Poradnik Nt. Migracji Na Wolne Oprogramowanie Na Serwerach I Desktopach

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Poradnik Nt. Migracji Na Wolne Oprogramowanie Na Serwerach I Desktopach Poradnik nt. migracji na Wolne Oprogramowanie na serwerach i desktopach wersja 1.0 – lipiec 2003 r. OpenPoland.org 20 lipca 2004 1 Rzado˛ wy Urzad˛ Koordynacji i Doradztwa ds. Informatyzacji przy Ministerstwie Spraw We- wnetrzn˛ ych Republiki Federalnej Niemiec (KBSt) 2 Szanowni Panstw´ o! Niniejszy poradnik został przetłumaczony przez osoby wchodzace˛ w skład grupy OpenPoland.org. Pragniemy zaznaczyc,´ ze˙ nasza praca została wykonana nie na zlecenie, lecz za zgoda˛ BMI1. Jednoczesnie´ informujemy, ze˙ tekst niniejszego tłumaczenia udo- stepniamy˛ nieodpłatnie i nie wolno go sprzedawac´ w zadnej˙ postaci. Powyzsze˙ zasady zredagowane zostały w oparciu o uzgodnienia poczynione z BMI jeszcze przed rozpoczeciem˛ prac nad tłumaczeniem. Mamy nadzieje,˛ ze˙ rozwiazania˛ przedstawione w poradniku juz˙ niedługo zyskaja˛ wielu zwolenników, szczególnie wsród´ szerokiego grona osób odpowiedzialnych za funkcjonowanie infrastruktury informatycznej w naszym kraju. Zachecamy˛ Panstwa´ do współpracy nad rozwojem poradnika. Prosimy o zgłaszanie konstruktywnych, krytycznych uwag na adres: [email protected] . Na zakonczenie´ pragniemy podkresli´ c,´ ze˙ nie jestesmy´ organizacja˛ polityczna˛ i tym samym nie popieramy wykorzystywania naszej kampanii na rzecz Wolnego Opro- gramowania do współzawodnictwa politycznego. Zachecamy˛ do owocnej lektury! Grupa OpenPoland.org 1Niemiecki odpowiednik polskiego MSW. Spis tresci´ 1 Wprowadzenie 16 1.1 Geneza poradnika . 16 1.2 O poradniku . 17 1.3 Jak korzystac´ z poradnika? . 19 1.4 Wskazówki dla decydentów . 21 1.4.1 Podstawowe zalecenia . 21 1.4.2 Migracja kontynuacyjna i zastepuj˛ aca˛ . 22 1.4.3 Rózne˙ drogi migracji . 22 1.4.4 Porównanie alternatywnych rozwiaza˛ n´ . 23 1.4.5 Istotne zagadnienia przyszłoscio´ we . 24 1.4.6 Korzysci´ ekonomiczne . 26 2 Najwazniejsze˙ zagadnienia 28 2.1 Wazne˙ definicje . 28 2.1.1 Open Source, Free Software . 28 2.1.2 Oprogramowanie własnoscio´ we . 29 2.1.3 Komercyjne oprogramowanie linuksowe . 29 2.1.4 Migracja zastepuj˛ aca˛ . 29 2.1.5 Migracja kontynuacyjna . 30 2.2 Etapy migracji . 30 2.2.1 Punkt wyjscia´ - Microsoft Windows . 31 2.2.2 Przeglad˛ systemu dla migracji zastepuj˛ acej˛ . 34 2.2.3 Przeglad˛ systemu dla migracji kontynuacyjnej . 35 2.2.4 Wewnetrzne˛ zalezno˙ sci´ systemu opartego o rozwiazania˛ firmy Microsoft 36 2.3 Dystrybucje Linuksa . 39 2.3.1 Wprowadzenie . 39 3 SPIS TRESCI´ 4 2.3.2 Debian GNU/Linux . 41 2.3.3 SuSE Linux Distribution . 42 2.3.4 Red Hat . 43 2.3.5 Certyfikaty . 44 2.3.6 Wnioski . 46 2.4 Licencje . 47 2.4.1 GPL . 47 2.4.2 Lesser GPL . 48 2.4.3 BSD . 48 2.5 Zbieranie informacji o projektach . 49 2.5.1 Doswiadczenia´ z projektów migracyjnych . 50 2.5.2 Opinie ekspertów . 53 3 Techniczne opisy migracji 54 3.1 Wprowadzenie . 54 3.2 Zarzadzanie˛ plikami . 56 3.2.1 Przeglad˛ . 56 3.2.2 Windows NT 4 . 57 3.2.2.1 Wymagania odnosnie´ funkcjonalnosci´ . 57 3.2.2.2 System plików NTFS4 . 58 3.2.2.3 Ustawianie praw dostepu˛ . 62 3.2.2.4 Uzytko˙ wnicy i znaczenie grup . 63 3.2.2.5 Narzedzia˛ . 