DOCSLIB.ORG

'Spaces of Exception: Statelessness and the Experience of Prejudice'

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
'Spaces of Exception: Statelessness and the Experience of Prejudice' London School of Economics and Political Science HISTORIES OF DISPLACEMENT AND THE CREATION OF POLITICAL SPACE: ‘STATELESSNESS’ AND CITIZENSHIP IN BANGLADESH Victoria Redclift Submitted to the Department of Sociology, LSE, for the degree of PhD, London, July 2011. Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 For Pappu 2 Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 Declaration I confirm that the following thesis, presented for examination for the degree of PhD at the London School of Economics and Political Science, is entirely my own work, other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. ____________________ ____________________ Victoria Redclift Date 3 Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 Abstract In May 2008, at the High Court of Bangladesh, a ‘community’ that has been ‘stateless’ for over thirty five years were finally granted citizenship. Empirical research with this ‘community’ as it negotiates the lines drawn between legal status and statelessness captures an important historical moment. It represents a critical evaluation of the way ‘political space’ is contested at the local level and what this reveals about the nature and boundaries of citizenship. The thesis argues that in certain transition states the construction and contestation of citizenship is more complicated than often discussed. The ‘crafting’ of citizenship since the colonial period has left an indelible mark, and in the specificity of Bangladesh’s historical imagination, access to, and understandings of, citizenship are socially and spatially produced. While much has changed since Partition, particular discursive registers have lost little of their value. Today, religious discourses of ‘pollution’ and ‘purity’ fold into colonial and post-colonial narratives of ‘primitivity’ and ‘progress’ and the camp draws a line in contemporary nationalist space. Unpicking Agamben’s (1998; 2005) binary between ‘political beings’ and ‘bare life’, the thesis considers ‘the camp’ as a social form. The camps of Bangladesh do not function as bounded physical or conceptual spaces in which denationalized groups are altogether divorced from ‘the polity’. Instead ‘acts of citizenship’ (Isin and Nielsen, 2008) occur at the level of everyday life, as the moments in which formal status is transgressed. Until now the space of citizenship has failed to recognise the ‘non-citizens’ who can, through complicated accommodations and creative alliances, occupy or negotiate that space. Using these insights, the thesis develops the concept of ‘political space’, an analysis of the way in which history has shaped spatial arrangements and political subjectivity. In doing so, it provides an analytic approach of relevance to wider problems of displacement, citizenship and ethnic relations. 4 Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 Acknowledgements There are many different people who have contributed intellectual, practical or emotional support in the writing of this thesis. However, my first debt is to Noor Islam. Without his help and guidance the research would simply not have been carried out, and without his humour and generosity it would certainly not have been as productive and enjoyable as it was. Pappu, I am grateful to know you. In a similar vein I would like to thank Al Falah Bangladesh, the Shamshul Huque Foundation Saidpur and of course the participants of this research. It goes without saying that the ‘Urdu-speakers’ of Bangladesh, who welcomed me so generously into their world, are the very heart of this thesis. I thank them for sharing their stories and their lives so openly with me. My supervisors have been an absolutely unbeatable team. Dr Claire Alexander, who has been there since the start, has provided deliberate, detailed, thought-provoking feedback, at every stage of the process. Without her support and encouragement I would probably have given up a long time ago and, as a model of intellectual and pedagogic integrity, she has given me something to aspire to. The opportunity to bring in Dr Manali Desai half- way through the process was an enormous stroke of good fortune. Her challenging, critical and comprehensive insight has given my work the grounding it needs and repeatedly kept me from veering off track. Thank you both. I realise that I have been tremendously lucky. Throughout