vomume X11 Number 6 SOUTHERN

$ lylAugust 197

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D 3 important new books

The Partido Africano da Independencia da Guin6 e Cabo Verde FightingFighting (PAIGC), which led the Guinean people in a successful Two Colonialisms: guerrilla war to overthrow the Portuguese colonialists, , Gdid not view the armed struggle as an end in itself. Rather, it was one aspect of their goal, which was to establish a totally new society. Another aspect was the emancipation of women from their dual oppression by colonialism and by patriarchy. This book is an examination of the achievements of the PAIGC since 1974, based on a study of conditions before and after independence. Its conclusions emerge most strongly from interviews with leaders as well as with many of the women and men in the city and in the countryside. September CL5112 $15.00/,8.85 LC 79-2329. Photos. 288 pp.

In this important contribution to understanding the The Political Economy current crisis in South Africa, Magubane provides a of Race and Class detailed and historical analysis of the interrelationship between race and class, and of the social and economic in South Africa forces that underlie their development. Within this framework, he discusses such topics as the displacement of the indigenous Africans, the migrant-labor system, and Bernard the development of "native reserves." He probes beneath Makhosezwe Magubane the surface events to analyze the contradictions that have developed between different capitalist interests, as well as between sections of the white population, and concludes with a discussion of the growing opposition movement. Just Published CL4639 $18.50/El0.75 LC 78-13917 Index 384 pp.

Unity and Struggle: Amilcar Cabral launched the Partido Africano da Independencia da Guin6 e Cabo Verde (PAIGC) in 1956. Speeches and Writings By 1973, at the time of his assassination, his movement had effectively defeated the Portuguese colonialists. His revolutionary thought and action are fully demonstrated Amilcar Cabral in the pages of this book, which contains his most important speeches and writings. As Basil Davidson puts it in his introduction, Cabral's ideas were the "keys that could unlock the seemingly impassable door to freedom," and the body of his work is gathered together here and made available for the first time in English.

The collection contains an introduction by Basil Davidson, and a biographical essay by Mario de Andrade. November CL5104 $15.00/L8.85 LC 79-2337 Index 320 pp.

From your bookstore or order directly from Monthly Review Press Department 13 62 West 14 Street New York, N.Y 10011 (Add 50¢ postage for each book) SOUTHERN CONTENTS INTERVIEW 4 Building Socialism in Mozambique: Exclusive Af RICA Interview with President Samora Machel VOLUME X11 NUMBER 6 SPECIAL REPORTS JULYIAUGUST 1979 8 ZANU Women Meet 10 Cuba's Africa Aid: Education for Development 11 What Kind of Hero?-Blow to South African Sports Boycott SOUTH AFRICA 13 Streamlining Controls 13 PAC Leader Sibeko Assassinated 14 Building Military Muscle 15 Dratt Resisters Defy Army 16 Oil Deal in the Caribbean 17 Political Prisoners: Numbers Rising ZIMBABWE 19 Muzorewa in Trouble 19 Bishop to South Africa UNITED STATES 20 Rhodesia Sanctions Survive But Recognition More Likely 20 Rustin Changes Line 22 American Aircraft Break Rhodesia Sanctions Barrier NAMIBIA 23 Diplomatic Stalemate 23 More Repression DEPARTMENTS 2 Update 25 Book Reviews Front Cover. 27 Film Review President Samora Machel, 28 Action News and Notes Mozambique 32 Newsbriefs

Members of the Southern Africa collective who contributed to the production of this Subscriptions: Individual (domestic and foreign)$10.00; Institutional/$18.00; Airmail: Issue: Jennifer Davis (Editor), Craig Howard, Richard Knight, Patrick Lawrence, Mike Africa, Asia, Europel$22.50; South and Central Americal$19.50. Martin, Andrew Marx, Malik Reaves, Christine Root, Karen Rothmeyer, Witney Schneld. Southern Africa man, Mike Shuster, Stephanie Urdang (Managing Editor), Jim Welkart, Julie Welman. is available on microfilm through University Microfilm, Xerox Company, Ann Arbor, Mich. 68206, and is listed In the Alternative Press Index. Special thanks fortheir assistance to: Africa News, Michael Beaubien, Truman Dunn, Distributors: New York, NY: Triangle Exchange, Delhi Distributors; Washington, DC: BillHartung; Allen Isaacman and Barbara Barnes In Maputo; Bud Day and Carol Thomp Liberation Information Distribution Co.; Boston, MA: Carrier Pigeon, Third World son in Dar as Salaam. Distributors; Chicago: Guild News Agency; Minneapolis, MN: Rainbow Distribution; St. Paul, MN: Isis News Distribution.

Typesetting by Liberation News Service ISSN 0038-3775 Cover and layout by The Letter Space

Southern Africa is published monthly, except for July-August, when bi-monthly,by the Southern Africa Committee, 17 West 17th Street, New York, New York 10011. (212) 989-3557. JULY/AUGUST 1979/SOUTHERN AFRICA 1 phasis on "improving" the constitution. American officials want to stress per Vorster Resigns suading the front-line states and the Patriotic Front to accept "significant" For John Vorster, the curtain came down reform of the constitution. British officials on June 4. Just six months after the judicial believe persuading Bishop Muzorewa to commission investigating South Africa's take the initiative and offer a reformulation Department of Information scandal had 1~g~1r-~L I is crucial. given him a clean bill of moral and political Underlying this divergence is a disagree health, the same commission reserved its ment between US and British officials over findings. In a second report, the Erasmus real and potential power in Rhodesia. US Commission charged the former Prime New Basis for Anglo policy makers believe that no settlement in Minister "knew everything" about the Rhodesia will work without backing from secret funding of a pro-government American Diplomacy in the guerrillas, and that a guerrilla govern newspaper and other projects involving ment will be friendly to the West if it is more than $70 million of taxpayers' money. Zimbabwe aided in securing independence by the Within hours after the report was Assistant Secretary of State for African West. British officials, on the other hand, released, Vorster stepped down from his Affairs Richard Moose met with British of believe that if Muzorewa makes "signifi largely ceremonial position as President. In ficials in London in late June for "con cant" constitutionals reforms, he will be so doing, he apparently brought to an end a sultations" on Rhodesia. able to secure and consolidate popular sup political career that took him from intern The London meetings were expected to port, thereby undermining guerrilla ment as a Nazi sympathizer during World produce the outlines for future British strength and giving a "moderate" govern War If to 12 years as Prime Minister of the American efforts to secure a Rhodesian set ment a reasonable chance for survival. Par apartheid state. Along the way, Vorster tlement. Britain's new Conservative govern ticularly important, they believe, are made his mark as a ruthless Minister of ment has already told the State Department economic neas!ires which would deliver Justice, Police and Prisons and earned an that it doesn't intend to pursue Anglo material benefits to blacks. international reputation as both "the American plans drawn up under the former Both Britain and the United States are butcher of Soweto" and "the architect of Labor government. This stance by Britain, agreed that a government friendly to the pragmatic apartheid." more than any purported change in West and cautious towards backing armed By joining Connie Mulder, Hendrik van Rhodesia, led to recent statements by the struggle in South Africa is vital. der Bergh and Eschel Rhoodie on the out Carter administration suggesting a "new Meanwhile, in Rhodesia, Prime Minister side looking in, Vorster became the most reality." Muzorewa is already having difficulties in prominent victim yet claimed by the scan "Britain doesn't want to go back to showing that he is in charge. He attempted dal. But he may not be the last. Newspaper square one," said one State Department of to replace Cabinet Secretary Jack Gaylard reports suggested that Vorster has been ficial deeply involved with Rhodesian with his own nominee, a Rhodesian of In angered by Prime Minister Pierter Botha's diplomacy. "Square one" means the basic dian origin, but the candidate was dis failure to come to his defense. The Erasmus assumptions of the now-abandoned Anglo allowed by the white-controlled civil service Commission's latest findings repeat its American proposals: that because Rho commission, and the post taken by earlier conclusion that Botha's "hands are desia's government is illegal it cannot Solicitor-General George Smith, a white clean in 'every respect." But it does reveal unilaterally establish a viable settlement, and who had played a leading role in for that some projects, including the attempt to that an effective settlement must have mulating the present Rhodesian constitu buy the Washington Star, were paid for out Rhodesia's conflicting parties agreed on tion. of then-Defense Minister Botha's budget on drafting a constitution, a transition process Muzorewa is having no trouble continu Vorster's orders. Botha's hands stayed and United Nations-supervised elections. ing the war policy. In late June Rhodesian clear, the report contends, because he ob The "new reality" accepts the Smith con ground and air forces attacked ZAPU guer jected "from the start" to the secret pro stitution as the basis for negotiating a settle rilla targets in the suburbs of Lusaka, the jects. If Vorster is angry enough, he just ment and focuses British-American diplo first attack on Zambia since Muzorewa might be in a position to dispute that claim. macy on improvement and refinement of took office on June 1. Twenty-two people that constitution. When queried about the were reported killed. Anglo-American proposals, one State Department source, reflecting acceptance of the British policy, acknowledged that Unity in Struggle "the United States does not think it possi PAC Trial Ends in ble to start from scratch." Heavy Sentences "The spirit of solidarity ohich unites our The London meetings which have also in countries," commented the Jornal de cluded policy planning chief Anthony Lake The 17 members of the Pan Africanist Angola in an article on Mozambique, "can and UN ambassador Andrew Young, are Congress whose 19 month trial is reported not be explained by the fact that both have based on the report and recommendations elsewhere in this issue have all been found adopted the same official language. What of a British team headed by Lord Harlech guilty of conspiring to overthrow the unites us is the spirit of struggle, forged in who visited African front-line states and government and have been sentenced to the course of age-old resistance to col Nigeria. Their purpose was to explore ways long terms of imprisonment. onialism." To those familiar with this feel of "improving the substance of Rhodesia's Zephania Mothopeng, 65, a former ing, and with the existence during the wars constitution," and ways of selling this ap teacher amd a founding member of the of independence of the CONCP (Con proach to Africa's front-line states, the PAC, who had already served two prison ference of Nationalist Organizations of the Patriotic Front and Bishop Abel terms of political resistance received the Portuguese Colonies), it came as no sur Muzorewa. stiffest sentence, two concurrent fifteen prise that a summit meeting of the ex But there have been fundamental dif years terms. Other sentences ranged from Portuguese colonies should take place ferences on how best to pursue this em- five to fifteen years. without the presence of the ex-colonial

2 SOUTHERN AFRICAIJULYIAUGUST 1979 power. But the meeting, held in Luanda on UPDATE this month was jointly prepareo June 9-10, was nevertheless a striking con SWAPO Closes Windhoek by Africa News and Southern Africa. trast to the Franco-African summit held the previous month in Kigali, Rwanda. Office In Response to Gathered in Luanda were not only the Repression heads-of-state of Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, and Sao In early June, Daniel Tjongarero, vice Tome, but also defense chiefs, economic chairman of SWAPO's internal wing and New Oil Crisis For ministers, and heads of state-banks. Unity the only member of the internal executive and intensified cooperation among the still in the country and not under detention, South Africa countries, the conference agreed, should be announced the closure of its Windhoek of based on a common political and fice and the dissolution of the national ex Since June 8, when Minister of Economic ideological perspective. A ministerial com ecutive. The office would remain closed, he Affairs Chris Heunis announced South mission was charged with preparing more said, until the implementation of UN Africa's third price-increase for gas in less specific plans of cooperation, which could Security Council Resolution 435 and than six months, motorists in that country be taken up at the next summit to be held in achievement of an internationally have been paying $2.45 a gallon for gas or Maputo, Mozambique. acceptable solution in the country. diesel fuel, up 38 percent over the price in The five countries, with widely separated The move followed new curbs by South force from March through May. Most of geographical locations, face major prob Africa on Namibian opposition forces. In the increase goes for an equalization fund lems in developing significant economic or late April and early May almost all the used to cover the premiums South Africa military cooperation. But in spheres such as leading officials of SWAPO's internal wing must pay for oil on the international spot reconstruction of their legal systems, coor were drrested, and its Windhoek offices market, where prices can range up to dou dination of air travel, and development were raided by a group identified as the ble those paid for oil on long-term con policies, there has already been a significant "White Resistance Movement." When the tracts. So far, according to the Johannes exchange of views. And while the details Council of Churches of Namibia, which has burg Financial Mail, South Africa has been differ, all have faced major problems in often opposed the government, called for a unable to obtain assured long-term sup resolving post-independence disputes with halt to arrests of SWAPO executives and pliers and will have to continue with spot Portugal, which seems more interested in members, its offices were raided by police. market purchases for the foreseeable good ties with the West than with its ex Also in May, martial law was imposed on future. colonies and unable to overcome saudades large areas of central and northern Heunis also announed changes in filling (nostalgia) for the more authoritarian days Namibia, and. one of the largest operations station hours and'speed limits, and said that of colonialism. of the war was launched against SWAPO supplies to commerce, industry, and agri On African and international issues, the guerrillas, who have penetrated deep onto culture would be reduced by an average of summity communique made a special point the country as well as kept up attacks in the 20 percent of 1978 consumption. Because, of stressing support for the southern northernmost Ovamboland area. In one at according to the Financial Mail, the African liberation movements SWAPO, the tack in early May guerrillas sabotaged the physical volume of oil imports is down as Patriotic Front, and the ANC, and for the main communications line between Wind much as 40 percent, individual consumers struggles of the peoples of Western Sahara, hoek and the north, and white farmers in can expect an even greater reduction in sup East Timor, and Palestine. the area south of Ovamboland have ap plies. pealed for greater government protection. So far, higher earnings for gold and According to reports from Windhoek as mineral exports, which have also ex well as from SWAPO sources in Angola, perienced rapid price rises, have cushioned the guerrillas' military capacity has stepped the financial effects of the oil squeeze on Mozambique Expects up substantially in recent months. South Africa. Abundant Rice Harvest The rice harvest in Mozambique's Lim popo Valley has begun, and initial estimates are that production will reach 56,000 tons, substantially above the goal for this year of 42,000 tons. The target set* by the FRELIMO Congress for 1980 is 60,000 tons. Last year a lack of planning and technical problems made the use of mechanical harvesters difficult, and only a vast mobilization of volunteer workers suc ceeded in saving the harvest. This year it seems that many of these difficulties have been overcome, and teams of workers harvesting by hand will be supplemented by a fleet of 154 combines. With production from other Mozam bican provinces, the rice harvest is expected to total over 80,000 tons. But, concludes Tempo magazine, this is still only two thirds of the nation's requirements, and the fight for self-sufficiency must continue. Feeling the pinch: gas lines in Pretoria

