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Proquest Dissertations An optimality theoretic account of Navajo prefixal syllables Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Fountain, Amy Velita, 1963- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 11:02:24 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288795 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced froni die niicro£Qm master. UMI fikos the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in ^pewriter fiice, while others may be from any type of computer printer. Hie qnality of this repiodnction is d^endoit Qpon the quality of the copy snbinitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard maTgiwc and in^n-oper alignment can adverse^ affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are miissing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unautharized copyright material had to be removed, a note win indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photogr^hed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photogrs^hs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher qualiQr 6' x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contaa UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell information Company 300 North 2eeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313.'76l-4700 800:521-0600 AN OPTIMALITY THEOI^TIC ACCOUNT OF NAVAJO PREFKAL SYLLABLES by Amy Velita Fountain Copyright © Amy Velita Fountain 1998 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the JOINT PROGRAM IN ANTHROPOLOGY AND LINGUISTICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1998 UMX Niunber: 9829348 Copyright 1998 by- Fountain, Amy Velita All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9829348 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 -) THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Amy Velita Fountain entitled AN OPTIMALITY THEORETIC ACCOUNT OF NAVAJO PREFIXAL SYLLABLES and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy V. Dr. Michael Hammond ^ Date ' • ' /'/ • Dr. Mary Ai^l Willie Date If 3.C-'l~) r. Jane Hill Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director ' Date Dr. Michael Hammond 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks go to the members of my committee, and most particularly to Mike Hammond who served as the dissertation director. Without my weekly donut meetings with Mike (and his patience in listening to the bitter rants that preceded each), this document would undoubtedly have languished, unfinished, for a long, long time. His incredulity as to the conventional wisdom about Navajo, and his persistent belief that there must be real paradigms in this language in spite of all evidence to the contrary, dragged me kicking and screaming toward the work presented here. Furthermore, his ability to see the regularities in the data resulted in more than one last-minute save of an otherwise doomed analysis. Jane Hill's unfailing patience, good humor and keen insights not only contributed to the work but also to my ability to complete it without (completely) losing my mind. And without Mary Willie's willingness to share her knowledge about the data presented here, this ^ssertation could not have been completed. I am very lucky to have been able to work with these exceptional scholars. There were a number of additional faculty members who provided much needed support and guidance along the way to this degree, including Paul Bloom, Dick Demers, Terry Langendoen, Dick Oehrle, Susan Philips, David Williams, Andy Barss, Diana Archangeli, Ofelia Zepeda, and Eloise Jelinek. Thanks to Rosemary Emery, Gwen Webber, and Jenny Kelly in the linguistics department for their help with ±e administrative side of this project. Thanks to the big kids who helped pave the way: Colleen Fitzgerald, Diane Ohala, Deb Kelemen, Pat Perez, Lori Markson, Shaun O'Connor, Lee Fulmer and Diane Meador. Thanks also to those in my linguistic generation, who saw me safely through the first year and beyond: Keiichiro Suzuki, Tom Craig, Constantino Martinez-Fabian, and Ana-Lidia Mungia Duarte (and Suzy Oglesby, wherever she is). And thanks to those in the next wave, who often received the brunt of my unintelligible ramblings and who responded without vitriol: Dirk Elzinga, Barb Meek, Sean Hendricks, Mizuki Miyashita, Debbie Cole, Jean Braithwaite, Sachiko Ohno, Laura Moll-Collopy, Liz Holaday, Andrea Massar, Kumi Kogure and Jessica Weinberg. And I would never have made it through this ordeal without the unconditional love and support of Lynne Smiley, Virginia 'Itchy' Newton and David 'Rocketboy' Boswell, Rocky Hettinger, Elizabeth Dyckman (and the family), Tom Hicks, and Dianne and Josh Patterson. Thanks for the financial support of the Graduate College Dean's Fellowship program, of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Research Instimte, of Paul Bloom and the Spencer foundation, and of the Departments of Linguistics and Anthropology, without which completion of this degree would have been impossible. Finally, thanks for the love and support of my parents, Barbara and Jim Fountain, who never once acted as though they were disappointed in me, and who patiently listened to every sob-filled phone call and request for money. And my deepest thanks and apologies to my dogs Hap and Cato, and my cat Chance, who went through every trial and tribulation with me, who missed out on a significant number of walkies, and who endured many shortages of chewies and tuna fish, but who loved me anyway. To them I owe everything. 5 DEDICATION To Barbara and Jim Fountain, and to Wynn, Lynne and (in memorium) Ted Smiley; To Hap the safety dog, Cato the perma-pup, Chancie the magnificent; To the greatest horses in the whole world: Shorty Smiley and Matteo Montoya; To Jake, Shumba, and Mattie, and to Josie, Angle and Riso; And to the memories of Chaco, Chelsea, Lexie and especially Stuffy Smiley, who will live forever in my heart. In short, to my family. I 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION LO INTRODUCTION 12 1.0.1 The Theoretical Goals of the Dissertation 15 1.0.2 The Empirical Goals of the Dissertation 18 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SYLLABLE THEORY 21 1.1.1 Phonemic Inventory 21 1.1.2 Syllable Theory 27 1.1.2.1 Defining the Syllable 27 1.1.2.2 Evidence for the Syllable 28 1.1.2.2.1 Consonant Restrictions 28 1.1.2.2.2 Vowel Restrictions 35 1.2 INTRODUCTION TO OPTIMALITY THEORY 38 1.2.1 The Basics of Optimality Theory 38 1.2.2 The Constraints 41 1.2.2.1 Markedness Constraints 41 1.2.2.2 Alignment Constraints 44 1.2.2.3 Faithfulness Constraints 49 1.2.2.3.1 Correspondence Theory 50 1.2.2.3.2 Input-Output Correspondence 54 1.2.3 Summary of Optimality Theory 55 1.3 THE FACTORL^LL TYPOLOGY REVISITED 56 1.4 SUMMARY AND PREVIEW 64 CHAPTER 2; INTRODUCTION TO NAVAJO 2.0 iNTRODUCnON 66 2.1 A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE NAVAJO LANGUAGE SITUATION 66 2.1.1 Historically 66 2.1.2 Currently 68 2.2 SOME INTRODUCTORY NOTES ABOUT NAVAJO PHONOLOGY 69 2.2.1 Strident Harmony 69 2.2.2 Stem-Initial Voicing and Devoicing 73 2.2.3 Stem-Initial Affrication, Voicing and Consonant Mutation 74 2.3 CLITICS VERSUS PREFDCES IN NAVAJO MORPHOLOGY 77 2.3.1 Stems 77 2.3.2 Prefixes 81 2.3.2.1. The Shapes of the Prefixes 82 2.3.2.2 The Behavior of Tone 92 2.3.2.3. The Behavior of [Strident] Segments 95 2.3.3 Summary of the Arguments 98 2.4 REVIEW AND SUMMARY 99 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued CHAPTER 3: MOTIVATING THE INPUT FORMS OF THE NAVAJO PREFIXES 3.0 INTRODUCTION 101 3.0.1 The Categories 102 3.0.2 The Strategy 107 3.1 THE PREFIXES 109 3. L1 The Classifier Prefixes 109 3.1.1.1 The Semantics of the Classifiers 110 3.1.1.2 The Distribution of the Lateral Classifiers 112 3.1.2 The Tense, Mode and Conjugation
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