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The Politics of Ethnicity: an Issue to National Integration of Pakistan

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THE POLITICS OF ETHNICITY: AN ISSUE TO NATIONAL INTEGRATION OF PAKISTAN (THE STUDY OF BALOCH, MOHAJIR AND SIRAIKI IDENTITIES) THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. BY REHANA SAEED HASHMI DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB, LAHORE – PAKISTAN 2013 CERTIFICATE This is certified that the present thesis entitled, The Politics of Ethnicity: An issue to National Integration of Pakistan (The study of Baloch, Mohajir and Saraiki identities) is written by Ms. Rehana Saeed Hashmi, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore for the requirement of Ph.D degree in Political Science. To the best of my knowledge the thesis is based on original research. Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javaid Department of Political Science University of the Punjab, Lahore Dedicated To Tanvir, Asma and Nida Table of Contents Sr. # Table of Contents Page # List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviation Acknowledgement Abstract CHAPTER ONE 1 Introduction 1.1 Literature Review 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Significance / Justification and likely benefits 1.4 Objectives of the Study 1.5 Research Methodology 1.6 Place of the Work and facilities Available 1.7 Division of Chapters CHAPTER TWO Introduction Ethnicity and National Integration: A theoretical 2.1 Framework 2.1.1 Meaning and Evolution of Ethnicity 2.2 Approaches to the Study of Ethnicity 2.2.1 Primordialism 2.2.1.2 Cultural Primordialism 2.2.2 Instrumentalism 2.2.3 Social Constructivism 2.3 Politics of Ethnicity 2.3.1 Development of Politics of Ethnicity 2.3.1.1 State Authority 2.3.1.2 Assimilation Policies for Integration 2.3.1.2.1 Threat to Vital Interest of Ethnic Groups 2.3.1.2.2 Internal Colonialism 2.3.1.2.3 Insolence against honour 2.3.3 Formation of a Structured Ethnic Organization 2.3.3.1 Revival of Ethnic Narrative 2.3.3.2 Mobilization of Ethnic Community 2.3.4 Persuasion of Demands 2.3.4.1 Political 2.3.4.2 Economics 2.3.4.3 Social 2.3.5 External Involvement 2.4 Life Cycle of Ethnic Conflict with State 2.4.1 Pre-Conflict Stage: Nation 2.4.2 State Policies 2.4.3 Mistrust 2.4.4 Conflict Stage 2.4.5 Reformation of Nationality 2.4.6 External Support 2.4.7 Conflict Escalation 2.4.8 Secessionist Movement 2.5 Ethnic Politics: An issue to National Integration 2.6 Approaches to National Integration and State Strategies 2.6.1 Assimilation Policy 2.6.2 Exclusion Policy 2.6.3 Pluralist Policy 2.6.3.1 The Constitutional Approach 2.6.3.2 Federalism 2.7 Politics of Ethnicity and the Issue of National Integration in Pakistan 2.7.1 Evolution of Ethnic Politics in Pakistan Post 1971, Quest for Identity, Politics of Ethnicity and National 2.8 Integration CHAPTER THREE Baloch Ethnic Identity: Development of Conflict and the Issue of National Integration 3.1 Introduction 3.2 History of Baloch 3.3 Colonial Division of Balochistan 3.4 Balochistan: Accession to Pakistan 3.5 Ethnic Composition of Balochistan and tribal Setup 3.6 Baloch: Ethno Linguistic Development 3.7 Political Parties in Balochistan 3.8 Development of Politics of Ethnicity 3.8.1 Nature of Issue 3.8.1.2 Baloch Nationalism: The issue of Identity 3.8.1.3 The Issue of Provincial Autonomy 3.8.1.4 Historical Narrative and the Issue of Greater Balochistan 3.8.1.5 Inter and Intra-Tribal Conflict 3.8.1.6 Factional Politics 3.8.1.7 The Issue of representation and the Politics of Comparison 3.8.1.8 The Geo-Strategic Prominence and Exogenous Influence 3.9 Development of Conflict (A Chronological Order) 3.9.1 The Issue of Accession and Revolt in 1948 3.9.2 The One Unit Policy and Second Insurgency in 1958 3.9.3 The Prari Resistance 1962 3.9.4 The 1973 Uprising 3.9.5 The 2005 Insurgency and Direction of Conflict 3.10 Factors Leading Towards Politics of Ethnicity 3.10.1 Unresolved Issues 3.10.2 Socio Economic Grievances and Security Concerns 3.10.3 Distribution of Resources 3.11 Politics of Ethnicity and the Issue of National Integration 3.11.1 Role of the Leadership 3.11.2 Role of the Middle Class 3.11.3 State Policies and Separatist Sentiments 3.11.4 Role of External Support References CHAPTER FOUR Mohajir Ethnic Identity: Development of Conflict and the Issue of National Integration 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Definition of Mohajir 4.2.1 Mohajir: Socio- Political Background 4.3 Competing Ethnic Narrative of Mohajirs 4.4 Development of Politics of Ethnicity 4.4.1 Nature of the Issue 4.4.1.2 Mohajir vs. Sindhi Ethnicity 4.4.1.2.1 Historical Background 4.4.1.2.2 Cultural and Linguistic Differences 4.4.1.2.3 Mohajir’s Liberal Religious