JULY/AUGUST 1979/SOUTHERN AFRICA 3 INTERVIEW

Mozambique's President Machel Talks About Building a Socialist Future

Recently in an exclusive interview, Presi Yes, of course... dent Samora Machel spoke at length to lain the person in the library reading tomes or So your question falls. Who is it who the one doing the job?- Scientific socialism Christie and Allen Isaacman about pro gress and problems in Mozambique. makes Marxism? Who is it who makes this was not forged and developed among those Historian Allen Isaacman, now teaching at science, after all? Is it the scientist closeted who spend all their time in libraries and the University of Maputo, is a former with his books? universities. That is a lie! It was not the member of the Southern Africa collective. A science belongs to its creator. Who is agronomists who invented geometry; it was Journalist lain Christie works for the the creator of Marxism-Leninism? It is a the peasants, in the demarcation of their. Mozambique Information Agency. science of class. It belongs to its land. They invented the science right there. creator-the working class. Its creator is the The Mozambican workers have a long ex The Marxist-Leninist party FRELIMO, people, the people in their centuries-long perience of suffering and struggle against created just two years ago,' began its struggle against the different forms and slavery, feudalism, and capitalism. How do first major campaign to admit new systems of exploitation. Its creator is, above you interpret this? Who were the people members in February last year. How all, the working class which, because of its who took power in Russia? Who were they? would you describe the party's specific role in society, is capable of con Were they from the university? Who were presence In the country today? ceiving of a new society, of new types of the people who took part in the Long The party structuring campaign which relations among the people. March in China? Who were they? Were Now then, who is the best Marxist? Is it they from the university? ended last November made it possible to 2 create hundreds of cells in priority work Tell me lain, when I marched with you, places and residential areas. Tens of what were we doing? Those who were there thousands of new members have been ad with you, helping and defending you, what mitted. were they doing? They didn't know how to Today, the party is present, throup't its read and write, those people! The war militants, throughout the country. Th,. par taught them! The war, experience, practice. ty's leadership role in state and society is thus guaranteed. But you yourself have said that socialism cannot be built with an il Mozambique has a high level of il literate population. literacy. What implications does this That's right. During the literacy cam have for popularizing Marxist-Leninist paign. Party _members are the object of a concepts among the largely illiterate special literacy drive aimed at raising their workers and peasants? scientific knowledge and conceptions of the This question reflects some misconcep world. To be able to read, to have the capa tions about Marxism. It suggests that Marx bility to synthesize experiences, to raise ism is like the Bible. "How can they learn them to the level of theory. the catechism if they're illiterate? How can There are two things here: one is to see they learn the Bible if they can't read or where the theory comes from, where the write?" That's the concept behind the ques ideas come from. They come from praxis! tion. The idea is that it is a foreign ex Now we want the people to synthesize this perience. How will they learn it if they can't praxis, to have the capability to synthesize read. But listen-this is the principal their experiences. point-Marxism-Leninism is a class Thus the illiterate peasants in Cabo science. Delgado learned the essence of the system Do you agree that there are classes in of exploitation of man by man that the new Mozambique, that there is a working class? exploiters of the Simango/Lazaro group' A science belongs to its 2. lain Christie visited the liberated areas of I. The Mozambique Liberation Front Mozambique with Samora Machel in 1973 as a (FRELIMO) was created in 1962 and after ten creator. Who is the creator reporter for the Tanzania Daily News. years of armed struggle (1964-1974) won in 3. Uria Simango and Lazaro Kavandame were dependence of Marxism-Leninism? It from Portugal. At the front's Third two FRELIMO leaders expelled in 1969 for cor Congress in 1977, the decision was taken form a belongs to its creator-the ruption. They were subsequently implicated in Marxist party, which retained the name the assassination of the movement's first presi FRELIMO. working class dent, Eduardo Mondlane. 4 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULY/AUGUST 1979 tried to introduce in the liberated areas. No Marxist went there to say: "Look, this is It was the peasants who exploitation, this is this and this is this." struggled and brought They didn't read it in any books, but they felt it-these new exploiters, let's fight about the victory of the them. It was these peasants who struggled cooperatives over ex and brought about the victory of the coop eratives over exploitative private commerce ploitative private commerce and the big landowners. It was the and the big landowners peasants! They struggled and made people's power, class power, triumph over feudal and bourgeois power that the new exploiters tried to impose. They didn't know where the door of the university was. They didn't even know the way there. The people's liberation war, our military science which defeated the colonial-fascist generals, was drawn up and developed by our own illiterate people. Marxism Leninism did not appear in our country as an imported product. Mark this well, we want to combat this idea. Is it a policy foreign to our country? Is it an imported product or merely the result of reading the classics? No! Our party is not a study group of scientists specializing in the reading and interpretation of Marx, Engels, and Lenin. No! Our party is. not that! Our struggle, the class struggle of our working people, their experiences of suffer ing, all enable them to assume and internal ize the fundamentals of scientific socialism. This same struggle contributes to the con tinual development and enrichment of Marxism-Leninism, which is the common property of all exploited peoples and classes. In the process of the struggle we syn thesize our experiences and heighten our theoretical knowledge. It's different from tempts to build socialism, have experi. papers and magazines are also an important first studying the theory of how to wage a enced serious abuses of power by par. source of criticism and, thus, control of war and then going out to do it. We did it ty members. How is FRELIMO trying to abuses. and now we synthesize; we resolve it day avoid this? Cases of party and state leaders who were by-day. removed from their functions and publicly We think that, in the final analysis, this Our party has had a great deal of expe rience with errors and abuses that arise in exposed for deviations from the political has been the experience of every socialist line or for improper conduct are well revolution. the exercise of power. During the course of our struggle for independence, we devel known.' And indeed the largely illiterate oped and we institutionalized certain essen In these circumstances, it seems to us that masses played a vital role in the selec tial mechanisms. Criticism is a constant we can safely say that the eventual abuses of tion of party members in the structur with us, criticism in party structures and power that arise will be rapidly detected and ing campaign? criticism by the masses. People's vigilance is punished. They did. Each candidate for party also extremely important, and we continu We know that there is a high level of membership was studied not only by the ally search for ways to increase its use. unemployment in Mozambique at the party structures. Each one was the subject The leading bodies are in permanent con present time. What are its principal of broad debate by the masses. Decisions tact with the masses and daily receive their causes and how is FRELIMO attempt. were made on a case-by-case basis, and to opinions, criticisms, suggestions, and pro ing to overcome this problem? day the masses feel that they have in each posals. The democratic mass organizations are also more and more involved with all Truthfully, there is not only unemploy party member a truly vanguard element. ment in our country, but also underemploy They are aware that they can denounce sectors of the poptlation, in their work places and residential neighborhoods. ment. Many workers are not able to work those who, by chance, are able to infiltrate full-time or are employed only seasonally. the par Party militants have the right to contact into the party or who fail to follow The main causes of this situation are the ty line. all party organs, including the Central The way in which this campaign was car Committee, and they exercise this right. All ried out greatly enhanced the party's citizens have the equal right to get in touch 4. These include a minister of agriculture, a pro the state administrative organs, in of prestige among the masses. with vincial governor, a member of the secretariat cluding the head-of-state, and they exercise the Organization of Mozambican Nomen and However, other countries, in their at- this right. Letters to the editor in news- several other long-time FRELIMO militants. JULY/AUGUST 1979/SOUTHERN AFRICA 5 historical, economic, and political condi tions under which our country has been Criticism is a constant with forced to live for centuries. Colonial us, criticism in party struc domination did not permit normal econom ic development and left behind such grave tures and criticism by the problems as a 95 percent illiteracy rate and masses a backward rural economy. Our country was forced to produce raw materials to fuel the industries of the metropole, and in dustrial development was never permitted. This reduced the use of our natural resources for our own mclustries and created an underdeveloped economy. In addition, the colonial-capitalist system, based on the exploitation of cheap manual labor, never allowed Mozambican workers to acquire technical skills. And because unemployment is a permanent condition of both colonialism and capitalism, Portu guese domination, by definition, created the underemployment of a portion of the working class. These problems can only be resolved by the development of socialism. Only a plan ned economy permits full employment and gives real mea,. "g to the right to work, which is guaranteed to all citizens by our constitution. Only a planned economy can assure the satisfaction of our material, cultural, and moral needs. To achieve maximum production and a high level of productivity, we must use all available existing resources to their greatest thusiastically by the peasants. The obvious encountered various problems-material capacity. This requires the systematic up benefits flowing from the establishment of problems. For example, we need to develop grading of the labor skills of Mozambican this form of collective production and the techniques to permit us to make the most of workers to meet the scientific and techno concommitant elimination of exploitation our natural resources, such as the construc logical demands of development. We must stimulated the rapid development of com tion of small dikes and dams to control the also create the type of factories and work munal villages and cooperatives. Today, course of rivers and use them for irrigation. shops that are consistent with our economic there are more than 1,000 communal There are still problems in developing tech developmental needs and the requirements villages, with more than one million niques to fight against natural calamities, of our economic plan. This means giving residents, and over 500 agricultural such as floods, droughts, hailstorms, and priority to heavy industry and the already cooperatives with over 30,000 members. insect plagues, whose effects we can protect planned or partially begun investments in Because of the success of these com against or even wipe out. factories that make agricultural imple munal villages and cooperatives, many ments, trucks, textiles, paper, and steel, other peasants have taken the initiative and What about the role of the state farm among others. Finally, the transformation organized collective production units. Take ing sector? of the countryside through the creation of the case of cotton, whose production dur Development is proceeding quickly. We communal villages and the improvement of ing the colonial period was based on forced already have more than 500 square miles both state farms and their supporting in labor, leaving deep scars on the peasants producing cotton, rice, corn, potatoes, dustrial infrastructure is needed to absorb subjected to it. Today, it is common for peanuts, and alfalfa under the control of the rural labor force. peasants to join together and create cotton state farms. These interrelated actions will allow us to producing cooperatives. The state farms are centers for the diffu implement our policy of rationally using The collectivization of produc*tion sion of advanced techniques of use to the our work force in conformity with the gradually leads to collectivization of other cooperatives-the best seed for each kind priorities established by our economic plan. activities as well. Thus, consumer and of soil, the most advanced cultivating tech The achievement of this goal will also be marketing cooperatives have been created; niques, the highest quality fertilizer. They facilitated by a salary structure that there is collective construction of houses, are also centers of scientific-technical train guarantees equal pay for equal work and to and we are beginning to collectively resolve ing for peasant-cooperative members, each according to that person's capacities. problems of health and education. centers of high productivity and high The communal villages are centers of col revenue. In light of the difficulties that a number lective production and centers of political, of countries have faced in their at social, and cultural life, which will permit At the time of independence Mozam tempt to organize communal villages us to industrialize, urbanize, and socialize bique's industry was virtually para and other cooperatives on a voluntary the rural areas. In sum, the communal lyzed as a result of the flight of most basis, how has FRELIMO fared? villages are essentially centers of organized European technicians and factory The party's decision to create communal life, collective life. owners. Since then, how has this sec villages and cooperatives was received en- Naturally, the existing cooperatives have tor of the economy been reorganized?

6 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULY/AUGUST 1979 and physical degeneration of young people, Only a planned economy were essential elements of colonial policy can assure the satisfaction which encouraged crime. At our moment of victory, there were in of our material, cultural, our country thousands of prostitutes and and moral needs drug addicts, drug trafficking and gambling networks, gangs of' professional thieves. These networks had many links with the colonial police, especially the political police, and functioned as informers for the Western secret services. Our struggle against crime has three com ponents-the political struggle, the economic and social struggle, and adminis trative measures. Its objective is the reform rather than the punishment of the delin quent, and, above all the elimination of the causes of delinquency. Soon after victory, during the transi tional government, we launched large-scale campaigns to organize and involve the peo ple in the struggle against crime. The newly formed dynamizing groups played a funda mental role in these campaigns. Siml~neo'J, w e :ook d.itrte step,; to cloe those establishments where criminals and delinquents tended to con gregate, and we opened re-education centers for prostitutes, drug addicts, petty criminals, pimps, and drug dealers. From the beginning, most of the gang leaders changed their nationality and left the coun try. Industrial production is recovering on all discussions of the purposes of production, In the re-education centers, delinquents fronts. Since independence the principal and the control of the results of production learn professions and develop good work steps taken include combating the sabotage is increasingly in the hands of workers who, habits. Already many thousands have been brought to a head by capitalism in through their representatives, have access reformed and reintegrated into society. flight-by the settlers who abandoned the to all information needed to control produc Statistics from the capital demonstrate country-and establishing priorities for in tion. The direction of enterprises is also be the kinds of results we have already dustrial recovery. We have defined strategic ing assumed by persons of working class achieved. They are especially significant sectors and set up state administrative struc origin, and man." directorates already in because, at one time, the capital was the tures to oversee them, and we have set clear clude a representative of the enterprise's major center of crime in the country. objectives for production under ncw socio workers. Before independence about 1500 homicides economic conditions. Thus, for example, were committed each year. In 1977 there In spite of serious unemployment prob we have transformed the cement industry were 171 homicides, and in 1978 there were lems, there does not seem to be a great into an exporting sector; we have begun to 83, of which only 2 involved robberies. The deal of crime in Maputo, most police produce agricultural implements; and in the rest were crimes of passion, crimes moti men are unarmed, and people freely textile, shoe, and furniture sectors we hase vated by superstitions, or quarrels provok reduced the number of models and simpli walk the streets at night. How do you ed by drunkenness. Front 1977 to 1978 cor account for this, and will it last? fied the production process in order to in poral offenses dropped from 329 to 234 for crease production and ensure that our peo One of the fundamental characteristics of all of Maputo Province. Thefts have also pie's needs are satisfied at prices they can a socialist society is the establishment of declined considerably, from almost 5,000 afford to pay. coopcrat ori amnong ail people-where indi incidents in 1977 in the city of Maputo to We have also established training pro viduols stop pi eying upon other individuals. about 4,000 for the whole province in 1978. grams at all levels to improve the skillk of FI,_ struggle against the causes of The creation of many new jobs through both the directors and the workers, ,.nd s'e .rime-thc social sitations that produce the development of suburban farming have progressively introduced planning awd crm in-s an integral rrt of the struggle to zones aioitd the major cities and increased scientific control of production ih pil it builM a ,ocialist society. industrialization, the improvement of the sectors. it ing i hc war, we practically eliminated general level of education and culture, the The statistics reflect the suC. s WCtdat( ,,I Orime in the liberated zones. At the same ginitg social pressure against drunken our economic recovery and indliirial icor time, it consantIs increased in tie regions cil, the increasing responsibility felt by ganization. From 1977 to 19-,8 industrial ociupied b the enemy, especially in the iiiens toward their society, the restructur production increased by 20 petciri and in large citie and areas controlled by the ing of the police forces and their improved dustrial productivity by 15 percent, and we tascist colonial army. 'The unemployment, relations with the masses, and the develop expect production this year to rise by the idleness which was forced on the people ment of vigilance groups are all fundamen another 23 percent. in the concentration camps called "pro tal factors which permit us to be optimistic Worker direction of national industry tected villages," the systematic contempt that crime in our society will be virtually has begun to be felt. Workers participate in for women, the indifference to thc moral eliminated in the relatively near future. LI JULY/AUGUST 1979/SOUTHERN AFRICA 7 SPECIAL REPORT