the research process I have also received the help of Dr Joya Chatterjee, Professor Chowdhury Abrar, Dr Tasneem Siddiqui, Professor Katy Gardner, Dr Ilina Singh, Dr Suki Ali, Dr Robin Archer, Dr Margot Saloman and of course my fellow Sociology research students at the LSE. I have also to thank my extended informal supervisory team, Professors Michael and Nanneke Redclift, who must by now know every page of this thesis word for word. I will be thanking them for the rest of my life no doubt as they continue to provide help, support, encouragement and love. They are, in fact, the intellectual, practical and emotional support rolled into one, and few are as fortunate. Enormous thanks go also to Joe Treasure for the patience and generosity to proof-read the entire thing, and lastly, to Jesse Potter, for being my companion on this journey, and for reminding me that there is more to life. 5 Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 My PhD was funded by the Bonnart-Braunthal scholarship and I could not write these acknowledgements without thanking Freddy Bonnart himself. I would not have been able to undertake a PhD at all without his help. I would also like to thank the Population Investigation Committee and the Richard Stapley Educational Trust for funding my MSc, without which my life for the past six years would have been very different. 6 Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 Table of contents: Names and Acronyms 10 1. Introduction 11 Outline of the thesis 16 2. Methodology 20 1. Field sites, population and sampling 21 2. Interviews and Participant Observation 26 3. Working with local contacts 33 4. Ethical Issues 39 5. Specific research questions 46 6. Analysis 46 3. Foregrounding the background: ‘Urdu-speakers in East Bengal 49 1. The British Period 50 2. Partition and the creation of Pakistan 51 3. Language struggles: 1947-1971 60 4. The Liberation of Bangladesh 66 5. The formation of the camps and ‘repatriation’ 78 6. The legal status of ‘Urdu-speakers’ 1972-today 82 4. Categories and claims: Literature and conceptual framework 85 1. The state, the nation and its citizens 85 2. Nationalism, citizenship and the postcolonial nation-state 97 3. Ethnicity, identity and ‘community’ 109 4. Diaspora and displacement 115 5. Natural, social and ‘political space’ 126 5. Boundaries, intersections and the ‘socio-spatial’ contours of ‘community’ 132 7 Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 1. The boundaries of ‘community’ 135 2. The intersections of identity 157 3. The ‘socio-spatial’ structure 169 4. Conclusion 175 6. ‘Acts of citizenship’: Authority, ambiguity and the politics of space 178 1. The constitution and constructions of citizenship 179 2. Agency, choice and blame 192 3. Space, settlement and substantive access 201 4. Claiming political subjectivity 212 5. Conclusion 217 7. The ‘social field of citizenship’: Identities, understandings and the language of rights 221 1. ‘Identities of citizenship’ 224 2. Property and citizenship in Bangladesh: past and present 229 3. Gains and losses 237 4. A look to the future 249 5. Conclusion 250 8. Discourses of ‘integration’: Capital, movement and ‘modernity’ 253 1. Economic capital 256 2. Cultural capital – language 265 3. Cultural capital – foods, festivals, religion 274 4. Social capital 289 5. ‘Passing as Bengali’ 296 6. Conclusion 303 Conclusion 306 1. Nationalist discourse and the ‘crafting’ of citizenship 307 2. The creation of ‘political space’ 309 8 Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 3. Agents or abjects? ‘The camp’ as a social form 312 4. Emergent spaces and globalizing forces 314 References 317 Appendices 340 Tables: 1. East Pakistan Mohajir population by area and division, 1951 340 2. East Pakistan Mohajir population by district, 1951 340 3. Mohajir settlement and origin in East Pakistan, 1951 340 4. Self-supporting Biharis main economic divisions, East Pakistan, 1951 341 5. Allotment for the Mohajirs in Different Areas 1951-52 342 6. Allotment of Advanced Loan 1951-52 342 7. Urdu-speaker Settlements (and Population) in Bangladesh, 2006 343 Maps: 1. Geographical distribution of camps areas in Bangladesh 353 2. Location of field sites in Dhaka (Mohammadpur and Mirpur) 354 3. Geographical distribution of camps in Mirpur 355 4. Geographical distribution of camps in Mohammadpur 356 9 Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 NAMES AND ACRONYMS: AL – Awami League (ruling party) Al Falah – Al Falah Bangladesh (Urdu-speaking NGO) BNP – Bangladesh Nationalist Party (opposition party) ICRC – International Committee for the Red Cross Jamaat – Bangladesh Jamaat-i-Islami1 (far right Islamic political party) RMMRU – Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit SPGRC – Stranded Pakistani General Repatriation Committee UNHCR – United Nations High Commission for Refugees USYRM - The Urdu-speaking Youth Rehabilitation Movement2 1 Formerly Jamaat-i-Islami Bangladesh, renamed in 2008 2 Formerly the Stranded Pakistani Youth Repatriation Movement’ (SPYRM), renamed in 2008 10 Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION The years that followed the Partition of the Indian Subcontinent in 1947 generated what is now regarded as one of the largest involuntary migrations in modern history (Daiya, 2008). Altogether around eighteen million people left their homes in the first two decades after the creation of Pakistan (Partha Ghosh, 20043), approximately seven hundred thousand of whom were Urdu-speaking Muslims who migrated to the region of East Bengal (Tan and Kudaisya, 2000; Samaddar, 1999).4 Following the Liberation of the country in 1971 many of these ‘Urdu-speakers’, known locally as ‘Biharis’5, were displaced for the second time.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Respite to from Fatwas
    C. M. Naim A Respite to and from Fatwas, please. A messenger brought me some news. It began: Darul Uloom Deoband, the self-appointed guardian for Indian Muslims, in a Talibanesque fatwa that reeked of tribal patriarchy, has decreed that it is “haram” and illegal according to the Sharia for a family to accept a woman's earnings. Clerics at the largest Sunni Muslim seminary after Cairo's Al-Azhar said the decree flowed from the fact that the Sharia prohibited proximity of men and women in the workplace. “It is unlawful (under the Sharia law) for Muslim women to work in the government or private sector where men and women work together and women have to talk with men frankly and without a veil,” said the fatwa issued by a bench of three clerics. The decree was issued over the weekend, but became public late on Monday, seminary sources said.1 One should not shoot the messenger if one does not like the message. True. But, allow me at least to discover what was being “messaged.” Strictly speaking, it was the following exchange on the website of the Darul Ifta (‘fatwa office’) of the Deoband seminary. (http://darulifta-deoband.org/. No changes in language and punctuation have been made in all the quotations below.) From the section on women’s issues. [1] Question: 21031, India. “Asalamu-Alikum: Can muslim women in india do Govt. or Pvt. Jobs? Shall their salary be Halal or Haram or Prohibited?” [2] Answer: 21031. 04 Apr, 2010 (Fatwa: 577/381/L=1431). “It is unlawful for Muslim women to do job in government or private institutions where men and women work together and women have to talk with men frankly and without veil.
    [Show full text]
  • ASA 13/09/93 Distr: UA/SC 19 July 1993
    EXTERNAL (for general distribution) AI Index: ASA 13/09/93 Distr: UA/SC 19 July 1993 Further information on UA 216/93, ASA 13/07/93 and follow-up - ASA 13/08/93, 5 July 1993 -Fear of imminent execution BANGLADESH:Munir Hussain Amnesty International is appealing to the highest authorities in Bangladesh to commute Munir Hussain's death sentence for murder which has been upheld by the High Court Division of the Supreme Court. His petition for leave to appeal has been dismissed by the highest court, and his appeal for clemency has been turned down by the President of Bangladesh. The prisoner is therefore at risk of being executed at short notice. Some newspapers in Bangladesh have quoted un-named official sources as saying that the date for his execution has been set for 26 July 1993. Amnesty International is not in a position to verify reports that the course of justice may have been influenced by undue media publicity. However, the organization is alarmed that the judgement of the Sessions Court which sentenced Munir Hussain to death has reportedly been announced through a loudspeaker for the benefit of pressure groups outside the court who campaigned for the imposition of the death penalty on Munir Hussain. Following the announcement, Roshan Ershad, the wife of the then president, General Ershad, reportedly appeared on the television to congratulate the judge. Reports also indicate that the prisoner was kept in a "death cell" for convicts during his pre-trial detention which denied him an opportunity to meet with his lawyer before the court hearings began.
