Noun As Adjective Modifier Example Sentences
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Vietnamese Style Guide
Vietnamese Style Guide Contents What's New? .................................................................................................................................... 4 New Topics ................................................................................................................................... 4 Updated Topics ............................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5 About This Style Guide ................................................................................................................ 5 Scope of This Document .............................................................................................................. 5 Style Guide Conventions .............................................................................................................. 5 Sample Text ................................................................................................................................. 5 Recommended Reference Material ............................................................................................. 6 Normative References .............................................................................................................. 7 Informative References ............................................................................................................ -
Pos, Morphology and Dependencies Annotation Guidelines for Arabic
PoS, Morphology and Dependencies Annotation Guidelines for Arabic Mohammed Attia, Tolga Kayadelen, Ryan Mcdonald, Slav Petrov Google Inc. May, 2017 Table of Contents 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................2 2. Tokenization...........................................................................................................................................3 Arabic Clitic Table................................................................................................................................4 Special Cases.........................................................................................................................................4 3. POS Tagging..........................................................................................................................................8 POS Quick Table...................................................................................................................................8 POS Tags.............................................................................................................................................13 JJ: Adjective....................................................................................................................................13 JJR: Elative Adjective.....................................................................................................................14 DT: The Arabic Determiner System...............................................................................................14 -
On Compounds, Noun Phrases and Domains Gisli R
University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 6-13-2017 Cycling Through Grammar: On Compounds, Noun Phrases and Domains Gisli R. Hardarson University of Connecticut, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Hardarson, Gisli R., "Cycling Through Grammar: On Compounds, Noun Phrases and Domains" (2017). Doctoral Dissertations. 1570. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1570 Cycling Through Grammar: On Compounds, Noun Phrases and Domains Gísli Rúnar Harðarson, PhD University of Connecticut, 2017 In this dissertation, I address the question of domains within grammar: i.e. how domains are defined, whether different components of grammar make references to the same boundaries (or at least boundary definers), and whether these boundaries are uniform with respect to different processes. I address these questions in two case studies. First, I explore compound nouns in Icelandic and restrictions on their composition, where inflected non-head elements are structurally peripheral to uninflected ones. I argue that these effects are due to a matching condition which requires elements within compounds to match their attachment site in terms of size/type. Following that I explore how morphophonology is regulated by the structure of the compound. I argue for a contextual definition of the domain of morphophonology, where the highest functional morpheme in the extended projection of the root marks the boundary. Under this approach a morphophonological domain can contain smaller domains analogous to phases in syntax. This allows for the morphosyntactic structure to be mapped directly to phonology while giving the impression of two contradicting structures. -
Chapter 1 Typology of Complement Clauses Magdalena Lohninger University of Vienna Susi Wurmbrand University of Vienna
Chapter 1 Typology of Complement Clauses Magdalena Lohninger University of Vienna Susi Wurmbrand University of Vienna Put abstract here with \abstract. 1 Introduction—Universal questions about complement clauses Following Dixon (2010), complement clauses can be defined along several dimen- sions: they have the internal structure of a clause (i.e., a predicate-argument con- figuration); they function as a core argument of another predicate (the matrixor main predicate); they are restricted to a limited set of matrix predicates; and they describe semantic concepts such as propositions, facts, activities, states, events or situations (they cannot simply refer to a place or time). In this chapter we will follow this characterization and summarize major findings of clauses that “fill an argument slot in the structure of another clause” (Dixon (2010), 370). When looking at complement clauses typologically, one striking characteris- tic is found: despite extensive variation, there are restrictions of different sorts within and across languages, determined by the semantics of the matrix predi- cate, the semantics of the complement clause as well as the complement’s mor- phosyntactic properties. No language follows an “anything goes” strategy and the combination of matrix predicates and different types and meanings of com- plement clauses is often not free. However, these restrictions are not completely uniform. Cross-linguistically, the meaning of a complementation configuration is Change with \papernote Magdalena Lohninger & Susi Wurmbrand mapped -
Grammar of Lingua Franca Nova