ZANU Women Meet This seminar has opened our eyes. Women from all parts of our country and from abroad came together for a week. We didn't just talk. We showed each other in practice what we could do ... how we train militarily and use our weapons, how we write reports, how we gather intelligence from behind enemy lines, how we mobilize the people. We helped each other to see that women can do many different kinds of work.... It was beautiful. We have intensified the fighting spirit of the female comrades. Tendai Chitsotso, member of the Political Commissariat of the ZANU liberation army, (ZANLA) general staff

The first ZANU women's seminar took place in Xai Xai, Mozambique from May 21-26, 1979. It was "a grand school for us all," Tendai Chitsotso told a press meeting in Maputh swhere she and oiher ZANU women militants reported on the achieve ments of the seminar. "By meeting together, people who par ticipate in many different parts of the strug gle-the women who fight on the front lines, those who support us from the rear, recent recruits from inside, women living in Tanzania, Zambia, Botswana, Europe, and North America-could exchange views, share experiences, and learn from each other," she said. A six-year ZANU veteran in her early 20's, Chitsotso has been doing political work in Mutambara, near Umtali, and had come from inside Zimbabwe to at tend the seminar. More than 200 people came to the gather ialyze why women do not participate fully a. by the colonialists. It also noted that ing, which was organized by the ZANU in the many tasks which are necessary for the colonial experience had forced men and central committee in order to increase ow- struggle," Zvipange explained. "We women to come together to fight their com women's participation in the liberation analyzed why it is that we suffer from in mon oppressor. struggle. feriority complexes and often don't believe In his opening address ZANU President we can do many things." For example, she A History of Resistance Robert Mugabe described the central tasks continued, "why should we wait for the President Mugabe stressed the important facing the group-the study of the role of male cadres to interpret the news we hear role women had already played in opposing women in the nationalist struggle and in the on the radio. We must learn to analyze it colonialism. He cited the women's demon building of socialism, the establishment of for ourselves, to understand politics, and to stration against the 1961 constitution which an expanded structure for ZANU's Depart think for ourselves." gave only 15 out of 65 parliamentary seats ment of Women's Affairs, and the develop Seeking to understand current weak to Africans. Two thousand protesting ment of a program for women. nesses in the role women play in the libera women were arrested and put into the Many reports reflected the work already tion struggle, seminar sessions explored the Salisbury prison. being done by women in various sectors and position of women in both traditional and When fined in court, they refused to pay, countries. "We heard that there are women colonized society. "We spoke of how preferring to serve their sentences. Unfor learning engineering skills, working in auto women always looked to men for guidance tunately, Mugabe recalled, their husbands mechanic shops, and training to use and the right answers and that this must paid the fines and threatened to find other sophisticated weapons, but not on the scale stop," Zvipange explained. "We analyzed women if their wives didn't leave the prison that we would like," Charm Zvipange said. lobolo, the bride price paid by a man for his and come home. In this instance, Mugabe A member of the defense finance section of wife, so we could understand better how concluded, "Women had shown greater the army, she too had come from inside this made us into commodities who were courage and resolve, indeed far greater Zimbabwe to attend the seminar. not respected by others and did not respect commitment than the cowardly men." "One of our purposes has been to ourselves. We discussed how women are at Today ZANU policy declares that there a disadvantage under polygamy so we can can be no national liberation without the this Barbara Barnes, a longtime member of the better oppose that as well." emancipation of women. "For us all aspects Southern Africa collective, is currently The seminar discussed the double oppres means our active participation in teaching in Mozambique. sion of women under colonialism-by men of the armed struggle," stressed Sarudgou

8 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULY/AUGUST 1979 SPECIAL REPORT Churuchmunzwa, a ZANLA cadre who be solved peacefully by discussing things being sent off for specialSPECIAL courses REPORTby ZANU teaches secretarial skills in the Mt. Darwin and working together." are women," said Charm Zvipange. "To area. "We don't mind the difficult life we Several men had attended the seminar. equalize our positions, we need more must be prepared to accept as a ZANLA This was natural, the women reported, education. We want equal participation in cadre. With no home, no permanent bed, because many of the proposals require new all courses-from engineering, to always ready to go where we are needed to roles for both men and women. "Take for mechanics, to diplomacy." The women do what has to be done." example our proposal to establish nursery elaborated on why diplomacy training was The seminar discussed problems which schools so that women can work more ac important. "You see," said Churuch sometimes arose between seasoned ZANLA tively in the struggle," Chitsotso explained. munzwa, "right now all of our representa women cadre and those who had not been "Our position is that men as well as women tives abroad are men. And the women don't through political and military training. should be workers in the nursery schools understand very much of what goes on. We "They haven't experienced what we have and that both men and women should take are left out informationally. Much of what and can feel inferior to us," Churuchmun an active role in child care. The men at our we need for our struggle comes from out zwa explained. "Sometimes our objectives seminar agreed to this. They had to be in side-weapons, transportation, medicines, are somewhat different. They don't under cluded. Otherwise it would have made no books, etc. If we are to be equal, we must stand that we are fighting for the soil. The sense." not be left out of any part of our struggle." soil is our asset. It's not just butter, sugar, Discussion at the seminar led to a pro Seminar participants also criticized the cars, a new face in the government, or to be posal that a research team be established to bias toward men in the selection of leaders. able to go into the bars with the men. We investigate current male and female roles, Chitsotso explained: "We have women in must control our land and from that we will to develop a political program that can edu various departments who do much more be able to control our lives. Sometimes cate men and women together into new work and have more responsible positions when people first join us, they don't under roles, and to study what the behavior of than men, but it is the men who are more stand this, that we must change the whole emancipated women in a free Zimbabwe often chosen for the high command posts. of the economic and social system." will be. This must stop and it will stop." "The main antagonism is between us and Proposals were made for an expanded the enemy," she concluded. "That's Smith, Leadership roles Department of Women's Affairs to be the South African forces supporting him, Participants at the meeting urged that headed by Secretary Teurai Ropa, with Sal more women be immediately included in Theand contradictionthe capitalist betweensystem menthey andrepresent. us, on ly Mugabe nominated as deputy secretary, advanced educational training programs. Julia Zvogbo as administrator, and the other hand, is not antagonistic and can "Right now only five percent of the cadre Continued on page 30

Don't Miss This Special 112 Page 25TH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE of AFRICA TODAY a look at 25 years of the African experience through a selection of excerpts from outstanding previously published articles by: Julius K. Nyerere Kwame Nkrumah Alan Paton Basil Davidson John Marcum Gail Gerhart Martin Luther King Amiicar Cabral Hubert Humphrey Jennifer Davis Francis Mading Deng Richard Lapchick and many others, including (eorge W. Shepherd, Jr. and George M. Ilouser. both associated with AFBI(A TOI)AY throughout its 25 years of publication. plus "Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane: A Personal Memoir" by Edward A. Hawley and "All-Party Elections in Zimbabwe: What Might Ilappen?" by Ronald T. Libby Also book reviews by David Wiley, Agrippah T. Mugomba, B.T. Khoali, J. Leo Cefkin, Nancy J. Schmidt, Newell S. Booth and eleven others; Publications, Books Received, Letters. Single copies: U.S. and Canada $3.00- Elsewhere $3.50 (including postage & handling) or begin your subscription with this issue and receive these additional forthcoming 1979 issues: What Next For Namibia? - Kenya After Kenyatta - Military Intervention in Africa (Tentative) Subscription Rates

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Cuba's Africa Aid: Education for Development

In 1963, Cuba, still severely strained by the US blockade, sent a medical brigade to Algeria. Cuban assistance today is much greater-but it flows from the same belief that the Cuban revolution is part of a world-wide struggle to end exploitation and build new socialist societies.

On July 19, 1978, a boat approached the of the Tricontinental (which was to be harbor in Havana, Cuba, laden with a uni eclipsed in importance by the Non-Aligned que cargo: 900 Ethiopian children, bound Movement) removed only the most overt for school on Cuba's Isla de la Juven manifestations of Cuban internationalism. tud-the Isle of Youth. In a sense, Cuban efforts in Africa, and There is much controversy and more particularly in Angola, brought new life to misinformation in the West concerning internationalist values in the daily lives of Cuba's military role in Africa. There is, on the Cuban people. Having a child or a the other hand, almost total silence sur relative in Africa, either in a military or rounding other aspects of Cuba's relation technical capacity, is a source of pride to ship with Africa, which throw a crucial light the great majority of Cuban families. upon the question of the relationship of Angola became an extension of the Cuban Cuba to the African continent. revolution itself. The presence of Cubans in Africa does not begin in 1975 with the South African in The Angola Connection vasion of Angola; it predate this by more The impact of the Angolan experience on than a decade. Nor, from the beginning was the Cubans is perhaps nowhere more clearly it only a military presence. As early as 1963, illustrated than in the case of the "Che four years after the Cuban -revolution took Guevara Brigade." Now in its second term power and two years after the US Bay of of service, the Brigade is made up of a Pigs invasion, Cuba, severely isolated and Mozambican students work in their school's group of 700 Cuban youth, male and under the strain of a US-imposed blockade, fields Tempo female. Their function is to participate in sent a brigade of medical personnel to Angolan efforts to provide basic primary Algeria to work in hospitals that had vir Why Aid? school education in a country which was, in tually been stripped bare by the French of What does all this activity get Cuba? For 1975, 99 percent illiterate. The Che Guevara trained doctors and nurses. In the following the Cubans, it serves in fact a variety of Brigade is the 1970's version of the Cuban years, similar medical missions operated in purposes. It puts into concrete terms clearly literacy campaign brigades of 1961, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Guinea-Conakry, understandable to the Cuban people their brigades in which some 100,000 young Congo-Brazzaville, Equatorial Guinea, and country's emphasis on "internationalist" Cubans, between the ages of ten and 19, Tanzania. values. This emphasis developed with the went out into the countryside in a highly The relationship has changed over time evolution of the revolution itself. It grew as visible and successful effort to eradicate il mainly in terms of scale. The various much out of the very real needs of the literacy in Cuba. It was this experience "maps" released by the US State Depart revolution for international support in which, in part, converted the Cuban revolu ment as evidence of Cuban imperialism in order to physically survive, as it did from tion into a mass evolution made up of Africa rarely reveal that the number of ideological considerations. It was the millions of active participants, from whom Cuban technicians-teachers, medical per Cuban revolution's way of fighting against the future cadres of the revolution would be sonnel, construction workers, en the isolation which the United States was drawn. For young Cubans of the present gineers-working in African countries has attempting to impose upon it. The early and generation, the literacy campaign is a thing grown significantly. There has been a paral continuing support for international strug of the revolutionary past, a past which is lel increase in the number of Africans now gles showed itself openly in the sixties with not in their concrete experience. The Che studying in Cuba as well. regard to Vietnam and Latin America, and Guevara Brigade provides the possibilities with less fanfare, with regard to Africa. for recreating that concrete experience. Carollee Bengelsdorf, currently teaching These were the years of the Tricontinental, Cuban activity in Africa also reinforces at Hampshire College, has worked Jor of the Havana Cultural Congress, of the ef and underlines the relevance of the Cuban many years with Southern A/rica support forts of Che Guevara in the heart of South experience as a model for the Third World. groups, and has also spent considerable America. Speaking about the Cuban involvement in time working on Cuban issues. The failure of Che, and to a large extent, Africa, Fidel Castro has emphasized over

10 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULY/AUGUST 1979 SPECIAL REPORT and over again the historical blood ties that exist between that continent and the Cuban people. But there is another level, equally organic and perhaps more relevant in a practical, current sense: that is, the ex perience of underdevelopment and Cuban experimentation with methods or possible routes out of that underdevelopment. This is not by any means simply a Cuban understanding. In response to the question, "Why study in Cuba?" African students recently cited the relevance of the Cuban experience. A young student from Guinea Bissau discussed with me his decision to study physics in Cuba rather than in East Germany. Cuba, he reasoned, was far nearer, in terms of its level of development, to Guinea-Bissau than was Germany. In the Cuban concept of development, the provision of educational facilities played a fundamental role. It seems logical therefore that a major part of Cuban aid to African countries consists of educational efforts. Expression of Cuban solidarity The provision of educational facilities in them. Over and over again, the Cuban who have been on the Isle of Youth for a Cuba itself has taken a variety of forms. teachers at the school described them as year, studying at one of the four schools At the higher levels of the educational "almost indistinguishable from the Cuban already in operation, two for Mozam structure, Africans are integrated into students.'" bicans, two for Angolans. faculties providing training in critical fields Indeed, it was partly this quality that at In the Agostinho Neto Secondary Basic such as medicine or agriculture. This type tracted the Guineans to Cuba in the first School in the countryside, almost 500 of educational effort is not new. Much like place. The proximity of Cuba to Guinea young Angolans between the ages of 14 and the Cuban technical presence in Africa Bissau, in terms of culture, language, 17, about 40 percent of them female, are in itself, it has been a common practice almost climate, and perhaps most crucially, level of the midst of their second year of studies. since the beginning of the revolution. development, means that the process of Most of these students were participants in Nor is it limited only to the higher adaptation for the Guinean students has the liberation war, some as combatants. All reaches of the Cuban educational structure. been a relatively easy one. belong to the Organization of Angolan In the sixties, the Cubans began to provide Youth. What is most notable about these homes and schooling for the children of Isle of Youth students is their enormous energy for study those who fought and died in the anti There is a second model, one which is and work and their remarkable level of colonial struggles of Guinea-Bissau, Mo discipline and organization. One teacher of zambique, and Angola. This practice has later in its development, larger in its scale, and, perhaps, different in its impact. That geography at the Presidente Samora continued. is Cuba's Isle of Youth, so called because Machel School for Mozambican children The Republica Popular de Angola is a that is exactly what it is, an island largely told me, "We can say that these students pre-university school, consisting of the populated by young people. Much of its practically direct themselves." It is as if tenth or eleventh grades, located about a permanent population is derived from the these students understand themselves to be half-hour's drive outside Havana. It is set pioneer campamentos of the late 1960s, among their countries' amid fields of growing vegetables, which most precious when thousands of Cuban youth came to resources. are tended by the school's students. Among the Isle to study, live in makeshift housing, The idea behind turning entire schools the more than 500 students are 18 young over to Angolan, Mozambican, or Ethic people from Guinea-Bissau who came to and plant and care for the beginnings of a pian children has several purposes. It the school as a group. Together, they com Cuban citrus crop. facilitates on a larger scale the crucial pr( pleted their last two years of basic secon Interspersed in the now bountiful fields cesses of providing the next generation c f dary school in Havana. of lemon and grapefruit trees are modern Angolan, Mozambican, and Ethiopia" i The 15 boys and three girls follow the prefabricated buildings which produce the youth with the training that is not availal e same schedule as the Cuban students: a Isle's other major harvest. These buildings are schools in the countryside, boarding on a large scale in their own countries. course of study which touches upon ten But it also allows the schools' staffs i subjects taught in Spanish as well as a half schools at the junior high level, in which students drawn from various parts of Cuba gear the level of education more precisely I day's work daily in the surrounding fields. the level and needs of the young Africzn The general model is one largely of spend half their day in studies and half tending to the surrounding citrus fields. students. For Cuban secondary ba-c assimilation. There is an assumption that schools in the countryside, for example, what is to be learned is relevant to both the Construction of new schools seems a never ending process on the Isle of Youth. Of the begin at the sixth grade level, and t',e Cuban and the Guinean experience. The Cubans expected that the Angolan studer ts young people from Guinea-Bissau work nine schools presently under construction, six have been allocated to Mozambican, arriving at .he Agostinho Neto Sch( ol and study on the same schedule as Cuban would be at a sixth-grade level. This did ot children, they participate in the same extra Angolan, and Ethiopian children. That boatful of young Ethiopians was going to in fact turn out to be the case. Cuban n curricular activities, and on the weekends structor had to improvise and con'ered when most Cuban children return home to the Isle of Youth. There they joined some their parents, the Guineans often go with 2,000 Angolan and Mozambican students, Continued on page 31 JULY/AUGUST 1979/SOUTHERN AFRICA 11 SPECIAL REPORT