    [Show full text]
  • BANGLADESH COUNTRY REPORT April 2004 Country Information
    BANGLADESH COUNTRY REPORT April 2004 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION & NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Bangladesh April 2004 CONTENTS 1. Scope of Document 1.1 - 1.7 2. Geography 2.1 - 2.3 3. Economy 3.1 - 3.3 4. History 4.1 - 4.45 Pre-independence: 1947 – 1971 4.1 - 4.4 1972 –1982 4.5 - 4.8 1983 – 1990 4.9 - 4.14 1991 – 1999 4.15 - 4.26 2000 – the present 4.27 - 4.45 5. State Structures 5.1 - 5.51 The constitution 5.1 - 5.3 - Citizenship and Nationality 5.4 - 5.6 Political System 5.7 - 5.13 Judiciary 5.14 - 5.21 Legal Rights /Detention 5.22 - 5.30 - Death Penalty 5.31 – 5.32 Internal Security 5.33 - 5.34 Prisons and Prison Conditions 5.35 – 5.37 Military Service 5.38 Medical Services 5.39 - 5.45 Educational System 5.46 – 5.51 6. Human Rights 6.1- 6.107 6.A Human Rights Issues 6.1 - 6.53 Overview 6.1 - 6.5 Torture 6.6 - 6.7 Politically-motivated Detentions 6.8 - 6.9 Police and Army Accountability 6.10 - 6.13 Freedom of Speech and the Media 6.14 – 6.23 Freedom of Religion 6.24 - 6.29 Hindus 6.30 – 6.35 Ahmadis 6.36 – 6.39 Christians 6.40 Freedom of Assembly and Association 6.41 Employment Rights 6.42 - 6.47 People Trafficking 6.48 - 6.50 Freedom of Movement 6.51 - 6.52 Authentication of Documents 6.53 6.B Human Rights – Specific Groups 6.54 – 6.85 Ethnic Groups Biharis 6.54 - 6.60 The Tribals of the Chittagong Hill Tracts 6.61 - 6.64 Rohingyas 6.65 – 6.66 Women 6.67 - 6.71 Rape 6.72 - 6.73 Acid Attacks 6.74 Children 6.75 - 6.80 - Child Care Arrangements 6.81 – 6.84 Homosexuals 6.85 Bangladesh April 2004 6.C Human Rights – Other Issues 6.86 – 6.89 Prosecution of 1975 Coup Leaders 6.86 - 6.89 Annex A: Chronology of Events Annex B: Political Organisations Annex C: Prominent People Annex D: References to Source Material Bangladesh April 2004 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Community, Nation and Politics in Colonial Bihar (1920-47)
    www.ijcrt.org © 2020 IJCRT | Volume 8, Issue 10 October 2020 | ISSN: 2320-2882 COMMUNITY, NATION AND POLITICS IN COLONIAL BIHAR (1920-47) Md Masoom Alam, PhD, JNU Abstract The paper is an attempt to explore, primarily, the nationalist Muslims and their activities in Bihar, since 1937 till 1947. The work, by and large, will discuss the Muslim personalities and institutions which were essentially against the Muslim League and its ideology. This paper will be elaborating many issues related to the Muslims of Bihar during 1920s, 1930s and 1940s such as the Muslim organizations’ and personalities’ fight for the nation and against the League, their contribution in bridging the gulf between Hindus and Muslims and bringing communal harmony in Bihar and others. Moreover, apart from this, the paper will be focusing upon the three core issues of the era, the 1946 elections, the growth of communalism and the exodus of the Bihari Muslims to Dhaka following the elections. The paper seems quite interesting in terms of exploring some of the less or underexplored themes and sub-themes on colonial Bihar and will certainly be a great contribution to the academia. Therefore, surely, it will get its due attention as other provinces of colonial India such as U. P., Bengal, and Punjab. Introduction Most of the writings on India’s partition are mainly focused on the three provinces of British India namely Punjab, Bengal and U. P. Based on these provinces, the writings on the idea of partition and separatism has been generalized with the misperception that partition was essentially a Muslim affair rather a Muslim League affair.
