Dr. Patrick Michel Hera Investigation Team PI

Université Côte d’Azur Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur CNRS, Lagrange Laboratory Nice, France

The Hera Mission

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use

Hera main aspects

Role of space missions at ESA in NEO hazard mitigation

• Understanding the problem (deflection modeling and simulations) 2001 • Ground versus space solutions analyses

• Assessment of space component options 2002- • 6 parallel phase-0 studies (3 space telescopes, 3 rendezvous) Euneos Nero Earthguard 1 2004 • ESA’s NEO Mission Advisory Panel (NEOMAP) established

• Kinetic impactor validation ranked highest importance 2004- • Don Quijote mission selected and studied up to phase-A level 2006

• SANCHO / Proba-IP orbiter up to phase A level studies, small deep-space Don Quijote Ishtar Simone 2008- mission to investigate impactor’s result 2009

• AIDA proposed by NASA: USA/impactor + ESA/impact assessment • ESA phase 0 and phase A studies on the observer spacecraft "AIM” (GSP) 2011- Proba-IP 2016 • Phase B1 study and “consolidation phase” for mission definition (GSTP)

• HERA: impact observer spacecraft reformulation and optimization AIM 2017- • Phase B1 implementation + payload + technology breadboards (GSTP+SSA) Several concepts 2019 • DART phase-C kick-off on 15 May 2018 Hera iterated AIDA: An International Planetary Defense Mission

U.S. National Research Council Committee “Defending Planet Earth: Near-Earth Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies”

Recommendation: “If [U.S.] Congress chooses to fund mitigation research at an appropriately high level, the first priority for a space mission in the mitigation area is an experimental test of a kinetic impactor along with a characterization, monitoring, and verification system, such as the Don Quixote mission that was previously considered, but not funded, by the European Space Agency. This mission would produce the most significant advances in understanding and provide an ideal chance for international collaboration in a realistic mitigation scenario”. AIDA international collaboration with NASA

“kinetic impactor” validation = impactor (NASA/DART) + observer spacecraft (ESA/Hera) retrieve physical and dynamical parameters of Didymos to validate numerical impact codes Didymos vs Ryugu

~160m

~160m Hera mission firsts ~800m . First RD mission to binary asteroid . Smallest asteroid ever studies . First full scale cratering physics experiment . First radar tomography of an asteroid DART status

. Phase-C since August 2018 . CDR is scheduled in June 2019 . NASA confirmed decision on in-orbit demo of NEXT-C electric propulsion . Single payload: panchromatic visible NAC . LICIA cubesat from ASI (rebuilt of ArgoMoon 6U) to image Didymos ejecta plume . Launch in 2021, impact in 2022 Hera mission scenario

Launch Nov 2023, Nov 2024

EoL IOD

nominal ~30km HERA asteroid deflection objectives

1. Measure the momentum transfer (incl. ejecta enhancement β) from a kinetic impactor on the binary asteroid . Asteroid (Didymoon) mass by measuring wobble and through radioscience . Asteroid dynamical properties via navcam

β CoM wobble

β HERA asteroid deflection objectives

2. Impact models validation and extrapolation to other asteroids . Crater size/morphology, density, change in the surface material

Pre-shattered Micro-porous

non porous porous Hera mission and payload status . Phase B1 on schedule: SRR ongoing closure on 17 July (ESTEC) . Phase B2 under procurement, transition to new Space Safety Program (S2P)

. Navigation cameras flight hardware starting refurbishment, software update for calibration ongoing (Max Plank Institute, DE) . PALT micro-lidar EM test readiness review, PDR successful (EFACEC, PT+RO) . Thermal Imager: EM ongoing (VITO, BE), alternative units under assessment with JAXA, SODERN and COSINE. . CubeSats in phase AB1, JUVENTAS (LU, RO, CZ), APEX (SE, FI, CZ) . Low-velocity CubeSat deployer EQM procurement ongoing (ISISspace, NL) . CNES CubeSats MOC analysis kicked-off (FR), involvement of REDU under study (BE) . IP-ICU (image processing & instrument commanding unit) EM ongoing (GMV, RO) APEX cubesat

Baseline Payload . Asteroid Spectral Imager (ASPECT) . Magnetometer (MAG) . Secondary Ion Mass Analyser (SIMA) . Optical Navigation Camera (NavCam) . Laser Ranging Sensor (Lidar) . Three-axis IMU (acceleration & rotation) Juventas 6U Cubesat for the Hera Mission contributing to asteroid research and mitigation assessment objectives of the Hera mission, and providing scientific contribution towards the understanding of the formation processes of binary asteroids, their interior structure, surface properties, and dynamical properties

Three primary objectives and one secondary objective: . SO#1: Characterise the gravity field . SO#2: Characterise the internal structure . SO#3: Determine the surface properties . (Secondary) SO#4: Determine the dynamical properties Payloads are centered around geophysical investigations: . Low frequency Radar . 3-axis Gravimeter . ISL radio link . Visible camera for context . Accelerometers and gyros HERA technology experiments

1. Validate spacecraft far-range navigation and close-range feature-tracking navigation increasing on-board autonomy . Synergies with technologies under development for in-orbit servicing, including novel FDIR based on sensor data fusion.

