THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY

VOLUME THREE Volume Three Editorial Advisors

Denis E. Cosgrove Richard Helgerson Catherine Delano-Smith Christian Jacob Felipe Fernández-Armesto Richard L. Kagan Paula Findlen Martin Kemp Patrick Gautier Dalché Chandra Mukerji Anthony Grafton Günter Schilder Stephen Greenblatt Sarah Tyacke Glyndwr Williams

The History of Cartography

J. B. Harley and David Woodward, Founding Editors

1 Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean 2.1 Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies 2.2 Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies 2.3 Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies 3 Cartography in the European Renaissance 4 Cartography in the European Enlightenment 5 Cartography in the Nineteenth Century 6 Cartography in the Twentieth Century THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY

VOLUME THREE

Cartography in the European Renaissance

PART 2

Edited by DAVID WOODWARD

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON David Woodward was the Arthur H. Robinson Professor Emeritus of Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2007 by the University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2007 Printed in the United States of America 1615141312111009080712345 Set ISBN-10: 0-226-90732-5 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90732-1 (cloth) Part 1 ISBN-10: 0-226-90733-3 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90733-8 (cloth) Part 2 ISBN-10: 0-226-90734-1 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90734-5 (cloth)

Editorial work on The History of Cartography is supported in part by grants from the Division of Preservation and Access of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Geography and Regional Science Program and Science and Society Program of the National Science Foundation, independent federal agencies. For a complete list of financial supporters, see pages vii–x of part 1.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Application has been made for CIP data from the Library of Congress.) Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in The History of Cartography are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the agencies that provided financial support. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences– Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1992. Contents

List of Illustrations xi The Visual, Mathematical, and Textual Models List of Abbreviations xxix for Mapping in the Renaissance

9 The Reception of Ptolemy’s Geography (End of the PART 1 (ABBREVIATED) Fourteenth to Beginning of the Sixteenth Century), Patrick Gautier Dalché 285 Preface, David Woodward xxxix 10 Map Projections in the Renaissance, Setting the Stage John P. Snyder 365 1 Cartography and the Renaissance: Continuity and 11 The European Religious Worldview and Change, David Woodward 3 Its Influence on Mapping, Pauline Moffitt Watts 382 2 The Role of Maps in Later Medieval Society: Twelfth to Fourteenth Century, Literature and Maps Victoria Morse 25 12 Early Modern Literature and Cartography: The History of Renaissance Cartography: An Overview, Tom Conley 401 Interpretive Essays maps and renaissance culture 13 Literature and Mapping in Early Modern England, 1520 –1688, Henry S. Turner 412 Cosmography and Celestial Mapping 14 Cartography and Literature in Early Modern 3 Images of Renaissance Cosmography, 1450–1650, France, Nancy Bouzrara and Denis E. Cosgrove 55 Tom Conley 427

4 Renaissance Star Charts, 15 Literary Mapping in German-Speaking Europe, Anna Friedman Herlihy 99 Franz Reitinger 438 Historiography 99 16 Maps and Literature in Renaissance Italy, 5 Lunar, Solar, and Planetary Representations Theodore J. Cachey Jr. 450 to 1650, R. H. van Gent and A. Van Helden 123 17 Mapping Maritime Triumph and the Enchantment of Empire: Portuguese Literature of the 6 Globes in Renaissance Europe, Elly Dekker 135 Renaissance, Neil Safier and Ilda Mendes dos Santos 461 Charting 18 Literature and Cartography in Early Modern 7 The Renaissance Chart Tradition in the Spain: Etymologies and Conjectures, Mediterranean, Corradino Astengo 174 Simone Pinet 469

8 Isolarii, Fifteenth to Seventeenth Century, George Tolias 263

v vi Contents technical production and consumption 32 Cycles of Painted Maps in the Renaissance, Francesca Fiorani 804 19 Land Surveys, Instruments, and Practitioners in the Renaissance, Uta Lindgren 477 33 Cartography in the Duchy of Savoy during the Renaissance, Paola Sereno 831 20 Navigation Techniques and Practice in the Renaissance, Eric H. Ash 509 34 Cartographic Activities in the Republic of Genoa, Corsica, and Sardinia during the 21 Signs on Printed Topographical Maps, ca. 1470– Renaissance, Massimo Quaini 854 ca. 1640, Catherine Delano-Smith 528 35 State, Cartography, and Territory in Renaissance 22 Techniques of Map Engraving, Printing, and Veneto and Lombardy, Emanuela Coloring in the European Renaissance, Casti 874 David Woodward 591 36 Cartography in the Central Italian States from 23 Centers of Map Publishing in Europe, 1472–1600, 1480 to 1680, Leonardo Rombai 909 Robert Karrow 611 Sources of Data 611 37 Cartography in the Kingdom of Naples during the Early Modern Period, Vladimiro 24 Maps as Educational Tools in the Renaissance, Valerio 940 Lesley B. Cormack 622 Introduction 622 portugal

25 Maps in Renaissance Libraries and Collections, 38 Portuguese Cartography in the Renaissance, Maria George Tolias 637 Fernanda Alegria, Suzanne Daveau, João Carlos Garcia, Francesc Relaño 975 maps and their uses in renaissance governance spain

26 Maps and the Early Modern State: Official 39 Spanish Peninsular Cartography, 1500–1700, Cartography, Richard L. Kagan and David Buisseret 1069 Benjamin Schmidt 661 40 Spanish Nautical Cartography in the Renaissance, 27 Portraying the City in Early Modern Europe: Alison Sandman 1095 Measurement, Representation, and Planning, Hilary Ballon and 41 Spanish Colonial Cartography, 1450–1700, David Friedman 680 David Buisseret 1143

28 Maps and Rural Land Management in Early PART 2 Modern Europe, Roger J. P. Kain 705 german lands 29 Warfare and Cartography, ca. 1450 to ca. 1640, John Hale 719 42 Cartography in the German Lands, 1450 –1650, Peter H. Meurer 1172 30 Maps and Exploration in the Sixteenth and Early Introduction 1172 Seventeenth Centuries, Felipe Fernández- The Dawn of Early Modern Cartography 1177 Armesto 738 An Italian Interlude 1182 Cartography in the Heyday of German Humanism 1189 State Contexts of Renaissance Mapping German Cartography in the Reformation Period 1207 italian states The Period of the First Surveys 1221 Influences of the Flemish School in the German 31 The Italian Map Trade, 1480–1650, Area 1228 David Woodward 773 Contents vii

German Cartography in Late Humanism: france An Overview 1236 Conclusions 1245 47 Maps and Descriptions of the World in Sixteenth- Century France, Frank Lestringant and low countries Monique Pelletier 1463 Oronce Fine and the Ptolemaic Tradition 1464 43 Surveying and Official Mapping in the Low André Thevet and Nicolas de Nicolay: Cosmographes Countries, 1500 – ca. 1670, Cornelis du roi 1467 Koeman and Marco van Egmond 1246 Contacts with Italy and Flanders 1474 Early Mapping of the Low Countries and the Conclusion 1479 Historical-Political Background of Cartographic Development 1246 48 National and Regional Mapping in France to From Picture to Map: The Birth of a Modern About 1650, Monique Pelletier 1480 Cartography 1249 National Mapmaking from Oronce Fine to Guillaume Regional Topographical Mapping of the Low Postel (1525–1570): Fine, Jolivet, Nicolay, and Countries 1257 Postel 1480 Military Mapping of the Low Countries Regional Mapmaking and the First Atlas of France, (to ca. 1648) 1271 1539–1594, Edited by Maurice Bouguereau 1489 Summary Remarks 1290 New Trends in National Mapmaking: François de La Guillotière and Christophe Tassin 1493 44 Commercial Cartography and Map Production The Administrative Mapmaking of Nicolas Sanson in the Low Countries, 1500 – ca. 1672, (1600 –1667) 1497 Cornelis Koeman, Günter Schilder, The Itinerary and the Map (1515–1645) 1500 Marco van Egmond, and Peter van Conclusion 1502 der Krogt 1296 Louvain: Center of Learning 1296 49 French Cartography: The ingénieurs du roi, The Rise of Commercial Cartography in the 1500 –1650, David Buisseret 1504 Low Countries (to ca. 1672) 1298 Introduction: The Sixteenth Century 1504 Atlases from the Low Countries (to ca. 1680) 1318 The Engineers of Henri IV (1589–1610) 1505 Wall Maps Published in the Netherlands 1341 The ingénieurs du roi during the Reign of Louis XIII Globes from the Low Countries (to ca. 1680) 1356 (1610 –1643) 1514 Summary Remarks 1374 Conclusion 1519

45 Maritime Cartography in the Low Countries during 50 Representations of Territory by Painters, Engineers, the Renaissance, Günter Schilder and and Land Surveyors in France during the Marco van Egmond 1384 Renaissance, Monique Pelletier 1522 Dutch Pilot Guides and Sea Atlases 1385 Maps and Plans Relating to Disputes 1522 Single-Sheet Charts: Printed and Manuscript Traditions The Birth of Estate Maps 1525 up to 1630 1404 The Role of Maps in Regional and National Summary Remarks 1428 Development 1530 Representations of Cities: Panoramas, Perspective Views, 46 Mapping the Dutch World Overseas in and Profiles 1532 the Seventeenth Century, Kees Conclusion 1537 Zandvliet 1433 The Historical Background of VOC and WIC 51 The Mapping of Samuel de Champlain, Mapmaking 1434 1603–1635, Conrad E. Heidenreich 1538 The Education and Status of Oceanic Navigators, Land Exploration and Mapping 1539 Surveyors, and Military Engineers 1434 Data Gathering for Maps 1542 The Dutch East India Company 1436 Conclusions 1547 The West India Company 1449 The Rhetorical Role of Company Maps 1458 52 Marine Cartography and Navigation in Renaissance Conclusion 1460 France, Sarah Toulouse 1550 Renaissance Normandy: A Seaward-Looking Province 1550 viii Contents

Neighboring Brittany and Distant Marseilles 1554 The Engravers 1712 The Influences on Cartographers 1555 Regulation and Control 1714 Projection: Rhumbs and Loxodromes 1556 Finance and Patronage 1717 Magnetic Declination 1557 Marketing and Distribution 1718 The Production of Charts 1557 Conclusion 1720 The Use of Charts: Plotting Position 1559 The Uses of Norman Charts 1561 58 Chartmaking in England and Its Context, Charts That Remained Manuscript Works 1562 1500 –1660, Sarah Tyacke 1722 Introduction 1722 53 Publishing and the Map Trade in France, The Early Period (to 1560) 1725 1470 –1670, Catherine Hofmann 1569 English-Made Overseas Charts and Their Survival Rates A Century of Trial and Error, 1480 –1580 1569 (1560 –1660) 1731 The Influence of the Low Countries, 1580 –1630 1575 English Chartmakers, 1560 –1660 1737 The Age of Independence, 1630 –1670 1578 Conclusion 1746 british isles 59 Colonial Cartography under the Tudor and Early Stuart Monarchies, ca. 1480 – ca. 1640, 54 Mapmaking in England, ca. 1470 –1650, Robert C. D. Baldwin 1754 Peter Barber 1589 Introduction 1754 The English Heritage to 1525 1589 Maps and the Promotion of Overseas Ventures under Foreign Influences to 1525 1595 the Early Tudor Monarchs 1755 Change, 1526 –1550 1598 The “Paper Empire” of Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) Consolidation, 1550 –1611: An Overview 1608 1757 Mapping the Country, 1550–1611 1620 Colonization and Cartography under the Early Mapping the Countryside, 1550 –1611 1637 Stuarts 1767 Mapping the Towns, 1550 –1611 1648 Conclusions 1779 Icons, Emblems, and Decoration, 1550 –1611 1657 Mapmaking in Early Stuart England, 1612–1650 1666 scandinavia Conclusion 1668 60 Scandinavian Renaissance Cartography, 55 Colonial Cartography in a European Setting: William R. Mead 1781 The Case of Tudor Ireland, The Setting 1781 J. H. Andrews 1670 Pioneering in Nordic Cartography 1782 The Political Background 1671 A Gothic Vision of the North 1786 Maps and the Administrator 1671 “An Embryonic School of Cartography” 1788 Ireland’s Cartographic Personality 1672 Cartography and Territorial Claims 1792 The Earliest Official Maps 1673 The Contribution of the Fortification Engineers 1796 An Early Elizabethan Consensus 1675 The Birth of the Swedish Land Survey 1800 The First Measured Survey 1677 Charting the Sea 1804 Provincial Cartography: The West and South 1678 On the Threshold of a New Age 1805 Provincial Cartography: The North 1681 The Empire of Great Britain 1682 east-central europe