This practice is bitterly resented by black South Africans and seriously undermines their efforts to achieve a genuine multi What Kind of Hero? racial policy in sports. Those overseas athletes who have previously competed as US boxer delivers body blow to SA sports boycott "honorary whites" include tennis players Arthur Ashe and Evonne Goolagong, American boxer Bob Foster, and golfer Jim Dent. At the fights's conclusion John Tate said, "I did what I came to do and I did a good job of it." He clearly did not understand the significance of his agreement to fight before a privileged almost all-white au dience. Nor did he probably ever question how he could get honorary white status while his fellow blacks in South Africa were left outside the stadium clinging to the television towers and the surrounding fences.

International Sports Boycott The fight was also a considerable set back for the international sports boycott of Knoetze and Tate: True victor is South African propaganda machine South Africa. The boycott has its origin in the 1966 formation by African countries of When the referee, Isidoro Rodriguez of Committee on Africa, and the the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa. Venezuela, was forced to stop the fight be NAACP-had advance warning of the Tate One of the first undertakings by the Coun tween John Tate of Knoxville and South fight. The secrecy with which the fight was cil was'the passing of a resolution calling African Kallie Knoetze in the eighth round, planned was also cited by Dennis Brutus, for a boycott of the 1968 Olympics if South many of us were both relieved and jubilant. president of the South African Non-Racial Africa was allowed to participate. Our fears that the world heavyweight cham Olympic Committee (SAN-ROC) as The United Nations addressed the prob pionship would pass into the hands of apar preventing 'any prior contacts with John lem of apartheid in sports for the first time theid's chief contender vanished as the Tate or his managers. on December 2, 1968, when the General brawler from Johannesburg received a box CBS Makes Money Assembly adopted resolution 2396 which ing lesson at the hands of the young Afro Once again CBS has demonstrated its requested "all states to suspend cultural, American contender. preoccupation with ratings and profits to educational, sporting, and other exchanges Yet, as the camera scanned faces at the the exclusion of any moral considerations. with the racist regime and with other June 2 bout held in Bophuthatswana, the While CBS's promotion and sponsorship of organizations or institutions in South black spectators were quiet and stoic. the Knoetze bout in Miami amounted to Africa which practice apartheid." Perhaps they recognized what must have $100,000, the Tate fight is reported to have The UN General Assembly again ad escaped many. Despite the loss suffered by cost even less. The low promotional costs to dressed the question on December 14, 1977, its heavy-weight champion, South Africa CBS can be attributed to the financial back when it adopted the International Declara had scored a major public relations victory ing of the Southern Sun, a South African tion against Apartheid in Sports. The with the scheduling of this fight. It was the hotel chain which owns the only hotel in declaration stated that "states shall take all culmination of years of effort by the apar Mmabatho, the capital of Bophuthat appropriate action to bring about the total theid regime to bring professional cham sNvana, South Africa's latest apartheid cessation of sporting contacts with any pionship boxing to South Africa. black state. country practicing apartheid and shall The demonstrations and protest that sur U.S. promoter Bob Arum, president of refrain from official sponsorship, rounded the Knoetze bout with Bill Sharkey Top Rank, Inc., has long functioned as a assistance, or encouragement of such con last January in Miami clearly had an impact front for Southern Sun. They had previous tacts." Article Three requested that "states on preparations for the Tate fight. (See ly teamed up to promote an Ali-Spinks shall take all appropriate action towards the Southern Africa, Feb. 1979). Even the rematch in Bophuthatswana, with Southern exclusion or expulsion of any country prac N. Y. Post was moved to remark, "Quietly, Sun putting up $14 million. ticing apartheid from international and ever so quietly, Bob Arum and CBS [the Black boxing promoter Don King con regional sports bodies. They shall give full fight promoters] have slipped a neat little demned Arum's involvement. "He's the support to national sports bodies attempt package of ugliness into our laps for Satur epitome of a mercenary," King said. "He ing to exclude such countries from member day evening viewing." tried to take Ali to South Africa, but he ship in international and regional sports None of the organizations active in the couldn't make it stick because there was associations or to prevent such countries effort to prevent Knoetze from fighting in such a hue and cry. He's constantly trying from participation in sports activities." the U.S.-they include Jesse Jackson's to take black fighters there and get them The international sports boycott of South Operation Push, the American Coor voted white." Africa has been one of the most effective dinating Committee for Equality in Sport international actions against apartheid. and Society (ACCESS), the American Pretoria Makes Propaganda South Africa has been excluded or expelled King's remarks serve to highlight the from the Olympics, the Davis Cup spon Michael Beaubien is a freelance journalist apartheid regime's practice in recent years sored by the International Tennis Federa who has worked for many years with libera of allowing foreign black sports figures to tion, the International Amateur Boxing tion movement solidarity groups. play in South Africa as "honorary whites." Continued on page 31 12 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULY/AUGUST 1979 SOUTH AFRICA

upheavals in June 1976-to build up and stabilize a black labor aristocracy and a black middle class in the major cities and Streamlining Controls towns." Migrant Workers As a step in that direction, the Wiehahn Commission recommended extending trade The 1976 Soweto uprising forced some strategic re union rights to some black workers. The thinking in white leadership circles-but the resulting key to the strategy lies in the word "some," as the government demonstrated when it "reforms" are designed to save apartheid, not bury it. translated Wiehahn's recommendations in to a legislative package. The proposed For those who have glanced over two re government's new strategic approach legislation would exclude "migrant" black cent South African government reports (see directly to pressures from business. "Pro workers from the new dispensation. Under Southern Africa, June 1979) and hailed bably the single most important element Pretoria's definition of the term them enthusiastically as steps toward the common to Riekert and Wiehahn," they "migrant," the Financial Mail estimates dismantling of apartheid, publication of the wrote, "is the desire to win selected black that that would leave out all but one and a first formal legislation based on the reports allies to the side of the ruling white half million of the nation's eight million came as a cruel disappointment. For those minority-not all blacks, but those whose black workers. All the rest are officially who had glanced over the reports and labor gives them a passport to the central counted as residents of one or another dismissed them as meaningless cosmetic economy. The government thus has finally tribal "homeland," and as migrants in the tinkering, the ensuing legislation read as an acceded to demands from the business sec 87 percent of the country set aside for invitation to indulge in a round of "I told tor-greatly stepped up after the Soweto whites. you so's." Neither response was entirely justified. The proposed legislation did indeed retreat from some of the more far-reaching PAC Leader reforms recommended in the Wiehahn and Riekert Commission reports. Yet it remain Assassinated ed true to much of the underlying strategy shared by the two reports. And that On June 11, David Maphumzana Sibeko strategy clearly amounts to more than a was assassinated in Dar es Salaam, appar mere cosmetic touch-up for apartheid. That ently as a result of internal dissensions much was attested to by the frenzied op within the Pan Africanist Congress of position with which the plans were greeted Azania (PAC). by the white labor movement and by the Sibeko was a well-known international hard-liners within the National Party. figure, whose tremendous energy and en The powerful Mine Workers Union ac thusiasm had played an important part in tually decided to secede from the South building support outside South Africa for Africa Confederation of Labor after that the PAC, the smaller of the two inter body voted to go along with the govern nationally-recognized South African libera ment's proposals. And the champion of tion movements. A founding member of apartheid orthodoxy in the National Party the PAC, he continued to work inside leadership, Andries Treurnicht, saw fit to South Africa after the movement was warn fellow cabinet minister Pieter Koorn banned and forced underground in 1961, hof that he would "have some explaining but eventually escaped in 1964, after having to do," after Koornhof, on a trip to the US, been charged under the Sabotage Act with had gone so far as to predict that the hated attempting to overthrow the state. health." The move followed open splits at a passbooks might ultimately be abolished. Sibeko was a member of the PAC Na 1978 congress of the organization, which tional Executive Committee, its foreign af led to the expulsion of the chief military Creating a Buffer fairs director, and its chief representative to commander and his supporters. While Elimination of passbooks had not been the United Nations. He was also one of Sibeko had supported Leballo in that recommended specifically in either the three members of the recently formed episode, there were also indications of other Wiehahn or Riekert reports. In fact, some presidential council that now directs the tensions, involving younger PAC members, such form of documentation will be ab organization, sharing that task with who organized a public demonstration solutely essential to enforcing Riekert's pro Vusumzi Make and Elias Ntloedibe. against Leballo in Dar es Salaam at the time posed system of "influx control." But the The formation of that presidential coun of the recent 20th anniversary of the found suggestion that the passbook system might cil was interpreted by many as a reflection ing of the PAC. Reports circulating in Dar be modified in some fashion was entirely of serious internal conflict in the PAC. es Salaam speculate that Leballo followers consistent with the thrust of the two After PAC founding president Robert may have been responsible for the killing. reports, as was the audience to which it was Sobukwe died last year in South Africa, the One of the six PAC members arrested by addressed-a largely sympathetic longtime acting president Potlako Leballo, the Tanzanian police in connection with assemblage of US business interests. who had run the movement from Dar es Sibeko's death was a Leballo bodyguard. Writing in the Manchester Guardian, two Salaam, was elected chairman. Then, this David Sibeko is survived by his wife, editors of South Africa's leading business April, in a brief release, PAC announced Elizabeth and four children, Lindiwe, publication, the FinancialMail, linked the Leballo's resignation "for reasons of Bongani, Temba and David. 1-1