2. Demonstrate deep-space (6U) CubeSats relayed via an inter- satellite link with ranging capability (supporting planetary defence objectives): . Very high-resolution close up asteroid imaging incl. crater and subsurface material . Provide complementary measurements to main spacecraft (e.g. spacecraft-CubeSat radioscience, radar tomography, volatiles…) Consortium phase B1

DE, SE

ES, RO, PL, PT

X-bad DSTR, HGA and TT&C equipment

(in kind contribution) Bonus: scientific questions addressed by HERA . How do binary asteroids (15% of the population) form? BYORP? Collision? . How does the asteroid impact differ with ad-hoc prescriptions used in planetary formation and collisional evolution models of small body populations? . How do the results obtained by an actual experiment at large size affect the scaling laws used to estimate the age of planets and moons surfaces based on crater counting? . Does the impact experiment validate models describing the history and properties of debris disks and planetary systems around other stars? . What is the link between impact properties (mass and velocity), target’s surface properties and resulting crater size? What are the physical properties of a very low-gravity celestial rock (the smallest rock in space ever seen)? . Based on the surface morphology and density measurement, what is the role of cohesion in such a low-gravity environment? Does the theory based on Van der Waals forces holds true? Hera mission preparation: transition from GSTP to S2P

RFQ release KO

JUN-JUL ‘19 11 FEB 4 MAR 1 APR 1 SEP NOV-DEC B2 PDR + CDE STEP 1 STEP 2 Phase B1 proposal Phase B2 proposal Phase CDE Industry S2P preparation proposal , TEB, NEGO

PB-SSA IPC SRR S2P workplan procurement PDR approval approval

. Phase B2 - STEP 1 . Phase B2 - STEP 2 . Phase B2 completion+Phase CDE

Consolidation of the spacecraft design with Subsystems equipment specifications Activity starts with PDR (Nov-Dec integration of payloads under responsibility reflecting MS subscriptions, final selection 2020) and continues in phase CD for of OHB. HIL Tests with payloads EM, GNC of subcontractors, critical equipment light HW procurement, integration, software on OBC. EQMs, PDR preparation, transition into S2P testing, launch, ground segment, operations, contingencies g

Mission Advisors Chairs: Simon Green Alan Fitzsimmons ESA project scientist: Michael Küppers Dynamics Impacts simulation Chairs: Menios Tsiganis PI: Patrick Michel Adriano Campo Bagatin Chairs: Kai Wunnemann Sébastien Charnoz Martin Jutzi Data Analysis Exploitation Ground-based Close-proximity Interpretation observations operations Chairs: Ozgur Karatekin Chairs: Alain Hérique Chairs: Petr Pravec Naomi Murdoch Jean-Baptiste Vincent Julia de Leon Stephan Ulamec Paolo Tortora Benoît Carry Carsten Güttler Holger Sierks Colin Snodgrass AIDA intl. community coordination DART

Hera Modeling and simulation of Impact simulation impacts Ground-based Remote sensing observations observations AIDA Dynamics Coordination Dynamical and committee physical properties Close-proximity operations AIDA intl. workshops Science proximity & Conferences observations Data Analysis Exploitation Ejecta dynamics Interpretation and evolution Main Programmatic Categories for CM19 Science and Enabling and Support Safety and Applications Exploration (transp., tech, & ops) Security Planetary Space Weather Defence

Cornerstones of Space Safety Debris and Clean Space - Prevention Asteroid Space Weather deflection (L5) (Hera) Cornerstone Missions Spacecraft Debris removal Collision ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Avoidance Sys. Decision at CM19 on November 27-28 2019

. All signs of international support are extremely important . A letter from SBAG to ESA DG stating the importance and supporting the approval of Hera by ESA member states at CM19 would be more than welcome Ian Carnelli General Studies Programme manager Advanced Concepts & Studies Office (TEC-SF) [email protected]

Paolo Martino Systems engineer Project Office (TEC-SP) [email protected]

Michael Kueppers Project Scientist ESA-ESAC [email protected]

Patrick Michel Hera Investigation Team PI UCA-OCA-CNRS [email protected]

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use