basima Shahadadkot Shikarpur Existing highway IRAN Nag Rango Khuzdar THESukkur CHINA-PAKISTANOngoing highway project Priority highway project Panjgur ECONOMIC CORRIDORShort-term project Medium and long-term project BARRIERS ANDOther highway IMPACT Hyderabad Gwadar Sonmiani International boundary Bay . R Karachi s Provincial boundary u d n Arif Rafiq I e nal status of Jammu and Kashmir has not been agreed upon Arabian by India and Pakistan. Boundaries Sea and names shown on this map do 0 150 Miles not imply ocial endorsement or 0 200 Kilometers acceptance on the part of the United States Institute of Peace. , ABOUT THE REPORT This report clarifies what the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor actually is, identifies potential barriers to its implementation, and assesses its likely economic, socio- political, and strategic implications. Based on interviews with federal and provincial government officials in Pakistan, subject-matter experts, a diverse spectrum of civil society activists, politicians, and business community leaders, the report is supported by the Asia Center at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP). ABOUT THE AUTHOR Arif Rafiq is president of Vizier Consulting, LLC, a political risk analysis company specializing in the Middle East and South Asia. -
A List with Pictures of the Baloch Who Were Killed by Pakistani / Iranian Regimes in 2012
1 Table Of Contents Content Page number Introduction “ Background “ 3 January Incidents 4 February Incidents 5 March Incidents 6 April Incidents 7 May Incidents 8 June Incidents 9 July Incidents 10 August Incidents 11 September Incidents 12 October Incidents 13 November Incidents 14 December Incidents 15 A List With pictures Of The Baloch Who Were 16 Killed By Pakistani / Iranian Regimes in 2012 2 Introduction “ Background “ Balochistan is a vast yet sparsely populated country occupied and divided forcefully by Iran and Pakistan. For decades nationalist sentiments have driven the Baloch people to demand for an end to the occupation of their land. A renewed armed conflict for independence from Iran and Pakistan emerged at the beginning of this century,led by various organizations. The conflict has grown in its complexity often escalating when the governments on both sides of the Goldsmith line tried to find a military solution. One of the most improvished places in the subcontinent it is also one of the most isolated .Yet it is the richest land in resources like oil, gas and minerals .An scattered population ,no international media access and low education ratio also make it a safe place for military mights like Iran and Pakistan to keep on conducting human rights abuses .The ethnically different armies have been given a free hand to conduct massacres ,kidnapping, ethnic cleansing and other inhuman tactics to suppress the freedom movement .Large number of Baloch have been forced to live as refugees either in Afghanistan or as internally -
Crisis in Balochistan: Challenges and Opportunities
Strategic Studies Crisis in Balochistan: challenges and opportunities Mir Sher Baz Khetran * Wáhde pa ĝaríbáñ ki jaháñ tang bibít Láp húrak, badan lúč pa badrang bibít Haq int ča čušeñ wár o azábeñ zindá Máří bisučant, sar birawant, jang bibít – Mir Gul Khan Nasir hen the world starts to constrict around the poor man; His mutilated naked form is left to fend for his hungry gut; then W its better from this life of misery and torture; if war ensues, heads roll & lavish palaces are burnt to the ground. Introduction Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan, making up approximately 43 per cent of the total area of the country. It is also the poorest and least populated. It is rich in mineral resources and the major supplier of natural gas after Sindh. One of the world‟s biggest copper deposits have been found at Reko Diq in the Chaghi district of Balochistan; and these are believed to be even greater than those at Sarcheshmesh in Iran and Escondido in Chile, which are the second and third largest proven deposits of copper in the world, respectively. Indeed, as one analyst notes, “If it were not for the strategic location of Balochistan and the rich potential of oil, uranium and other resources, it would be difficult to anyone fighting over this bleak, desolate and forbidding land.”1 Pakistan has strong geopolitical importance in the region, due mainly to the geo-strategic location of its southwestern province Balochistan, which is situated at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. -
Gulawar KHAN 2014.Pdf
WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/research/westminsterresearch Politics of nationalism, federalism, and separatism: The case of Balochistan in Pakistan Gulawar Khan Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © The Author, 2014. This is an exact reproduction of the paper copy held by the University of Westminster library. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Users are permitted to download and/or print one copy for non-commercial private study or research. Further distribution and any use of material from within this archive for profit-making enterprises or for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: (http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] POLITICS OF NATIONALISM, FEDERALISM, AND SEPARATISM: THE CASE OF BALOCHISTAN IN PAKISTAN GULAWAR KHAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Westminster for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2014 Author’s declaration This thesis is carried out as per the guidelines and regulations of the University of Westminster. I hereby declare that the materials contained in this thesis have not been previously submitted for a degree in any other university, including the University of Westminster. -
Balochis of Pakistan: on the Margins of History
BALOCHIS OF PAKISTAN: ON THE MARGINS OF HISTORY November 2006 First published in 2006 by The Foreign Policy Centre 23-28 Penn Street London N1 5DL www.fpc.org.uk Email: [email protected] © Foreign Policy Centre 2006 All rights reserved ISBN-13: 978-1-905833-08-5 ISBN-10: 1-905833-08-3 PREFACE The Foreign Policy Centre is keen to promote debate about some of the worlds lesser known conflicts. The situation in Balochistan is one such example. This pamphlet sets out a powerful and well argued case that the Balochi people have been let down - by the British Empire, by the founders of modern India and by successive Governments in Pakistan. It is a fascinating analysis which we hope will contribute to constructive discussion about Balochistans future. The Foreign Policy Centre Disclaimer : The views in this paper are not necessarily those of the Foreign Policy Centre. CONTENTS Baloch and Balochistan through History A Brief Prologue The Khanate of Kalat: Between Dependency and Sovereignty The Colonial Era: The British Policy of Divide et Empera Boundary Demarcation and Trifurcation of Baloch Terrain Pakistan absorbs the Khanate Partition and the Annexation of Balochistan The Indian Position Baloch Insurgencies 1948-1977 First Guerrilla Revolt The Second Revolt Third Balochi Resistance: The 1970s The State of Nationalist Politics Today Signifiers of Balochi Nationalism a) Language b) Islam c) Sardari System d) Aversion towards Punjabi and Pathan Immigration The Post-1980 Phase The Contemporary Socio-Political Scenario in Balochistan Influence of Jihad in Afghanistan Does Islam blunt Baloch nationalism? The Baloch Resistance Movement 2000-2006 The state of Baloch Insurgency Human Rights Violations Killing of Nawab Bugti Causes of Baloch Disaffection a) Richest in Resources, Yet the Poorest Province b) Lack of Representation c) The case for Autonomy d) Development as Colonisation The Future The Weaknesses The Road Ahead Endnotes ABSTRACT The Balochis, like the Kurds, their cousins from Aleppo, do not have a sovereign state of their own. -
Pakistan: Violence Vs. Stability
PAKISTAN: VIOLENCE VS. STABILITY A National Net Assessment Varun Vira and Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Working Draft: 5 May 2011 Please send comments and suggested revisions and additions to [email protected] Vira & Cordesman: Pakistan: Violence & Stability 3/5/11 ii Executive Summary As the events surrounding the death of Osama Bin Laden make all too clear, Pakistan is passing through one of the most dangerous periods of instability in its history. This instability goes far beyond Al Qa‟ida, the Taliban, and the war in Afghanistan. A net assessment of the patterns of violence and stability indicate that Pakistan is approaching a perfect storm of threats, including rising extremism, a failing economy, chronic underdevelopment, and an intensifying war, resulting in unprecedented political, economic and social turmoil. The Burke Chair at CSIS has developed an working draft of a net assessment that addresses each of these threats and areas of internal violence in depth, and does so within in the broader context of the religious, ideological, ethnic, sectarian, and tribal causes at work; along with Pakistan‟s problems in ideology, politics, governance, economics and demographics. The net assessment shows that these broad patterns of violence in Pakistan have serious implications for Pakistan‟s future, for regional stability, and for core US interests. Pakistan remains a central node in global counterterrorism. Osama Bin Laden was killed deep inside Pakistan in an area that raises deep suspicion about what Pakistani intelligence, senior military officers and government officials did and did not know about his presence – and the presence of other major terrorists and extremist like Sheik Mullah Omar and the “Quetta Shura Taliban.” Pakistan pursues its own agenda in Afghanistan in ways that provide the equivalent of cross- border sanctuary for Taliban and Haqqani militants, and that prolong the fighting and cause serious US, ISAF, and Afghan casualties. -
