DOCSLIB.ORG

Small Spacecraft in Planetary Defence Related Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Small Spacecraft in Planetary Defence Related Applications View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institute of Transport Research:Publications Small Spacecraft in Planetary Defence Related Applications – Capabilities, Constraints, Challenges Jan Thimo Grundmann Caroline Lange DLR Institute of Space Systems DLR Institute of Space Systems Robert-Hooke-Strasse 7 Robert-Hooke-Strasse 7 28359 Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany Germany +49-421-24420-1107 +49-421-24420-1159 [email protected] [email protected] Bernd Dachwald Christian D. Grimm Faculty of Aerospace Engineering DLR Institute of Space Systems FH Aachen University of Applied Robert-Hooke-Strasse 7 Sciences 28359 Bremen, Hohenstaufenallee 6 Germany 52064 Aachen, +49-421-24420-1266 Germany [email protected] +49-241-6009-52343 / -52854 [email protected] Aaron Dexter Koch Stephan Ulamec DLR Institute of Space Systems DLR Space Operations and Astronaut Robert-Hooke-Strasse 7 Training – MUSC 28359 Bremen, 51147 Cologne, Germany Germany +49-421-24420-1183 +49-2203-601-4567 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— In this paper we present an overview of the TABLE OF CONTENTS characteristics and peculiarities of small spacecraft missions related to planetary defence applications. We provide a brief 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………….1 overview of small spacecraft missions to small solar system MBRACING ONSTRAINTS bodies. On this background we present recent missions and 2. E C …………………..3 selected projects and related studies at the German Aerospace 3. GETTING SMALL ……………………………..5 Center, DLR, that contribute to planetary defence related 4. GETTING THERE ……………………………10 activities. These range from Earth orbit technology OING HINGS demonstrators to active science missions in interplanetary 5. D T ……………………………...13 space. We provide a summary of experience from recently 6. CONCLUSIONS ………………………………13 flown missions with DLR participation as well as a number of REFERENCES …………………………………..14 studies. These include PHILAE, the lander recently arrived on BIOGRAPHY……………………………………17 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko aboard ESA’s ROSETTA comet rendezvous mission, and the Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout, MASCOT, now underway to near-Earth asteroid NTRODUCTION (162173) 1999 JU3 aboard the Japanese sample-return probe 1. I HAYABUSA-2. We introduce the differences between the Planetary defence related spaceflight missions come two conventional methods employed in the design, integration and testing of large spacecraft and the new approaches developed categories: by small spacecraft projects. We expect that the practical experience that can be gained from projects on extremely First, science missions to investigate the properties of small compressed timelines or with high-intensity operation phases solar system bodies in general prior to any recognized on a newly explored small solar system body can contribute threat. significantly to the study, preparation and realization of future planetary defence related missions. One is AIDA (Asteroid Second, missions to characterize and possibly deflect one Impact & Deflection Assessment), a joint effort of ESA, specific object become a recognized threat to such a degree JHU/APL, NASA, OCA and DLR, combining JHU/APL’s and confidence that exclusively dedicated missions are DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) and ESA’s AIM warranted. (Asteroid Impact Monitor) spacecraft in a mission towards near-Eath binary asteroid (65803) Didymos. 978-1-4799-5380-6/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE 1 The main difference between those categories is that nature In the aftermath of this event, the size-frequency distribution picks target and timeline for the latter, while for the former of natural impactors at Earth and their potential for careful deliberation in scientific committees usually does. destructive effects on the ground, and technical options for near-Earth object (NEO) deflection were revisited Since science missions do not fly frequently, the aim is to extensively [8]. maximize science output and consequently launch mass to the limit of accessibility of any suitable target object for The first wave of attention to the NEO threat had about affordable launchers within the space agency mission class. three decades earlier recognized the rare but potentially In threat-related missions the only constraint is the target globally catastrophic impacts of km-scale near-Earth object itself including getting there in time. asteroids (NEA) based on the observations of early photographic asteroid surveys and the emerging geological For science missions the target object can become a cratering record of the Earth. It drew strongly on the constraint on the scientific mission concept. Many discovery of prehistoric indicators of impact such as the interesting objects are difficult to reach without curtailing iridium anomaly at the cretaceous-tertiary boundary leading mission scope in favour of propulsion and/or greatly to the