Grammar of Lingua Franca Nova 2021-01-08 http://www.elefen.org/vici/gramatica/en/xef Contents Spelling and pronunciation..........................................................................................................3 Sentences...................................................................................................................................11 Nouns.........................................................................................................................................13 Determiners...............................................................................................................................18 Pronouns....................................................................................................................................26 Adjectives..................................................................................................................................33 Adverbs......................................................................................................................................35 Verbs..........................................................................................................................................40 Prepositions...............................................................................................................................48 Conjunctions..............................................................................................................................63 Questions...................................................................................................................................67 -
English for Practical Purposes 9
ENGLISH FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSES 9 CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction of English Grammar Chapter 2: Sentence Chapter 3: Noun Chapter 4: Verb Chapter 5: Pronoun Chapter 6: Adjective Chapter 7: Adverb Chapter 8: Preposition Chapter 9: Conjunction Chapter 10: Punctuation Chapter 11: Tenses Chapter 12: Voice Chapter 1 Introduction to English grammar English grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses and sentences. There are historical, social, and regional variations of English. Divergences from the grammardescribed here occur in some dialects of English. This article describes a generalized present-dayStandard English, the form of speech found in types of public discourse including broadcasting,education, entertainment, government, and news reporting, including both formal and informal speech. There are certain differences in grammar between the standard forms of British English, American English and Australian English, although these are inconspicuous compared with the lexical andpronunciation differences. Word classes and phrases There are eight word classes, or parts of speech, that are distinguished in English: nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. (Determiners, traditionally classified along with adjectives, have not always been regarded as a separate part of speech.) Interjections are another word class, but these are not described here as they do not form part of theclause and sentence structure of the language. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs form open classes – word classes that readily accept new members, such as the nouncelebutante (a celebrity who frequents the fashion circles), similar relatively new words. The others are regarded as closed classes. -
EERE Editorial Style Guide
EERE Editorial Style Guide April 30, 2021 (This page intentionally left blank) EERE Editorial Style Guide April 30, 2021 ii Table of Contents EERE Style Guide Instructions ................................................................................................... 1 A► .................................................................................................................................................. 2 a, an ............................................................................................................................................. 2 abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms .................................................................................... 2 abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 2 academic degrees ........................................................................................................................ 2 acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ 3 acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... 3 addresses ..................................................................................................................................... 3 air conditioning .......................................................................................................................... -
Workbook This Workbook Is to Accompany a Grammar Textbook
The Missouri House of Representatives GRAMMAR BOOT CAMP • Workbook This workbook is to accompany a grammar textbook. Writing Good Sentences by Claude W. Faulkner inspired and influenced this workbook’s creation and is highly recommended for use as a grammar textbook. Antony LePage September 2018 Formatting by Ellen Misloski Contents BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS ............................................................................................................6 Exercise One .......................................................................................................................................6 Substantives Exercise Two ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Verbs Exercise Three ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Subject – Verb – Object Subject – Linking Verb – Object Exercise Four ....................................................................................................................................10 Substantive Modifiers Restrictive and Non-Restrictive Substantive Modifiers Exercise Five......................................................................................................................................13 Adjective – Noun Combinations Exercise Six ........................................................................................................................................15 Modifiers -
Hillary Clinton Is Not Mitt Romney Rich: Nouns Modifying Degree and Dimen- Sion of Adjectives1 Charlie O’HARA — University of Southern California