Balochistan's Prisoner of Conscience Sanaullah Baloch
PAKISTAN Balochistan's Prisoner of Conscience Sanaullah Baloch NELSON MANDELA WHO was arrested in 1964 was convicted of sabotage and treason and sentenced to life imprisonment by the Apartheid regime of South Africa. But the world’s most respected and admired statesman who later won the Nobel Peace Prize was fortunate that his trial was not held inside the prison. No anti-terrorism court tried him nor was he thrown into an iron cage. Mandela and his companions were tried in a proper court room. His wife, mother, friends, journalists and supporters were allowed to witness the court proceedings. Though the Apartheid regime employed the worst form of racial discrimination against native South Africans, no political activist of the ANC went missing or disappeared during the struggle against the racist regime. But Akhtar Mengal, a well-known and respected Baloch nationalist, has not been so lucky. For some people in Balochistan he has the status that Mandela had in South Africa. He has been kept in solitary confinement in Karachi since December 2006. Akhtar Mengal has not been tried in an open court. His trial is conducted inside the prison. No one except one person from his family is allowed to witness the court proceedings. Mr Iqbal Haider, secretary-general of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, witnessed the first hearing of his trial in Karachi prison on special request, and this is what he saw:Mr Mengal was brought into the courtroom and shoved into an iron cage with bars all around that stood in a corner away from his counsel. -
Ethno-Nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013)
Ethno-nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013) By Muhammad Hassan National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2019 Ethno-nationalist Movement in Balochistan (1999-2013) By: Muhammad Hassan A Dissertation Submitted to the National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quai-i-Azam University Islamabad, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Pakistan Studies. National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2019 Dedication This work is dedicated to the people of Balochistan. vi Acknowledgements This thesis has been enhanced by many fruitful encounters with a number of people in Islamabad and elsewhere. First and foremost, I am thankful to my supervisor Dr. Masood Akhtar Zahid, who not only ignited a curiosity within me to study and research nationalist politics of South Asia but encouraged me to explore it in the context of Baloch nationalist struggle. I greatly value his abundant support, insightful remarks, and keen interest in my work. Without his expert guidance and attention to detail, this thesis would not have appeared in its present form. I am duly grateful to Professor Tahir Amin, the incumbent Vice Chancellor of Bahauddin Zakariya University, who guided me at the early stages of this research. During my six months fellowship at University of Southampton, I worked under the supervision of Professor Ian Talbot and benefitted from his expertise and specialist knowledge of modern South Asian politics in wide variety of ways. He went through the design as well as the early drafts of my thesis. I am very thankful to my parent department National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research (NIHCR) and the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, (HEC) for facilitating a six months Fellowship to United Kingdom. -
A Wave of Contemporary Insurgency in Balochistan
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 2, Ver. II (Feb. 2014), PP 97-105 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org A Wave of Contemporary Insurgency in Balochistan Muhammad Rizwan1, Muhammad Waqar2, Muhammad Arshad3 1, 2, 3 Department of Political Science, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan Abstract: Strategically positioned Balochistan, its colossal resources, and a very vast area have increased its significance in the global affairs. The external powers are taking immense interest in its massive resources, strategic location and most importantly being the most easily accessible pathway to the enormous resources of Central Asian States. It got more significance first, after soviet incursion of Afghanistan and second after US attack against Taliban in Afghanistan. From the very scratch, the