Rhetoric 4.4.1.2.4 Rural Urban Divide and Separation of Sindh 4.4.2 Pattern of Migration: The Demographic Issue 4.4.3 Mohajir – Pakhtun Conflict 4.5 Development of Conflict: And the Formation of MQM 4.5.1 A Chronological Order of Conflict with State and Other Ethnic Group 4.5.2 Military Operation 1992 4.5.3 Second Military Operation 1994-1996 4.6 The Period of Cold War 4.6.1 The Truce 4.7 Factors Leading Towards Politics of Ethnicity 4.7.1 Question of Identity 4.7.1.1 Quota System 4.7.1.2 The Linguistic Controversy 4.7.1.3 The Issue of Stranded Pakistan 4.7.2 Socio Economic Grievances 4.7.3 Illegal Trafficking of Weapons 4.7.4 The Issue of Representation 4.8 Mohajir Ethnicity and the Issue of National Integration 4.8.1 Role of Leadership 4.8.2 Role of Middle Class 4.8.3 Role of State 4.8.4 Role of External Support References CHAPTER FIVE Saraiki Ethnic Identity: Genesis of Conflict and the Issue of National Integration 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Socio-Political Background and Competing Ethnic Narrative of Saraiki 5.3 Competing Ethnic Narrative of Saraiki 5.4 Development of Politics of Etrhnicity 5.5 Nature of Issue 5.5.1 Saraiki Vs Punjabi: Cultural and Linguistic Difference 5.5.2 Inter and Intra- Regional Differences 5.5.2.1 The Issue of Bahawalpur Region 5.5.2.2 Intra – Linguistic Group Differences 5.6 Development of Conflict: A Chronological Order 5.6.1 One Unit Scheme and the Development of conflict 5.6.2 Dissolution of One Unit and Demand for Saraiki Province 5.6.3 1997 to 2000, The Period of Slow Progress 5.6.4 Changing Nature of Conflict 5.7 Factors Leading Towards Politics of Ethnicity 5.7.1 The Question of Identity 5.7.1.1 Jashn-e-Farid Festival 5.7.1.2 Khwaja Ghulam Farid Conference 5.7.1.3 First Saraiki Literary Conference 5.7.2 The Settlement Policies and Demographic Issue 5.7.3 Educational Backwardness and the issue of Representation 5.7.4 Economic Grievances 5.8 Saraiki Ethnicity and the Issue of National Integration 5.8.1 Role of Leadership 5.8.2 Role Middle Class 5.8.3 Role of State 5.8.4 Role of External Support References CHAPTER SIX Conclusion and Reflection References and Bibliography Appendices Sr. List of Tables Page # # 2.1 Comparison of Three Models of Ethnicity 2.2 State Policies to Create Unity 2.3 East-West Representation in the Upper Echelon of the CSP in 1955 2.4 East- West Representation in the Military Officers Class 1955-56 2.5 Major Ethno – Lingual Groups in Pakistan 2.6 Central Government’s Intervention into Federating Units 2.7 Some Considerable Ethno- Lingual Nationalist Movements: Nature of Conflict 3.1 Ethnic Groups Division and Tribal Setup 3.2 Major Languages Spoken by Baloch People 3.3 Major Political Parties and their Support Base 3.4 Militant Attack on Government Installation 3.5 Ranking of Provinces by Overall Human Development Index 3.6 Human Development Indices of Different Provinces in Pakistan 3.7 Data of Killed and Injured Persons from 2001-2011 3.8 Annual Fatalities in Balochistan 4.1 Pattern of Migration in Pakistan after Partition in 1947 4.2 Ethnic Composition of Sindh, 1981 4.3 Population of Sindh on the basis of Language 4.4 The Ethnic Mix of Karachi and an Estimate Raise of the Ethnic Communities 4.5 National Elections in Pakistan 1988-2008 4.6 Provincial Elections in Sindh and Party Position 1988-2008 4.7 Most Violent Areas in Karachi 5.1 Greek Version of the Names of Rivers and Areas Included in the Saraiki Belt 5.2 District Wise Largest and Second Largest Linguistic Groups and their Percentage 5.3 Per Capita Income and Expenditure in the Punjab Region 5.4 Various Parties and Groups in South Punjab 5.5 Districts with Low PPP Vote in the NA Election 5.6 Ratio of Saraiki and Punjabi Speakers in Saraiki Region 5.7 Comparison of Census Report about Saraiki Speakers in Pakistan 5.8 Comparison of Saraki Schools in Punjab and Saraiki Area 5.9 Comparison of Primary Education in Punjab 5.10 Literacy Rate in Various Districts of South Punjab 5.11 Districts of Punjab in High, Low and very Low Level Literacy 5.12 Comparative Study of Growth of Population in South Punjab 5.13 Regional/ District Wise Poverty Level in the Saraiki Area 5.14 Poverty Level in the Districts of South Punjab 5.15 Comparison of Population Growth in Various Census Report 5.16 Allocation of Development Funds of South Western Punjab 2003-2010 5.17 Comparison of Percentage of Allocation of ADP and the Population of South West Punjab from 2006-2010 5.18 Cropped Area in Cotton, wheat, Rice, Sugarcane and Others 5.19 Percentage Share of Major Crops and Agricultural Value- Added and Annual Growth Rates of Cotton and Wheat 5.20 Member of DMG and OMG Officers From Punjab 5.21 Government Employer and Their Ratio in Total no.
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