seminal Alvarez hypothesis [9], the recognition of extending flight time by planetary gravity-assists. However, Meteor Crater near Flagstaff, Arizona, and the Tunguska this only prevails as long as interest in a specific object or a event of 1908, and other historical data (e.g. [10] for a subset of possible targets outweighs more general summary) as related to meteoritic impacts. This recognition considerations of the scientific communities involved in the of the impact threat was formalized into the goal to discover mission. In most cases, a more easily accessible object of 90% of all NEAs larger than 1 km diameter, relatively the same or a sufficiently similar class would be selected. quickly followed up by the definition of Potentially There may however be missions for which just one object of Hazardous Asteroids (PHA) of at least 140 m diameter the vast number of solar system bodies discovered so far is which can approach Earth to within 0.05 AU. The ongoing of interest and accessible at the same time. [1] dedicated NEO surveys based on mass automatic exposure and processing of CCD images [11] confirmed the From Tunguska to Chelyabinsk: Bursts of Interest significant contribution to the threat of the much more The widely reported airburst of the Chelyabinsk bolide on frequent small impactors with regional or locally February 15th, 2013, returned the focus on planetary devastating effects [12]. NEAs in the sub-PHA size range defence. This 500 kt TNT-equivalent range event caused by have recently become accessible enough to observation to a 20 m diameter chondritic body [2] was just barely non- enable estimates of the population based on re-discovery lethal: early reports stated that 1491 people including 311 rates which indicate that their relative frequency is children were seen by medical staff in the region [3] and somewhat higher than expected from earlier extrapolations 112 people were treated in hospitals, two of them in serious down from the PHA size range [13][14][15]. Also, condition. One woman suffered broken vertebrae and was modelling of the effects of atmospheric entry and asteroid flown out for treatment, one man’s finger was cut off by fragmentation strongly suggests much higher yield to flying glass. [4] Most injuries were by glass shattered and ground-level damage efficiency than previously expected scattered about or accelerated by the blast wave [5]. from observations made e.g. at the 1908 Tunguska impact Property damage included massive destruction of window site. [16][17][18] U.S. government sensors recorded at least panes in the midst of the Siberian winter, mostly on 556 fireball events from 1994 through 2013, ranging from appartment blocks, and several collapsed structures. [6] about 5 t TNT-equivalent to the Chelyabinsk superbolide. [19] The distribution of injuries also clearly demonstrated the value of preparedness in natural disasters: At one school and The shift of focus towards the threat posed by smaller, more kindergarden site, 20 children were injured by flying glass frequent impactors also changed the approach towards as the blast wave hit during the break just after the first deflection. The impulse necessary to deflect an object on a lessons were over. At another, not regognizing the event for given orbit to a safe passage of Earth reduces with its mass what it was, Ms Yulia Karbysheva, a 4th-grade school – a substantial reduction of requirements for the expected teacher, ordered her students to exectute the there still likely next event: The now become unlikely case of a practised duck and cover drill – none of 44 was injured. She surprise civilization killer asteroid was replaced by impacts herself did not follow and suffered serious lacerations and a just slightly too large to be dealt with by practical tendon cut by flying glass in one arm. [4] application of preparedness and civil defence infrastructures but likely to occur on human timescales. For yet smaller It has to be noted that the main fragmentation occurred 31.8 impactors, the choice is to stand and stare or duck and km south of the city centre of Chelyabinsk approximately at cover. the minimum distance to the ground track [7] at an altitude of 29.7 km [2], or at about 44 km line-of-sight distance This reappreciation of risk based on the success of NEO between the largest release of energy in the event and a surveys and on likelihood of occurrence on human population of 1.13 million. timescales made deflection feasible within the present capabilities of the Earth’s spaceflight infrastructure. 2 However, smaller impactors are also much more difficult to agency
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Planetary Science Division Status Report