JULY/AUGUST 1979/SOUTHERN AFRICA 13 SOUTH AFPrCA I This exclusion would totally bar black union activity in the mines, where virtually the entire labor force consists of migrants. It might also obliterate the black union Building movement around Durban, "regarded by many," says the Finanical Mail, "as the backbone of the entire movement." By Military geographical circumstance, most of the black townships bordering on Durban lie within the borders of the KwaZulu ban tustan, making all their residents migrants Muscle in the white city. While the case of Durban is extreme, it is South African produced R-4 assault rifle not unique. In fact, the government recent ly suggested that any future expansion of Despite the UN Security Council's come from a source friendly to the apar Soweto should take place not on adjoining passage of the mandatory arms embargo theid regime. land but almost 50 miles away in against South Africa in November 1977, Such deliveries would represent a major Bophuthatswana. And the idea of erecting evidence continues to pile up that the apart violation of the UN arms embargo and of US higher barriers around the urban areas is heid regime has had little difficulty acquir arms export regulations, which govern enshrined at the heart of the Riekert Com ing the sophisticated weapons it desires third-country sales by foreign producers of mission report. from other countries, and that US equip US-designed weapons. All the evidence sug Riekert recommends allowing blacks ment makes up much of the flow. There is gests that very serious embargo violations are already holding urban residence qualifica also mounting evidence that South Africa is being allowed to continue, unchallenged by tions to keep them. The report even pro becoming increasingly self-sufficient in US officials. poses that such people be given greater light weapons production and in the pro More recently, the St. Louis Post freedom to change their jobs and to bring duction of some sophisticated military Dispatch reported that Control Data Cor their families into the towns. But at the hardware such as combat helicopters. poration of Minneapolis had supplied com same time, the report proposes even tighter Among the weapons recently acquired by puter equipment for computer systems sold controls to keep most blacks penned up on Pretoria from abroad, the cases of the to the South African police. The systems the already over-crowded "homelands." smuggling of long-range artillery shells by were manufactured by International Com (In KwaZulu, for instance, a study has con the Space Research Corporation and of the puters Ltd., a British firm, which had also cluded that a million people already living transfer of 25 Agusta-Bell 205A (Huey) sold a computer to Atlas Aircraft Corpora on the land will have to be uprooted before helicopters have already been amply tion of South Africa. Atlas produces air any serious agricultural development can documented. A federal grand jury in Ver craft for the South African air force. The even begin.) As one critic of the plan stated, mont is currently hearing testimony in the Post-Dispatch report cited Control Data "Isolating a privileged group of blacks in Space Research case, but its work is pro documents indicating that corporate of the urban areas is going to take place at the ceeding very slowly. A Canadian equivalent ficials were aware that ICL was supplying expense of a vast number of people in the of the grand jury is expected to hand down the equipment to South Africa and that homelands. Starvation appears to be the in some indictments this summer. such sales violated US export regulations. evitable result." Less well know is South Africa's recent To date there has been no official action If so, it is apparently a result the govern acquisition of the M-1 13 armored personnel against Control Data for the embargo ment is quite prepared to accept, just so carrier, the M-109 self-propelled 155 mm. busting. long as the plan also yields a more howitzer, and sophisticated computer manageable urban black population. The systems by the South African police and air Bribes and Kickbacks wave of urban uprisings that began three force. In addition recent evidence has come to years ago in Soweto signaled the need for a The acquisition of the M-109s and the light that not only did the South African new strategic thinking, and nervous M-113s was reported in the December 1978 government run a massive slush fund to buy business interests demanded action, not to issue of Armies and Weapons magazine, a influence around the world-the scandal bury apartheid but to save it. well-known military trade journal pub known as Rhoodiegate-but that the South Still, it remains far from clear whether lished in Monaco by Interconair African state-controlled arms group, ARM the government can deliver. Under pressure Technomedia. Pretoria "seems to have SCOR, ran a secret defense fund far bigger from the white right wing, the Botha regime managed to buy a sizeable batch of than the Information Ministry's fund. The has already backed away from the idea of M-113s," the magazine reported, adding Observer in London reported earlier this multi-racial unions, handed white unions a that South Africa's obsolete mobile cannon year that now-Prime Minister P.W. Botha's veto over changes affecting them, and "have been or soon will be replaced by Defense Ministry administered the fund and dropped the idea of punishing white modern 155 mm. M-109s." The magazine has been able to keep most of its transactions employers for hiring "illegal" migrants. stated that both weapons were "almost cer secret. tainly" built in Italy under license from the Black Anger The Observer article, carefully researched US by OTO Melara. And the most decisive opposition may yet by Anthony Sampson, charged that, Other specialists have charged that come from the very according to international arms dealers, people whose growing Pretoria had already obtained these resistance forced transactions with Pretoria also required the government to con weapons. Researcher Sean Gervasi made sider kickbacks, which were usually paid to Swiss new strategic alternatives-the black the charge in testimony in 1977 before the population. bank accounts. Ostensibly, the payments On paper, registered unions Africa subcommittee of the House Interna hemmed were made for the benefit of the Afrikaner in by legal requirements may seem tional Relations Committee. At the time easier to control. And stabilized black ur secret brotherhood, the Broederbond, but State Department officials bitterly attacked according to Sampson, ban communities may appear more suscep very frequently they Gervasi's allegations. The revelations actually benefited individual South African Continued on page 31 in Armies and Weapons are the first to Iofficials. 1979 14 SOUTHERN AFRICAIJULY/AUGUST 14 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULY/AUGUST 1979 SOUTH AFRICA Goal Self-sufficiency There is no question that there have been major Western violations of the UN arms embargo. But if the recent remarks of high South African officials can be taken as any Draft Resisters indicator, South Africa is also becoming in creasingly self-sufficient in weapons. And some of them are quite sophisticated. Defy Army Prime Minister Botha boasted in late April that South Africa had largely over come the problem of the embargo. Among his claims, which were made before a ses sion of parliament, Botha said that: eSouth Africa was capable of producing "My orders its own helicopters. were to recruit Ovambos two years, to be followed by eight years of from neighboring villages to be spies for the *South Africa was already producing a annual service in the Citizens Force, usually South African army," a recent new generation of missiles and a very deserter for a three-month period each year. from the South African army told sophisticated defensive missile system. Draftees can expect to do at least ten *South Africa had already put into naval SAMRAF (South African Military Refugee months "border duty," which frequently use an initial number of high-speed missile Aid Fund) staff members in New York. "I means fighting against SWAPO, the Nami carrying strike craft, built locally. realized finally just how directly I was act bian liberation movement inside Namibia. ea new, locally made 150 mm. cannon, ing against all that my conscience knew was Recruitment into the volunteer perma which compared favorably with the best in right. I also knew that sooner or later the nent force of the South African army has villagers would discover the world, was now the spies, and that also increased by 80 percent between 1975 in use. then eand the South African army was now they might mysteriously die one night. and 1978 and is still rising. In addition, It happened using a new rifle, also produced locally. regularly and here I was about commandos, a form of local militia, Botha denied press reports that South to be indirectly by bribe responsible for the operate in almost every white community, death of people Africa had acquired the 150 mm field gun with whom I had no quar and these groups are eager participants in rel. abroad and had smuggled it into South regular counter-insurgency training exer Africa. "I refused, and after weeks of pressure to cises organized by the army. Ottosdal, a obey was about South African officials have bragged that to be court-martialled for typical small white South African town ARMSCOR (The Armaments Development refusing orders. I escaped, and after a series boasts that only five percent of its men are of and Production Corporation) developed nightmare experiences am now seeking not involved in either the Citizens Force or asylum in the United States." the the cannon in less than two years from commands. This deserter design to production. Pretoria's generals is one of tens of thousands White school boys are compelled to of white South found, as a result of their invasion African youths who have undergo cadet training, and "youth pre of voted Angola in 1975, that their cannon in use at with their feet and refused to par paredness," a racist indoctrination with a ticipate that time was inferior to those of their op in South Africa's growing heavy paramilitary bias, is a compulsory ponents in Luanda. militarization. This build-up of military subject taught in schools. Undfortunately, little more information power is a development which poses a serious threat is available on South Africa's production of to the security of independent Those Who Refuse helicopters or missles, and tracking the role African states such as Tanzania, Angola, But not all white South Africans are will of Western technology, licenses and com and Mozambique. It opposes the achieve ing to join in the tasks of aggression and ponents is even more difficult than follow ment of independence by the people of repression. ing the secret transfer of heavy equipment Namibia and Zimbabwe, and above all it is According to official government figures, to South Africa. an instrument being prepared to destroy nearly 4000 men out of an annual draft of It is known, however, that defense any effort by South African blacks to 20,000 failed to report for their military ser allocations in Pretoria's 1979-1980 budget liberate themselves from apartheid. vice call-up in 1978. The penalty for refus show a whopping 33 percent hike over the Since the Soweto uprising in 1976 the ar ing service in the armed forces is three years present fiscal year. Next year's expenditures my is increasingly being used alongside the detention, after which the detainee is again are budgeted for more than $2.1 billion. police to maintain internal control of the called upon to serve and can be jailed again South Africa has also begun the extensive population, as well as to patrol borders, to in three year cycles until age 65. development of black combat units under illegally occupy Namibia, and to carry out There are already more than 1000 white white officers, while the white draft is the constant raids into neighboring countries men in jail for draft resistance. In addition, highest it's been since World War II. All which air the liberation struggle. thousands more appear to be operating in a shadowy these developments reflect the military's in "underground," because once having creased contingency planning. Pretoria's All White Men Drafted refused to report for service, they dare military specialists insist, though, that the All white men are subject to compulsory not go on living where they can easily build-up is purely defensive in nature. national service in South Africa and serve be tracked. They cannot get a normal job Neighboring states such as Zambia don't their training period in the Citizens Force. because income tax law requires collabora need arms to protect themselves from at In 1977 the period of service was doubled to tion with Defense Force intelligence, and tack from South Africa or Rhodesia, Botha they cannot enroll as students anywhere in told parliament in late April. In a classic ex South Africa. Don Morton, an exiled South African, is a ample of double talk Botha called South In addition to all these men, ahd the founding and staff member of SAMRAF Africa's forces "peace forces," which pro thousands who have fled in advance of the based in NY. Forfurther information write: moted good relations among South draft, there are numerous active soldiers, Africa's SAMRAF, 138 Berkeley Place, Brooklyn, various races. M.S. 0 revolted by the things they were called on to NY 11217. Continued on page 31 JULY/AUGUST 1979/SOUTHERN AFRICA 15 SOUTH AFRICA

Oil in the Caribbean

Desperate for oil, the South African for funding. Alleyne made promises that minister in the South African embassy in apartheid regime has been looking world his own bank, the Alleyne Mercantile Bank, London, saying, "We have agreed that wide for new oil trading partners. An oil would provide development funds. mutual interests will be served in the pro refinery on a Caribbean island friendly to But the Alleyne Mercantile Bank was no motion, stockpiling, resale, and refining of Pretoria could offer South Africa acccess to more than a conduit for Portuguese funds crude oil and petrochemical products to Latin American crude. Only Ecuador and going to South America from Angola and meet the needs and exigenices of our respec Venezuela are members of OPEC, which Mozambique, and Alleyne couldn't pay his tive countries. An advance sum in an enforces an oil embargo against South debts. The bank closed. amount agreed will be made available to my Africa. Other Latin American oil exporters Nevertheless, upon his release from government in order to enable it to meet including Mexico and Bolivia are not prison, Alleyne moved to London, still in outstanding and pressing commitments." OPEC members and may allow sales to charge of the Dominican Development Cor Although oil has been the major com Pretoria. poration. In September 1978, Alleyne con modity involved in the Dominica deal, a A BBC report late in May claimed that a tacted British mercenary recruiter, John French connection involving diamonds has major agreement had recently been con Banks, notorious for mercenary connec also been revealed. The diamonds, chan cluded between South Africa and the Carib tions throughout southern Africa. Banks neled to Dominica from South Africa via a bean island of Dominica which attained in was commissioned to draw up a new inva Paris diamond dealer, Johan Mostert, were dependence from Britain in 1978. In ex sion plan for Barbados and was assured of allegedly to be used to provide funds for change for the right to build an oil refinery, four million pounds to spend for arms and building the refinery. There are also indica a petrochemical plant, and a deep water 350 mercenaries. tions of some US involvement, but at press harbor to move the oil, the South Africans Now Alleyne needed millions of dollars, time these remained unclear. are to provide Dominica with an interna both for the Dominican Development Cor Alleyne contends that the project is tional airport and hotels, purportedly to poration and for the invasion of Barbados. already underway, with South Africa's develop Dominican tourist trade. All con When interviewed recently by the BBC, Roberts Construction Company contracted struction would be financed by South Alleyne openly admitted that the South to build the Dominica airport in the next Africa. African government was ready to pay for year. The central figure in this deal was self the entire scheme. But since word of the Dominican con styled leader and arms dealer, Sydney Ben But the invasion never took place. The nection with South Africa has become net Alleyne. Originally from Barbados, plan was leaked to the British press and public, the small island has been in turmoil Alleyne has frequently turned up in Africa. then-Prime Minister Callaghan sent British and opposition to Prime Minister John and Finding big money in arms dealing, he vessels to Barbados, warding off the A general strike was called in Dominica, worked for the Belgians in the Congo and planned invasion. aimed at toppling the Patrick John regime the Portuguese in Mozambique and for its corruption and deals with apartheid Angola. In Mozambique he claimed to be a Oil Scheme South Africa. A recent fire in the center of colonel in the Portuguese army. Failing again in Barbados, Alleyne Roseau, the Dominican capital, burned the turned once more to Dominica. He still had courthouse and registry to the ground. Fire Attempted Barbados Coup South African funding for the Dominican fighters refused to fight the fire because In the mid-seventies, Alleyne returned to development scheme. South Africa wanted they are taking part in the general strike. 0 Barbados hoping to overthrow the govern an oil refinery, either in Barbados or Truman Dunn ment of Tom Adams and install himself as Dominica. And with Alleyne in control -on president. In late 1976 Alleyne chartered a either island, South Africa was assured of small yacht in the West Indian island of St. oil supplies. "I want to trade with South Bartholomy, loaded it with rifles and Africa," Alleyne told the BBC. "I respect dynamite, and sailed for Barbados. But South Africa, I admire South Africa's word of his plans reached French police on greatness, and I sympathize with South Martinique, and he was arrested and Africa's determination to determine her sentenced to a year in prison. own internal policies." Become Unsuccessful in his coup attempt in Bar South Africa received further assurance bados, Alleyne then turned his attention to of oil supplies when, on January 18 this a Sustainer the neighboring island of Dominica. In July year, Alleyne wrote to G.L. Williams of the 1975, Alleyne had made a deal with South African Coal, Oil, and Gas Corpora Dominican Prime Minister Patrick John tion to confirm the "offer to buy for and to and Foreign Minister Leo Austin to form sell crude oil to SASOL with the approval the Dominican Devlopment Cororation. of the government of the Commonwealth Southern Alleyne was to be in charge and responsible of Dominica." Although denying the connection, Truman Dunn is a doctoral candidate in Dominican Prime Minister John and Africa ethics at Union Theological Seminary and Foreign Minister Austin have also been in has been a research associate with the volved in talks with the South African Magazine Africa office of the National Council of government. On February 6 Austin sent an Churches. official letter to G.J. Coetzee, commercial 16 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULYIAUGUST 1979 SOUTH AFRICA Political Prisoners: Numbers Rising

Fund publication Focus, reports that there were 550 political prisoners in South Africa in January 1979. A year earlier the reported number was closer to 440. Almost 200 people were sentenced to a total of more than 688 years in prison in 1978 for political crimes. Of an additional 100 accused, 39 were acquitted or had their charges dropped. The rest were still on trial at the end of 1978. The 1978 South African Department of Justice's annual report itself states that ter rorism and sabotage cases are taking up in creasing amounts of the attorney general's time. In 1978, 76 political trials were held under those laws. Thirty-two of those were under the Terrorism Act, twenty-two under the Sabotage, Internal Security, and Ex plosives Act. In February of this year, at least 14 political trials were in process, in volving 55 people. Hundreds of political de tainees were also being held under the Ter rorism Act and the Internal Security Act.

