Curriculum Vitae – Siri G. Tuttle May 6, 2011 SIRI G. TUTTLE Associate Professor Alask
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A Typology of Consonant Agreement As Correspondence
A TYPOLOGY OF CONSONANT AGREEMENT AS CORRESPONDENCE SHARON ROSE RACHEL WALKER University of California, San Diego University of Southern California This article presents a typology of consonant harmony or LONG DISTANCE CONSONANT AGREEMENT that is analyzed as arisingthroughcorrespondence relations between consonants rather than feature spreading. The model covers a range of agreement patterns (nasal, laryngeal, liquid, coronal, dorsal) and offers several advantages. Similarity of agreeing consonants is central to the typology and is incorporated directly into the constraints drivingcorrespondence. Agreementby correspon- dence without feature spreadingcaptures the neutrality of interveningsegments,which neither block nor undergo. Case studies of laryngeal agreement and nasal agreement are presented, demon- stratingthe model’s capacity to capture varyingdegreesof similarity crosslinguistically.* 1. INTRODUCTION. The action at a distance that is characteristic of CONSONANT HAR- MONIES stands as a pivotal problem to be addressed by phonological theory. Consider the nasal alternations in the Bantu language, Kikongo (Meinhof 1932, Dereau 1955, Webb 1965, Ao 1991, Odden 1994, Piggott 1996). In this language, the voiced stop in the suffix [-idi] in la is realized as [ini] in 1b when preceded by a nasal consonant at any distance in the stem constituent, consistingof root and suffixes. (1) a. m-[bud-idi]stem ‘I hit’ b. tu-[kun-ini]stem ‘we planted’ n-[suk-idi]stem ‘I washed’ tu-[nik-ini]stem ‘we ground’ In addition to the alternation in 1, there are no Kikongo roots containing a nasal followed by a voiced stop, confirmingthat nasal harmony or AGREEMENT, as we term it, also holds at the root level as a MORPHEME STRUCTURE CONSTRAINT (MSC). -
A Guide to Source Material on Extinct North American Indian Languages Author(S): Kenneth Croft Source: International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol
A Guide to Source Material on Extinct North American Indian Languages Author(s): Kenneth Croft Source: International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct., 1948), pp. 260-268 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1262881 . Accessed: 22/03/2011 08:07 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of American Linguistics. http://www.jstor.org A GUIDE TO SOURCE MATERIAL ON EXTINCT NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES KENNETHCROFT INDIANAUNIVERSITY 0. -
An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of Navajo Sibilant Harmony
An optimality-theoretic analysis of Navajo sibilant harmony Item Type text; Article Authors Oberly, Stacey Publisher University of Arizona Linguistics Circle (Tucson, Arizona) Journal Coyote Papers Rights Copyright © is held by the author(s). Download date 01/10/2021 17:26:00 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/126386 An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of Navajo Sibilant Harmony Stacey Oberly University of Arizona Abstract This paper presents an Optimality-Theoretic analysis (Prince and Smolensky, 1993) of sibilant harmony in Navajo. This Optimality- Theoretic (OT) analysis uses correspondence theory (McCarthy and Prince, 1995) to account for changes in the [ anterior] feature in coro- ± nal segments in the verbal conjunct domain. Specifically, the place of articulation of the rightmost coronal fricative segment determines the place of articulation of all other coronal fricatives in the ver- bal conjunct domain via Ident, Agree and Max constraints. This OT analysis is innovative in that it posits a constraint that protects pronominal-argument morphemes from deletion. 1 Introduction This discussion presents an Optimality Theoretic analysis (Prince and Smo- lensky, 1993) of sibilant harmony in Navajo using correspondence theory. In correspondence theory (McCarthy and Prince, 1995), Gen produces a candidate set with a correspondence function expressing the dependence of the output on the input. Eval considers each candidate pair S1, S2 and its correspondence function. In Navajo, verbs are made up of three parts: the disjunct domain, conjunct domain and verb stem. Coronal fricative segments in the conjunct domain and verb stem must agree in regards to the [anterior] feature. -
Native American Languages, Indigenous Languages of the Native Peoples of North, Middle, and South America