56 The Kingdom of Scotland: Cartography in an 61 Renaissance Cartography in East-Central Europe, Age of Confidence, Jeffrey Stone 1684 ca. 1450 –1650, Zsolt G. Török 1806 First Steps toward a Scottish Cartography 1685 The Study of Early Maps in East-Central Europe: The Emergence of a Scottish Cartography: The Role Historiographic Overview 1808 of Timothy Pont 1686 Antique and Medieval Traditions: Ptolemy and Portolan Charts 1810 57 The London Map Trade to 1640, The Mathematical-Astronomical Tradition 1811 Laurence Worms 1693 The Local Context: Beginnings of Local Imports and Importers 1694 Mapmaking 1813 Maps Published in England 1695 Contents ix

The New Paradigm: Regional Cartography in East- The Beginnings of Russian Cartography and Central Europe 1816 Geography 1858 The First Printed Map of Hungary 1820 Local, Regional, and General Maps in Russia 1860 A Transylvanian Humanist: Johannes Honter 1828 Russian Geographical Discoveries and Mapping of the Later Printed Maps of East-Central Europe 1833 Asiatic Part of Russia 1873 The Local Use of Foreign Maps 1837 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov and the Mapping of Siberia: Military Maps of the Eastern Frontiers 1839 The First Russian Geographical Atlases 1884 In Defense of Europe: Military Mapping during the Conclusions 1902 Turkish Wars 1842 Conclusions 1851 Editor and Authors 1905 Bibliographical Index 1907 russia General Index, Margie Towery 2059 62 Russian Cartography to ca. 1700, L. A. Goldenberg 1852 Reconstructions of General Maps of Russia from Western European Maps 1856

Illustrations with Tables and Appendixes

Color Plates 26 Map of the dominion of Siena, 1589, Sala delle Carte Geografiche, Uffizi Palace, Florence Part 1 27 Map of Africa, 1573, Sala della Cosmografia, Palazzo (Following page 342) Farnese, Caprarola 1 Antonino Saliba’s Nvova figvra di tvtte le cose 28 Disputed territory of the “Gaio” by Alessandro Resta 2 A measured cosmos and Vermondo Resta, 1575 3 The earliest Sufi Latinus manuscript 29 Pier Maria Gropallo, map from Atlas A, 1650 –55 4 Details of the celestial and terrestrial globes from 30 Cristoforo Sabbadino, “Dissegno di Trivisan,” 1558 The Ambassadors 31 Silvestro da Panicale, map of the Franciscan province 5 The St. Gallen cosmographic globe, ca. 1575 of Umbria in the “Atlante dei Cappuccini,” 1632 6 Giovanni Battista Cavallini, large-scale nautical chart, 32 Fernão Vaz Dourado, chart of the Far East, 1571 1652 33 Luís Teixeira, map of Brazil, ca. 1586 7 Jacopo Maggiolo, nautical chart of the Mediterranean 34 View of the fortress of Malaca in António Bocarro’s and the Atlantic coast, Genoa, 1561 “O Livro das plantas,” 1635 8 François Ollive, nautical chart of the Mediterranean, 35 João Teixeira Albernaz I, map of Baía de Todos os Marseilles, 1664 Santos 9 Henricus Martellus Germanus, map of Ceylon 36 Fragment of a manuscript map of Portugal 10 Ptolemaic manuscript map of Africa from the Wilczek 37 Pedro Nunes Tinoco, town map Brown codex 38 Anonymous view of Aranda de Duero, 1503 11 Page from a manuscript edition of the Septe giornate, 39 Anonymous chart attributed to Vesconte Maggiolo, [1482] ca. 1510 12 Jean Cossin, manuscript world map on the sinusoidal 40 Domenico Vigliarolo, chart of the North Atlantic projection, 1570 13 Portuguese roteiro, attributed to Luís Teixeira Part 2 14 Plane chart of the Atlantic Ocean, created after 1549 (Following page 1316) by an anonymous Portuguese cartographer 41 Leonardo Torriani, view of Arrecife from his 15 Four examples of early color printing, 1513 “Descrittione” 16 The two known colored versions of Francesco 42 Bautista Antonelli, map of the road from Veracruz Rosselli’s oval world map, ca. 1508 to Mexico City, 1590 17 Signed coloring by Jackomina Liefrinck (Liefrynck) 43 Koblenz map fragment 18 Ditchley portrait of Elizabeth I, attributed to Marcus 44 Erhard Etzlaub’s Rom Weg map, 1500 Gheeraerts, ca. 1592 45 The Landtafel of Rothenburg, 1537 19 Claes Jansz. Visscher, Leo Belgicus 46 Arnoldus Mercator’s map of Trier 20 Johannes de Ram and Coenraert Decker, Delft, 47 Detail from the map of the lower Rhinelands by ca. 1675–78 Christiaan Sgrooten 21 Wotton Underwood, Buckinghamshire 48 Map from the “Kaartboek van de landerijen van het 22 Tapestry map of the Mediterranean Basin, 1549–51 Sint Catharinae Gasthuis,” by Nicolaes van 23 Self-portrait of Sir Nathaniel Bacon, ca. 1618–20 Geelkercken, 1635 24 The Seven Cities of Cíbola from Joan Martines’s chart 49 Jacob van Deventer, manuscript town plan of of 1578 Leeuwarden, ca. 1560 (Following page 950) 50 Christiaan Sgrooten, regional map of Veluwe, ca. 25 Giovanni Andrea Valvassore, colored woodcut of the 1568–73 battle of Marignano, ca. 1515 51 Plan of Haarlem published by Joan Blaeu

xi xii Illustrations

52 Jan Vermeer, Officer and Laughing Girl, ca. 1658 1.2 Antonio Lafreri, Le sette chiese di Roma, 1575 11 53 Willem Jansz. Blaeu, terrestrial and celestial globes, 1.3 World map by Francesco Rosselli, ca. 1508 14 1616 1.4 Viewpoints used in cartographic and landscape 54 Chart from Lucas Jansz. Waghenaer’s Spieghel der representations 15 zeevaerdt, 1584 2.1 Zone map by Opicino de Canistris 30 55 Evert Gijsbertsz., manuscript chart of Central America 2.2 The divisions of a meadow, before 1208 38 and South America, before 1596 2.3 Diagrammatic map of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of 56 Joannes Vingboons, map of the Gold Coast, ca. 1650 Britain by Matthew Paris 40 (Following page 1700) 2.4 Map of Europe 41 57 Oronce Fine, Recens et integra orbis descriptio, 2.5 Diagram of the division of the Promised Land from 1534/1536 Richard of Saint Victor, “In Ezechielem” 42 58 André Thevet, engraved and colored frontispiece 2.6 Map of Canaan from a commentary on the Pentateuch 59 Jean Jolivet, “La carte generalle dv pays de by Solomon Ben Isaac (Rashi), ca. 1233 42 Normandie,” 1545 2.7 Plan of Jerusalem, 1140s 43 60 Map from “Livre des plans, des passages et chaussées 2.8 Detail of the Aslake world map, fourteenth de la riviere de Somme,” ca. 1644 century 45 61 Detail of the map representing the course of the 2.9 Map of Lombardy by Opicino de Canistris, 1330s Aa River, end of the fifteenth century or 1340s 48 62 Chart of the east of Terra Australis (Terra Java), 2.10 Plan of Milan by Petrus de Guioldis from Galvano Vallard Atlas, 1547 Fiamma’s “Chronicle Extravagans,” fourteenth 63 Lyon cité opulente, située es confins de Bourgongne, century 49 Daulphiné, & Sauoye, published by Nicolas Lefebvre, 3.1 Peter Apian’s cosmography 57 1555 3.2 Pierre d’Ailly’s cosmographic map 59 64 Anthony Anthony, plan of the attack on Brighton, 3.3 The three basic cosmographic maps derived from ca. 1539– 49 Sacrobosco’s Sphaera mundi 62 65 Robert Adams, map of Gironde, 1593 3.4 Illustrating planetary movement and orbs 65 66 Christopher Saxton, map of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and 3.5 Sebastian Münster’s world system of 1550 68 Middlesex, 1575 3.6 The competing world systems 71 67 Robert Johnson, map of Crickhowell 3.7 Robert Fludd’s cosmography 72 68 Ralph Sheldon, Warwickshire tapestry map, ca. 1590 3.8 Jesuit cosmographic iconography 73 69 Mark Pierse, manuscript map of Laxton, 1635 3.9 Mapped cosmography: John Speed’s map of the world, 70 Detail from Richard Bartlett’s map of southeast Ulster, 1626 [1632] 74 ca. 1602 3.10 The zodiacal houses 78 71 Baptista Boazio, The True Description or Draffte of 3.11 Peter Apian’s “Cosmographical glass” 78 That Famous Ile of Wighte, 1591 3.12 Oronce Fine, Typvs vniversi orbis 79 72 Gabriel Tatton, chart of the Pacific Ocean, ca. 1600 3.13 André Thevet, L’vnivers 80 73 William Downe, map of the Orinoco, Guiana, 1596 3.14 William Cuningham, Cœlifer atlas, 1559 81 74 Anders Streng, Naappila and Rajalahti, Orivesi Parish, 3.15 The hieroglyphic monad 81 Finland, 1634 3.16 A Perfit Description of the Cælestiall Orbes: 75 Johannes Honter’s woodcut blocks, ca. 1541– 42 The infinite Copernican cosmos 83 76 Nicolo Angielini, map of Hungary, ca. 1570 3.17 Diogo Homem’s “Perpetual novilunar table,” 77 Martin Stier, manuscript map of the Styrian frontier, 1559 84 1657 3.18 Detail from Guillaume Postel’s Polo aptata nova 78 Detail from a nineteenth-century copy of a charta universi, 1578 (1621 edition) 85 seventeenth-century map of the town of Kashin and 3.19 Mapping the correspondences of the human its surroundings microcosm 86 79 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, map of the Iset River 3.20 Dante’s Hell 88 80 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, ethnographic map of 3.21 Copernicus’s heliocentric cosmography 89 Siberia 3.22 Galileo’s illustration of heliocentricity 90 3.23 A geometric cosmogony 91 Figures 3.24 Cosmic harmony as the breath of the cosmic organ 91 Part 1 3.25 Seventeenth-century Christian cosmos 92 1.1 Collage of world maps and geographical diagrams by 3.26 Light and shadow: Mapping the eclipse 93 Giuseppe Rosaccio, ca. 1610 4 3.27 Knowledge and cosmic illumination 94 Illustrations xiii