    Planetary Science Division Status Report Jim Green NASA, Planetary Science Division January 26, 2017 Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory CommiBee Outline • Planetary Science ObjecFves • Missions and Events Overview • Flight Programs: – Discovery – New FronFers – Mars Programs – Outer Planets • Planetary Defense AcFviFes • R&A Overview • Educaon and Outreach AcFviFes • PSD Budget Overview New Horizons exploresPlanetary Science Pluto and the Kuiper Belt Ascertain the content, origin, and evoluFon of the Solar System and the potenFal for life elsewhere! 01/08/2016 As the highest resolution images continue to beam back from New Horizons, the mission is onto exploring Kuiper Belt Objects with the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) camera from unique viewing angles not visible from Earth. New Horizons is also beginning maneuvers to be able to swing close by a Kuiper Belt Object in the next year. Giant IcebergsObjecve 1.5.1 (water blocks) floatingObjecve 1.5.2 in glaciers of Objecve 1.5.3 Objecve 1.5.4 Objecve 1.5.5 hydrogen, mDemonstrate ethane, and other frozenDemonstrate progress gasses on the Demonstrate Sublimation pitsDemonstrate from the surface ofDemonstrate progress Pluto, potentially surface of Pluto.progress in in exploring and progress in showing a geologicallyprogress in improving active surface.in idenFfying and advancing the observing the objects exploring and understanding of the characterizing objects The Newunderstanding of Horizons missionin the Solar System to and the finding locaons origin and evoluFon in the Solar System explorationhow the chemical of Pluto wereunderstand how they voted the where life could of life on Earth to that pose threats to and physical formed and evolve have existed or guide the search for Earth or offer People’sprocesses in the Choice for Breakthrough of thecould exist today life elsewhere resources for human Year forSolar System 2015 by Science Magazine as exploraon operate, interact well as theand evolve top story of 2015 by Discover Magazine.
    [Show full text]
  • Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
    Chapter 6 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Jim Taylor, Dennis K. Lee, and Shervin Shambayati 6.1 Mission Overview The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) [1, 2] has a suite of instruments making observations at Mars, and it provides data-relay services for Mars landers and rovers. MRO was launched on August 12, 2005. The orbiter successfully went into orbit around Mars on March 10, 2006 and began reducing its orbit altitude and circularizing the orbit in preparation for the science mission. The orbit changing was accomplished through a process called aerobraking, in preparation for the “science mission” starting in November 2006, followed by the “relay mission” starting in November 2008. MRO participated in the Mars Science Laboratory touchdown and surface mission that began in August 2012 (Chapter 7). MRO communications has operated in three different frequency bands: 1) Most telecom in both directions has been with the Deep Space Network (DSN) at X-band (~8 GHz), and this band will continue to provide operational commanding, telemetry transmission, and radiometric tracking. 2) During cruise, the functional characteristics of a separate Ka-band (~32 GHz) downlink system were verified in preparation for an operational demonstration during orbit operations. After a Ka-band hardware anomaly in cruise, the project has elected not to initiate the originally planned operational demonstration (with yet-to-be­ used redundant Ka-band hardware). 201 202 Chapter 6 3) A new-generation ultra-high frequency (UHF) (~400 MHz) system was verified with the Mars Exploration Rovers in preparation for the successful relay communications with the Phoenix lander in 2008 and the later Mars Science Laboratory relay operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Asteroid Impact, Not Volcanism, Caused the End-Cretaceous Dinosaur Extinction
    Asteroid impact, not volcanism, caused the end-Cretaceous dinosaur extinction Alfio Alessandro Chiarenzaa,b,1,2, Alexander Farnsworthc,1, Philip D. Mannionb, Daniel J. Luntc, Paul J. Valdesc, Joanna V. Morgana, and Peter A. Allisona aDepartment of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom; bDepartment of Earth Sciences, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom; and cSchool of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TH Bristol, United Kingdom Edited by Nils Chr. Stenseth, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and approved May 21, 2020 (received for review April 1, 2020) The Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, 66 Ma, included the (17). However, the timing and size of each eruptive event are demise of non-avian dinosaurs. Intense debate has focused on the highly contentious in relation to the mass extinction event (8–10). relative roles of Deccan volcanism and the Chicxulub asteroid im- An asteroid, ∼10 km in diameter, impacted at Chicxulub, in pact as kill mechanisms for this event. Here, we combine fossil- the present-day Gulf of Mexico, 66 Ma (4, 18, 19), leaving a crater occurrence data with paleoclimate and habitat suitability models ∼180 to 200 km in diameter (Fig. 1A). This impactor struck car- to evaluate dinosaur habitability in the wake of various asteroid bonate and sulfate-rich sediments, leading to the ejection and impact and Deccan volcanism scenarios. Asteroid impact models global dispersal of large quantities of dust, ash, sulfur, and other generate a prolonged cold winter that suppresses potential global aerosols into the atmosphere (4, 18–20). These atmospheric dinosaur habitats.