Native American Languages, indigenous languages of the native peoples of North, Middle, and South America. The precise number of languages originally spoken cannot be known, since many disappeared before they were documented. In North America, around 300 distinct, mutually unintelligible languages were spoken when Europeans arrived. Of those, 187 survive today, but few will continue far into the 21st century, since children are no longer learning the vast majority of these. In Middle America (Mexico and Central America) about 300 languages have been identified, of which about 140 are still spoken. South American languages have been the least studied. Around 1500 languages are known to have been spoken, but only about 350 are still in use. These, too are disappearing rapidly. Classification A major task facing scholars of Native American languages is their classification into language families. (A language family consists of all languages that have evolved from a single ancestral language, as English, German, French, Russian, Greek, Armenian, Hindi, and others have all evolved from Proto-Indo-European.) Because of the vast number of languages spoken in the Americas, and the gaps in our information about many of them, the task of classifying these languages is a challenging one. In 1891, Major John Wesley Powell proposed that the languages of North America constituted 58 independent families, mainly on the basis of superficial vocabulary resemblances. At the same time Daniel Brinton posited 80 families for South America. These two schemes form the basis of subsequent classifications. In 1929 Edward Sapir tentatively proposed grouping these families into superstocks, 6 in North America and 15 in Middle America. -
33 Contact and North American Languages
9781405175807_4_033 1/15/10 5:37 PM Page 673 33 Contact and North American Languages MARIANNE MITHUN Languages indigenous to the Americas offer some good opportunities for inves- tigating effects of contact in shaping grammar. Well over 2000 languages are known to have been spoken at the time of first contacts with Europeans. They are not a monolithic group: they fall into nearly 200 distinct genetic units. Yet against this backdrop of genetic diversity, waves of typological similarities suggest pervasive, longstanding multilingualism. Of particular interest are similarities of a type that might seem unborrowable, patterns of abstract structure without shared substance. The Americas do show the kinds of contact effects common elsewhere in the world. There are some strong linguistic areas, on the Northwest Coast, in California, in the Southeast, and in the Pueblo Southwest of North America; in Mesoamerica; and in Amazonia in South America (Bright 1973; Sherzer 1973; Haas 1976; Campbell, Kaufman, & Stark 1986; Thompson & Kinkade 1990; Silverstein 1996; Campbell 1997; Mithun 1999; Beck 2000; Aikhenvald 2002; Jany 2007). Numerous additional linguistic areas and subareas of varying sizes and strengths have also been identified. In some cases all domains of language have been affected by contact. In some, effects are primarily lexical. But in many, there is surprisingly little shared vocabulary in contrast with pervasive structural parallelism. The focus here will be on some especially deeply entrenched structures. It has often been noted that morphological structure is highly resistant to the influence of contact. Morphological similarities have even been proposed as better indicators of deep genetic relationship than the traditional comparative method. -
An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of Navajo Sibilant Harmony
An optimality-theoretic analysis of Navajo sibilant harmony Item Type text; Article Authors Oberly, Stacey Publisher University of Arizona Linguistics Circle (Tucson, Arizona) Journal Coyote Papers Rights Copyright © is held by the author(s). Download date 03/10/2021 14:21:12 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/126386 An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of Navajo Sibilant Harmony Stacey Oberly University of Arizona Abstract This paper presents an Optimality-Theoretic analysis (Prince and Smolensky, 1993) of sibilant harmony in Navajo. This Optimality- Theoretic (OT) analysis uses correspondence theory (McCarthy and Prince, 1995) to account for changes in the [ anterior] feature in coro- ± nal segments in the verbal conjunct domain. Specifically, the place of articulation of the rightmost coronal fricative segment determines the place of articulation of all other coronal fricatives in the ver- bal conjunct domain via Ident, Agree and Max constraints. This OT analysis is innovative in that it posits a constraint that protects pronominal-argument morphemes from deletion. 1 Introduction This discussion presents an Optimality Theoretic analysis (Prince and Smo- lensky, 1993) of sibilant harmony in Navajo using correspondence theory. In correspondence theory (McCarthy and Prince, 1995), Gen produces a candidate set with a correspondence function expressing the dependence of the output on the input. Eval considers each candidate pair S1, S2 and its correspondence function. In Navajo, verbs are made up of three parts: the disjunct domain, conjunct domain and verb stem. Coronal fricative segments in the conjunct domain and verb stem must agree in regards to the [anterior] feature. -
California Indian Languages