    [Show full text]
  • Education Policy in West Bengal
    Education Policy In West Bengal meekly.Sometimes How uncomfortable lax is Francis Daviswhen misappropriateswiggly and infusive her Simone ranking avoidunknightly, some butpolemarch? bistred Boris mothers illegally or hypostatised soaringly. Rad overcome Boys dropped and development of hindu state govemment has been prescribed time, varshiki and west in urban areas contract teachers and secondary schools The policy research methodology will be? How effectively utilize kyan has been set up to west bengal indicate that would support in education policy west bengal? Huq was not in west in bengal education policy, which were zamindars as a perfect crime reporter in. To achieve gender norms and. After a voluntary organisations were built by employing ict. The new leaders dominated western sciences are often takes drugs? Textbooks were dedicated to icse and. Candidates each other. This chapter will help many of education policy? Maulvi syed ahmed also seek different legislative framework. This background to wash their islamic culture of schools but hindus for studies will be cleared without persian. West bengal government wanted muslim. Muslim inspectors are involved with parents, private schools has not really sufficient progress as fazlul huq was highest academic year plan period financial. There is of west bengal proposed by hindu consciousness among muslims education policy in west bengal and. Initially muslim students from lower classes with other stationeries, by japanese bombs followed. As to maintain their capability enhancement with an urgent issue as fees, separate nation one primary level for? Prime objective of policies were not enrolled into limelight once all. The policies were still taken into professional training facility to continue securing grants.
    [Show full text]
  • Citizens of Nowhere
    A POWERFUL VOICE FOR LIFESAVING ACTION ciTizens of nowhere The STaTeless BihariS of BangladeSh Maureen Lynch & ThaTcher cook To The reader Millions of people in the world are citizens of nowhere. They can- not vote. They cannot get jobs in most professions. They cannot own property or obtain a passport. These “stateless” people frequently face discrimination, harassment, violence, and severe socioeconomic hardship. due to their status, they are often denied access to even the most basic healthcare and education that is available to citizens in the same country. The Biharis of Bangladesh are one such stateless population. Ban- gladesh has hosted 240,000–300,000 Biharis (also called stranded Pakistanis) since the civil war between east and West Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh in 1971. neither Pakistan nor Bangla- desh claims Biharis as citizens. in november 2004, refugees international visited 11 Bihari camps in Bangladesh. We now invite you to learn more about their situation and to help restore the rights of these stateless individuals. We would like to offer special thanks to each individual who willingly and courageously told us their stories. Much apprecia- tion is due everyone who provided support for the original field visit on which this project is based and who helped in the production of this photo report. Maureen lynch and Thatcher Cook refugees international The photographs for further information in this report lives on hold: The human Cost of Statelessness, were taken by a Refugees International publication available online at: Thatcher Cook. http://www.refintl.org/content/issue/detail/5051 thatcher@ thatchercook.com fifty Years in limbo: The Plight of the World’s Stateless People, a Refugees International publication available online at: http://www.refintl.org/content/article/detail/915 JANUARY 2006 Citizens of nowhere: the stateless Biharis of Bangladesh Table of ConTenTs The human Cost of Statelessness .......................
    [Show full text]
  • State Denial, Local Controversies and Everyday Resistance Among the Santal in Bangladesh
    The Issue of Identity: State Denial, Local Controversies and Everyday Resistance among the Santal in Bangladesh PhD Dissertation to attain the title of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Submitted to the Faculty of Philosophische Fakultät I: Sozialwissenschaften und historische Kulturwissenschaften Institut für Ethnologie und Philosophie Seminar für Ethnologie Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg This thesis presented and defended in public on 21 January 2020 at 13.00 hours By Farhat Jahan February 2020 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Burkhard Schnepel Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Burkhard Schnepel Prof. Dr. Carmen Brandt Assessment Committee: Prof. Dr. Carmen Brandt Prof. Dr. Kirsten Endres Prof. Dr. Rahul Peter Das To my parents Noor Afshan Khatoon and Ghulam Hossain Siddiqui Who transitioned from this earth but taught me to find treasure in the trivial matters of life. Abstract The aim of this thesis is to trace transformations among the Santal of Bangladesh. To scrutinize these transformations, the hegemonic power exercised over the Santal and their struggle to construct a Santal identity are comprehensively examined in this thesis. The research locations were multi-sited and employed qualitative methodology based on fifteen months of ethnographic research in 2014 and 2015 among the Santal, one of the indigenous groups living in the plains of north-west Bangladesh. To speculate over the transitions among the Santal, this thesis investigates the impact of external forces upon them, which includes the epochal events of colonization and decolonization, and profound correlated effects from evangelization or proselytization. The later emergence of the nationalist state of Bangladesh contained a legacy of hegemony allowing the Santal to continue to be dominated.