3.28 Mapping the scale of nature 95 6.12 A cup of gilt silver in the shape of a terrestrial 3.29 The cosmographic emblem: Jodocus Hondius, globe 156 Typvs orbis terrarvm, 1589 96 7.1 The map of Columbus 176 3.30 Emblematic mapping of the two spheres 96 7.2 Coat of arms of the Doria family 179 3.31 Vitruvian microcosm 97 7.3 Binding of a nautical atlas with the coat of arms of 4.1 Celestial map by Jost Amman 103 the Knights of Malta 181 4.2 Map of the new southern constellations 104 7.4 Small nautical chart 183 4.3 Aquarius from Aratus, “Phaenomena,” 7.5 Case for nautical charts 183 manuscript 105 7.6 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean glued onto four 4.4 Aquarius from Aratus, Phaenomena, printed version panels 184 by Hugo Grotius 106 7.7 Nautical atlas with accordion-like binding 185 4.5 Michael Scot’s constellations Tarabellum and 7.8 Nautical chart of the eastern Mediterranean with Vexillum 106 grid 186 4.6 Map showing general relationship of constellations 7.9 Unfinished nautical chart once used for book to one another from a tenth-century Aratus binding 187 manuscript 107 7.10 Indications of scale arranged to form the letter 4.7 Trapezoidal projection map from 1426 by Conrad “M” 193 of Dyffenbach 108 7.11 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean with a scale 4.8 An astrolabe-like star map, 1596 112 of latitude 195 4.9 Orion, from the first edition of Piccolomini’s De le 7.12 Double nautical chart of the Mediterranean 198 stelle fisse, 1540 114 7.13 Example of a richly decorated nautical chart of the 4.10 Early equatorial celestial map, 1592 116 Mediterranean 200 4.11 One of Schiller’s new biblical constellations 118 7.14 Miniature of Genoa, with the port and the 4.12 Published counterproof of Schiller’s constellation Lanterna 201 Saint Andrew 119 7.15 Nautical astrolabe 204 4.13 Comet path map by Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli 119 7.16 Large-scale nautical chart of the Tyrrhenian Sea 206 4.14 Early printed comet path map 120 7.17 Reference map of the Mediterranean 207 4.15 A pole star chart by Peter Apian 121 7.18 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Matteo 4.16 A chart of the Pleiades by Galileo Galilei 122 Prunes 208 5.1 Moon drawing by Leonardo da Vinci 124 7.19 The Maggiolo family of cartographers 209 5.2 William Gilbert’s moon map 125 7.20 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Nicolaus 5.3 Galileo Galilei’s moon drawings (composite) 126 Vourdopolos 219 5.4 Saturn composite by Christiaan Huygens 128 7.21 Nautical chart of the Adriatic by Alvise 5.5 Sunspot drawing by Galileo Galilei 128 Gramolin 220 5.6 Christoph Scheiner’s sunspot drawings 129 7.22 Sheet from the atlas by Conte di Ottomanno 5.7 Thomas Harriot’s moon map 129 Freducci 221 5.8 Claude Mellan’s moon map 130 7.23 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Domenico 5.9 Plenilunii lumina austriaca philippica by Michael Vigliarolo 223 Florent van Langren, 1645 131 7.24 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Annibale 5.10 Moon map by Johannes Hevelius, 1647 132 Impuccio 224 5.11 Giovanni Battista Riccioli’s moon map, 1651 133 7.25 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Joan Riczo 6.1 The Ambassadors, painted by Hans Holbein, Oliva 227 1533 136 7.26 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Giovanni 6.2 The Ptolemaic universe 137 Battista Cavallini 231 6.3 Drawing of a celestial globe 140 7.27 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by 6.4 The oldest terrestrial globe 141 “Angelus” 232 6.5 Terrestrial globe gores 142 8.1 Map of Chios according to the “Liber insularum” 6.6 Celestial globe gores 144–45 of Cristoforo Buondelmonti, ca. 1420 266 6.7 Depiction of a cosmographic globe 146 8.2 Map of Mytilene by Bartolommeo dalli Sonetti 269 6.8 A cup of gilt silver in the shape of a cosmographic 8.3 Description and illustration of the sea battle of globe 148 Lepanto (7 October 1571) 272 6.9 J. C. Boulenger with globe 150 8.4 Map of Cyprus from Giovanni Francesco Camocio’s 6.10 Cosmographic globe gores 152 Isolario, ca. 1570 –74 273 6.11 Celestial globe from Stöffler’s workshop 154 8.5 Map of Mallorca by Antonio Millo 274 xiv Illustrations

8.6 Map of the Falkland Islands by André Thevet 11.4 Map illustrating the dream of Daniel, printed by (according to the geographic coordinates of Hans Lufft, 1530 389 the map) 275 11.5 Pierre Eskrich’s Mappe-monde novvelle 8.7 The islet of Kalogeros from the north and south sides papistiqve 391 by Coronelli 277 11.6 Ortelius’s Peregrinationis divi pavli typvs 8.8 Types of isolarii and makers of each type 282 corographicvs, 1579 394 9.1 World map from a fifteenth-century Latin edition 12.1 Title page from the Theatrum orbis terrarum of Ptolemy’s Geography 289 of Abraham Ortelius, 1570 408 9.2 Europa IV in a Latin edition of the Geography 294 15.1 Macariae et Eudaemonis tabella 439 9.3 Europe and part of Asia from a German manuscript, 15.2 Schlampampenland 441 first half of the fifteenth century 302 15.3 Labyrinth of the World, 1623 443 9.4 Half of the map of northern Europe by Guillaume 15.4 Newe und kurtze Beschreibung der gantzen Fillastre after Claudius Clavus 303 Himmelischen und Iridischen Welt, des newen 9.5 Ptolemy’s second projection with annotations 308 Hierusalems und ewig brennenden Pfuls 444 9.6 World map with “Mondo novo” by Alessandro Zorzi 15.5 Tabula cebetis, carta vitae 445 330 –31 16.1 Map of Dante’s Hell, 1506 454 9.7 Traces of geographic information on projection 16.2 Allesandro Vellutello’s map of Provence, 1525 455 grid 339 16.3 Map from Ariosto’s Orlando furioso 457 9.8 World map in globular projection 353 17.1 “Earth Protected by Juno & Jupiter,” ca. 1530s 467 9.9 World map accompanying Waldseemüller’s 19.1 Reference map of Europe 478 Cosmographiae introdvctio, 1507 355 19.2 Alberti’s method for land surveying, ca. 1455 479 9.10 Copy of Ruysch’s world map in Glareanus’s 19.3 Triangulation of the Brussels and Antwerp “De geographia,” ca. 1510 –20 358 environs 483 10.1 Three ways of expanding the world map 366 19.4 Geometrical quadrat and heuristic model, 1550 484 10.2 Double hemisphere map by Franciscus Monachus, 19.5 Oldest surviving mining draft of Bohemia near ca. 1527 367 Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg), drawn by Zikmund 10.3 Perspective projection by Dürer and Stabius, Prásˇek, 1534 487 1515 368 19.6 Method for mining survey, 1617 488 10.4 Oblique orthographic projection by Fausto Rughesi, 19.7 Mine surveying instrument, 1557 488 1597 369 19.8 Astral clock (nocturnal) in Apian’s Cosmographia, 10.5 Polar stereographic projection with extensions 1540 489 to a square, by John Blagrave, 1596 370 19.9 English nocturnal, ca. 1600 490 10.6 Double hemisphere stereographic projection 19.10 Sun quadrant, seventeenth century 490 by Rumoldus Mercator, 1587 371 19.11 Sundial in the form of a poplar leaf, 1533 491 10.7 Double hemisphere stereographic projection 19.12 Gold-plated quadrat as a universal instrument by Jodocus Hondius, ca. 1595 372 by Tobias Volckmer, 1608 493 10.8 Double hemisphere stereographic projection by Philip 19.13 Dreistab with a protractor and magnetic needle Eckebrecht, 1630 373 compass from Münster, 1550 494 10.9 Azimuthal equidistant projection centered on 19.14 Drawing of a Dreistab by Danfrie, 1597 494 the north and south poles by Giovanni Vespucci, 19.15 English theodolite, 1590 495 1524 374 19.16 Astronomical ring instrument from Gemma 496 10.10 Interrupted cordiform map of the world by Georg 19.17 Example of a sighting tube on a multifunctional Braun, 1574 375 instrument, 1557 496 10.11 Geographic sketches by Leonardo da Vinci 376 19.18 Detail of Lanci’s instrument 497 10.12 The Mercator projection, 1569 377 19.19 Measuring with a sighting instrument and chain, 10.13 Gnomonic projection by Franz Ritter, 1610 379 1575 498 10.14 Map of Europe and North Africa for use with a 19.20 Components of the surveyor’s plane table 499 sundial, drawn by Erhard Etzlaub on a “Mercator- 19.21 Predecessor of the surveyor’s plane table, 1598 499 like” projection, 1511 380 19.22 Using Pfinzing’s table, 1598 500 11.1 Hartmann Schedel’s world map from Liber 20.1 A typical page from the rutter The Safegarde of chronicarum (the Nuremberg Chronicle) 383 Saylers, 1590 511 11.2 Detail of Columbus as Saint Christopher from the 20.2 Part of a manuscript Toleta de marteloio 512 Juan de la Cosa map, ca. 1500 386 20.3 The title page from Waghenaer’s Spieghel der 11.3 Calvin’s map of Mesopotamia 388 zeevaerdt, 1584 –85 515 Illustrations xv

20.4 Depiction of a mariner’s quadrant, late sixteenth 21.41 Inland navigation and shipping route signs 573 century 516 21.42 Distance line signs 573 20.5 A typical mariner’s astrolabe, of Spanish manufacture, 21.43 Arable land signs 574 1563 516 21.44 Viticulture signs 574 20.6 An astronomer’s planispheric astrolabe 517 21.45 Hunting and fishing signs 575 20.7 Illustration of a man measuring a solar altitude using 21.46 Salt production signs 575 a mariner’s astrolabe 517 21.47 Mine and quarry signs 576 20.8 Illustration of a man measuring a stellar altitude using 21.48 Manufacturing signs 576 a cross staff 518 21.49 Logging signs 577 20.9 An ivory back staff, English, 1690 518 21.50 Metalworking signs 577 20.10 A simple compass of variation 520 21.51 Windmill and water-powered mill signs 577 20.11 A polar projection chart of the North Atlantic 522 21.52 Thermal bath signs 577 20.12 A typical page from William Borough’s A Discovrs 21.53 Antiquity signs 578 of the Variation of the Cumpas, 1581 525 22.1 Early Chinese printed map 592 21.1 Continuity from manuscript to print 530 22.2 Relief and intaglio 592 21.2 Lack of standardization 532 22.3 Verso of Barbari woodblock, 1500 593 21.3 Explanation of signs on a map 533 22.4 Chisel and plank 593 21.4 An engraver’s inconsistency 533 22.5 Graver and end grain 594 21.5 The hand of the engraver 534 22.6 Holding the graver 595 21.6 Instructions to surveyors 537 22.7 Curved graver 595 21.7 Perspective and style in pictorial signs 541 22.8 Comparison between etching and engraving 596 21.8 Sea signs 542 22.9 Intaglio rolling press 598 21.9 Coastline signs 543 22.10 Woodcut map lettering 601 21.10 Cliff signs 543 22.11 Original woodblock with stereotype lettering 21.11 Rock and shoal signs 544 plates 602 21.12 Signs for estuaries and other marine features 545 22.12 Frontispiece showing map coloring 606 21.13 Inland lake signs 546 23.1 Number of separate maps compared with number 21.14 River signs 546 of maps in books and atlases, 1472–1600 612 21.15 Signs for other hydrographic features 547 23.2 Number of maps compared with number of views, 21.16 Hill and mountain signs 548 1472–1600 613 21.17 Scarp and volcano signs 551 23.3 Number of engraved maps compared with number of 21.18 Dune signs 551 woodcut maps, 1472–1600 613 21.19 Tree signs 553 23.4 Production of woodcut maps and views by region, 21.20 Marsh signs 554 1472–1600 613 21.21 Political boundary signs 556 23.5 The production of printed maps, 1472–1600 614 21.22 Linguistic boundary signs 557 23.6 –23.9 The production of printed maps, 21.23 Nucleated settlement signs 558–59 1472–1510 615 21.24 Isolated settlement signs 563 23.10 Areas depicted on maps, 1472–1600 616 21.25 Monastery signs 564 23.11–23.14 The production of printed maps, 21.26 Deserted village signs 564 1511–1550 617 21.27 Confessional signs 565 23.15–23.18 The production of printed maps, 21.28 Church status signs 566 1551–1590 618 21.29 Territorial overlord and urban overlord signs 567 23.19 The production of printed maps, 1591–1600 619 21.30 Gallows signs 567 23.20 Total map production by region, 1472–1600 620 21.31 Signs for seats of Parliament 568 23.21 Map production by region and decade, 21.32 Route signs 568 1472–1600 620 21.33 Road signs 569 24.1 Volvelle from Blundeville’s Exercises 627 21.34 Difficult-to-understand map signs 570 24.2 The Ignatian tree, 1646 629 21.35 Bridge signs 571 26.1 Christopher Saxton, map of Somerset, 1579 670 21.36 Ford and ferry signs 571 26.2 Egnazio Danti, map of Italy, Sala delle Carte 21.37 Two examples of ferry signs 571 Geografiche, Palazzo Vecchio, ca. 1563–67 672 21.38 Beacon signs 572 26.3 Jan Vermeer, The Art of Painting, ca. 1662–65 675 21.39 Lighthouse signs 572 26.4 Pieter van der Beke, Flanders, 1538 676 21.40 Anchorage and hostelry signs 573 27.1 Imola, Leonardo da Vinci, 1502 683 xvi Illustrations

