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Apihelion Vs Earth’s 4 “spheres” (“spheres” do overlap) 1) solid Earth (6400 km radius) (Know the “Chemical” and “Physical” layers of the solid Earth) 2) hydrosphere (surface of Earth) (Water portion of the Earth’s surface) 97.2% 2.8% Oceans – Saltwater Freshwater liquid ice .65% is liquid Lakes/streams/air Groundwater 3) Atmosphere (100 km above surface) 4) Biosphere (Where life exists) (thin surface of Earth/atmosphere) Weather vs Climate constantly “average weather” changing 6 basic elements of weather/climate temperature of air humidity of air type & amount of cloudiness type & amount of precipitation pressure exerted by air speed & direction of wind Atmosphere Composition / Ozone Layer (pgs. 6-9) Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere (pgs. 9-11) Exploring the Atmosphere time line for inventions/discoveries 1593 Galileo “thermometer” 1643 Torricelli barometer 1661 Boyle (P)(V)=constant 1752 Franklin kite -> lightning=electricity 1880(90) manned ballons 1900-today unmanned ballons using radiosondes = radio transmitters that send info on temperature/pressure/relative humidity today rockets & airplanes weather radar & satellites Height/Structure of Atmosphere Exosphere (above 800 km) 100 km 100 km (Ionosphere) 90 km Thermosphere 90 km 80 km 80 km 70 km 70 km 60 km Mesosphere 60 km 50 km 50 km 40 km (Ozone Layer) 40 km 30 km Stratosphere 30 km 20 km 20 km 10 km 10 km Troposphere 0 km 0 km extremely 0o hot really hot 0 100 500 1000 cold Temperature Pressure (mb) Homosphere vs Heterosphere 0-80 km above 80 km uniform distribution varies by mass of molecule N2 O He H Ionosphere located in the Thermosphere/Heterosphere N2 O ionize due to absorbing high-energy solar energy lose electrons and become +charged ions electrons are free to move Solar flares let go of lots of solar energy (charged particles) The charged particles mix with Earth’s magnetic field Charged particles are guided toward N-S magnetic poles Charged particles mix with ionosphere and cause Auroras Electromagnetic Spectrum Seasons are due to angle of sun’s rays. (flashlight demo) Equal 12 hr. day & 12 hr. night Vernal Equinox March 21-23 Longest Day about 16 hrs sunlight Summer Solstice June 21-23 93 million km Aphelion Perihelion July 3 152 million km 147 million km Jan 3 93 million km Winter Solstice Dec 21-23 Shortest Day about 8 hrs sunlight Autumnal Equinox Sept 21-23 Equal 12 hr. day & 12 hr. night Heat vs. Temperature (Hot): Heat The total kinetic energy of all the molecules. Units of measurement: calories, joules Temperature (Hot): The average kinetic energy of all of the molecules. Units of measurement Degrees Which is hotter and which has more heat, a lit match or a swimming pool w/80 water? Heat moves from a high temperature object to a low temperature object. (Hot to cold.) Ultraviolet and Visible Energy 30% albedo - reflected back to space 19% absorbed by atmosphere and clouds 51% absorbed by Infrared Energy (heat) Earth and Water Longer wavelength Nitrogen (N2) (78%) does not absorb much infrared energy Oxygen (O2) (21%) does not absorb much infrared energy Argon (Ar) (0.9%) does not absorb much infrared energy Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (0.04%) absorbs infrared energy CO2 levels are increasing so heat is increasing Water Vapor (varies around 1%) absorbs infrared energy Cloudy nights are warmer Clear nights are cooler Heat Transfer Conduction Increase in K.E. of molecules in metal (solids) - molecules bump into each other Air (trapped air) makes good insulation Convection Movement of heat thru liquids (air is a liquid) - Warm air rises (thermals) with moisture - Cool air sinks Convection is important in our atmosphere Advection – horizontal movement of heat Radiation Carried by electromagnetic waves (not molecules). See page 31 figure 2-8. See electromagnetic radiation spectrum. Laws of Radiation: 1. All objects, at whatever temperature, emit radiation. 2. Hotter objects radiate more total energy/unit area than cold ones. 3. The hotter the body, the shorter the of radiation. 4. Objects that are good absorbers are good emitters. Black Body Snow reflects 90% of visible light from above, but absorbs and emits IR from the Earth. That is why the air above the snow is cold. Snow reflects Earth's IR down which keeps things warm under a blanket of snow thus preventing or minimizing frost layers. "Blanketed with snow? P. 35. Does the Sun heat the Earth evenly? It is the uneven heating that drives the ocean currents and causes winds. Unequal heating transports heat from the Equator to the poles. Sunsets are reddish because the longer red wavelengths do not scatter due to their long wavelengths whereas the shorter blue wavelengths do scatter. Crepuscular rays are when bands of light scattered through large particles in the atmosphere, like clouds. We see these when sunlight shines through clouds. Please see figure 2-14, page 38. FYI…Easter is the first Sunday after the first full Moon after the Vernal Equinox. Expectations from Chapter 2 Rotation vs. Revolution Rotation The turning of a planet on its axis. Revolution The orbiting of a planet around another planet or a star. …and the effects each has on the earth (daily vs. yearly) EM radiation: What happens to it as it approaches the earth How much reaches the earth How much is scattered by the clouds (what is it called when scattered by clouds) What happens to the energy after it reaches the earth (be detailed) EM spectrum – sketch and label Gases in the atmosphere: What are the gases in the atmosphere (review question) Which ones affect the temperature most Which one affects the weather most Describe (in words and pictures) what happens when the carbon dioxide levels increase 3 ways to transfer energy: List Describe how each works Describe what medium each needs to travel through Which is least important to weather Be able to draw how energy is transferred given a particular situation Perihelion vs. Aphelion Solstice and Equinox Dates Approximate Date Describe tilt of earth in words and pictures Corresponds to which season Approximate day length Are the days following this date getting longer or shorter Understand location of Equator and Tropics of Cancer/Capricorn as it relates to Solstice/Equinox dates Know location of Arctic/Antarctic Circles and the significance of each. Planetary Heat Budget: The incoming radiation = the outgoing radiation. Latitudinal Heat Balance: o The tropics (Florida and the like) receive more solar energy than they radiate. o The poles radiate more than they receive. o The 0cean and atmospheric currents transport much heat to equilibrate! o This is why there is much thunderstorm like activity between here and Florida. .
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