    [Show full text]
  • In East Pakistan (1947-71)
    Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Hum.), Vol. 63(1), 2018, pp. 59-89 THE INVISIBLE REFUGEES: MUSLIM ‘RETURNEES’ IN EAST PAKISTAN (1947-71) Anindita Ghoshal* Abstract Partition of India displaced huge population in newly created two states who sought refuge in the state where their co - religionists were in a majority. Although much has been written about the Hindu refugees to India, very less is known about the Muslim refugees to Pakistan. This article is about the Muslim ‘returnees’ and their struggle to settle in East Pakistan, the hazards and discriminations they faced and policy of the new state of Pakistan in accommodating them. It shows how the dream of homecoming turned into disillusionment for them. By incorporating diverse source materials, this article investigates how, despite belonging to the same religion, the returnee refugees had confronted issues of differences on the basis of language, culture and region in a country, which was established on the basis of one Islamic identity. It discusses the process in which from a space that displaced huge Hindu population soon emerged as a ‘gradual refugee absorbent space’. It studies new policies for the rehabilitation of the refugees, regulations and laws that were passed, the emergence of the concept of enemy property and the grabbing spree of property left behind by Hindu migrants. Lastly, it discusses the politics over the so- called Muhajirs and their final fate, which has not been settled even after seventy years of Partition. This article intends to argue that the identity of the refugees was thus ‘multi-layered’ even in case of the Muslim returnees, and interrogates the general perception of refugees as a ‘monolithic community’ in South Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jihadi Industry: Assessing the Organizational, Leadership And
    The Jihadi Industry: Assessing the Organizational, Leadership, and Cyber Profiles Report to the Office of University Programs, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security July 2017 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence Led by the University of Maryland 8400 Baltimore Ave., Suite 250 • College Park, MD 20742 • 301.405.6600 www.start.umd.edu National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence About This Report The authors of this report are Gina Ligon, Michael Logan, Margeret Hall, Douglas C. Derrick, Julia Fuller, and Sam Church at the University of Nebraska, Omaha. Questions about this report should be directed to Dr. Gina Ligon at [email protected]. This report is part of the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) project, “The Jihadi Industry: Assessing the Organizational, Leadership, and Cyber Profiles” led by Principal Investigator Gina Ligon. This research was supported by the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate’s Office of University Programs through Award Number #2012-ST-061-CS0001, Center for the Study of Terrorism and Behavior (CSTAB 1.12) made to START to investigate the role of social, behavioral, cultural, and economic factors on radicalization and violent extremism. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Warrant of Precedence in Bangladesh
    Warrant Of Precedence In Bangladesh Spadelike Eustace deprecated or customise some rustications erotically, however unapproachable Reza resume timeously or gads. Typic Rustie sometimes salify his femineity pectinately and corbels so disjointedly! Scaphocephalous Hilbert inures very creditably while Northrup remains bottom and sharp-nosed. If necessary in bangladesh war of. For all over another leading cause it has sufficient knowledge and in warrant an officer ranks for someone who often tortured. Trial Judge got this Rule. Navy regulations stipulated the commissioned offices of captain and lieutenant. The warrant of rank. Forces to bangladesh of precedence in warrant or places of. Secondary education begins at the wave of eleven and lasts for seven years. Trial chamber may make it pronounces a decision has nonetheless rarely disciplined, including that period decided that while judges. Martial law and bangladesh judicial service vehicles for use of drilling and determine whether a warrant or warrants. The warrant of islam will hold harmless ctl phones are also be interviewed by bangladesh nationalist party. Chief Controller of Imports and Exports. To world heritage command obedience to of precedence is the state. But if such case. Madaripur by then chief justice and hands power secretary to detain a human resources to help provide maps suitable taxation policy. Rulings