27.2 Pisa, attributed to Giuliano da Sangallo 684 30.3 Early example of the inclusion of information 27.3 Rome, Leonardo Bufalini, 1551 685 on soundings 750 27.4 Analytical drawings of Antonio Lafreri’s plan of 30.4 Antonio Pigafetta’s sketch of the Strait of Milan, 1573 686 Magellan 752 27.5 Siege of La Rochelle (1628–30), Jacques Callot 692 30.5 A near-contemporary copy of Nicolas Barré’s sketch 27.6 Madrid, Pedro Teixeira Albernaz, 1656 693 of the Florida and South Carolina coasts 752 27.7 Paris, Jacques Gomboust, 1652 694 30.6 Hernando Gallego’s coastal chart of the Solomon 27.8 London, Wencelaus Hollar, 1666 695 Islands, 1568 753 27.9 Plan of Vienna, Augustin Hirschvogel, 1552 697 30.7 Coastal profiles of the west coast of Greenland by 27.10 Pratica, a project for the expansion of the Borgo, James Hall, ca. 1605 754 Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, 1539 699 30.8 Map of Spanish discoveries in the new world, 27.11 Genoa, Modello for the Strada Nuova development, illustrated ca. 1511 756 1551 699 30.9 World map by Juan de la Cosa, 1500 760 27.12 Genoa, project sponsored by Pietro Battista Cattaneo 30.10 The Cantino map, 1502 760 for the extension of the Strada Nuova development, 30.11 The King Hamy map, 1502? 761 1595 700 30.12 Vesconte Maggiolo’s map, 1504 761 27.13 Ancona, survey plan, Jacomo Fontana, 1585–90 701 30.13 Pedro Reinel’s map ca. 1504 (known as 27.14 Ancona, proposal for the expansion of the city, Kunstmann I) 762 Jacomo Fontana, 1585–90 701 30.14 Nicolò de Caverio’s map, 1505 762 27.15 Rome, Piazza Collegio Romano, 1659 703 30.15 The Pesaro map, ca. 1505–8 763 27.16 Rome, the neighborhood around Santa Maria della 30.16 Map known as Kunstmann II, 1506 763 Pace, 1656 704 30.17 1843 redrawing of the map known as Kunstmann III, 27.17 Rome, project for the square at Santa Maria della ca. 1506 764 Pace, Pietro da Cortona, 1656 704 30.18 Vesconte Maggiolo’s map, 1511 764 28.1 Albi, Département du Tarn, France, ca. 1314 707 30.19 Pı¯rı¯ Re ı¯s world map, ca. 1513 765 28.2 Diagram of a seignory for the Munster plantation, 30.20 Vesconte Maggiolo’s map, 1516 765 1585–86 709 30.21 World map in the Miller Atlas, ca. 1519 766 28.3 Geometriska Jordebok map of Väversunda in Dals 30.22 1843 redrawing of Jorge Reinel’s map, ca. 1519 Hundred, Östergötland, Sweden, by Johan Larsson (known as Kunstmann IV) 766 Grot, 1633–34 711 30.23 Vesconte Maggiolo’s map, ca. 1519 (known as 28.4 Map of the Menago River lowlands in the Veneto, Kunstmann V) 767 Italy, by Panfilo Piazzola, ca. 1570 713 30.24 The Turin map, ca. 1523 767 28.5 Surveying activity in England and Wales, 30.25 1525 map attributed to Diogo Ribeiro (known as 1470 –1640 714 the Castiglione map) 768 28.6 Spofforth, Yorkshire, England, by Christopher Saxton, 30.26 The Salviati map, ca. 1525 768 1608 715 30.27 Giovanni Vespucci’s map, 1526 768 28.7 Kilton Park, Somerset, England, by George Withiell, 30.28 Diogo Ribeiro’s map, 1527 769 late seventeenth century 717 30.29 Diogo Ribeiro’s map, 1529 (in Rome) 769 29.1 Cosimo de’ Medici planning the attack on Siena, 30.30 Diogo Ribeiro’s map, 1529 (in Weimar) 770 by Giorgio Vasari (detail) 724 30.31 Giovanni da Verrazzano’s map of 1529 770 29.2 Route of Don Lope de Acuña through the Franche- 31.1 Chart of the Lafreri-Salamanca collaboration 776 Comté, 1573 726 31.2 Area of printmaking activity in sixteenth-century 29.3 Plan of the siege of Groningen, 1594 728 Rome 776 29.4 Fortifications of Crema, ca. 1632 730 31.3 Genealogical chart of the De Rossi family 777 29.5 Hans Sebald Beham’s siege of Vienna, 1529 732 31.4 One of the twelve plates of antique Rome by Etienne 29.6 Jacques Callot’s Siège de Breda, 1628 733 Du Pérac 778 29.7 Jörg Breu the Younger, siege of Algiers, 1541 734 31.5 Area of printmaking activity in sixteenth-century 29.8 Claes Jansz. Visscher’s siege of Breda, 1624, Venice 780 engraving 736 31.6 Giacomo Gastaldi’s map of the Piedmont, 1555, 29.9 Jean de Beins, map of the siege of Soyons, 1629 737 engraved by Matteo Pagano 781 30.1 Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s map, probably by John Dee, 31.7 Giacomo Gastaldi’s La Spaña, 1544 782 ca. 1582 742 31.8 Giacomo Gastaldi’s Italia, 1561 783 30.2 Detail of the north polar region from Gerardus 31.9 Giacomo Gastaldi’s map of Lombardy 784 Mercator’s 1569 world map 743 31.10 Giacomo Gastaldi’s Cosmographia universalis 785 Illustrations xvii

31.11 City view of Florence from Giulio Ballino’s De’ disegni 34.5 Map from Atlas B, 1648 863 delle piu illustri città, & fortezze del mondo, 1569 789 34.6 Detail of map from Atlas B, 1648 864 31.12 Giovanni Antonio Magini’s map of the territory of 34.7 José Chafrion, map of Liguria, 1685 865 Bologna, 1595 792 34.8 Corografia Xofori de Grassis [Bordoni], 1598 868 31.13 Map of Terra del Fuego, from the Arcano del mare 34.9 Detail of part of Corsica from the Corografia Xofori by Sir Robert Dudley 793 de Grassis [Bordoni], 1598 869 31.14 Manuscript map of Terra del Fuego 793 34.10 Nicolò Todesco, city map of Aleria, 1484 870 31.15 Reduced version of Dudley’s printed sea chart of the 34.11 Sardinia insvla by Sigismondo Arquer, 1550 872 east coast of North America 794 35.1 Reference map of northeastern Italy 875 32.1 Plan of the Renaissance wing, first floor, Ducal Palace, 35.2 Reference map of northeastern Italy in the fifteenth Venice 809 century 877 32.2 Plan of the Renaissance wing, second floor, Ducal 35.3 Reference map of northeastern Italy in the sixteenth Palace, Venice 809 century 877 32.3 Map of the Bolognese, 1575, Sala Bologna, Vatican 35.4 Powers of the Venetian magistratures and sources Palace, Rome 811 of information for the magistratures 880 32.4 Map of Asia Minor, 1565, Terza Loggia, Vatican 35.5 Relations among the different agents and the roles Palace, Rome 817 of cartography in administrative practice 880 32.5 American hemisphere, ca. 1582, Terza Loggia, Vatican 35.6 Detail from “Dissegno di Trivisan” 885 Palace, Rome 818 35.7 Cristoforo Sorte, “Dissegno da adaquar il Trivisan,” 32.6 Map of Indochina and Indonesia, 1573, Guardaroba 1556 887 Nuova, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence 819 35.8 Detail from Sorte’s “Dissegno da adaquar il 32.7 Plan of the library, Monastery of San Giovanni Trivisan” 887 Evangelista, Parma 821 35.9 Iseppo Paulini and Tommaso Paulini’s map of their 32.8 Map of the Holy Land at the time of Abraham, proposal to protect the Venetian lagoon, 1608 890 1575, library, Monastery of San Giovanni Evangelista, 35.10 Map of Lombardy by Giovanni Pisato, ca. 1440 894 Parma 822 35.11 Explanatory diagram of Pisato’s map of 32.9 Map of Flaminia, 1578–81, Galleria delle Carte Lombardy 895 Geografiche, Vatican Palace, Rome 824 35.12 The Almagià map of the Verona region, fifteenth 32.10 View of the city of Graz, 1565, main courtyard, century 896 Palazzo Vecchio, Florence 826 35.13 Francesco Squarcione’s map of Padua and the 33.1 Reference map of northwest Italy 833 surrounding territory, 1465 897 33.2 Network of salt-duty warehouses in the province 35.14 Map of Palmanova, first half of the seventeenth of Nice, 1548– 49 834 century 899 33.3 Bertino Riveti, detail of the map of the river Chisone, 35.15 Cristoforo Sorte’s map of Peschiera’s new 1558 836 fortifications, 1571 (3 July) 900 33.4 Final survey of Cuneo territory, 1566 838 35.16 Map of Lake Garda 901 33.5 Bartolomeo Mellano’s map of the boundary between 35.17 Cristoforo Sorte’s map of Padua and Triviso, 1594 903 Savigliano and Cervere, 1565 839 35.18 Map of the pieve of Pontirolo Vecchio and the 33.6 Giacomo Soldati’s map of the Susa valley, 1591–93 surrounding area, 1566 906 844 35.19 The area under the pieve of Missaglia by Aragonus 33.7 Ducal canal from Fossano to Bra, with new mills, Aragonius, 1611 907 1584 –89 845 36.1 Reference map of the central Italian states 909 33.8 Plan of Turin by Giovanni Caracha, 1572 846 36.2 Piero del Massaio, “Etrvria moderna,” 1469 910 33.9 Map of area from Turin to the Alps by Agostino 36.3 Map of the Parma area 911 Parentani, ca. 1640 848 36.4 Giovan Battista Aleotti, “Corografia dello stato 33.10 Revello from the Theatrum sabaudiae 850 di Ferrara” 914 33.11 Detail from the Carta generale by Giovanni Tommaso 36.5 Leonardo da Vinci, Etruria, ca. 1503 917 Borgonio, engraved by Giovanni Maria Belgrano, 36.6 Map of the lower Valdarno from Pontedera to the sea, 1679/80 852 ca. 1550s 918 34.1 Reference map of Liguria and Corsica 855 36.7 Smeraldo Smeraldi, map of the Po, 1589 919 34.2 View of Genoa, 1481 856 36.8 Bartolomeo Gnoli, “Disegno delle valli di 34.3 Battista Sormano, “Pianta del sito delle marine Comacchio,” 1630 –50 921 di Vado,” 1569 859 36.9 Francesco Zati, perspective view of the area 34.4 Ercole Spina, “Parte della Lunigiana,” 1592 861 of Gallicano and Barga 922 xviii Illustrations

