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Gulawar KHAN 2014.Pdf WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/research/westminsterresearch Politics of nationalism, federalism, and separatism: The case of Balochistan in Pakistan Gulawar Khan Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © The Author, 2014. This is an exact reproduction of the paper copy held by the University of Westminster library. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Users are permitted to download and/or print one copy for non-commercial private study or research. Further distribution and any use of material from within this archive for profit-making enterprises or for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: (http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] POLITICS OF NATIONALISM, FEDERALISM, AND SEPARATISM: THE CASE OF BALOCHISTAN IN PAKISTAN GULAWAR KHAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Westminster for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2014 Author’s declaration This thesis is carried out as per the guidelines and regulations of the University of Westminster. I hereby declare that the materials contained in this thesis have not been previously submitted for a degree in any other university, including the University of Westminster. I further affirm that this thesis is based on my own research and that appropriate credit has been given (directly or indirectly) where references have been made to the work of others. Gulawar Khan I Acknowledgements I owe my gratitude to many people whose help, insightful suggestions, comments and continuous support helped me to complete this project successfully in the stipulated time. Thanks to Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Uthal, Balochistan for granting me four years fully funded scholarship that made this study possible. I am obliged to many individuals of LUAWMS who helped and supported me by granting the scholarship, but few names need to be mentioned. They are: Dr. Abdul Hameed Bajoi, Dr. Ghulam Hussain Jaffar, Yasir Ali Abbas and Dolat Khan. Further, I am thankful to Amanullah Roonjah, Abdul Qadir Roonjah, Faqeer Baloch, and Shakeel Ahmed for their timely help and administrative support for the past four years. Hammond Trust (British Council) and the Charles Wallace Trust provided the most timely help through small grants in the final year. I would like to extend my genuine thanks to my supervisory team, Dr Dibyesh Anand and Dr Maria Holt, without whom there would be no thesis at all. I am thankful to both of them for their patience in reading various draft chapters of this thesis for multiple times. I am especially thankful to Maria for her priceless tips and comments on research methodology. I am much obliged to Dibyesh, who, in the first place, agreed to supervise this project as my Director of Studies and I believe that this work would not have been accomplished without his extensive knowledge in the field of Politics and International Relations (especially federalism, nationalism, conflict and separatism). Dibyesh provided an exceptional guidance that enabled me to overcome every obstacle. Dibyesh, thanks for your marvellous supervision. I am very thankful to all the academic and non-academic staffs of the department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster for their help and assistance in various ways. In this connection, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Dr Farahang Morady for his inspiring advice, Dr Thomas Moore for giving me an opportunity to teach various modules at under graduate level, Dr Dan Greenwood for providing me chance to present my ideas at various seminars and talks under the platform of DPIR, and Suzy Robson for her help in administrative matters. I also thank the Graduate School Registry for clarifying various administrative formalities and other research oriented issues thorough the conduct of useful workshops from time to time. I appreciate the company of my PhD colleagues and am thankful for their help during my four years stay at the University of Westminster. The list is long but SeokBae Lee, Rob Cowley, Jalal Faiz, Daniel Matteo, Tanmayee Banerjee, Debdata Chowdhury, Dawood Azami, and Cemal Yucetas are worth mentioning. SeokBae Lee’s critical and helpful comments were immensely useful. I appreciate the efforts of my friend, Liaquat Kashani, who helped me a lot during my fieldwork. He took an extra pain in providing access to most of II the interviewees around Pakistan. It was he who made my fieldwork a success. Besides Kashani, I am also thankful to Jalal Faiz, Dolat Khan, Abdul Rauf Baloch, Dr Aslam Buzdar, Kashif Ayub, Dost Jan, Balach Bali and many more who extended their help during my fieldwork around Balochistan and Karachi. Special thanks go to Jalal for his company and hospitality. I am grateful to all of the interviewees who spared time and enriched my knowledge about the issues of Pakistani federalism and Baloch nationalism. Special thanks to Dr. Nitasha Kaul whose comments and suggestions on the draft thesis were challenging but useful. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Mustafa Karaimzadi, Dr. Manzoor Ahmed, Dr. Naseer Abbass, Dawn Wazir, SeokBae Lee, Rob Cowley, Jalal Faiz, Daneil Matteo, Dolat Khan, Dawood Azami, and Dil Roze Khan for reading various chapters of this thesis and enlightening me with their comments and advices. In this regard, Manzoor Ahmed’s efforts are unforgettable. I would also like to express my appreciation to the staff of British Library, SOAS Library, and the Library of Westminster for their continuous help and assistance in collection of related research literature, provision of necessary data, documents, and searching the archives with attention and care. Lastly, I am really obliged to my family members. My mother deserves huge thanks as she always kept me in her prayers and good wishes. My wife and kids had to tolerate my absence for years. They proved to be a source of encouragement for me during the whole project. I dedicate this project to them. III Abstract This thesis is concerned with the principles of federalism and practice of federation in Pakistan, Baloch nation/nationalism and the politics of separatism. Since its inception, Pakistan adopted federalism as a system of government to manage a new country consisting of various ethno-national and linguistics groups. The purpose was to acknowledge diversity but discourage separatism. However, the history of Pakistan, including the creation of Bangladesh out of East Pakistan in 1971, shows its failure to fulfil this purpose of avoiding separatism. A key challenge faced by Pakistani federation for many years has been the conflict in its largest province of Balochistan. The conflict has multiple dimensions including a strong movement for separation of Baloch lands from Pakistan. This thesis investigates various phases of the Baloch conflict with Pakistani federation and analyses different strands of Baloch nationalism. It also explores the shifting power and relation of these strands – federalist and separatist - with the crises of federalism in Pakistan. It argues that the primary driver affecting Baloch nationalism is the failure of Pakistani federation to be genuinely federal. This thesis suggests that the Pakistan federation needs to revisit its constitution to make it more federal in a way wherein each ethno-national group feels the ownership of the country and can be convinced that its identity and language is protected and its land and resources utilised for welfare of the local inhabitants. Key words: Pakistan, Balochistan, federalism, nationalism, and separatism IV Table of contents Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………I Abstract ………………………………………………………………………...III List of Acronyms ……………………………………………………………...VII List of Tables …………………………………………………………………….X Chapter I: Introduction and Methodology …………………………………….1 1.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………….1 1.2. Research Questions and Contribution …………………………...15 1.3. Research Methodology …………………………………………..18 1.4. Limitations of the Study …………………………………………27 1.5. Structure of the Thesis …………………………………………..28 Chapter II: Federalism: Theories and Approaches ………………………….33 2.1. Introduction ……………………………………………….……..33 2.2. Meaning of Federation and its Definitions ………………………34 2.3. The Nature of the Federal covenant ……………………………..40 2.4. Main Characteristics and Principles of Federations ……………..46 Chapter III: Principles and Practices of Federalism in Pakistan: A constitutional History …………………………………………………………..51 3.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………...51 3.2. History of Federalism in United India with Reference to Pakistan…………………………………………….……………..52 3.3. Why Federalism for Pakistan? What was the Rationale Behind it?....................................................................................................60 3.4. Early constitutional problems from 1947-1956 …………………63 3.5. The Second CA and the One Unit Scheme Issue ………………..74 3.6. The Constitution of 1956 and its Failure ………………………...78 3.7. The Constitution of 1962 and its Failure ………………………...88
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