Deaths of Detainees Detainees are subjected to outrageous abuses at the hands of the authorities, and many have died while being held. Torture is common, as is constant physical and psychological abuse. Clauses in the Ter rorism Act and the Internal Security Act allow for indefinite detention of state witnesses, suspects, or potential terrorists in total isolation, without any access to the outside world-no lawyer, family, or even doctors. Four of the co-conspirators named in the ongoing Bethal 18 case have died in detention. Their names are Dr. N. Ntshunt sha, Samuel Malinga, Aaron Knoza, and Bonaventura Malaza. At least 50 political The struggle will continue: One of the many militant students charged inthe courts, gives the power salute after receiving a suspended sentence at the end of the detainees have died in detention in recent "Soweto Eleven" trial In May years, the most famous victim being Steve Biko. Despite the veil of secrecy behind which levels. It is common practice in South Africa to South Africa attempts to hide political op Collecting evidence about political hold individuals in detention under the position, the rising number of political prisoners is also difficult because many so most brutal conditions for months or even trials and convicted political prisoners in called crimes carried out for political years, and thus to persuade them to testify dicates the continuing growth of the reasons, such as assaults on policemen and in cases, often against former friends and resistance. other government representatives or break fellow workers. Even a few judges have ad Many trials go unreported, and many ing curfews to attend meetings, are pros mitted that evidence given by a ten-or political opponents are not brought to trial. ecuted as ordinary common-law crimes and twelve-month detainee should be ques Instead they are held in detention for many not under political legislation. Thus, 132 tioned very carefully. months and then released. If they are tried people were hanged in 1978, but it is not One such man, Jairus Kgogong, was it is often in tiny out-of-the-way places, out clear how many of those convicted had recently brought to court to testify about of sight of any reporters. But the occasional been politically motivated in their actions. conversations he had with the accused in a reports that do surface in the press indicate Nevertheless, even under these con political case. According to the prosecu widespread opposition at many different straints, the International Aid and Defense over JULYIAUGUST 1979/SOUTHERN AFRICA 17 .SOUTH AFRICA 1 ______accused, tion, discussion had included a plan to leave uing in South Africa. They give an indica On January 31, 1977, one of the the country for military training for the tion of the range of charges brought against Johnson Nyathi, was thrown out of a win purpose of "returning to overthrow the alleged terrorists and members of banned dow by security police during an interroga regime by armed revolution," and study liberation organizations, although detailed tion in Krugersdorp. As a result he sus ing Marxism for the purpose of "bringing information, even on major trials, is often tained injuries to his spine and legs and is about a social, economic, and political scant. As the police state creates a legal now suing for $28,000 in damages. change." Kgogong testified that he in fact system to suit its needs, it becomes more According to the indictment, the accused had conversations with the accused but and more difficult for the press to cover engaged in mobilizing recruits for training never about those two topics. With con political trials. In the case of the Bethal 18, outside of South Africa. These activities are siderable bravery he asserted in court that thepress had to obtain police permission to said to have extended nationwide where while his statement had been written down in cover the trial. Often journalists themselves meetings were secretly held, literature was jail, those two phrases had been inserted at become political prisoners, and increasingly circulated, and the accused "participated in the insistence of a policeman whom he the newspapers are subject to banning and/or organized acts of terrorism relating named. He then produced in court the slip orders, censorship, and periodic purges. to urban unrest." of paper, in the policeman's handwriting, Bethal is an isolated small town well over carrying the two incriminating phrases. No Bethal 18 two hours by car from Johannesburg on one challenged the validity of his court This trial, which began over a year ago, is narrow, poor roads, and no good reason statement, or denied that the policeman had likely to become the longest of its kind in has ever been given for locating the trial indeed written those incriminating phrases, South Africa. The 50-page indictment there. The families of the accused and de but Kgogong was himself charged with theft which spans 14 years, claims that four of tained witnesses have to commute from of government property, for stealing the the principal accused tried to revive the Cape Town, East London, and the Tran piece of paper and obstruction of justice for PAC (Pan Africanist Congress) while im skei, and the press, which has also been changing his statement in court. He was prisoned on Robben Island in 1963. The 18 subjected to other constraints, has found convicted on both counts. accused are being charged with two major the distance from any center a discouraging counts under the Terrorism Act. The indict factor. Women in Jail ment also names 92 co-conspirators, who After a long postponement the case Among the "recognized" political are not being currently charged, but many reopened at the end of May and is still con prisoners (people held or convicted under have been held in detention as witnesses for tinuing. security legislation for their political beliefs) almost two years, and four have died in are a number of women, including the detention. Port Elizabeth Six following: The principal defendants are Zeph The Port Elizabeth Six, four men and Dorothy Nyembe, 48, sentenced to 15 Mothopeng, 65, a former president of the two women, were alleged ANC members, years, in 1969 for participation and recruit Transvaal Teacher's Association, John accused under the Terrorism Act. The case ment with the ANC. Ganya, 48, Marc Shinners, 37, and opened January 29, 1979, in Humansdorp, Edith Thenjiwe Mbale, 50, sentenced to Hamilton Keke, 42. with the six being accused of recruiting 75 three years for distributing pamphlets for Mothopeng is a founding member of the youths for military training abroad under the ANC, in 1977. PAC. He spent two years in prison from the auspices of the ANC between Paulina Lekula, 22, a Soweto student 1961 until 1963 and upon his release was September 1977 and June 1978. At the con sentenced under the Sabotage Act for five again sentenced to three years of hard clusion of the trial in mid-April, Josephine years, in 1976. labor. At the end of that sentence he was Bookholoane was sentenced to eight years, Happy Joyce Mashamba, 28, sentenced placed under house arrest. Eric Ngeleza of Soweto was sentenced to to five years for recruiting and membership Ganya was arrested in 1977 in Soweto ten years, M. Kalako, 22, was sentenced to in the ANC, in 1977. and previously served five years on Robben nine years, and Mrs. Koleka Foley was Zandisile Tsiki, 24, a student from Port Island for being a PAC member. sentenced to three years with two years Elizabeth sentenced to five years under the Marc Shinners is accused of being "the suspended, but she is now out on bail pend Sabotage Act, in 1976. key PAC organizer in the Northern ing an appeal. EstheerM. Maleka, 35, sentenced in 1976 Transvaal and Pretoria area." to five years for recruiting for the ANC. Hamilton Keke was previously sent to Stanley Popliza Ndlovu Josephine Bookholoane, sentenced to 8 Robben Island with his brother for involve In January 1979 Ndlovu was acquitted of years under the Terroirism Act in 1979. ment in "the widespread activities of charges that he was involved in the stoning Mrs. Koleka Foley, sentenced to three Poqo" (the insurrectionary military wing of of police in Atteridgeville in 1977. Ndlovu is years under the Terrorism Act, with two the PAC) in the Transkei and the Eastern the youth shot by then-Constable Kallie years suspended for three years. Cape in the early sixties. Knoetze (the now famous South African Susan Mthemnbu, sentenced to six years The other accused are: Bennie Ntoele, 38, boxer) in 1977. His leg was later amputated (four years suspended) for sedition because Michael Khala, 24, Alfred Ntshalintshali, as a result of the injury. Knoetze shot him of her part in the Soweto 1976 uprising. 47, Julius Daniel Landingwe, 30, a former after he was allegedly hit by a stone thrown Mrs. Nto Mitta Maphike, sentenced to member of the Black People's Convention by Ndlovu. According to Knoetze, "the five years under the Terrorism Act in May in the Western Cape, Zolole Ndindwe, 26, boy tried to escape over the fence. I shot 1979 for helping people who wanted Moffat Zungu, 28, former photographer him while he was hanging there like a fly." military training to leave the country. for the now banned World Newspaper, According to the US Lawyers Committee Johnson Nyathi, 22, Jerome Kodisang, 26, Ngobese and Six Others for Civil Rights under the Law, there are Themba Hlatshwayo, 21, Mothlagegi Seven people are currently accused under approximately 30 women detainees at the Thlale, 22, Rodney Tsoletsane, 20, Daniel the Terrorism Act of recruiting 75 people present time and II convicted prisoners. Matsobane, 31, and Goodwill Moni, 24. for training abroad in Durban Regional Zungu is accused of distributing PAC Court. The seven are, Sithembiso Ngobese, Current Cases funds for internal operations and for 26, Themba Nxumalo, 26, Nhlanla Ngidi, We review below a few of the many re "manning the PAC underground 25, Eric Mlaba, 26, Penuel Maduna, 26, cent political trials, some of them still contin- railroad."

18 SOUTHERN AFRICAIJULY/AUGUST 1979 ZII"AA3WF

will undoubtedly be another blow to Muzorewa's hold on things. There was Muzorewa in Trouble speculation in Salisbury that Chikerema's group will attempt to form an alliance with Sithole's followers, but even in the highly op portunist context of current internal Rhodesian politics this seems unlikely. Chikerema, expelled from ZAPU, then when Sithole headed the split which formed ZANU. There was a great deal of hostility between the two men. Later, in 1971 Chikerema, expelled from ZANU, then sought to form yet another organization, thus maintaining his opposition to the Sithole-led ZANU. The Chikerema defection has caused Muzorema immediate constitutional pro blems. Chikerema and the seven members of parliament who have formed the new party were all elected on the UANC ticket under a system of proportional representa tion. Muzorewa has argued that they should now resign their seats and allow over Bishop to South Africa The Chikerema-led defection from Bishop Muzorewa's ruling UANC isn't the Prime Minister Abel Muzorewa's killed" for supporting him, and implying only development that may seriously under nominal assumption of power in what is strongly that Sithole, who claims to head a mine the bishop's ability to hold the inter now called Zimbabwe-Rhodesia late in May kind of internal ZANU, was responsible. nal settlement together in Rhodesia. In late appears already to be an event akin to Further details of the alleged plot are June it was revealed that hardly two weeks minority leader Ian D. Smith's declaration unclear. It may be that either Sithole by had gone by with Muzorewa in office of an internal settlement on March 3 of last assassination or Muzorewa by political before he traveled to hold talks with his on year. That is, little has been altered, now as sabotage are locked in an ongoing power ly likely ally-the South Africans. Muzo then, as a result of the political shiftings in struggle. What is evident, however, is that rewa was in Pretoria in mid-June for four Salisbury. There is still the problem of in the internal jockeying for power that has days of talks with Prime Minister P.W. ternal dissension among the black leaders characterized the administration since Botha. who are parties to the settlement-all the blacks joined with Smith last year has not The primary topic on their agenda? more evident now that a "government" of let up. South African press reports speculated that black leaders has been declared. The threat it was increased defense ties. Even before of war, far from being reduced by the May Chikerema Split his "elections" and Muzorewa's premiership, election, Muzorewa was expected even Far more important than the Sithole plot, tually-to discuss matters of mutual military is slowly but steadily increasing. White though, is the disunity within Muzorewa's concern with Pretoria, but emigration, now at an annual rate of 5,000, observers own United African National Council didn't think the meeting would come -so continues to be a prime concern of white of (UANC) and its impact on the government. soon. ficials, in spite of a wait-and-see attitude A notable absence among the bishop's One reason for the hastily convened reported among many whites. Finally, the cabinet appointments on May 30 was James discussions: so far Muzorewa's government trappings of Western-style democracy Chikerema, a well-known nationalist and has not been able to win diplomatic among Salisbury's new black elite have an important political part of Muzorewa's recognition from even the most conser done little to persuade either the local or in support. The rivalry between the two vative African governments. Those coun ternational communities that white power leaders finally broke into the open when tries such as Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, has been eliminated-or even altered, Chikerema led seven other UANC parlia Senegal and Malawi -considered most like Scarcely had Muzorewa been sworn in ment members out with him June 20 to ly to welcome Muzorewa with open May 29 and his cabinet named the next day form an opposition Zimbabwe Democratic arms-each have taken subtle, than Law & Order Minister Francis Zin and some Party-probably another Western-tilted not-so-subtle, doga, a Muzorewa appointee, was report steps to indicate their disap faction. Charges of tribal favoritism on proval of Muzorewa. Only Zaire and ing a plot to assassinate the bishop by nine Muzorewa's part were advanced by Gabon are still considered followers of the Reverend Ndabaningi Sit likely to Chikerema-the two are from different recognize the Salisbury government. hole, a partner in subgroups the internal accord. Sit of the larger Shona group-but And with Muzorewa huddling with the hole, after the May elections had been the personal ambitions of the two remained gang in Pretoria so soon after taking office, decided in Muzorewa's favor, was quick to evident. Although UANC officials said who knows? Maybe Mobutu and Bongo call foul. Now the bishop was claiming that publicly that they "can hardly believe the might hold the line after all. "innocent people were being tortured and defections can last two months," the move JULY/AUGUST 19791SOUTHERN AFRICA 19 UNITED STATES

UANC members to take their place. They have refused, and legal experts in Salisbury have told Muzorewa that the new party is entitled to keep the eight seats, and is fur Rhodesian Sanctions ther entitled to two cabinet posts-which will mean that Muzorewa will lose control of these important positions. But Recognition Fighting Continues Salisbury's war, meanwhile, does not ap pear to have slowed significantly since the The Carter administration appears to be Muzorewa government was installed-de regaining the upper hand over Congres spite initial claims that the fighting would sional conservatives on the issue of Rho soon be over as members of the guerrilla desia, with a policy recognizing the "new forces responded to an amnesty offer and realities in Zimbabwe Rhodesia" following '546 4N" 0 came home. Salisbury's military leaders the election of Bishop Muzorewa. now characterize their fighting strategy as President Carter's June 7 announcement "holding, not winning," with long-term that he would not lift sanctions against military reserve strength clearly to the Rhodesia under the Case-Javits amendment Patriotic Front's advantage. Even Salisbury was aimed at pleasing both liberals and Z officials now admit that the front's troop moderates in Congress. His finding that the strength inside Rhodesia has doubled in the constitution leaves whites with a veto power last year-13,000 by their estimates, 20,000 and that the Patriotic Front was excluded from the April elections echoed statements or more according to some nationalists. I don't know it they'll recognize me, but at Salisbury has reported a drop in the that black leaders, and religious and union number of daily military incidents follow groups, had been making for months. On least they're looking this way. ing the election, and these reports have been the other hand, Carter pointed to "very en which is likely to disturb critics of US matched by others of high-level meetings couraging progress" in Rhodesia and called policy. He began working for the State between ZANU leader Robert Mugabe and the actual voting in the elections "ad Department in 1969 and was then assigned his top military commanders. There are a ministered in a reasonably free way under to Guatemala, where he served under Am number of possible reasons for these the circumstances." bassador Nathaniel Davis in a period of in developments. Clearly there was a need to But administration statements since the tense CIA activity. construct a strategy for dealing with any President's speech have moved closer Then Davis was assigned to Chile, and defectors enticed back home by Salisbury's toward supporting the Muzorewa-Smith Davidow followed him. Davis was ambas latest offer of amnesty, extended im government. In testimony before both sador to Chile from 1971-1973, the period mediately after Muzorewa took office. (The House and Senate committees in mid-June, in which the CIA was financing the opposi defectors seem to have been few, indeed.) It Secretary of State Vance stressed that tion which finally overthrew Allende in a is also likely that there was a need to see "there has been important movement bloody coup. CIA director William Colby how Salisbury would conduct its post toward majority rule. We must-and later testified that Davis was fully aware of election military strategy. A number of will-encourage further progress." In off the counter-Allende moves. sources in Washington expect the insecure the-record discussions with journalists, In 1974, Davidow was sent to Pretoria, regime to maintain or increase the level of other administration officials have stated with responsibility for Rhodesia, at a time fighting-including attacks into neighbor more clearly that reforming or "democra when Kissinger was beginning to display an ing countries. tizing" the current constitution and govern interest in Africa. In 1976, Davidow was Hardly had President Carter announced ment structure is their only basis for hope back at State, responsible for Mozambique, his decision not to lift sanctions against that the Patriotic Front will not win control and later Rhodesia. Rhodesia in June (see page ) than Lieut. in Zimbabwe through armed struggle. Earlier Allard Lowenstein, who has in re Gen. Peter Walls, head of Rhodesia's com And subsequent administration actions cent months been acting as a full-time, self bined military operations, predicted "a in late June indicate that a process has appointed lobbyist on Rhodesia, expressed bloody awful few months ahead of us begun that some are already calling creep more bluntly the implications of this creep now." Walls predicted that front military ing recognition. It was revealed that ing recognition. "The administration activities would be especially severe in the Muzorewa himself has been granted a visa should utilize this time to encourage the weeks prior to the British Commonwealth and will be in the US probably on July 9 Muzorewa government to move toward Conference scheduled for -August in and 10. His precise schedule is not known, genuine majority rule," Lowenstein told Lusaka; he was anticipating a deliberate but he is expected to address the Senate the press. "Then we will be doing the greatest liberation movement show of strength Foreign Relations Committee to press for possible favor to Bishop Muzorewa, by which would serve to undermine further recognition of his government and the lift making his government acceptable to its any argument being made about the ing of sanctions. White House officials neighbors. This isn't inconsistent with the legitimacy of the Muzorewa government. have not ruled out the possibility of a government's needs or goals. We must en Walls' remarks not only throw some light meeting in the Oval Office. courage the process now underway." on the true extent of the war situation but At the same time, State Department of In a statement reminiscent of Henry Kiss also indicate the failure of the new ad ficials announced that Jeffrey Davidow has inger, Lowenstein added that the US wants ministration's attempts to lure front been assigned to serve as a permanent but to show "that something besides revolution fighters out of the bush "unofficial" envoy to Salisbury, although a could end white domination in southern State Department spokesperson stressed Africa." This stance is not surprising, Patriotic Front Unity that the move did not imply recognition of given Lowenstein's record of civil rights The Patriotic Front, meanwhile, took a the Salisbury government. work in the 1960's in Mississippi. Paul Continued on page 32 Davidow, the new envoy, has a history Coward in a 1968 Ramparts article de-