Hillary Clinton is not Mitt Romney rich: Nouns modifying degree and dimen- sion of adjectives1 Charlie O’HARA — University of Southern California Abstract. In loose English speech, speakers can be observed to use nouns to modify adjectives. This paper explores the four readings which this construction can attain, associated with four types of parameters typically associated with adjectives: degrees, judges, comparison classes, and dimensions. A formal analysis is put forth that derives all four phenomena by recentering pragmatic halos around the modifying noun. Keywords: adjectives, degree, dimensions, comparison class, equative, alternatives. 1. Introduction Consider the sentence in (1). (1) Hillary Clinton is rich, but not Mitt Romney rich. Mitt Romney rich is indicative of a construction that seems unique to varieties of English, where a noun phrase modifies the meaning of the following adjective. Mitt Romney rich can be ambiguous between several different readings. (2) a. How rich is Hillary Clinton? b. Does Hillary Clinton care about poor people? c. Mitt Romney’s only inviting rich people to his birthday party, did he invite Hillary Clinton? As an answer to the first question, (1) obtains the DEGREE READING: Mitt Romney rich means something similar to as rich as Mitt Romney. The second question obtains a DIMENSION READING, Mitt Romney rich means something like rich in the way Mitt Romney is. The third reading is a JUDGE READING, similar to is considered rich by Mitt Romney. A fourth reading is more difficult to obtain with the sentence in (1), but is more apparent in (3). (3) They are rich, of course [...], but not New York City rich. -
A Functional-Typological Account of NP-Clause Parallels SLE 2012 - J
A functional-typological account of NP-clause parallels SLE 2012 - J. Rijkhoff (Aarhus University, Denmark) 1. Preliminaries - Subject: similarities between SEMANTIC REPRESENTATIONS of NP and clause (often iconically reflected in morphology and syntax); ‘symmetry model’ developed within theory of F(D)G. - Main point: the same five FUNCTIONAL MODIFIER CATEGORIES can be used to analyze NPs and clauses (e.g. Rijkhoff 2008a, 2008c, 2009): (i) CLASSIFYING MODIFIERS, (ii) QUALIFYING MODIFIERS, (iii) QUANTIFYING MODIFIERS, (iv) LOCALIZING or ANCHORING MODIFIERS, and (v) DISCOURSE-REFERENTIAL MODIFIERS (on ATTITUDINAL MODIFICATION, see e.g. Rijkhoff 2010). - Method: combination of theory-driven data collection and data-driven hypothesis formation. ! - ‘functional’: as already intended by Prague School linguists, who were “seeking to understand what jobs the various components were doing […]” (Sampson 1980: 104). - ‘typological’: model based on a data from a representative 50-lge. sample of the world’s languages (Rijkhoff et al. 1993; Rijkhoff & Bakker 1998). ! Modifier categories include both grammatical and lexical modifiers; they cover all ‘dependents’ that are not arguments or complements. ! Modifiers are distributed over ‘nested’ layers around the head constituent, reflecting differences in SEMANTIC SCOPE. Conventionally, grammatical modifier categories (‘operators’) like Demonstratives or Tense (both: LOCALIZING/ANCHORING MODIFIERS) are represented on the left, whereas lexical modifiers (‘satellites’), such as adjectives, adverb(ial)s, PPs -
Jezebel HD:Cour:322:Axioms.Synt.Conc.Fm
The Fundamental Relations of Syntax and Conceptual Structure Some ideas for discussion Richard C. DeArmond 1 Introduction. Our intention here is to create a set of terms for basic syntax and their conceptual counter- parts. We will start with a prime, which cannot be defined, and build up the definitions from these primes. The following box contains the corresponding units of conceptual structure and their correspondent units of syntactic structure: Table 1: Conceptual and Grammatical Terms Conceptual Grammatical Suggested Primes STATE IMPLICATOR CHANGE CAUSE COLOUR? SOLID? LIQUID? Form Form predicate head (part of speech (N, V, A, P)) implicator pointer predicator basic head (semantic) argument (syntactic) argument basic eventuality basic phrase (unmodified), X1 complete eventuality clause, CP (or NegP?) 1 Table 1: Conceptual and Grammatical Terms Conceptual Grammatical (syntactic) operator (semantic) modifier lexical modifier 2 The Primes The term predicate is nearly impossible to define without containing circular defini- tions. The basic idea is that a predicate is conceptually the heart of an eventuality--an event or a state. The best way to treat this problem is to consider a predicate a prime form--a form which cannot be defined in terms of smaller units. However, a predicate consists of a bunch of semantic-conceptual features. Thus, a predicate is not a prime. At this time no one knows what the set of conceptual primary features are. We can think of a predicate as a bundle of features, but then this term needs to be defined. A appropriate bundle of features determines the meaning of a form. This is hard to illustrate, as the features are less than clear and easy to access. -
How to Format Your Paper
(De)verbal Modifiers in Attribute + Noun Collocations and Compounds: Verbs, Deverbal Nouns or Suffixed Adjectives? Radek Vogel Address: Masaryk University, Faculty of Education, Department of English Language and Literature, Poříčí 9, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic. [email protected] Abstract: English as an analytic language particularly poor in inflections and relatively poor in derivational suffixes does not often mark word classes by specific morphemes. On the contrary, one form of a word can be used in several grammatical functions and an identical word form can even have several meanings in several word classes. The frequent occurrence of conversion between word classes thus allows one form, often the base or simplest one, to perform several roles, and, at the same time, makes identification of its grammatically and semantically defined word class difficult, especially in multiword phrases functioning as a whole. The most frequent type of a noun phrase, Attr+N phrase, can thus be realised in several ways, with different word classes performing the function of syntactic attribute. This paper looks into a less frequent subtype of this phrase in English, one which uses semantically (de)verbal attribute, and tries to establish rules governing the choice between the two main options, using either the base form or a derived one (e.g. call centre vs. writing paper). Shedding light on this issue has practical application in mastering appropriate formation as well as correct understanding of English multiword phrases or terms (mostly nominal), which is an important skill in non-native environment (especially in EAP) where English is used as a lingua franca.