of precedence is unsatisfactory, warrants and where appropriate. To display two offices. The divorce over, policies and benefits, CTL. The upgrade essentially allows officers who make not promoted to draw the crank of higher ranks or pay grades, including clustering and limited access to which community wells, English and French. Managing Director, it was expected that Sam Manekshaw would be promoted to the rank behind a Field Marshal in recognition of his role in leading the Armed Forces to a glorious victory in may war against Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh: Urdu-Speaking “Biharis” Seek Recognition, Respect and Rights Bangladesh: Urdu-Speaking “Biharis” Seek Recognition, Respect and Rights
    BANGLADESH: URDU-SPEAKING “BIHARIS” SEEK RECOGNITION, RESPECT AND RIGHTS BANGLADESH: URDU-SPEAKING “BIHARIS” SEEK RECOGNITION, RESPECT AND RIGHTS International Republican Institute IRI.org @IRIglobal © 2020 All Rights Reserved Bangladesh: Urdu-Speaking “Biharis” Seek Recognition, Respect and Rights Copyright © 2020 International Republican Institute. All rights reserved. Permission Statement: No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without the written permission of the International Republican Institute. Requests for permission should include the following information: • The title of the document for which permission to copy material is desired. • A description of the material for which permission to copy is desired. • The purpose for which the copied material will be used and the manner in which it will be used. • Your name, title, company or organization name, telephone number, fax number, e-mail address and mailing address. Please send all requests for permission to: Attn: Department of External Affairs International Republican Institute 1225 Eye Street NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20005 [email protected] Cover Image Description: Aerial view of the Biharis Relief Camp, known as the “Geneva Camp.” IRI | BANGLADESH • Urdu-Speaking “Biharis” 3 OVERVIEW In early 2020, the International Republican Institute (IRI) conducted a qualitative research study of the Bihari community in Bangladesh — an Urdu-speaking linguistic minority group in the South Asian nation. The study examined the challenges and needs of Biharis in different locations around Bangladesh. The term “Bihari” refers to approximately 300,000 non-Bengali, Urdu-speaking citizens of Bangladesh who came to what was then East Pakistan mostly from the Indian states of Bihar and West Bengal after the Partition of India in 1947.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 CURRICULUM VITAE Partha Chatterjee Date of Birth
    1 CURRICULUM VITAE Partha Chatterjee Date of birth: November 5, 1947 Permanent address: 41B Garcha Road, Calcutta 700019, India Address in United States: 456 Riverside Drive, Apt. 5B, New York, NY 10027 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Present positions: Honorary Professor of Political Science, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, R1 Baishnabghata Patuli Township, Kolkata 700094, India Professor of Anthropology, Columbia University, Professor of Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies, Columbia University, And Member, Committee on Global Thought, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA. Academic Career 1967 B. A. with First Class Honours in Political Science, University of Calcutta. 1970 M. A. in Political Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York. 1971-72 Ph. D. in Political Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York. Professional Career 1971-72 Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Rochester. 1972 Assistant Professor of Political Science, Presidency College, Calcutta. 1972-73 Reader in Political Science, Guru Nanak University, Amritsar. 1973-79 Fellow, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta. 1979- 2009 Professor of Political Science, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta. 1997-present Professor of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York 2 1997- 2007 Director, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta 2006-present Member, Committee on Global Thought, Columbia University, New York 2007-present Professor, Department of Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies, Columbia University, New York 2009-present Honorary Professor of Political Science, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta Visiting Appointments 1976-78 Visiting Lecturer, Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta. 3 1981-82 Visiting Fellow, St Antony's College, Oxford.
    [Show full text]