20 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULY/AUGUST 1979 Z)UU I H AHkI-IA Rustin Changes Line It appears that Bayard Rustin is now tion calling for the lifting of all sanctions in Survive, singing a different tune with respect to the force against Zimbabwe-Rhodesia. elections held in Zimbabwe during April. The explanation for Rustin's about-face . Having gone to observe the elections as on the Rhodesian question is not found in More Likely part of a Freedom House team, he returned his contention that he was "misquoted" by to tell viewers of the nightly news Mac- the press and some "reactionaries in the Neil/Lehrer Report, "I think the election Senate." His statements on the April 25 scribed Lowenstein's deep distrust for what was more free than any I have observed in edition of the MacNeil/Lehrer report are he considered radical and conspiratorial in Africa. It was a major step toward the crea- proof enough of his initial stand on the fluences on SNCC from the Southern Con tion of a democratic, multi-cultural, mutli- elections in Rhodesia. ference Education Fund (SCEF) and the racial society in Africa." Perhaps Rustin's reversal of his earlier National Lawyers Guild. Explained Yet a month later Africa News reported position has more to do with the open letter Coward, "Lowenstein regarded the pro that in testimony before the House subcom- written by William Lucy, president of the gress that had occurred in America during mittee on Africa, Rustin stated that he "did Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, in the New Deal as a model for development not feel the April elections in Zimbabwe- which he told Rustin that, "The ultra-right that could be imposed on deprived and Rhodesia were free and fair." and conservative forces here and abroad segregated societies everywhere, from "I want to make it clear," he added, could not have found a better spokesman. Jackson to Johannesburg. And if substan "that I am not for lifting sanctions and Since you claim to be a great supporter of tial, radical change could always be brought walking somewhere, but for their use to civil and human rights, how can you in all about by democratic means, without blood bring about a democratic inter-racial socie- good conscience explain rationally your shed, it followed that revolutionaries ty, if that is possible, and I do not know remarks pertaining to the electoral process presented as deep a threat to progress as did that that is at all possible." in one of the most repressive countries in reactionaries. " Rustin's testimony must have come as a the world?" Lowenstein has taken the role of unof real surprise to the Freedom House delega- Or maybe Rustin's testimony before the ficial point-man for the administration tion under whose auspices he appeared House subcommittee was shaped somewhat since he observed the April elections as part before the subcommittee. Clifford Case, by the prior meeting he had with other of a Freedom House team that declared chairman of the board at Freedom House, black leaders. Reports reaching Southern them "a significant advance toward had testified that the conclusions reached Africa indicate that Rustin was read the multiracial and majority rule." Lowenstein by the observer team sent to Rhodesia "riot act" and convinced that he was out of has reportedly lobbied more than 100 Con represented the consensus of all nine step with the sentiments of the majority of gressional offices, met several times with observers. In addition, the board of trustees black Americans. In this instance, the ap both Secretary Vance and national security for Freedom House, of which Rustin is a plicability of the expression "better late advisor Brzezinski, and traveled two times member, had adopted on May 7 a resolu- than never" is subject to debate. M.B.EJ to Southern Africa to talk with Rhodesian politicians and leaders of the front-line states. A Turnaround threatening to punish the first country that Lowenstein is trying to collect as many What explains the turnaround in the lifts sanctions, why should we take Britain politicians as possible around a policy ap mood of the Congress? It is definitely not off the hook? proach that he keeps as vague as possible. that a majority of members have been con Third, it is becoming increasingly clear He claims that everyone from Senator Jesse vinced that the April elections were fraught that Muzorewa cannot be counted on to Helms to Ambassador Andy Young really with intimidation and that the Muzorewa stay in power in Rhodesia, much less guide have the same goals on Rhodesia, and that government is therefore illegitimate. It's the country toward the end of the war and a tactical differences can be resolved in an just that as the euphoria over the election genuine solution. Two special represen "American all-parties conference" which has worn off, pragmatic foreign policy con tatives of Bishop Muzorewa are telling he seems to be trying to orchestrate. siderations are taking over. members of the House that they have infor Three concerns have emerged. First, mation that 38 percent of the Patriotic Congressional Shift members of Congress are taking seriously Front guerrillas have defected since the In response to the administration's new the opposition of African states to the new election. This absurd claim is not even sup tone of accommodation toward Muzorewa, Rhodesian government, and are particular ported by the regime's own casualties the Congress has begun to turn toward leav ly sensitive to the importance of not an figures, which show that the war has con ing the Rhodesian sanctions issue up to the tagonizing Nigeria, now the second largest tinued to escalate in the last two months. President. In June, a clause lifting sanctions oil supplier to the US. Gulf Oil's vice presi Muzorewa's loss of a parliamentary majori by July 31 was tacked onto the Defense dent for exploration has been lobbying Gulf ty as a result of Chikerema's defection department authorization bill in the Senate. Coast Congressional delegates, urging the shortly before the House voted on the Although a majority of senators voted for view that lifting sanctions might disrupt US sanctions issue was a further blow to the measure, 21 Senators had switched to supplies of crude oil. When a multinational Muzorewa's credibility. the administration's position in comparison corporation makes the point, Congress is These pragmatic arguments have con with the 74-19 vote taken in May, which unlikely to dismiss it easily. vinced Congressional representatives with declared the Senate's support for the Second, many politicians have been per widely divergent views on Rhodesia to delay Rhodesian election. While the 52-41 vote suaded that it is foolhardy for the US to lift taking any action that would destroy the was a defeat, the 41 votes for the ad sanctions before the British take action. president's flexibility. If Britain lifts sanc ministration's position indicated that the Conservative representative Erlenborn tions in November, though, it will be very president had enough votes to uphold a (R.-Ill.) linked these two issues together in a difficult to keep the Congress from follow veto of the defense bill, which Vance said way politicians can understand, when he ing suit. In the meantime, both the US and would be "likely" if the Rhodesian noted that when constituents are complain Britain will be watching to see what hap language was retained. ing about long gas-lines and Nigeria is pens in Zimbabwe. C.R.-

JULY/AUGUST 1979/SOUTHERN AFRICA 21 UNITED STATES

government, which decided to sell them. Tel Aviv contracted a Skokie, Illinois, air craft marketer, Air Associates, to find a buyer. Air Associates came up with Jamson American Aircraft Break Aviation, the southeast Asia distributor for Piper Aircraft. Jamson said it was buying the helicopters for use in a logging opera Rhodesia Sanctions Barrier tion in Indonesia, and the US Commerce Department approved the transfer from Israel to Jamson, a requirement under US law. The arms embargo against Rhodesia has tional Peace Research Institute stated that The helicopters in Israel were for military been in effect for more than 12 years. Yet the plane had been added to the Rhodesian use, and Air Associates had to hire a repair the Rhodesia air force has expanded con air force. The UN report cites industry firm to demilitarize the aircraft. siderably in the past five years as the guer sources who say the planes were shipped via Jamson, meanwhile, had contracted with rilla war in Zimbabwe has spread. Of the Indonesia to Rhodesia. The report also Aerofrete of Lisbon to ship the helicopters approximately 180 aircraft in the Rhodesian quotes an unnamed US government official to Singapore. In August 1978, Aerofrete air force's arsenal, one-third originated to who said the US government assisted the leased the German-made ship, the Hartford some degree in the U.S. Until recently in transfer. Express, to carry the helicopters. According formation on how they got to Rhodesia was Finally the report documents the case of to BBC investigators, the ship's manifest very scant. the Britten-Norman Islander/Defender says that the cargo was bound for But in the last few months, some new in patrol plane, some 14 of which had arrived Singapore, but it never made it, nor did the formation on these arms embargo viola in Rhodesia by 1977. Reports in various in ship itself. And according to Charlie tions has begun to accumulate. One of the dustry publications indicate that between Cobb's story in Africa News, the Hartford best sources of information on this topic is six and 14 of these planes are now in Express is not approved to engage in traffic the sanctions committee of the UN Security Rhodesia. outside the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediter Council, which received a report last Despite the seriousness of the UN ranean, a fact which the US Commerce December on four cases of violations. Yet report's allegations supported by con Department apparently overlooked when almost six months later, the sanctions com siderable documentation, the report has not issuing its license to Jamson. The Hartford mittee has not released the report, and some been made public, largely as a result of Express ended up in Durban, South Africa Western members of the committee ap British opposition. Both the US and British where the helicopters were off-loaded and parently hope the report will never be delegations, in closed-door meetings of the then transported on to New Sarum airbase released. sanctions committee, have criticized Ger in Rhodesia. Southern Africa has obtained a copy of vasi's findings, and British hostility to the Both Jamson and Aerofrete have been the unreleased UN report. Among the conclusions of the report have kept it under US investigation since December. report's cases, that of the Cessna/Reims bottled up in committee. Southern Africa Commerce Department officials say they light twin engine aircraft has received a has learned that in the two meetings held were fooled into approving the sale of the good deal of publicity. Rhodesia is believed this year that discussed the report, the helicopters, according to Africa News. to have received 20 or 22 of these planes in British representative to the sanctions com I Ctl %UI[IIII LC IJCPdILIfICIIL bd IL III 1976 and 1977. The case of the Agusta-Bell mittee called the report's material "tenden vestigation is continuing but that it has been 205 (Huey) helicopter-Rhodesian officials tious," and said that the British delegation stymied in its efforts to trace the com have admitted acquiring a dozen Hueys in had strong reservations about Gervasi's plicated financial records of the deal. early 1978-has also been documented. continuing his research. In Rhodesia, one of the Bell helicopters But the UN report, prepared by research US response to the report has been more has crashed since December, killing its er Sean Gervasi, also discussed two other circumspect. The American delegate admit poorly trained crew. The remaining ten lesser-known cases, the Rockwell OV-10 ted that the US government had undertaken helicopters are grounded pending addition strike aircraft and the Britten-Norman an investigation in the cases of the Bell al training of personnel. Islander/Defender patrol aircraft. helicopters and the Cessna aircraft. So far, In an appearance before the sanctions Rhodesia is believed to have acquired though, no results have been made public. committee in late May, Gervasi outlined the four OV-10s by early 1977. The UN report The US delegate denied that the Rockwell helicopter transfer. He also traced the says that the scant reliable public evidence Broncos had reached Rhodesia. US transfer of 17 Siai Marchetti Warrior air of the transfer has been confirmed by inter criticism of Gervasi's report centered on its craft, an Italian aircraft with US engines views with US officials. inability to explain how the aircraft were that reached Rhodesia in 1977. Since his The OV-10, which the UN report says is transfered to Rhodesia. testimony, Gervasi's assertions on both one of the deadliest and most versatile light But in two cases information has come to planes have been coroborated by the BBC. strike and counterinsurgency aircraft in the light since Gervasi submitted his report to The route leads from Turin, Italy, through world, is manufactured by Rockwell Inter the sanctions committee that answer that Belgium, via Hamburg, to Durban. national. The version now in use in very question. The case of the Bell All in all Gervasi doesn't think the West Rhodesia is believed to be equipped with helicopters has been best documented. Ac is serious about enforcing military sanc laser range-finders and night-sighting cording to reports in Africa News and on tions. equipment, according to the UN report. BBC television, a small Singapore com "Judging from the manner in which this The presence of the OV-10 in Rhodesia pany, Jamson Aviation; and a Portuguese affair has been handled," Gervasi said was first reported in the Los Angeles Times shipping firm, Aerofrete of Lisbon. were recently referring to the treatment of his in early 1977, but US officials denied that responsible for smuggling the helicopters to report in the sanctions committee, "one is these planes had reached Rhodesia. But in Rhodesia last year. driven to the conclusion that the major 1978, the World Armaments and Disarma The route was circuitous. In 1978 the Western powers are not interested in ment Yearbook of the Stockholm Interna- helicopters were owned by the Israeli enforcing sanctions." M.S.0