    [Show full text]
  • Concepts & Synthesis
    CONCEPTS & SYNTHESIS EMPHASIZING NEW IDEAS TO STIMULATE RESEARCH IN ECOLOGY Ecological Monographs, 81(3), 2011, pp. 349–405 Ó 2011 by the Ecological Society of America Regulation of animal size by eNPP, Bergmann’s rule, and related phenomena 1,3 2 MICHAEL A. HUSTON AND STEVE WOLVERTON 1Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666 USA 2University of North Texas, Department of Geography, Denton, Texas 76203-5017 USA Abstract. Bergmann’s rule, which proposes a heat-balance explanation for the observed latitudinal gradient of increasing animal body size with increasing latitude, has dominated the study of geographic patterns in animal size since it was first proposed in 1847. Several critical reviews have determined that as many as half of the species examined do not fit the predictions of Bergmann’s rule. We have proposed an alternative hypothesis for geographic variation in body size based on food availability, as regulated by the net primary production (NPP) of plants, specifically NPP during the growing season, or eNPP (ecologically and evolutionarily relevant NPP). Our hypothesis, ‘‘the eNPP rule,’’ is independent of latitude and predicts both spatial and temporal variation in body size, as well as in total population biomass, population growth rates, individual health, and life history traits of animals, including humans, wherever eNPP varies across appropriate scales of space or time. In the context of a revised interpretation of the global patterns of NPP and eNPP, we predict contrasting latitudinal correlations with body size in three distinct latitudinal zones. The eNPP rule explains body- size patterns that are consistent with Bergmann’s rule, as well as two distinct types of contradictions of Bergmann’s rule: the lack of latitudinal patterns within the tropics, and the decline in body size above approximately 608 latitude.
    [Show full text]
  • The Blurring Distinction Between Asteroids and Comets
    Answers Research Journal 8 (2015):203–208. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v8/asteroids-and-comets.pdf The Blurring Distinction between Asteroids and Comets Danny R. Faulkner, Answers in Genesis, PO Box 510, Hebron, Kentucky, 41048. Abstract Asteroids and comets long had been viewed as distinct objects with regards to orbits and composition. However, discoveries made in recent years have blurred those distinctions. Whether there is a continuum on which our older conception of asteroids and comets are extremes or if there still is a gap between them is not entirely clear yet. Some of the newer views of comets and asteroids may challenge the evolutionary theory of the solar system. Additionally, the new information may challenge the idea that the solar system is billions of years old. For readers not versed in nomenclature of small solar system bodies, I discuss that in the appendix. Keywords: small solar system objects, comets, asteroids (minor planets) Introduction the sun, and their orbits frequently are inclined The differences between asteroids and comets considerably to the orbits of the planets. Because of At one time, we thought of asteroids and comets as their highly elliptical orbits, most comets alternately being two very different groups of objects. Comets and are very close to the sun when near perihelion and asteroids certainly looked different. Comets can be very far from the sun when near aphelion. Comets visible to the naked eye, and have been known since spend most of the time near aphelion far from the ancient times. They have a hazy, fuzzy appearance. sun, so that their ices remain frozen.