65 3.2.2.6 Protokoły sieciowe . 66 3.2.2.7 Zestawianie połaczenia˛ . 67 3.2.2.8 Migracja - szczegóły robocze . 67 3.2.2.9 Tematy pokrewne . 68 3.2.3 Migracja zastepuj˛ aca˛ . 68 3.2.3.1 Wprowadzenie . 68 3.2.3.2 Generalne porównanie zakresu funkcji poszczególnych serwe- rów plików . 69 3.2.3.3 Samba . 71 3.2.4 Migracja kontynuacyjna . 81 3.2.4.1 Windows 2000 . 81 3.2.4.2 Windows 2003 Server . 87 SPIS TRESCI´ 5 3.3 Drukowanie . 87 3.3.1 Przeglad˛ . 87 3.3.2 Wprowadzenie . 88 3.3.3 Punkt wyjscia´ - drukowanie pod Windows NT 4 . 90 3.3.3.1 LPR / LPD w Windows NT 4.0 . 91 3.3.3.2 Inne porty sieciowe . 91 3.3.3.3 Bezposrednie´ drukowanie ze stacji roboczej . 92 3.3.3.4 Drukowanie poprzez serwer wydruku . 92 3.3.3.5 Metoda „Point & Print“ . 93 3.3.3.6 Protokoły sieciowe . 96 3.3.3.7 Nadawanie praw dostepu˛ . 97 3.3.3.8 Narzedzia˛ . 97 3.3.3.9 Migracja - szczegóły robocze . 97 3.3.4 Migracja zastepuj˛ aca˛ . 98 3.3.4.1 Wymagania odnosnie´ funkcjonalnosci´ . 99 3.3.4.2 Obsługa standardów wyrózniaj˙ ac˛ ych sie˛ w procesie drukowania 101 3.3.4.3 Integracja w srodo´ wiskach klienckich Windows . 104 3.3.4.4 Mozliwo˙ sci´ dostosowawcze 107 3.3.4.5 Jezyki˛ opisu stron . 108 3.3.4.6 Techniczna zmiana funkcji sterownika . 108 3.3.4.7 Architektury systemu drukowania . 110 3.3.5 Migracja kontynuacyjna . 111 3.3.5.1 Windows 2000 . 111 3.4 Autoryzacja . 112 3.4.1 Przeglad˛ . 112 3.4.2 Punkt wyjscia´ - Windows NT 4 . 114 3.4.2.1 Domeny . 114 3.4.2.2 Wiele domen i relacje zaufania . 115 3.4.2.3 NT jako usługa katalogowa . 116 3.4.2.4 Delegation . 117 3.4.2.5 Podstawy sieci . 118 3.4.2.6 Replikacja plików . 119 3.4.2.7 Narzedzia˛ administracyjne . 119 SPIS TRESCI´ 6 3.4.2.8 Zapisywanie haseł . 119 3.4.2.9 Mechanizm autoryzacji . 120 3.4.2.10 Single Sign On . 122 3.4.2.11 Wytyczne . 122 3.4.2.12 Auditing . 123 3.4.2.13 Smart Card (mocne mechanizmy autoryzacji) . 123 3.4.3 Migracja zastepuj˛ aca˛ - Linux, Samba i OpenLDAP . 123 3.4.3.1 Autoryzacja z wykorzystaniem Linux / OpenLDAP i Samby . 124 3.4.3.2 Synchronizacja hasła . 124 3.4.3.3 Relacje zaufania . 125 3.4.3.4 WINS . 125 3.4.3.5 Ograniczenia w stosowaniu OpenLDAP i Samby . 125 3.4.3.6 Kombinacja OpenLDAP i Active Directory . 126 3.4.3.7 Narzedzia˛ umozliwiaj˙ ace˛ migracje˛ z Windows NT do Samby / OpenLDAP . 126 3.4.3.8 PDC i BDCs w jednej domenie Samby . 127 3.4.3.9 Samba jako członek domeny Active Directory . 127 3.4.3.10 Narzedzia˛ administracyjne . 127 3.4.4 Migracja kontynuacyjna . 128 3.4.4.1 Windows 2000 . 128 3.5 Usługi sieciowe . 128 3.5.1 Przeglad˛ . 128 3.5.2 Punkt wyjscia´ - usługi sieciowe pod Windows NT . 128 3.5.2.1 Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) . 129 3.5.2.2 Domain Name System (DNS) . 131 3.5.2.3 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) . 133 3.5.3 Migracja zastepuj˛ aca˛ - usługi sieciowe pod Linuksem . 135 3.5.3.1 Domain Name System (DNS) . 136 3.5.3.2 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) . 137 3.5.3.3 Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) . 138 3.5.3.4 Network Time Protocol (NTP) . 138 3.5.4 Migracja kontynuacyjna - usługi sieciowe pod Windows 2000 . 138 3.5.4.1 WINS . 138 3.5.4.2 DNS . ..
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