misunderstanding emerged between the Pakistani State and Baloch people. The state alienation toward Balochistan has worsened the situation in province particularly regarding the economic and social benefits of Baloch people which resulted in blood uprising in the province. The insurgency has been the main hurdle in the utilization of its gigantic resources to benefit the populace of Pakistan and particularly the Baloch people. The discontinuity of the democratic process and the interruption by the military at regular intervals has aggravated the wounds of Baloch people more than the rest of its countrymen, especially during Musharraf regime. The contemporary insurgency is tougher and different than the previous ones in a sense that situation has changed globally and international actors are more fascinated by this vital part of South Asia. Keywords: Balochistan, Contemporary, Insurgency, Strategic I. -
Is Rohrabacher Wrong on Balochistan? \226 the Express Tribune
Is Rohrabacher wrong on Balochistan? – The Express Tribune http://tribune.com.pk/story/342053/is-rohrabacher-wrong-on-balochistan/ Daily Express The Express Tribune Urdu E-Paper English E-Paper Watch Express News Live Sunday, 26 Jan 2014 Subscribe Is Rohrabacher wrong on Balochistan? Men like Rohrabacher are no friends of the Baloch. But what can stop their meddling? By Pervez Hoodbhoy Published: February 26, 2012 Dana Rohrabacher’s resolution in the US Congress states that the Baloch people “have the right to self-determination and to their own sovereign country”. Expectedly, this unleashed a torrent of anger in Pakistan’s government and media which overwhelmingly saw this as a conspiracy to break up the country. Pakistan-US relations have descended another notch; attempts by the US State Department, as well as the currently visiting group of Congressmen, to distance themselves from the resolution have not worked. Rohrabacher is easy to criticise. This extremist Republican has defended the use of torture, advocated the induction of warlords into the Afghan government, thinks trees cause global warming, and wants subsidies for rain forests to be cut down. Last July, while visiting Baghdad, he raised a storm by suggesting that Iraq pay back the United States the billions it spent after the 2003 invasion. But this right-wing nut — obviously motivated by domestic politics rather than human rights — may actually have done Pakistan a favour by focusing world attention upon the horror of today’s Balochistan. Predictably, Baloch leaders are enthusiastically endorsing Rohrabacher’s statement, “The political and ethnic discrimination the Baloch suffer is tragic and made more so because America is financing and selling arms to their oppressors in Islamabad.” For decades, the Baloch have complained of ill-treatment. -
Threats to Defenders of Democracy in Balochistan
” “The United States is deeply concerned about the ongoing violence in Balochistan, especially targeted killings, disappearances and other human rights abuses.” —Victoria Nuland, U.S. Department of State Spokesperson, January 13, 2012 “The state is primarily to blame for this situation due to its inability or unwillingness to protect civilians from human rights abuses or bring perpetrators to justice.” —Amnesty International, February 8, 2012 “The security forces have continued to behave with the same impunity they enjoyed under the military government of President Gen. Pervez Musharraf. This impunity seems to penetrate the system at all levels.” —Human Rights Watch, July 2011 “Balochistan stands out for more than one reason even in the appalling human rights situation across Pakistan today. The state security apparatus in the province has been accused of serious human rights violations. By far the largest number of enforced disappearances in any province of the country has been reported from Balochistan.” —Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, June 2011 2 THREATS TO DEFENDERS OF DEMOCRACY IN BALOCHISTAN Malik Siraj Akbar Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellow May 2, 2012 The views expressed in this presentation represent the opinions and analysis of the speaker and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Endowment for Democracy or its staff. PRESENTATION OVERVIEW I. Background to the Conflict in Balochistan II. Threats to Defenders of Democracy A. Political Assassinations B. Enforced Disappearances C. Press Under Siege III. Recommendations 4 5 BALOCHISTAN 1666: Founded as an autonomous Kalat state Kalat autonomous an as Founded 1666: Pakistan by Annexed 1948: (province) Unit Western Pakistan’s with Merged 1955: 1970: Renamed the province of Balochistanof province the Renamed 1970: Balochistan’s Geo-Strategic Importance One of NATO’s supply routes to Afghanistan U.S.