36.10 Giovan Francesco Cantagallina, perspective map, 37.22 “Terra di otranto” by Mario Cartaro (eighteenth- 1616 924 century copy) 970 36.11 Gherardo Mechini, “Popolo di Santo Lorenzo 37.23 Drawing of the Terra di Bari 972 à Grieve” (Florence) 925 38.1 Reference map of Portugal 977 36.12 Map of the via Flaminia, 1659–61 926 –27 38.2 Signed and dated chart of the African coast by 36.13 Smeraldo Smeraldi, “Rilievo di un podere situato Jorge de Aguiar, 1492 980 sulla strada Claudia [l’Emilia] Presso il Castello di 38.3 Detail of the African coast on the mappamundi of Pontetaro (Parma),” 1607 928 Fra Mauro, ca. 1459 982 36.14 Frosino Zampogni, view of the Bosco di Frati, 38.4 Anonymous undated nautical chart of the Atlantic 1628 929 coast, ca. 1471 984 36.15 “Torre Nova,” 1660 931 38.5 Fifteenth-century nautical chart of the western 36.16 Leonardo da Vinci, map of Imola, 1502 935 Mediterranean and the African coast by Pedro 36.17 Cipriano Piccolpasso di Durante, map of Reinel 985 Perugia 937 38.6 Detail from a chart of the north Atlantic by Pedro 37.1 Reference map of southern Italy 942 Reinel, ca. 1504 986 37.2 Detail of a map of Calabria (eighteenth-century 38.7 Chronology of the main Portuguese cartographers copy) 945 and cartographic families of the Renaissance 988 37.3 Index of the copies made by Ferdinando Galiani 38.8 Numbers of extant Portuguese nautical charts and in Paris of the Aragonese maps 947 overseas maps of the Renaissance, by date 991 37.4 Detail of northern Calabria (eighteenth-century 38.9 Detail of South America from the Cantino map, copy) 949 1502 993 37.5 Detail of a map of the Cilento region (eighteenth- 38.10 World map by André Homem, 1559 995 century copy) 949 38.11 Numbers of extant Portuguese maps reproduced 37.6 Detail of a parchment showing the Gargano in PMC, by date and region covered 996 promontory (sixteenth- or seventeenth-century 38.12 Examples of areas portrayed in Portuguese maps copy) 950 of the Mediterranean and the near Atlantic 996 37.7 Detail of a parchment depicting the region around 38.13 Chart of the Mediterranean by Diogo Homem, Nola (sixteenth- or seventeenth-century copy) 951 1570 997 37.8 Map of the borders of the kingdom of Naples 38.14 Chart of the Indian Ocean, anonymous (eighteenth-century copy) 953 (Jorge Reinel?), 1510 998 37.9 Plan of Naples by Carlo Theti, 1560 955 38.15 View of Cochim by Manuel Godinho de Erédia 999 37.10 Plan of Naples by Etienne Du Pérac, 1566 957 38.16 Coastlines as shown on the Portuguese maps of 37.11 Detail from the plan of Naples by Alessandro Baratta, Central America and the Antilles, ca. 1537–1628, 1627 959 compared with modern coastlines 1001 37.12 Perspective in Baratta’s view of Naples 959 38.17 Locations of the maps in four Portuguese 37.13 Map of the kingdom of Naples by Paolo Cagno, sources 1012 1615 961 38.18 Profile of Sukur Island by Francisco Rodrigues, 37.14 “Provincia de Calabria vltra” (sixteenth-century ca. 1513 1013 copy) 963 38.19 View of the fortress of Diu in the roteiro from Goa 37.15 Detail from “Provincia di terr[a] di Lavoro” to Diu by João de Castro 1016 (sixteenth-century copy) 964 38.20 View of Aden, from Gaspar Correia’s “Lendas 37.16 Conventional signs and symbols in the atlas of da Índia,” ca. 1550 1018 the kingdom of Naples by Stigliola and Cartaro, 38.21 View of Aden from the Civitates orbis terrarum, ca. 1595 964 1572 1018 37.17 Border of the kingdom of Naples in the atlas of 38.22 View of the fortress of Diu from Gaspar Correia’s the kingdom of Naples by Stigliola and Cartaro, “Lendas da Índia,” ca. 1550 1020 ca. 1595 965 38.23 Coastal view in the roteiro of Manuel de Mesquita 37.18 Decorative motifs from “Provincia de contado de Perestrelo, ca. 1575 1021 Molise” (sixteenth-century copy) 965 38.24 Coverage of the main chorographic maps by Manuel 37.19 Fresco titled “Principato Citra” by Luigi Godinho de Erédia and derivatives 1023 Rodriguez 966 38.25 View of the fortress and island of Diu, seventeenth 37.20 “Nova totius terrarum orbis” 968 century 1024 37.21 Map of the kingdom of Naples by Paolo Cartaro, 38.26 Map of the Congo published by Pigafetta, 1642 969 1591 1026 Illustrations xix

38.27 Seventeenth-century map of the Rios de Cuama 39.6 Francés de Alava, detail of work to be done on the (near the mouth of the Zambezi River) 1027 fortifications of Cádiz, 1578 1076 38.28 Engraved version of Manoel de Almeida’s map of 39.7 Luis Bravo de Acuña, plan of Gibraltar from the west, Abyssinia, 1660 1027 1627 1077 38.29 Detail of the east coast of South America, anonymous 39.8 Francisco Negro, plan and perspective view of the [Diogo Ribeiro], ca. 1532 1031 castle at Marsala in Sicily, 1640 1078 38.30 Detail of the east coast of South America, Gaspar 39.9 Cristóbal de Rojas, plan of Fort Saint Martin at Viegas, 1534 1031 Santander, 1591 1078 38.31 Maps and city plans of the Brazilian coast in 39.10 Luis Carducci, plan of the boundaries of Atalaya de the atlases of Luís Teixeira and João Teixeira Cañavete, 1638 1079 Albernaz I 1033 39.11 Luis Carducci, plan of the surroundings of Alcalá 38.32 Page from the “Longitudo et latitudo Lusitaniae,” La Real, 1631 1080 known as the Hamburg Codex 1036 39.12 Key map from the “Escorial Atlas” 1083 38.33 Comparison of latitude and longitude values from 39.13 Part of section 2 from the “Escorial Atlas” 1084 three Portuguese Renaissance sources 1038 39.14 Anonymous bird’s-eye view of Champagne, 38.34 Map of Portugal by Fernando Álvaro Seco, ca. 1539 1086 after 1561 1040 39.15 Jerónimo de Chaves, Hispalensis conventvs delineatio, 38.35 Map of Portugal in the Cadaval Codex, 1617 1043 from the 1579 edition of Ortelius’s Theatrum 1087 38.36 Mural map of Portugal attributed to João Teixeira 39.16 Provinces of the Spanish peninsula newly shown in the Albernaz I 1043 1606 Mercator-Hondius Atlas 1088 38.37 The Descripcion del Reyno de Portvgal of Pedro 39.17 Michael Florent van Langren, Luxembvrgensis Teixeira Albernaz, 1662 1044 Dvcatvs, 1671/72 1089 38.38 Map of the southwest coast of the Iberian peninsula, 39.18 Anonymous map of northern Italy 1090 from Cortés’s work 1046 39.19 João Baptista Lavanha, detail of Aragon, 1622 1090 38.39 Copy of a map of the limits between Olivença and 39.20 The areas of Lavanha’s Aragon covered by Alconchel, 1438–81 1047 ecclesiastical maps 1091 38.40 View of Bragança by Duarte de Armas, 1509 1048 39.21 Ambrosio Borsano, “El principado de Cattalvña y 38.41 Chart from the Cadaval Codex, 1617 1049 Condados de Rossellon y Cerdaña,” ca. 1687 1092 38.42 Map of the coast of Minho from the “Descripção dos 39.22 José Chafrion, right half of the Carta de la parte portos maritimos do regno de Portugal” by João Meridional del estado de Milan, 1685 1093 Teixeira Albernaz I, 1648 1050 40.1 Compass rose from Diego Gutiérrez’s Atlantic chart, 38.43 Anonymous map of the area of Almeirim, 1550 1097 1632 1051 40.2 Detail of South America from Giovanni Vespucci’s 38.44 António de Holanda’s view of Lisbon, world map, made in Seville, 1526 1098 ca. 1530 –34 1053 40.3 Detail from the world map of Diogo Ribeiro, 38.45 An example of a “model map” from Luís Serrão 1529 1098 Pimentel’s Methodo Lusitanico 1054 40.4 View of Désirade from Vellerino de Villalobos’s 38.46 “Carta do curso do rio Minho,” 1652 1055 “Luz de nauegantes” 1099 38.47 Map of Setúbal by João Gilot, ca. 1652 1056 40.5 Printed chart included in Martín Cortés’s Breue 38.48 Carta da fronteira do Alentejo, attributed to João compendio, 1551 1101 Teixeira Albernaz I, ca. 1644 1058 40.6 Detail from the world map of Diogo Ribeiro, 38.49 Descripsão da Provincia de Alemtejo, by Bartolomeu 1529 1109 de Sousa, 1665 1060 40.7 Detail from the Juan de la Cosa chart, 1500 1111 38.50 Mapa dos estuários do tejo e do sado by Manuel de 40.8 Detail from an anonymous chart, ca. 1505–8 1111 Figueiredo and Gaspar Ferreira Reimão, 1642 1061 40.9 Detail from the redrawing of an anonymous chart 39.1 Anonymous map of Argeles, 1458 1071 attributed to Jorge Reinel, ca. 1519 1112 39.2 Anonymous sixteenth-century map of the 40.10 Detail from the chart by Nuño García Toreno showing surroundings of Valdeaverlo 1072 the antimeridian of Tordesillas, 1522 1113 39.3 Anonymous profile of Cádiz, 1513 1072 40.11 Detail from the Turin world map, anonymous, 39.4 Francisco de Ruesta, plan of the boundary of Salteras, ca. 1523 1114 1660 1074 40.12 Detail of the Castiglione world map, attributed 39.5 Bautista Antonelli, plan of the city of Larache, to Diogo Ribeiro, 1525 1115 1612 1075 40.13 Detail of the Moluccas from the Salviati world map, attributed to Nuño García Toreno, ca. 1525 1115 xx Illustrations

40.14 Detail with ship from the Salviati world map 1116 41.20 Francisco de Ruesta, the government of Venezuela, 40.15 The Wolfenbüttel chart, attributed to Alonso de 1634 1163 Chaves, ca. 1533 1117 41.21 Cristóbal de Rojas, plan of the fort of San Daniel, 40.16 Northeast coast of South America, from Diego 1623 1164 Gutiérrez’s Atlantic chart, 1550 1119 41.22 Anonymous, “Cordillera en qve habita la nacion 40.17 Chart of Central America from Alonso de Santa Chiriguana,” 1584 1165 Cruz’s “Islario” 1121 41.23 Samuel Fritz, map of the Amazon basin, 1707 1166 40.18 Detail from the world chart of Sancho Gutiérrez, 41.24 Bartolomé García de Nodal and Gonzalo de 1551 1122 Nodal, map of the southern part of South America, 40.19 World chart of Sancho Gutiérrez, 1551 1124 –25 1621 1167 40.20 World map of Sebastian Cabot, 1544 1126 41.25 Alonso de Ovalle, detail from the map of Chile, 40.21 Response to the 1597 “memoria” asking pilots about 1646 1168 their charts and instruments 1128 41.26 Joan Blaeu, Paraqvaria, vulgo Paragvay (Amsterdam, 40.22 Chart included in Andrés García de Céspedes’s 1663) 1169 Hydrografía 1129 41.27 Ignacio Munoz, Descripcion geometrica de la civdad y 40.23 Seventeenth-century view of Seville, as seen from circvnvalacion de Manila (Manila, 1671) 1170 Triana 1131 41.1 Alonso de Santa Cruz, “Cuba” from the “Islario,” Part 2 1542 1145 42.1 Reference map of the political structure of the German 41.2 Diego Gutiérrez, detail from Americae (Antwerp, lands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 1173 1562) 1145 42.2 Fragment of a printed fifteenth-century multisheet wall 41.3 Juan López de Velasco, map of the Spanish world, map of the world 1182 ca. 1575 1146 42.3 Cusanus map by Henricus Martellus, 41.4 Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, map of Central redaction A 1185 America from his Décadas (Madrid, 1601–15) 1147 42.4 Cusanus map by Nicolaus Germanus, redaction B 41.5 Anonymous, illustration of the Jesuit curriculum (the Eichstätt map) 1186 from the prospectus of the College of Cordelle (Spain, 42.5 Distortion grid, Cusanus map redaction B 1187 ca. 1750) 1148 42.6 The components of the Eichstätt map 1188 41.6 Alonso Álvarez Pineda, map of the Gulf of Mexico, 42.7 The Ruysch map 1189 1519 1149 42.8 Cartographic illustrations in Conrad Celtis’s book 41.7 Alonso de Santa Cruz, map of Central America and of love poems 1190 the Caribbean Sea, ca. 1536 1150 42.9 Europe in the form of a queen, 1537 1192 41.8 Bautista Antonelli, plan of Santo Domingo, 42.10 Map of Central Europe in the Nuremberg ca. 1592 1150 Chronicle 1194 41.9 Cristóbal de Rojas, plan of Havana, 1603 1151 42.11 Erhard Etzlaub’s Lantstrassen map, 1501 1196 41.10 Enrico Martínez, sketch of the provinces of 42.12 Distortion grid, Etzlaub’s Rom Weg map 1197 New Mexico, 1602 1153 42.13 Johannes Aventinus’s map of Bavaria, 1523 1199 41.11 Anonymous, map of the Gulf of Mexico, 1544 1154 42.14 Apian world map in cordiform projection, 41.12 Domingo del Castillo, map of the California area, 1530 1200 1541 1155 42.15 Map of Switzerland by Conrad Türst, ca. 1497 1202 41.13 Nicolás de Cardona, view of Veracruz and San Juan 42.16 View of Augsburg by Jörg Seld, 1521 1204 de Ulloa, 1622 1156 42.17 Detail of the German region from Waldseemüller’s 41.14 Adrian Boot, view of the port of Acapulco, Carta itineraria Europae 1206 1618 1157 42.18 Map of Lorraine in Waldseemüller’s edition of 41.15 Juan María Ratkay, map of the Tarahumara region, Ptolemy’s Geography, Strasbourg 1513 1207 1683 1158 42.19 Heinrich Zell’s map of the German lands, ca. 1544 41.16 Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, map of Mexico, (1560) 1210 1691 1159 42.20 Sebastian Münster’s map of the Heidelberg area, 41.17 Cristóbal de Rojas, plan of the city of Panama, 1528 1211 1609 1160 42.21 View of Trier from Münster’s Cosmography 1212 41.18 Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, map of Colombia, 42.22 Detail from Tilemann Stella’s map of Zweibrücken- from his Décadas (Madrid, 1601–15) 1161 Kirkel, 1564 1214 41.19 Bautista Antonelli, plan of Cartagena, 1595 1162 42.23 Map of the Zurich area from Johannes Stumpf’s atlas of Switzerland, Landtafeln, 1548 1216 Illustrations xxi