SUB Hamburg B/112081 CALIFORNIA INDIAN LANGUAGES VICTOR GOLLA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London CONTENTS PREFACE ix PART THREE PHONETIC ORTHOGRAPHY xiii Languages and Language Families Algic Languages / 61 PART ONE Introduction: Defining California as a 3.1 California Algic Languages (Ritwan) / 61 Sociolinguistic Area 3.2 Wiyot / 62 3.3 Yurok / 65 1.1 Diversity / 1 Athabaskan (Na-Dene) Languages / 68 1.2 Tribelet and Language / 2 3.4 The Pacific Coast Athabaskan Languages / 68 1.3 Symbolic Function of California Languages / 4 3.5 Lower Columbia Athabaskan 1.4 Languages and Migration / 5 (Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai) / 69 1.5 Multilingualism / 6 3.6 Oregon Athabaskan Languages / 70 1.6 Language Families and Phyla / 8 3.7 California Athabaskan Languages / 76 Hokan Languages / 82 PART TWO 3.8 The Hokan Phylum / 82 History of Study 3.9 Karuk / 84 3.10 Chimariko / 87 3.11 Shastan Languages / 90 Before Linguistics / 12 3.12 Palaihnihan Languages / 95 2.1 Earliest Attestations / 12 3.13 Yana / 100 2.2 Jesuit Missionaries in Baja California / 12 3.14 Washo / 102 2.3 Franciscans in Alta California / 14 3.15 Porno Languages / 105 2.4 Visitors and Collectors, 1780-1880 / 22 3.16 Esselen / 112 3.17 Salinan / 114 Linguistic Scholarship / 32 3.18 Yuman Languages / 117 3.19 Cochimi and the Cochimi-Yuman Relationship / 125 2.5 Early Research Linguistics, 1865-1900 / 32 3.20 Seri / 126 2.6 The Kroeber Era, 1900 to World War II / 35 2.7 Independent Scholars, 1900-1940 / 42 Penutian Languages / 128 2.8 Structural Linguists / 49 2.9 The -
Newsletter Xxvi:2
THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF THE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF THE AMERICAS NEWSLETTER XXVI:2 July-September 2007 Published quarterly by the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Lan- SSILA BUSINESS guages of the Americas, Inc. Editor: Victor Golla, Dept. of Anthropology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California 95521 (e-mail: golla@ ssila.org; web: www.ssila.org). ISSN 1046-4476. Copyright © 2007, The Chicago Meeting SSILA. Printed by Bug Press, Arcata, CA. The 2007-08 annual winter meeting of SSILA will be held on January 3-6, 2008 at the Palmer House (Hilton), Chicago, jointly with the 82nd Volume 26, Number 2 annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. Also meeting concur- rently with the LSA will be the American Dialect Society, the American Name Society, and the North American Association for the History of the CONTENTS Language Sciences. The Palmer House has reserved blocks of rooms for those attending the SSILA Business . 1 2008 meeting. All guest rooms offer high speed internet, coffee makers, Correspondence . 3 hairdryers, CD players, and personalized in-room listening (suitable for Obituaries . 4 iPods). The charge for (wired) in-room high-speed internet access is $9.95 News and Announcements . 9 per 24 hours; there are no wireless connections in any of the sleeping Media Watch . 11 rooms. (The lobby and coffee shop are wireless areas; internet access costs News from Regional Groups . 12 $5.95 per hour.) The special LSA room rate (for one or two double beds) Recent Publications . 15 is $104. The Hilton reservation telephone numbers are 312-726-7500 and 1-800-HILTONS. -
On the Significance of Eloise Jelinek's Pronominal Argument Hypothesis
On the Significance of Eloise Jelinek's Pronominal Argument Hypothesis Ken Hale Massachusetts Institute of Technology 0. Introduction In 1984, Eloise Jelinek proposed a theory of Navajo grammar designed to account for certain observations which indicated that the organization of clauses in the language was "nonconfigurational" in a very particular sense (Jelinek, 1984). Her framework has since become widely known, and the name Pronominal Argument (PA) is now attached to a wide range of polysynthetic "head-marking languages" (cf. Baker, 1996; Nichols, 1986). She has written a number of works developing the PA model in relation not only to Southern Athabaskan but to Salish as well (e.g., Jelinek and Demers, 1994). In this essay, I will review certain aspects of the PA hypothesis, with emphasis on its relevance (i) to the grammar of Navajo and (ii) to the grammar of noun incorporation. In past work on the Navajo verb (e.g., Hale 2000b), I assumed that the surface organization of the elements appearing within it was due to a 2 KENNETH HALE series of movement rules — applications of Head Movement or Verb Raising. The verb began its upward journey from a position low in the syntactic structure of a sentence, moved from head to head within its extended projection, leaving certain residue (nonnuclear elements). In the first step of this scenario, the verb adjoins to the right edge of the first functional head above it (the Voice marker, traditionally called the Classifier in Athabaskan linguistics). In the second step, the classifier (now burdened with the verb) right-adjoins to Mode (an element similar in function to Infl or Tense in more familiar languages, representing the major aspectual, temporal, and mood oppositions in the language). -
Language Contact and the Dynamics of Language: Theory and Implications 10-13 May 2007 Leipzig