    [Show full text]
  • Venona Special Studies
    - 1 - Venona Project Special Studies Transcribed by Students of the Mercyhurst College Institute for Intelligence Studies Arranged by John Earl Haynes, Library of Congress, 2010 COVER NAMES IN NEW YORK TRAFFIC p. 2 UNIDENTIFIED COVER NAMES IN NEW YORK TRAFFIC p. 86 COVER NAMES IN SAN FRANCISCO TRAFFIC p. 92 COVER NAMES IN WASHINGTON TRAFFIC p. 123 ADDITIONAL COVERNAMES AND RELATED INFORMATION IN DIPLOMATIC TRAFFIC p. 127 REVISED TRANSLATION OF MESSAGE ON ANTENNA-LIBERAL'S WIFE ETHEL p. 135 THE COVERNAMES "ANTENNA" AND "LIBERAL" IN . MESSAGES p. 139 ESSAGES IN . INVOLVING THE COVERNAME"ENORMOZ" AND THE NAMES OF NUCLEAR PHYSICISTS, ETC. p. 147 UNDATED REPORT OF MEREDITH GARDNER p. 155 DEVELOPMENT OF THE “G--“HOMER” [“GOMER”] CASE p. 158 THE KOMAR (KRAVCHENKO) AFFAIR IN . MESSAGES p. 161 REVISED TRANSLATION OF TWO . MESSAGES ON CHANGES IN COVERNAMES p. 170 THE COVERNAME "KARAS" IN. TRAFFIC p. 178 THE COVERNAMES "TÉNOR", "BAS", AND "CHETÁ" (? IN . TRAFFIC p. 181 - 2 - Special Study Cover Names in New York Traffic - 3 - cover-name Message number Date Publication reference S/ or 3/NBF/ 19 N.Y. to M. 812 29053 JKI 06 T1022 1B-1910 0027A ABRAM N.Y. to M. 992 24063 JKR 14 T872√ 1B-7518 0005A JACK SOBLE 1086 06073 JKV 48 T873√ 2A-0011 1957 29113 NNNNNN T939√ 625 04054 JHD 48 T916√ 851 15064 JIJ 40 T10.1√ 1146 10084 JHM 41 T123√ 1251 02094 JHN 12 T301√ (to ChEKh) 0005B 1353 23094 JHO 42 T289√ 1449 12104 JIL 37 T106√ 1754 14124 JHZ 49 T6√ 48 11015 JHV 37 (NSA)T1941 AVGUR 2A-0013 1638 (AUGUR) N.Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Chicago Wilderness Region Urban Forest Vulnerability Assessment
    United States Department of Agriculture CHICAGO WILDERNESS REGION URBAN FOREST VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND SYNTHESIS: A Report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework Chicago Wilderness Pilot Project Forest Service Northern Research Station General Technical Report NRS-168 April 2017 ABSTRACT The urban forest of the Chicago Wilderness region, a 7-million-acre area covering portions of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the Chicago Wilderness region to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how nonnative species and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening the urban forest of the Chicago Wilderness region. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, land-use change, development, and fragmentation. Observed trends in climate over the historical record from 1901 through 2011 show a temperature increase of 1 °F in the Chicago Wilderness region. Precipitation increased as well, especially during the summer.