42.24 Lucas Cranach’s map of the Holy Land, 43.15 Reference map of cities mapped by Jacob van ca. 1515 1217 Deventer 1273 42.25 Wolfgang Wissenburg’s map of the Holy Land 1219 43.16 Detail from the town plan of Dordrecht by Jacob van 42.26 Detail from Caspar Vopel’s map of the Rhine, Deventer, ca. 1560 1275 1555 1221 43.17 Reference map of Christiaan Sgrooten’s topographical 42.27 One sheet from Philipp Apian’s survey of Bavaria, maps 1276 1568 1224 43.18 1608 wall map of North Holland and West Friesland, 42.28 One sheet from George Gadner’s survey of reprinted from the original by Joost Jansz. Bilhamer, Württemberg 1226 1575 1279 42.29 The area around Dresden from the survey of Saxony 43.19 Printer’s mark of Joost Jansz. Bilhamer 1280 by Öder and Zimmermann 1229 43.20 Manuscript map of South Holland by Hans Liefrinck, 42.30 Map of Lower Saxony in Gerardus Mercator’s 1578 1281 Atlas 1231 43.21 Giovanni Maria Olgiati, drawing of Maastricht, 42.31 Christiaan Sgrooten’s wall map of the Holy Roman 1553 1282 Empire 1233 43.22 Map of the Frisian village of Dronrijp from the 42.32 Depiction of the capture of Geldern (1587) from De Robles atlas 1284 Hogenberg’s “Geschichtsblätter” 1234 43.23 Title page of Practijck des lantmetens, by Johannes 42.33 Map of Geldern from Hogenberg’s Civitates orbis Sems and Jan Pietersz. Dou, 1600 1287 terrarum, 1581 1235 43.24 Adriaan Anthonisz.’s plan of the fortified city of 42.34 David Seltzlin’s map of Franconia, 1576 1236 Amersfoort, 1594 1288 42.35 Matthias Quad’s map of the Holy Roman Empire, 43.25 Tapestry of Leiden by Joost Jansz. Lanckaert, 1587 1600 1238 1289 42.36 Isaac Brun’s map of the Holy Roman Empire, 44.1 Wall map of Spain, Hieronymus Cock, 1553 1301 1633 1239 44.2 Totivs Dvcatvs Brabaniae... by Gerard de Jode, 42.37 Road map of the German lands by Johann Georg Jung 1565 1302 and Georg Conrad Jung, 1641 1240 44.3 Christiaan Sgrooten’s wall map Peregrinatio filiorum 42.38 Example of a historical map 1243 dei, engraved by Joannes and Lucas van Doetecum, 42.39 View of Trier from Matthäus Merian’s town book, 1572 1308 1646 1244 44.4 Map of southern South America, published by 43.1 The seventeen provinces, 1543–67 1247 Cornelis Claesz., ca. 1592 1310 43.2 Belgii XVII Provinciarum tabula, by Frederik de Wit, 44.5 Circular Leo Belgicus map of the seventeen provinces before 1661 1248 engraved by Jodocus Hondius in London, late 43.3 Kaart van de Oosterscher Zee, by Jan van Hoirne, 1590s 1312 1526 1250 44.6 Nova descrittione d’Italia di Gio. Anton. Magino, wall 43.4 Part of the bishopric of Utrecht, ca. 1524 1251 map published by Hessel Gerritsz., 1617 1316 43.5 Perspective view of Utrecht by Antoon van den 44.7 News map published by Claes Jansz. Visscher 1317 Wijngaerde, ca. 1558 1252–53 44.8 Editions of Ortelius’s Theatrum orbis terrarum, 43.6 Copy by Pieter Claeissens of the 1571 map of the 1570 –98 1319 Vrije van Brugge by Pierre Pourbus, 1601 1254 44.9 World map in Ortelius’s Theatrum, 1570 1320 43.7 Manuscript map of the northern part of Holland by 44.10 Title page, Speculum orbis terrarum, Gerard de Jode, Willem Hendricksz. Croock, 1529/30 1256 1578 1321 43.8 Coverage diagram of Jacob van Deventer’s province 44.11 Map of Africa in De Jode’s Speculum orbis maps 1257 terrarum 1322 43.9 Copy of the map of the province of Gelderland by 44.12 Title page from Gerardus Mercator’s Atlas, Jacob van Deventer, 1556 1259 1595 1323 43.10 Provincial map of Vermandois by Jacques Surhon, 44.13 Gvineae nova descriptio, added to Mercator’s Atlas 1558 1261 by Jodocus Hondius, 1606 1325 43.11 Map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator, 1540 1262 44.14 Map of Europe from Atlantis appendix, Willem Jansz. 43.12 The Netherlands without dikes and dunes 1263 Blaeu, 1630 1326 43.13 Printed waterschap map of Heerhugowaard by Claes 44.15 Overview of atlas publication between 1630 and Jansz. Visscher, 1631 1265 1640 1327 43.14 Manuscript waterschap map of peat digging in the 44.16 Carved wooden cabinet designed for Blaeu’s Atlas Oude Polder van Pijnacker and the Oudewegsche maior 1330 Polder, 1691 1266 44.17 Map of Salzburg in the Spieghel 1331 xxii Illustrations

44.18 Title page from Langenes’s Caert-thresoor 1333 45.3 Woodcut profiles from Cornelis Anthonisz.’s Caerte 44.19 Map of Europe from Ortelius’s Parergon 1340 van die oosterse see, 1558 1387 44.20 Ville Franche and the plan of Charleville from the 45.4 Facing pages from Harmen Jansz. Muller’s De caerte Atlas Blaeu–Van der Hem 1341 vander zee, 1579/80 1389 44.21 Page from a catalog by Cornelis Claesz. with a section 45.5 Frontispiece from Lucas Jansz. Waghenaer’s Thresoor devoted to wall maps, 1609 1342 der zeevaert, 1592 1394 44.22 Gerardus Mercator’s instructions for assembling wall 45.6 Chart of the Sunda strait from Waghenaer’s Thresoor, maps, ca. 1570 1343 1602 1396 44.23 Sketch of a roller case for wall maps, Richard Hakluyt 45.7 Chart from Willem Barents’s Nieuwe beschryvinghe the Elder, ca. 1590 1344 ende caertboeck van de midlandtsche zee, 1595 1397 44.24 Map of the world by Ortelius, published in Antwerp, 45.8 Chart from Blaeu’s Het licht der zee-vaert, 1564 1345 1608 1398 44.25 Gerard de Jode’s wall map of Germany, 1562 1347 45.9 Chart of the Zuiderzee from Johannes van Keulen’s 44.26 Wall maps of the world published between 1592 and De nieuwe groote lichtende zee-fackel, [1689] 1403 1648 1348 45.10 Third state, ca. 1560, of Caerte van Oostlant by 44.27 Wall map of the world by Petrus Plancius, Cornelis Anthonisz. 1406 1592 1349 45.11 Detail from the title page of Adriaen Veen’s Napasser, 44.28 Wall map of the world by Jodocus Hondius, 1597 1407 1595/96 1350 45.12 Map of the Indian archipelago and the Far East 44.29 Willem Jansz. Blaeu’s 1608 wall map of Europe, by Petrus Plancius, published by Cornelis Claesz., reprinted by Henricus Hondius, 1624 1352 1592–94 1409 44.30 Venetian imitation of Blaeu’s wall map of Asia 1354 45.13 Willem Barents’s polar map, published by Cornelis 44.31 Detail of Pieter van den Keere’s wall map of the Claesz., 1598 1411 seventeen provinces, 1607 1355 45.14 Map showing the route of the first Dutch fleet to the 44.32 Pieter Bast’s bird’s-eye view of Amsterdam, East Indies, 1595–97 1412 1597 1357 45.15 Map of Europe by Lucas Jansz. Waghenaer, 44.33 Giant atlas—the “Atlas of the Great Elector” 1358 1592 1415 44.34 Dutch share of world globe production (new editions 45.16 Cornelis Doetsz.’s Nieuwe paschaerte . . . van Europa, of printed globes) to 1720 1359 1602 1417 44.35 Three terrestrial globe gores by Gerardus Mercator, 45.17 Cornelis Doetsz.’s manuscript chart of the Far East, ca. 1541 1360 1598 1418 44.36 First Amsterdam celestial globe, Jacob Floris van 45.18 Manuscript chart of the Indian Ocean and East Indies Langren, 1586 1361 by Evert Gijsbertsz., 1599 1420 44.37 First Amsterdam terrestrial globe, Jacob Floris van 45.19 Doetsz.’s chart of Europe, published by Blaeu, Langren, 1589 1362 1606 1423 44.38 Celestial globe by Jodocus Hondius, 1600 1364 45.20 Willem Jansz. Blaeu’s West Indische paskaert, 44.39 Three gores from Blaeu’s first celestial globe, ca. 1630 1425 ca. 1598 1364 45.21 Hessel Gerritsz.’s “Carte nautique des bords de mer du 44.40 Giant globe by Joan Blaeu 1366 nort, et norouest mis en longitude, latitude et en leur 44.41 Detail of the arctic region on a globe by Petrus route, selon les rins de vent,” 1625 1427 Plancius and Pieter van den Keere, 1612 1368 46.1 First state of Hessel Gerritsz.’s map of India and 44.42 Terrestrial globe by Jacob Aertsz. Colom, Southeast Asia, made in or shortly before 1632 1440 ca. 1640 1368 46.2 Third state of Gerritsz.’s map of India and Southeast 44.43 Terrestrial globe gores of Johannes Janssonius, Asia, India quæ orientalis 1441 1621 1370 46.3 Detail of official VOC chart of Sumatra and the Strait 44.44 Terrestrial globe gores, possibly published by De Jode, of Malacca, 1647 1442 1584 –87 1371 46.4 Detail of cadastral map of Banda Neyra, 1630s 1447 44.45 Detail from the terrestrial globe of Michael Floris van 46.5 Banda Neyra, 1662 or 1663 1447 Langren, ca. 1645 1372 46.6 Example of Roman land division 1448 44.46 Thematic globe gores by Franciscus Haraeus showing 46.7 Gerritsz.’s Brasilysche paskaert, 1637 1451 the dispersion of different religions 1373 46.8 Index map from the Christina atlas by Joannes 45.1 Diagram of Dutch printed rutters, 1532–94 1386 Vingboons, ca. 1650 1453 45.2 Title page of Jan Seversz.’s De kaert va[n]der zee, 46.9 Nieuw Nederland compiled by Gerritsz. 1454 1532 1386 Illustrations xxiii

