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An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of Navajo Sibilant Harmony An optimality-theoretic analysis of Navajo sibilant harmony Item Type text; Article Authors Oberly, Stacey Publisher University of Arizona Linguistics Circle (Tucson, Arizona) Journal Coyote Papers Rights Copyright © is held by the author(s). Download date 01/10/2021 17:26:00 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/126386 An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of Navajo Sibilant Harmony Stacey Oberly University of Arizona Abstract This paper presents an Optimality-Theoretic analysis (Prince and Smolensky, 1993) of sibilant harmony in Navajo. This Optimality- Theoretic (OT) analysis uses correspondence theory (McCarthy and Prince, 1995) to account for changes in the [ anterior] feature in coro- ± nal segments in the verbal conjunct domain. Specifically, the place of articulation of the rightmost coronal fricative segment determines the place of articulation of all other coronal fricatives in the ver- bal conjunct domain via Ident, Agree and Max constraints. This OT analysis is innovative in that it posits a constraint that protects pronominal-argument morphemes from deletion. 1 Introduction This discussion presents an Optimality Theoretic analysis (Prince and Smo- lensky, 1993) of sibilant harmony in Navajo using correspondence theory. In correspondence theory (McCarthy and Prince, 1995), Gen produces a candidate set with a correspondence function expressing the dependence of the output on the input. Eval considers each candidate pair S1, S2 and its correspondence function. In Navajo, verbs are made up of three parts: the disjunct domain, conjunct domain and verb stem. Coronal fricative segments in the conjunct domain and verb stem must agree in regards to the [anterior] feature. The feature [anterior] distinguishes coronal segments produced at or in front on the alveolar ridge [+anterior] and further behind the alveolar ridge [-anterior]. That is, the place of articulation of the right-most coronal fricative segment determines the place of articulation for all other coronal fricatives in the verbal conjunct. 35 Stacey Oberly This OT analysis is innovative in that is posits a constraint which bans the deletion of argument morphemes represented as segments. That is, sub- ject and object arguments, which are prefixed to the verb stem, are never deleted to satisfy phonological constraints. The data suggest that phonology, morphology and syntax are inter-related and should not be separated into discrete areas. Navajo provides an excellent testing ground for phonological, morphological and syntactic theoretic analysis. This analysis consists of eight sections. Section 2 briefly discusses Navajo and the Athabaskan language family. Section 3 provides a sketch of the Navajo verb. Sections 4 and 5 discuss the distribution of Navajo consonants and vowels in the three domains of the verb. Section 6 presents sibilant harmony data in-depth followed by section 7 which consists of an OT analysis of sibilant harmony. Finally, section 8 provides concluding remarks. 2 Navajo Language Background Navajo is a member of the large Athabaskan language family. It is considered a pronominal argument language, which in effect states that the pronomi- nal affixes on the verb are the verbal arguments and the overt nominals are adjuncts Jelinek (1984, 1993); Jelinek and Demers (1994); Jelinek (1995); Je- linek and Demers (1997); Jelinek (2000). Given that Navajo is a pronominal argument language its verb structure is complex. There are several dialects of Navajo spoken in the southwestern United States. The number of Navajo speakers is declining. See the Introduction in this volume for more detailed background information. 3 The Navajo Verb A Navajo verb surfaces as minimally disyllabic. The Navajo verb consists of three domains as shown in table 1: disjunct, conjunct and verb stem.1 Young and Morgan (1987) posit the tripartite templatic model of the Navajo verb structure used in this analysis. The pound-sign, #, separates the disjunct from the conjunct. 1There are varied interpretations of what morphemes constitute the three domains of the Navajo verbs. For an alternate view see Faltz (1998). 36 An OT Analysis of Navajo Sibilant Harmony ObjectNull of Postposition PostpositionPostpositional:ReflexiveReversionary—returning AdverbialIterativeDistributive Thematic: modeDO Pronominal Nominalback PluralSubjectThematic/Adverbial Pronoun:Thematic/Adverbial Non-localAdverbial-ThematicModal elements ConjugationelementsSubjectClassifier Pronoun: Marker/PegStem Local 0 Ia Ib Ic Id II III IV V VI VI VI VI VII IX X abc I I Disjunct Conjunct Stem Table 1: The Structure of the Navajo Verb (Young and Morgan, 1987) Four Navajo verbs are shown in (1–4). It is important to note that there are a number of phonological alternations in the language other than those that will be discussed in depth here. (1) Intransitive Verb Postition: VII VIII X UR: / -sh -cha/ PR: yi -sh -cha peg peg -1s -cry ‘I cry’ (McDonough, 2003, p.42) Navajo verbs are formed exclusively (with few exceptions) through prefixa- tion. In example (1), the underlying form consists of the first person sin- gle pronoun, sh, and the verb stem, cha, ‘cry.’ Without epenthesis, this form would not be allowed to surface due to the disyllabic minimum. The epenthetic consonant and vowel, yi, also called the peg is inserted to meet the disyllabic condition. 37 Stacey Oberly (2) Intransitive Verb2 Postition: VI VII IX X UR: /y´a -sh - l -ti’/ PR: y´a -sh -ti’ peg preverb -1s.S -Cl -speak ‘I speak’ (Hale, 2001, p.685) In example (2), the preverb, ya, appears in position VI followed by the subjective marker, sh, the classifier, l, and finally the verb stem, ti’, ‘speak.’ The classifier does not surface faithfully. (3) Intransitive Verb3 Postition: IV VIII IX X UR: /sh -j - l -ghozh/ PR: shi -ji - l -hozh 1s.O 3a.S Cl -tickle ‘s/he/they/one is tickling me’ (Hale, 2001, p.698) In example (3), the transitive verb consists of four morphemes. The first person object pronoun, shi, appears on the left edge of the verb followed by the third person pronoun, j, the classifier, l, and finally the verb stem, ghozh, ‘speak.’ (4) Transitive Verb with Disjunct Domain Postition: I #VIII X UR: /ch’´ı -nish -ts’´o´od/ PR: ch’´ı -nis -ts’´o´od out -ni-imp.1S -stretch ‘I lean out’ (McDonough, 2003, p.53) In example (4), the transitive verb consists of three morphemes. The adver- bial, ch´ı, appears on the left edge of the verb followed by the first person pronoun ni-imperfection morpheme, nish, and finally the verb stem, ts’´o´od, 2Cl is a classifier which marks valence or voice. 3“O” is for object. 38 An OT Analysis of Navajo Sibilant Harmony ‘stretch.’ Notice the [-anterior] adverbial, ch’´ı, does not change it anteriority to agree with the [+anterior] verb stem, ts’´o´od, ‘stretch’ while the [-anterior] first person pronoun ni-imperfection morpheme, nish, does. 3.1 The Verb Stem The Navajo verb stem exhibits most consonantal contrasts. The stem is a prominent position in Navajo phonology. The verb stem appears in the far right position of the verb. Most verb stems consist of one syllable and begin with a consonant (Faltz, 1998). This is shown in the verb stems in (1–4) repeated here as (5). (5) Navajo Verb Stems a. -cha -cry b.-ti’ -speak c. -hozh -speak d. - ts’´o´od -stretch Notice that three out of the four verb stems have codas. 3.2 The Conjunct The conjunct can consist of eight morphemes to the left of the verb stem. These morphemes are obligatory in Navajo. It is important to notice that two locations are marked for the obligatory subject prefix: V and VIII. Local subject pronouns that are in the first and second person appear in position VIII, while non-local subject pronouns, third and fourth persons, appear in position V. The epenthetic consonant, y, and vowel, i, (also called the peg) appear in position VIII. The consonants that surface in the conjunct are limited and many phonological alternations occur in this domain. This will be further discussed in Section 4.4.1. 3.3 The Disjunct The disjunct domain can consist of seven morphemes which appear to the left of the conjunct and verb stem. All of the disjunct morphemes are not obligatorily present although some verb stems may require certain disjunct morphemes. Morphemes in the disjunct are more loosely attached to the 39 Stacey Oberly Labial Alveolar Palatal Lateral Velar Glottal Stops Unaspirated b d g ’ Aspirated t k Glottalized t’ k’ Affricates Unaspirated dz j tl Aspirated ts ch t l Glottalized ts’ ch’ t l’ Fricative Voiced z zh l gh h Voiceless s sh l x Nasals Plain m n Glides w y Table 2: Navajo consonant chart, after Young and Morgan (1987) verb than the conjunct morphemes, meaning these morphemes may not be mandatory. The vowels that appear in the disjunct are less likely to be epenthetic. The disjunct morphemes are less likely to undergo phonological alternations than the conjunct morphemes. 4 Navajo Consonants Like other Athabaskan languages, Navajo has a large consonant inventory. Written in standard Navajo orthography, the consonant inventory is shown in table 2. Notice that out of thirty-two consonants, nineteen consonants are coronal making manner and laryngeal contrasts important. 4.1 Bilabials The bilabials (b, m) are limited to the positions shown in 6. (6) Distribution of Bilabials a. only word-intial (b) b. stem inital (b & m) (McDonough, 2003, p.42) 40 An OT Analysis of Navajo Sibilant Harmony 4.2 Stops There is a three-way contrast among the stops (except bilabials) in manner and release as shown in (7). (7) Three-Way Contrast in Stops a. Manner: Plain Aspirated Ejective/Glottalized b. Release: Plain Fricative Laterals (McDonough, 2003, p.42) Stops resist phonological alternations (McDonough, 2003). 4.3 Fricatives The fricatives are divided into four sets as shown in (8).
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