    [Show full text]
  • Achievements of Hayabusa2: Unveiling the World of Asteroid by Interplanetary Round Trip Technology
    Achievements of Hayabusa2: Unveiling the World of Asteroid by Interplanetary Round Trip Technology Yuichi Tsuda Project Manager, Hayabusa2 Japan Aerospace ExplorationAgency 58th COPUOS, April 23, 2021 Lunar and Planetary Science Missions of Japan 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Future Plan Moon 2007 Kaguya 1990 Hiten SLIM Lunar-A × Venus 2010 Akatsuki 2018 Mio 1998 Nozomi × Planets Mercury (Mars) 2010 IKAROS Venus MMX Phobos/Mars 1985 Suisei 2014 Hayabusa2 Small Bodies Asteroid Ryugu 2003 Hayabusa 1985 Sakigake Asteroid Itokawa Destiny+ Comet Halley Comet Pheton 2 Hayabusa2 Mission ✓ Sample return mission to a C-type asteroid “Ryugu” ✓ 5.2 billion km interplanetary journey. Launch Earth Gravity Assist Ryugu Arrival MINERVA-II-1 Deployment Dec.3, 2014 Sep.21, 2018 Dec.3, 2015 Jun.27, 2018 MASCOT Deployment Oct.3, 2018 Ryugu Departure Nov.13.2019 Kinetic Impact Earth Return Second Dec.6, 2020 Apr.5, 2019 Target Markers Orbiting Touchdown Sep.16, 2019 Jul,11, 2019 First Touchdown Feb.22, 2019 MINERVA-II-2 Orbiting MD [D VIp srvlxp #534<# Oct.2, 2019 Hayabusa2 Spacecraft Overview Deployable Xband Xband Camera (DCAM3) HGA LGA Xband Solar Array MGA Kaba nd Ion Engine HGA Panel RCS thrusters ×12 ONC‐T, ONC‐W1 Star Trackers Near Infrared DLR MASCOT Spectrometer (NIRS3) Lander Thermal Infrared +Z Imager (TIR) Reentry Capsule +X MINERVA‐II Small Carry‐on +Z LIDAR ONC‐W2 +Y Rovers Impactor (SCI) +X Sampler Horn Target +Y Markers ×5 Launch Mass: 609kg Ion Engine: Total ΔV=3.2km/s, Thrust=5-28mN (variable), Specific Impulse=2800- 3000sec. (4 thrusters, mounted on two-axis gimbal) Chemical RCS: Bi-prop.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hera Mission
    Dr. Patrick Michel Hera Investigation Team PI Université Côte d’Azur Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur CNRS, Lagrange Laboratory Nice, France The Hera Mission ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Hera main aspects Role of space missions at ESA in NEO hazard mitigation • Understanding the problem (deflection modeling and simulations) 2001 • Ground versus space solutions analyses • Assessment of space component options 2002- • 6 parallel phase-0 studies (3 space telescopes, 3 rendezvous) Euneos Nero Earthguard 1 2004 • ESA’s NEO Mission Advisory Panel (NEOMAP) established • Kinetic impactor validation ranked highest importance 2004- • Don Quijote mission selected and studied up to phase-A level 2006 • SANCHO / Proba-IP orbiter up to phase A level studies, small deep-space Don Quijote Ishtar Simone 2008- mission to investigate impactor’s result 2009 • AIDA proposed by NASA: USA/impactor + ESA/impact assessment • ESA phase 0 and phase A studies on the observer spacecraft "AIM” (GSP) 2011- Proba-IP 2016 • Phase B1 study and “consolidation phase” for mission definition (GSTP) • HERA: impact observer spacecraft reformulation and optimization AIM 2017- • Phase B1 implementation + payload + technology breadboards (GSTP+SSA) Several concepts 2019 • DART phase-C kick-off on 15 May 2018 Hera iterated AIDA: An International Planetary Defense Mission U.S. National Research Council Committee “Defending Planet Earth: Near-Earth Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies” Recommendation: “If [U.S.] Congress chooses to fund mitigation research at an appropriately high level, the first priority for a space mission in the mitigation area is an experimental test of a kinetic impactor along with a characterization, monitoring, and verification system, such as the Don Quixote mission that was previously considered, but not funded, by the European Space Agency.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Some of the Definitions of the Different Types of Objects in the Solar