46.10 Wall map of Dutch Brazil published by Joan Blaeu, 49.2 Jean Martellier, “La carte dv govvernement de Calais 1647 1455 et pais reconqvis” 1507 46.11 Leggerkaart of the colony of Surinam, 1688 1458 49.3 Approximate coverage of the gouvernement maps 46.12 Decorative chart of the Indian Ocean, 1660s 1459 of Picardy in the BL, Add. MS. 21117 1507 46.13 Watercolor view of a city called Surat by 49.4 Jean Martellier, “Carte de la province de Picardie, Vingboons 1460 Bovlonois, Artois et pais reconqvis” 1508 46.14 Watercolor view of Bijapur by Vingboons, 49.5 Approximate coverage of the gouvernement maps 1660s 1461 of Champagne in the BL, King’s Topographical 47.1 Oronce Fine, “La composition et usaige d’un singulier Collection 1509 méthéoroscope géographique,” 1543 1465 49.6 Claude Chastillon, “Carte g[e]n[er]alle de 47.2 Oronce Fine, Nova, et integra vniversi orbis descriptio, Cha[m]paigne” 1510 1531 1466 49.7 Jean de Beins, “Carte des vallees de Seissel et la 47.3 Nicolas de Nicolay, Vraye & exacte description Michaille,” 1606 1511 hydrographique des costes maritimes d’Escosse & des 49.8 Jean de Beins,”Govverne[ment] de Grenoble” 1512 isles orchades hebrides, 1583 1470 49.9 Approximate coverage of the gouvernement 47.4 André Thevet, “Terres neveves ov isles des maps of Brittany in the Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal, molues” 1473 MS. 3921 1513 47.5 André Thevet, “Mipart septentrionalle dv 49.10 “Carte generalle de Bretaigne” 1513 monde” 1475 49.11 “Govverne[ment] de Nantes et Encenix” 1514 47.6 Guillaume Postel, Polo aptata nova charta 49.12 Jean Cavalier, “Carte particvliere de la comté de universi 1477 Rossillon et de la vallee de conflens,” 1635 1516 47.7 Le “Caloier de nisare” and its “Engin à 49.13 N. Du Carlo, “Carte hidrographique des costes barquerottes” 1479 de Bretaigne, Guienne, et de partie de lEspagne,” 47.8 “Le caloiero de nisaro dit panegea” 1479 ca. 1625 1517 48.1 Reference map of France, ca. 1610 1481 49.14 Jérôme Bachot, “Carte particulliere de l’isle et bourg 48.2 Oronce Fine, Nova totivs galliae descriptio, dv Conquest,” 1625 1518 1553 1482 49.15 Jean Martellier, “Plan de Peronne,” ca. 1602 1519 48.3 Jean Jolivet, Vraie description des Gaules, auec les 49.16 Peronne, 1634 1520 confins d’Allemaigne, & Italye, 1570 1484 49.17 “Govver[nement] de Rennes” 1520 48.4 Nicolas de Nicolay, Novvelle description dv pais 49.18 Govvernement de Rennes, 1634 1520 de Bovlonnois, comte de Gvines, terre d’Oye et ville 49.19 Claude Chastillon, “Plan de Langres” 1521 de Calais, 1558 1486 49.20 Langres, 1634 1521 48.5 Guillaume Postel, La vraye et entiere description 50.1 A tibériade representing the Ouche Valley, drawn by dv royavlme de France, et ses confins, 1570 1487 Jean II d’Orrain for a lawsuit, ca. 1567 1524 48.6 Paolo Forlani, Totivs galliae exactissima descriptio, 50.2 Figurative view of contested land between the abbeys 1566 1488 of Granselve and Mas-Grenier-Grandselve-Lasalle, 48.7 Jean Tarde, Sarlatensis diocesis geographica delineatio 1521 1525 vera & exacta, 1594 1490 50.3 Jan Brouault and Paris Alexandre, plan of the territory 48.8 Description dv pays armoriqve a present Bretaigne, of the seigneury of Picauville, 1581 1526 1588 1491 50.4 Detail from the map of the censive of the chapter of 48.9 Jean Fayen, Totivs lemovici... ,1594 1492 Saint-Germain-L’Auxerrois between the Louvre and 48.10 François de La Guillotière, Charte de la France, 1632 the Châtelet in Paris, sixteenth century 1527 (detail) 1494 50.5 J. Monnerye, map of the gruerie of Nanteuil-le- 48.11 Christophe Tassin, Carte de Normandie, 1634 1496 Haudouin, 1609 1528 48.12 Nicolas Sanson, Carte et description generale dv tres- 50.6 René Siette, “Plan et description particulière des havt, tres-pvissant, et tres-chrestien royavme de maraits desseichés du petit poictou avecq le partaige France, 1652–53 1498 sur Icelluy,” 6 August 1648 1529 48.13 Nicolas Sanson, Segusiani, partie du dioecese et 50.7 Manuscript atlas describing the Vilaine River between archevesche de Lyon: Le Bas Forez et Beaujolois, Redon and Rennes, 1543 1531 eslectoins de Roanne et de Villefranche, 1659 1499 50.8 Jacques Le Lieur, “Livre des fontaines,” 1525 1531 48.14 Jacques Signot, La carte Ditalie, 1515 1501 50.9 Guillaume Revel, “Armorial,” ca. 1450 1533 48.15 Nicolas Sanson, Carte des rivieres de la France 50.10 Evrard Bredin, “Le vray portraict de la ville de Diion,” cvrievsement recherchee, 1641 1502 1575 1534 49.1 Jean Martellier, “Plan de Calais” 1506 xxiv Illustrations

50.11 Olivier Truschet and Germain Hoyau, Le vray 54.4 Thomas Geminus (?), Musselburgh /Pinkie pourtraist naturel de la ville, cité, vniversité et Cleugh 1602 Faubourgz de Paris, ca. 1553 1535 54.5 Anonymous, detail from map of Canterbury 1606 50.12 Perspective view of Lyons, Saint-Just sheet, 54.6 William Lambarde, map of the Kent beacons, [1548–54] 1536 1585 1612 50.13 La Rochelle: View by Christophe Tassin from Claude 54.7 George Owen, map of Pembrokeshire 1617 Chastillon 1537 54.8 Reyner Wolfe (?), Anne of Cleves’s journey to Calais, 51.1 Champlain’s manuscript chart “Descrpsion des costs 1539 1621 p[or]ts rades illes de la nouuelle France faict selon son 54.9 Christopher Saxton, map of Norfolk, 1574 1625 vray meridien,” 1607 1540 54.10 John Norden, Myddlesex, 1593 1633 51.2 Chart of Tadoussac drawn by Champlain in 1608, 54.11 William Smith, map of Cheshire, 1602–3 1635 published in 1613 1541 54.12 John Speed, map of Hertfordshire 1636 51.3 Champlain’s first published map, Carte geographiqve 54.13 Anonymous, map of Byfield and Chipping Warden, ca. de la Novvelle Franse, 1612 1542 1550 1640 51.4 Champlain’s drawing of the English log, log-line, half- 54.14 Richard Bankes, detail from map of Sherwood Forest, minute glass, and log reel 1543 1609 1642 51.5 Champlain’s chart to illustrate a coastal survey 1545 54.15 Thomas Clerke, map of Ivychurch, copied by Thomas 51.6 An analysis of Champlain’s sources for the incomplete Langdon 1646 map of 1616 1546 54.16 Copperplate of the anonymous copperplate map of 52.1 Pierre Desceliers, world chart, 1546 1552 London, ca. 1557–59 1649 52.2 Jacques de Vaulx, chart of the coast of America, 54.17 Richard Lyne, plan of Cambridge, 1574 1652 1584 1553 54.18 John Walker, map of Chelmsford, 1591 1653 52.3 Guillaume Brouscon, page from nautical guide 1554 54.19 Ralph Treswell, plan of London property, 16 –21 52.4 Jean Guérard, chart of the Atlantic, 1631 1556 Fleete Lane, 1612 1654 52.5 Chart from the Hague Atlas 1558 54.20 John Hooker, map of Exeter, 1587 1656 52.6 Northeast America from the Pasterot Atlas, 54.21 John Speed’s “Invasions” map, 1603/4 1660 ca. 1587 1560 54.22 Ralph Agas, detail of estate map of Toddington, 53.1 Detail of Jerusalem and the Holy Land 1570 ca. 1581 1662 53.2 Pourtrait de la Rochelle & des forteresses que les 54.23 Quentin Matsys the Younger, portrait of Elizabeth I, rebelles y ont fait depuis les premiers troubles jus[q]u 1583 1664 à present 1573 54.24 Diego de Çaias, hunting knife of Henry VIII, 53.3 The Gourmonts 1574 ca. 1545 1665 53.4 Jean II de Gourmont, Congnois toy toy-mesme, Paris, 54.25 Bernard de Gomme, fortification of Liverpool, ca. 1575 1575 1644 1668 53.5 The Leclercs 1576 55.1 Ireland in the 1520s or 1530s 1674 53.6 Frontispiece from Le theatre francoys 1576 55.2 Abraham Ortelius, Ireland, 1573 1676 53.7 The Taverniers 1577 55.3 John Goghe, “Hibernia: Insula non procul ab Anglia 53.8 Jodocus Hondius, Nova totius terrarum orbis vulgare Hirlandia vocata,” 1567 1677 geographica ac hydrographica tabula, 1625 1578 55.4 Robert Lythe, detail from map of central and southern 53.9 Nicolas Sanson, Mappe-monde, ou carte generale Ireland, 1571 1678 du monde dessignée en deux plan-hemispheres, 55.5 John Browne, detail from map of Connaught and 1651 1582 Thomond, 1591 1679 53.10 Pierre Sainton, Nova totius terrarum orbis 55.6 Francis Jobson, “Maior comitatvs limerice,” geographica ac hydrographica tabula, 1653 1583 ca. 1587 1680 53.11 Claude Chastillon, title page of Topographie francoise, 55.7 Dinish Island and vicinity, Bantry Bay, 1641 1584 West Cork 1681 53.12 Albert Jouvin de Rochefort, detail of central 55.8 John Speed, The Kingdome of Irland, 1610 1683 Paris from a map of Paris and its surroundings, 56.1 Part of Pont manuscript 1: Durness and 1676 1586 Tongue 1688 53.13 Almanac for the year of grace MDCLXXXI: Detail of 56.2 Pont’s manuscript map of Tarbat Ness, Easter “Les nouvelistes du quay des Augustins” 1587 Ross 1689 54.1 Reference map of the British Isles 1592 56.3 Part of Extima scotiæ septentrionalis from Blaeu’s 54.2 Robert Ricart, plan of Bristol, ca. 1480 1593 Atlas novus, 1654 1691 54.3 Vicar of Bakewell, map of Over Haddon, 1528 1600 56.4 Part of Gordon manuscript 53: Fyfe Shyre 1692 Illustrations xxv

57.1 Detail from John Norden, Myddlesex, 1593 1695 59.2 Humphrey Gilbert, world map conceptualizing the 57.2 Woodcut plan detailing Scottish Wars, 1548 1697 Northwest Passage, 1576 1759 57.3 The Iovrney of Sainct Paule the Apostle, 1549 1698 59.3 John Dee, map of the North Atlantic incorporating 57.4 Nordovicvm, Angliæ Civitas Anno 1558 I.b.f., Martin Frobisher’s discoveries, ca. 1580 1760 1559 1699 59.4 Michael Lok, map of the Northwest Passage, 57.5 England and Wales, 1568 1700 1582 1762 57.6 Anthony Jenkinson, Nova absolvtaqve Rvssiae, 59.5 Baptista Boazio, map of the West Indian voyage, Moscoviae, & Tartaria, 1562 1701 1588 1763 57.7 Oppidvm Cantebrigiæ, 1574 1702 59.6 Edward Wright, world map on Mercator’s projection, 57.8 Robert Adams, engagement off Portland Bill, 1599 1764 1590 1703 59.7 John White, manuscript map, 1585 1765 57.9 Thomas Hood, northern celestial planisphere, 59.8 Sir Walter Ralegh, map of Guiana, ca. 1595 1766 1590 1704 59.9 William Baffin, map of the Mughal territories, 57.10 Jodocus Hondius the Elder, Typvs Angliæ, 1619 1768 1590 1706 59.10 The “Velasco map” showing the coast of North 57.11 Detail of the Molyneux terrestrial globe, 1592 1707 America from Newfoundland to Roanoke, 57.12 The Discription of the Islandes, and Castle of ca. 1611 1769 Mozambique, 1598 1708 59.11 John Smith’s version of Richard Norwood’s map 57.13 William Smith, “Vigorniensis (Vulgo Worcestershire) of Bermuda land grants 1770 Comitat: Descriptio,” 1602 1709 59.12 John Smith, map of Virginia, 1612 1773 57.14 John Speed, Glamorgan Shyre: With the Sittuations 59.13 John Smith, map of New England, 1616/17 1775 of the Cheife Towne Cardyff and Ancient Landaffe 59.14 William Alexander, map of New Scotland, Described, 1607 1710 1624 1776 57.15 Ralph Hall, Virginia, 1636 1711 59.15 William Wood, map of New England, 1635 1777 57.16 Detail from Philip Symonson, A New Description 59.16 “The Baltimore map” of Maryland, 1635 1778 of Kent, 1596 1713 60.1 Reference map of Scandinavia 1782 57.17 Thomas Jenner, A Trve Description of the Citie 60.2 Jaakko Teitti, a freehand sketch of the Karelian of Rochell, [1621] 1716 isthmus in eastern Finland, ca. 1555 1783 57.18 Ephraim Pagitt, A Description of the Multitude 60.3 Claudius Clavus, manuscript map of the north in of Christians in the World, 1636 1719 Ptolemy’s Geography, Nancy manuscript, 1427 1784 58.1 John à Borough, rough sketch of the channel into 60.4 Map of the north from Ptolemy’s Geography, the Zuiderzee, 1539 1728 ca. 1490 1785 58.2 Reference maps for figure 58.1 1728 60.5 Map of the north from Ptolemy’s Geography, 58.3 Coverage of charts drawn by the English, ca. 1481 1785 1560 –80 1732 60.6 Jacob Ziegler, map of the north, printed in 58.4 Coverage of charts drawn by the English, 1532 1786 1600 –20 1733 60.7 Olaus Magnus, Carta marina, Venice, 1539 1787 58.5 Anonymous, plot of a route from the Shetlands to the 60.8 Finland from the Carta marina 1789 Norwegian coast on squared paper with a latitude 60.9 Marcus Jordanus, map of Denmark, 1585 1791 scale in pen and ink, ca. 1600 1734 60.10 Abraham Ortelius’s map of Iceland based on a map 58.6 William Borough, chart of the northeast Atlantic, by Guðbrandur Thorláksson 1793 ca. 1580 1736 60.11 Andreas Bureus, Lapponia, 1611 1794 58.7 Binding made from Borough’s chart 1736 60.12 Andreas Bureus, Lake Mälaren, ca. 1613 1795 58.8 Sketch of the mouth of the river Ob, 1568 1738 60.13 Sample map by Georg Ginther Kräill von 58.9 Robert Norman, chart of the Azores to Beachy Head, Bemebergh 1796 1581 1739 60.14 Georg Ginther Kräill von Bemebergh, map of the 58.10 Detail from John Norden’s map of London 1740 conquest of Riga, 1621 1797 58.11 Celebes in Gabriel Tatton’s atlas of sea charts, 60.15 Olof Hansson Svart (Örnehufvud), mineral map, ca. 1619 1741 1629 1798 58.12 Fragment from Harmen and Marten Jansz.’s chart 60.16 The “Spy Map” (Spionkort) of Stockholm, of the world, 1606 1743 1640s 1799 58.13 Drawing by Maerten de Vos, 1589 1743 60.17 Heinrich Thome, map of Copenhagen and its 58.14 John Daniel, North Atlantic, 1639 1747 environs, 1624 1800 59.1 George Best, world map in praise of English voyagers, 60.18 Andreas Bureus, Orbis arctoi nova et accurata 1578 1758 delineatio, 1626 1801 xxvi Illustrations