Paper for the Symposium Language Contact and the Dynamics of Language: Theory and Implications 10-13 May 2007 Leipzig Rethinking structural diffusion Peter Bakker First draft. Very preliminary version. Please do not quote. May 2007. Abstract Certain types of syntactic and morphological features can be diffused, as in convergence and metatypy, where languages take over such properties from neighboring languages. In my paper I would like to explore the idea that typological similarities in the realm of morphology can be used for establishing historical, perhaps even genetic, connections between language families with complex morphological systems. I will exemplify this with North America, in particular the possible connections between the language families of the Northwest coast/ Plateau and those of the eastern part of the Americas. I will argue on the basis on typological similarities, that (ancestor languages of ) some families (notably Algonquian) spoken today east of the continental divide, were once spoken west of the continental divide. This will lead to a more theoretical discussion about diffusion: is it really possible that more abstract morphological features such as morpheme ordering can be diffused? As this appears to be virtually undocumented, we have to be very skeptical about such diffusion. This means that mere morphological similarities between morphologically complex languages should be taken as evidence for inheritance rather than the result of contact. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0. Preface Not too long ago, many colleagues in linguistics were skeptical that many were actually due to contact. Now that language contact research has become much more mainstream and central than when I started to work in that field, it is time to take the opposite position. -
Distribution and Function of Comparative Aspect in Athabaskan/Dene
Distribution and Function of Comparative Aspect in Athabaskan/Dene Elizabeth Bogal-Allbritten University of Massachusetts Amherst 1 Introduction1 This paper explores the distribution and contribution of morphemes referred to as ‘comparative aspect’ in Athabaskan and Na-Dene languages, considering data from Slave, Witsuwit’en, Navajo, and Tlingit. Comparative aspect morphology marks verb stems denoting gradable adjectival properties (e.g., tall, fast, small, strong). In (1), the same Navajo verb stem -neez ‘tall’ is shown marked with comparative and absolute aspect morphology. The translations associated with comparative and absolute marking are representative of the semantics attributed cross-linguistically to these morphemes. A corresponding pair is shown for Tlingit in (2).2 (1) a. ‘ání¬nééz Comparative 'á-ní-ø-¬-nééz COMPAR-COMPAR-3S-CLASS-long ‘S/he/it is long or tall (in a relative or comparative sense)’ (YM 1987: 117) b. nineez Absolute ni-ø-ø-neez ABS-3S-CLASS-long ‘S/he/it is long or tall (in an absolute sense)’ (YM 1987: 647) (2) a. yé’ ku’wá⋅t’ Comparative yé’ ka-ŭ-ø-ø-ÿát’ COMPAR COMPAR-COMPAR-3S-CLASS-long ‘It is (so) long’ (Leer 1991: 258) b. ÿaÿát’ Absolute ÿa-ø-ø-ÿát’ ABS-3S-CLASS-long ‘It is long’ (Leer 1991: 257) 1 Thanks to Ellavina Perkins and Irene Silentman for generous help with the Navajo language data. Unless otherwise indicated, all Navajo data was collected at the 2008 Navajo Language Academy. Research was made possible by a Joel Dean Grant from Swarthmore College. Many thanks to Theodore Fernald, Keren Rice, Christopher Kennedy, Leonard Faltz, Seth Cable, and audience members at the 2009 Dene Languages Conference at the University of California, Berkeley for helpful discussion. -
A Gestural Account of the Velar Fricative in Navajo
A gestural account of the velar fricative in Navajo Khalil isKarousa, Joyce McDonoughb and D. h. Whalenc aUniversity of Southern California and Haskins Laboratories bUniversity of Rochester cCUNY Graduate Center and Haskins Laboratories Abstract Using the framework of Articulatory Phonology, we offer a phonological account of the allophonic variation undergone by the velar fricative phoneme in Navajo, a Southern or Apachean Athabaskan language spoken in Arizona and New Mexico. The Navajo velar fricative strongly co-articulates with the following vowel, vary- ing in both place and manner of articulation. The variation in this velar fricative seems greater than the variation of velars in many well-studied languages. The coronal central fricatives in the inventory, in contrast, are quite phonetically sta- ble. The back fricative of Navajo thus highlights 1) the linguistic use of an extreme form of coarticulation and 2) the mechanism by which languages can control coarticulation. It is argued that the task dynamic model underlying Articulatory Phonology, with the mechanism of gestural blending controlling coarticulation, can account for the multiplicity of linguistically-controlled ways in which velars coarticulate with surrounding vowels without requiring any changes of input spec- ification due to context. The ability of phonological and morphological constraints to restrict the amount of coarticulation argues against strict separation of phonet- ics and phonology. 1. Introduction There have been two major themes in the laboratory phonology approach to linguistic sound patterns. The first is a concern with the effects of language use, production, and perception on linguistic structure, and the second is the investigation of how linguistic knowledge affects motor and perceptual pat- terns (Pierrehumbert et al.