    1. Some of the definitions of the different types of objects in has the greatest orbital inclination (orbit at the the solar system overlap. Which one of the greatest angle to that of Earth)? following pairs does not overlap? That is, if an A) Mercury object can be described by one of the labels, it B) Mars cannot be described by the other. C) Jupiter A) dwarf planet and asteroid D) Pluto B) dwarf planet and Kuiper belt object C) satellite and Kuiper belt object D) meteoroid and planet 10. Of the following objects in the solar system, which one has the greatest orbital eccentricity and therefore the most elliptical orbit? 2. Which one of the following is a small solar system body? A) Mercury A) Rhea, a moon of Saturn B) Mars B) Pluto C) Earth C) Ceres (an asteroid) D) Pluto D) Mathilde (an asteroid) 11. What is the largest moon of the dwarf planet Pluto 3. Which of the following objects was discovered in the called? twentieth century? A) Chiron A) Pluto B) Callisto B) Uranus C) Charon C) Neptune D) Triton D) Ceres 12. If you were standing on Pluto, how often would you see 4. Pluto was discovered in the satellite Charon rise above the horizon each A) 1930. day? B) 1846. A) once each 6-hour day as Pluto rotates on its axis C) 1609. B) twice each 6-hour day because Charon is in a retrograde D) 1781. orbit C) once every 2 days because Charon orbits in the same direction Pluto rotates but more slowly 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Highlights in Space 2010
    International Astronautical Federation Committee on Space Research International Institute of Space Law 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren c/o CNES 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren UNITED NATIONS 75015 Paris, France 2 place Maurice Quentin 75015 Paris, France Tel: +33 1 45 67 42 60 Fax: +33 1 42 73 21 20 Tel. + 33 1 44 76 75 10 E-mail: : [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Fax. + 33 1 44 76 74 37 URL: www.iislweb.com OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS URL: www.iafastro.com E-mail: [email protected] URL : http://cosparhq.cnes.fr Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs is responsible for promoting international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space and assisting developing countries in using space science and technology. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs P. O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-4950 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5830 E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.unoosa.org United Nations publication Printed in Austria USD 15 Sales No. E.11.I.3 ISBN 978-92-1-101236-1 ST/SPACE/57 *1180239* V.11-80239—January 2011—775 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT VIENNA Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law Progress in space science, technology and applications, international cooperation and space law UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 UniTEd NationS PUblication Sales no.
    [Show full text]
  • Attitude Control Dynamics of Spinning Solar Sail “IKAROS” Considering
    Attitude Control Dynamics of Spinning Solar Sail “IKAROS” Considering Thruster Plume Osamu Mori, Yoji Shirasawa, Hirotaka Sawada, Ryu Funase, Yuichi Tsuda, Takanao Saiki and Takayuki Yamamoto (JAXA), Morizumi Motooka and Ryo Jifuku (Univ. of Tokyo) Abstract In this paper, the attitude dynamics of IKAROS, which is spinning solar sail, is presented. First Mode Model of out-of-plane deformation (FMM) and Multi Particle Model (MPM) are introduced to analyze the out-of-plane oscillation mode of spinning solar sail. The out-of-plane oscillation of IKAROS is governed by three modes derived from FMM. FMM is very simple and valid for the design of attitude controller. Considering the thruster configuration of IKAROS, the force on main body and sail by thruster plume as well as reaction force by thruster are integrated into MPM. The attitude motion after sail deployment or reorientation using thrusters can be analyzed by MPM numerical simulations precisely. スラスタプルームを考慮したスピン型ソーラーセイル「IKAROS」の姿勢制御運動 森 治，白澤 洋次，澤田 弘崇，船瀬 龍，津田 雄一，佐伯 孝尚，山本 高行（JAXA）， 元岡 範純，地福 亮（東大） 摘要 本論文ではスピン型ソーラーセイル IKAROS の姿勢運動について示す．スピン型ソーラーセイル を解析するために一次面外変形モデルおよび多粒子モデルを導入する．まず，一次面外変形モデ ルから導出される 3 つのモードが IKAROS の面外運動を支配していることを示す．このモデルは 非常に簡易であり，姿勢制御設計に有効であると言える．一方，多粒子モデルに対しては， IKAROS のスラスタ配置を考慮して，スラスタの反力だけでなくスラスタプルームが本体や膜面 に及ぼす力を組み込み，セイル展開後およびスラスタによるマヌーバ後の姿勢運動を数値シミュ レーションにより詳細に解析する． 1. Introduction for the numerical model. Considering the thruster configuration of IKAROS, the force on main body and A solar sail 1) is a space yacht that gathers energy for sail by thruster plume as well as reaction force by propulsion from sunlight pressure by means of a thruster are integrated into MPM. The Fast Fourier membrane. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Transform (FFT) results from IKAROS flight data are (JAXA) successfully achieved the world’s first solar sail compared with those from simulation data.
    [Show full text]