60.19 Early town plan prepared by the surveyors of the 62.13 Aleksey Galkin and Fyodor Rosputin, map of the Lantmäterikontoret in Finland 1804 lands on both sides of the Tunguska River between the 61.1 Reference map of East-Central Europe 1807 Yeniseysk and Ilimsk uyezds, 1685 1874 61.2 Horoscope, 1467 1812 62.14 Map of Siberia, 1667 [1697] 1876 61.3 Astrolabe, ca. 1519 1813 62.15 Map of Siberia, 1667 [after 1702] 1877 61.4 Boundary map, Reszege, Hungary 1814 –15 62.16 Map of Siberia, 1667 [1669] 1878 61.5 Bernard Wapowski, map of Sarmatia, ca. 1528 1818 62.17 Nikolay Gavrilovich Spafariy’s map of Siberia, 61.6 Bernard Wapowski, map of Poland, ca. 1526 1819 1678 1881 61.7 Giovanni Andrea Valvassore, map of Hungary, ca. 62.18 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, map of Siberia, 1538 1821 1687 1882 61.8 Tabula Hungarie, 1528 1824 62.19 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, map of the Yenisei 61.9 Johannes Honter, map of Transylvania, dated 1532 River 1888 (copy printed after 1539) 1829 62.20 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, description of the 61.10 Johannes Honter, map of Transylvania, second edition “Chertëzh vsekh sibirskikh gorodov i zemel” with (after 1546) 1830 an account of the progress of his cartographic works 61.11 Johannes Honter, images of terrestrial globes, 1530 in Moscow in 1698 1890 and 1542 1832 62.21 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, “Chertëzh vsekh 61.12 Waciaw Grodecki, map of Poland, 1570 1834 sibirskikh gorodov i zemel,” 1699 1891 61.13 Detail from Wolfgang Lazius’s map of Hungary, 62.22 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, heading for introductory 1552/56 1835 article, table of contents, and catalog 1892 61.14 Johannes Sambucus, map of Hungary, 1571 1836 62.23 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, “Chertëzh zemli vsey 61.15 Descriptio regni Hungariae ...,ca. 1595 1838 bezvodnoy i maloprokhodnoy kamennoy stepi” 1892 61.16 Detail of Radziwill’s map of the Grand Duchy of 62.24 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, examples of Lithuania, 1613 1841 geographical map headings, 1697 1893 61.17 The military border on a 1563 manuscript map 1843 62.25 “Chertëzh vsekh s kameni potoki rek,” copy by Ivan 61.18 Natale Angielini’s printed leaflet, 1565 1845 Seymonovich Remezov 1894 61.19 Ottavio Baldigara, fortification plan of the castle 62.26 Instructional examples of the maps of the slobodas of Eger, Hungary, 31 March 1572 1846 of the Tobolsk uyezd, 1704 1895 61.20 Giovanni Jacobo Gasparini, border zone map, 62.27 “Chertëzh zemli irkutskogo goroda,” copy by Ivan ca. 1580 1848 Seymonovich Remezov 1896 61.21 Ferenc Batthány, sketch map, ca. 1600 1849 62.28 “Chertëzh zemli tarskogo goroda” from the 62.1 Egnazio Danti’s map of Muscovy 1853 “Chertëzhnaya kniga sibiri” 1897 62.2 Reference map of the Russian area 1855 62.29 “Chertëzh zemli tarskogo goroda” from the 62.3 Anthony Jenkinson’s map of Muscovy, “Sluzhebnaya chertëzhnaya kniga” 1898 1562 [1570] 1857 62.30 Artistic details on Semyon Ulianovich Remezov’s 62.4 Pskov-Pechorskaya Virgin Mary icon, end of the geographical maps 1898 sixteenth century 1860 62.31 Examples of combinations of symbols, abbreviations, 62.5 Map of the Solovetski Islands on the icon “Bogomater’ and inscriptions, 1701 1899 bogolyubskaya s predstoyashchimi zosimoy i 62.32 Town plan of Pelym on the map of the Pelym savvateyem solovetskimi i stsenami ikh zhitiya” 1861 uyezd 1899 62.6 Old Russian map of a plot of land, 1536 –37 1862 62.33 Heading and introductory text of the ethnographic 62.7 Map of the area around the city of Zvenigorod and map of Siberia 1900 the Savvino-Storozhevskiy monastery, 1664 1867 62.34 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov’s map of Kamchatka 62.8 Map of the waste land of the village of Izmailov, 1901 1670s 1868 62.9 Map of the localities along the Donets River, Tables 1679 1869 62.10 Land map, Yaroslavl uyezd 1870 Part 1 62.11 Map of the localities along the Vorskla and Oleshnya 1.1 Text and image in three main functions of maps in the Rivers, 1652 1871 Renaissance 7 62.12 Map of the region between the Don and Oskol Rivers 9.1 Introductions to geography, ca. 1495–1525 351 with the Polatovskiy and Novooskol’skiy ramparts, 19.1 Differences between longitude and latitude values from ca. 1697 1872 four coordinate tables and modern values 481 22.1 Sizes and costs of paper (high quality) per ream (500 sheets or 20 quaderni) 597 Illustrations xxvii

35.1 Venetian magistratures responsible for the 38.2 Distribution of the charts reproduced in PMC management of territory 879 (ca. 1485–1660), listed by area depicted 1063 38.1 Countries where Portuguese manuscript maps 38.3 The twenty-five Portuguese world maps reproduced mentioned in PMC (ca. 1485–1660) are in PMC (ca. 1485–1660) 1063 preserved 992 38.4 Portuguese cartographers who were authors of charts 38.2 Portuguese maps, manuscript and printed, identified of the Mediterranean and of the Atlantic reproduced in PMC (ca. 1485–1660) 992 in PMC (ca. 1485–1660) 1064 38.3 Latitude values for selected places, Renaissance 38.5 Portuguese cartographers who were authors of charts sources versus modern 1039 of the Far East (Asia and Indonesia) reproduced in 40.1 Prices of charts and other instruments for various PMC (ca. 1485–1660) 1065 years, 1519–1592 1132 38.6 Portuguese cartographers who were authors of charts of Brazil reproduced in PMC (ca. 1485–1660) 1066 Part 2 38.7 Portuguese cartographers who were authors of charts 43.1 Christiaan Sgrooten’s topographical maps of the Low of the American continent reproduced in PMC (ca. Countries, 1568–1573 1277 1485–1660) 1067 44.1 Contents of the Atlantes novi by Blaeu and Janssonius 38.8 Coastal sites represented by Gaspar Correia in the 1329 “Lendas da Índia” (1563) 1067 44.2 Blaeu’s Atlas maior 1330 38.9 Examples of military or propaganda maps 1068 44.3 Overview of the Civitates orbis terrarum by Braun and 40.1 Cosmographers and allied professionals at the Casa Hogenberg 1334 de la Contratación, 1503–1603 (in order of first 44.4 The town atlases of Italy by Blaeu 1337 appointment) 1139 44.5 The town atlases by Janssonius 1338 40.2 Timeline of the office of pilot major at the Casa de 45.1 Professions of sellers of maritime printed matter, la Contratación, 1508–1620 1141 mainly from the seventeenth century 1400 40.3 Revisions of the padrón real, 1508–1600 1142 45.2 Contents of Johannes van Keulen’s De nieuwe groote lichtende zee-fakkel 1404 Part 2 55.1 Tudor and early Stuart maps of Ireland and parts 43.1 The first printed Dutch maps of the (mainly) Dutch of Ireland 1673 provinces in the middle of the sixteenth century, 62.1 Measures in sixteenth and seventeenth century 1538–1581 1291 Russia 1863 43.2 Printed waterschap maps, 1572–1650 1292 43.3 Prototypes of printed province maps, Appendixes 1575–1698 1295 44.1 Maps published in Hieronymus Cock’s Quatre Part 1 Vents 1376 6.1 List of globes and globe gores made in Europe from 44.2 Summary of Gerard de Jode’s maps 1377 1300 until 1600 160 44.3 Bernard van den Putte’s woodcut maps 1377 7.1 Charts of the Mediterranean in public collections, 44.4 Wall maps published in Antwerp (sixteenth 1500 –1700 238 century) 1378 7.2 Members of the Oliva and Caloiro e Oliva dynasty 44.5 Selection of wall maps—mainly prototypes— with the cities where they worked and the years 262 published in Amsterdam, ca. 1590 – ca. 1670 1379 9.1 Ptolemy’s Geography, editions from 1475 to 44.6 Multisheet maps of the Low Countries, 1557– 1650 361 ca. 1700 1381 21.1 Maps used in the analysis of signs on topographic 44.7 Globes published in Amsterdam, ca. 1596 – maps 581 ca. 1605 1382 30.1 Pre-1530 manuscript maps showing the relationship 44.8 Production of Dutch globes, ca. 1606 –1648 1383 between the Old and New Worlds 759 45.1 Dutch printed rutters, 1532–1594 1429 31.1 A historiographical and bibliographical note 796 45.2 Pilot guides published in the Netherlands, 1584 – 31.2 Locations with Italian composite atlases and 1681 1431 significant collections of Italian sixteenth-century 45.3 Sea atlases published in the Netherlands, 1650 – printed maps probably deriving from composite 1680 1432 atlases 799 51.1 Maps by Samuel de Champlain 1548 32.1 Partial list of map cycles 828 52.1 Norman charts and atlases 1563 38.1 Number of charts of each author reproduced in PMC 58.1 Survival of the earliest English marine representations (ca. 1485–1660), listed by area depicted 1062 and charts of overseas, ca. 1560 –1660, listed by decade 1748

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used throughout this book. Abbreviations specific to a given chapter are listed in the first, unnumbered, footnote of that chapter.

BL British Library, London HC 2.2 The History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 2, Car- BNF Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris tography in the Traditional East and Southeast HC 1 The History of Cartography, vol. 1, Cartogra- Asian Societies, ed. J. B. Harley and David phy in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Eu- Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago rope and the Mediterranean, ed. J. B. Harley Press, 1994) and David Woodward (Chicago: University of HC 2.3 The History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 3, Car- Chicago Press, 1987) tography in the Traditional African, American, HC 2.1 The History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 1, Car- Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies, ed. tography in the Traditional Islamic and South David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis (Chi- Asian Societies, ed. J. B. Harley and David cago: University of Chicago Press, 1998) Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992)

xxix