22 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULY/AUGUST 1979 NAMIBIA Diplomatic Stalemate More Repression Information from inside Namibia is scant With the United Nations and South fire so that hundreds of their forces might these days, but the little there is reveals a Africa hopelessly deadlocked over pass freely into Namibia." pattern of increasing repression. Namibia, the UN General Assembly voted Previously, the Western five, including Almost 70 SWAPO leaders inside in a specially extended session in late May in the US, had complimented SWAPO on its Namibia who were arrested in a coun favor of mandatory economic sanctions acceptance of the plan and its willingness to trywide round-up in late April are still in against South Africa. compromise. Young's charges were a clear detention. Among them are several promi The vote-without a single negative turnabout, and SWAPO's UN representa nent church leaders, one of whom is Rev. ballot cast-came at the end of the week tive Theo-Ben Gurirab was furious. Bartholomew J. Karuaera of the African long session, which was startled at the "This statement is clearly unfair, Methodist Episcopal Church. Karuaera is a outset by South Africa's unsuccessful at misdirected, and provocative," Gurirab member of the executive of the Council of tempt to regain the General Assembly seat said, "for it seeks to put our legitimate in Churches in Namibia and attended the it lost in 1974. The Assembly also called for terests for genuine liberation on an equal March "proximity talks" in New York as increased economic and military aid to footing with the colonial claims and prepos part of a church delegation. That delega SWAPO. terous demands of Botha and his fellow tion met with representatives of the Because the General Assembly cannot racist gangsters. This is the kind of pro Western five, including Secretary of State take its own effective action, the resolution paganda exercise which consistently links Cyrus Vance. calls upon the Security Council to "convene the five in duplicity with the Pretoria In mid-May, the South African police urgently to take enforcement measures racists. And we will continue to expose and raided the offices of the Council of Church against South Africa." African representa denounce them for what they really es in Namibia. The police confiscated tives had hoped to hold a Security Council are-defenders and protectors of their com books, photostated articles, files, meeting soon after the Assembly completed bined interests in southern Africa." memoranda, video cassettes, tapes, its work on May 30. But the Council SWAPO president Sam Nujoma, in New photographs, negatives, and posters. meeting has been delayed until at least after York for the Assembly debate, echoed this The Council of Churches, only a week the OAU meeting in Liberia in mid-July. In sentiment. Southern Africa asked Nujoma before in an open letter to Administrator the meantime the stalemate over Namibia if he thought the West had done enough to General Marthinius Steyn, had protested the continues. pressure Pretoria to accept the UN plan. detention without trial of SWAPO and Regardless of when the Council eventual Nujoma answered no. "Frankly speaking," church officials. ly meets, the chances of any effective en Nujoma said, "if the US, Britain, France, Several days later Steyn responded to the forcement measures being taken are non and West Germany impose economic sanc church protest. Calling Namibia "un existent. Western representatives, including tions against South Africa, that regime will doubtedly a well-ordered and democratic US Ambassador Andrew Young, may have fall to its knees within a short time. If there body politic," Steyn wrote that individual joined in condemning South Africa's un is a will on the part of the Western powers, rights "must yield to the higher and more willingness to implement the UN plan for they should support economic sanctions. general interest, and, if necessary, be elections and independence in Namibia Then we'll see that they are doing their level sacrificed for the preservation thereof." -"Our intense opposition to apartheid best." Steyn said that the actions of the de needs no restating," Young said at one tainees "mortally imperilled the com point, "and our position on the illegal South Africa Ousted Again monweal. The interests of our New Society nature of South Africa's occupation of The end of the Assembly's debate consequently required some stringent Namibia is likewise a matter of record" brought no surprises, but no one expected it restraint being put on them. That is why but on the vote the US, nevertheless, ab to begin the way it did. Because of its policy they were detained." stained as did the other Western powers of apartheid, South Africa had been ousted Steyn did not specify the "actions" of that negotiated the UN plan. No one at the from its Generaly Assembly seat in 1974. the detainees that mortally imperilled the UN expects the West to permit a resolution But on the morning of the opening session commonweal. So far none of the detainees calling for sanctions against South Africa to of the Namibian debate, there was has been charged with any crime. make it through the Security Council Pretoria's delegation, headed by Adriaan Throughout this spring, the South without a veto. Eksteen, quietly sitting in the seats that had African Defense Force has undertaken ac been vacant for almost five years. The ac tions of its own in northern Namibia. SWAPO Angry tion took everyone by surprise and was to Details are not only unavailable outside the SWAPO's representatives at the UN provide what little drama the session saw. territory, but newspapers inside Namibia debate were extremely angry with Young's Apparently the first to notice the South can't even tell the story on what has been position. In his final remarks, Young con Africans' presence was the SWAPO delega going on. In early May the front-page of demned both South Africa and SWAPO tion. Soon the news was being whispered the weekly Windhoek Observer was heavily for contributing to the stalemate. After around the conference room. By the end of censored under orders from the defense scoring Pretoria for its attacks against the first day's session, the Africa group had force, which in effect ordered the printers Angola, its move toward an internal settle caucused, the matter was referred to the to stop the presses. According to the ment, and its repression of SWAPO inside credentials committee, and the following Observer, the army had "flatly refused to Namibia, Young turned his attention to the day, the whole Assembly voted overwhelm clear the true facts of what is happening." liberation movement. ingly to remove South Africa once again. A blackout on South African army ac "Similarly, difficulties have been created Only the Western nations voted to allow tivities in northern Namibia continued by SWAPO," Young declared, "notably South Africa to remain. "We must agree to throughout May, a period of time when the their loudly voiced mistrust of the West, talk with those with whom we disagree," government of Angola reported repeated baseless charges of malfeasance, absurd said US Ambassador Young, arguing in South African air and ground attacks claims such as a call for a one-sided cease- Continued on page 26 across the Namibian border. M.S.0i JULYIAUGUST 19791SOUTHERN AFRICA 23 New from Ravan Press/ Hans Zell Publishers Limited

Ahmed Essop The Hajji and other Stories. 1978 120pages £2.95/$6.00 paper ISBN 0-86975-091-7 "Ahmed Essop is anatural master of the story-teller's art with a fine feeling for situation, character and atmosphere. Though never evasive where the harsh social realities of his chosen scene are concerned, his writing is gentle and balanced in spirit with humour and compassion bringing various levels of comedy and tragedy into his scope. This emotional richness, as well as the vivacious variety of his scene, is reminiscent of V. S.Naipaul, whose fiction Essop admires." -from the foreword by LionelAbrahams

Belinda Bozzoli, editor Labour, Townships and Protest. Studies in the Social History of the Witwatersrand. (A selection of papers presented at the University of the Witwatersrand History Workshop, February, 1978). 1979 ca. 220 pages ca. £3.501$7.00 paper ISBN 0-86975-082-8 A multi-disciplinary collection of original research papers, this book is based upon the premise that an understanding of the Witwatersrand region is important not only because it was the 'crucible of modem South African capitalism', but also because of its unique system of class relations. It covers four general themes 'Township Life and Protest', 'Cultural Alternatives to Hegemony', 'Worker Organization and Action' and 'Structures of Control'. Contributors include P. L. Bonner, Robin Cohen, Rob Davies, F. A. Johnstone and A. W. Stadler.

Eddie Webster, editor Essays in Southern African Labour History. (Ravan Labour Studies, 1) 1978 248pages £4.90/$9.00 paper ISBN 0-86975-085-2 This book is the first in a series of readers on labour studies in Southern Africa. It brings together anumber of major contributions that have appeared in past issues of the South African Labour Bulletin, grouped by five themes, each with an introductory commentary: (i) informal resistance on the mines, (ii) the class character of the Industrial Conciliation Act, (iii) the assault by Afrikaaner nationalism on the trade union movement, (iv) the history of early Southern African labour history, and, (v) the origins of the Trades Union Congress of South Africa.

Pierre Hugo, editor Quislings or Realists? A Documentary Study of 'Coloured' Politics in South Africa. 1978 744 pages £16.50/$33.00 cloth ISBN 0-86975-067-4 This is the first major study of its kind, offering invaluable information on contemporary 'Coloured' politics in South Africa. The tide encapsulates the main issue of the recurring debate: are those who seek to avail themselves of the limited instruments of power accessible to the 'Coloured' people under the doctrine of separate development merely political realists, or are they actually traitors to their community? By drawing heavily upon original documents, many never previously published, this book vividly illustrates the policies and strategies of all the major political forces involved in 'Coloured' politics in South Africa from 1945 to the turbulent 1970s.

J. Lukas de Vries Mission and Colonialism in Namibia. 1978 216 pages £5.95/12.00 cloth, £3.50/47.00 paper ISBN 0-86975-071-2 cloth ISBN 0-869575-073-9 paper Can the Christian mission in Namibia come to terms with the past-in which it too often became the servant of colonial might-and begin to realize its goal of spiritual liberation in helping to shape the future of an independent Namibia? Lukas de Vries, one of Namibia's foremost Christian leaders, sets out to capture the historical perspective, without which no answer to this complex and urgent question can be attempted. This topical study encompasses both the social and political history of the Church and State in Namibia, as well as the theological issues centred on Luther's perennially controversial doctrine of the two kingdoms.

Some forthcoming Ravan titles (to be published during the course of 1979) Frank Molteno Mothobi Mutloatse South Africa after Soweto-A new internal dynamic? Biko-Feelings for a brother Mtutuzeli Matshoba Yvonne Burgess A Glimpse of Slavery. (Short stories) Say a Little Mantra for Me. (Her third novel) Mtutuzeli Matshoba Christopher Hope Baptism of Blood. (A novel, set in Soweto, 1976) Short Stories

Hans Zell Publishers Limited 14a St Giles • PO Box 56 Oxford OXI 3EL England Telephone (0865) 512934

24 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULY/AUGUST 1979 Paid Advertisement As the central institution of community consiousness." Perhaps nowhere more than life in these towns, the Church exercised in South Africa, with its rapid industrial enormous power. "It needed only a visit growth, have so many complex categories from the predikant (priest) to the girl's within those two camps developed, pro parents, or the threat that there would be viding evidence that the distinction between no accommodation in the hostel, and the reality and workers' consciousness cannot girls were forced to resign." By the 1960s be dismissed so summarily. these workers had become members of the In selecting one aspect of Bettie du Toit's racially-exclusive Blanke Tekstielwerkers book, the intention has not been to ignore Nywereheidsunie, (White Textile Workers others of equal significance: the intimate Industrial Union.) collusion between government and bosses; Ukubamba Amadolo: Workers' Struggles There were, undoubtedly, many cases the extent of foreign investment, much of it In the South African Textile Industry where racism and a fear of being undercut in the reserves where even minimum wage Bettie du Toit. by cheap black labor played the main role levels were exempt; the tremendous courage (Onyx Press, London, 1978) in driving whites into racially exclusive and enthusiasm in militant action by LI.60/$3.50 approx. unions. But this sort of evidence in du workers in the face of police brutality, im Toit's book challenges conventional prisonment and bannings of successive South Africa's industrial workers have wisdom's claim that these were the sole leaders. Rather, the purpose has been to been drawn from a highly varied population causes for the success of Afrikaner na draw attention to those factors which have with differences going well beyond those of tionalism, by providing pointers to other played a vital but often overlooked role in color and economic status. Deliberate factors which determined choices and ac shaping workers' struggles in South Africa, political and ideological manipulation of tions. and which even this trade unionist author divergent cultural and ethnic factors has Experiences among black textile workers has merely described in passing rather than fostered many of these divisions. Their fur too showed a variety of responses to examined closely. ther entrenchment through legislation has economic exploitation and government op Apartheid is not now nor has it ever been subjected workers to widely disparate and pression. In 1952, African textile workers in a monolithic, unchanging system. It has unequal conditions, rendering the over Kingwilliamstown in the Cape went on undergone many adjustments to promote riding common experience as an industrial strike after repeated attempts by the union the interests of state and private enterprise. labor force opaque. to negotiate for higher wages. "The By the 1960's, the textile industry had Bettie du Toit's Ukubamba Amadolo is employers sent recruiting agents through grown to 104 establishments, employing an account of the experiences of one section the Transkei and Ciskei, so-called Bantu 29,142 workers of whom 70 percent were of South African industrial workers-the Homelands, where there was a mass of African, the white proportion having textile workers. Perhaps because the unemployed black workers, but not one of dropped to 10 percent. But it would be in author's perspective is that of a trade them accepted the jobs offered them. They correct to view the entire South African unionist, the broader historical context of had heard of the strike, and did not wish to labor force as consisting of white, skilled South Africa's development is sadly lack scab on their fellow tribesman." workers, protected by their enfranchise ing. This makes for demanding reading. Six years later however, in 1958, when ment, on the one hand, and a crushed, un However, this short book provides many Africans struck in Port Elizabeth, differentiated black proletariat on the valuable insights into the ways that cultural employers found their efforts to obtain other. Divisions within ranks continue to and ideological factors have fed directly labor from the Ciskei rewarded. The evolve on both sides of the color bar, again divergent perceptions and consequent following year, Zulu workers from the Um allowing for manipulations of workers and choice of action among these workers. bumbumbulu Reserve went on strike. preventing unity. These have resulted in a divided labor "They never openly picketed but were Whether Bettie du Toit's prescription for force-precisely as government and en always to be found mingling with the "ukubamba amadolo"-a national in trepreneurs intended. passers-by, speaking to them and per dustrial go-slow-would produce the ef In the mid-1930's, there were twelve tex suading them not to accept work. They fects she hopes for, the collapse of the tile companies operating in South Africa, were successful. There were no scabs." apartheid system, remains to be seen. What employing 2500 people, 65 percent white The author does not make clear what is certain however is that without an accom and 40 percent women. The majority of causes lay behind these differences in the panying political consciousness-raising, white women came from rural Afrikaner ability of workers to generate solidarity. which she recognizes as vital, industrial ac families, forced by poverty into the towns Whether they were a result of relative tion and resulting political change remain to seek employment. Ms. du Toit was one degrees of impoverishment between dif hampered. Hopefully her book with its of these. She quickly rose among the ranks ferent reserves, or proximity of factories to proud as well as illuminating record of the in a fight against abysmal wages and appal the reserves, allowing for greater mobility textile workers' struggle will find its way ling work conditions and became an between the two and hence closer ties back to South Africa and to those of whom organizer for the non-racial Textile amongst kin is left unexplored. What is she has written. El Workers' Industrial Union (TWIU) clear though is their differing effects on the established in 1935. success of workers' actions and consequent Her early efforts among Afrikaner morale. A Bend in the River women in the smaller Cape towns produced Theory has it that industrialization will V.S. Naipaul an enthusiastic membership. Appeals to result ultimately in a confrontation between (Alfred A. Knopf, 1979, 288 pp.) racial prejudice from the greyshirts those who own and reap profits and those $8.95 (Afrikaner fascists) and Nationalists did not who don't and labor to produce them. The deter these women from joining a non failure by workers to gain true cognizance Progress in fiction about Africa requires racial union. However, when these political of this basic division, preventing them from two things. Outsiders cannot all be elements threatened to bring their ally, the uniting to eradicate it and making them presented as civilized and sensible: Africans Dutch Reformed Church, to their aid, the prey to divisive manipulation within their cannot all be portrayed as savage and irra over women withdrew. own ranks has been attributed to "false 25 JULYIAUGUST 19791SOUTHERN AFRICA JULY/AUGUST 1979/SOUTHERN AFRICA 25 tional. The first of these hurdles was without recalling some of these characters. Diplomatic Stalemate reached at the start of the century in Con And Naipaul's gift for presenting local col continuedfrom page 23 rad's Heart of Darkness. In that story a or is remarkable. His details are always European, Kurtz, went deep into Africa on right, and the setting has the feel of an favor of the principle of universal represen ly to find that he had neither the restraint African town in a way most books never tation regardless of the nature of the nor the faith necessary to accomplish his manage. government involved. "We need have no purposes. Conrad used the African jungle Yet critics know that in the end fine fear [that South Africa's representative] as a metaphor for all that was wrong and writing, a credible array of minor will convince us of the acceptibility of apart rotten in humanity's ambitions. On his characters, and an eye for the details of a heid or of the legitimacy of South African deathbed Kurtz rambled, "I had immense setting are not enough for a novel. If novels occupation of Namibia." plans . . . I was on the threshold of great are about anything, they are about people But the Africans, even those representa things," and then just before he died he saw and how they are changed by circumstance. ives from the most pro-Western nations on the empty brute e really was and he cried, At the end of a novel something at the per the continent, didn't buy that argument. "The horror! The horror!" sonal core of the central character must be For them, noted the Liberian ambassador, Conrad's short novel has spawned a lot so different that if he were suddenly "the issue is one of substance, not form." of successors; the most recent example is by plunged back into the beginning of the The government in Pretoria does not repre the Trinidad-born writer V.S. Naipaul. A story, the story itself would be different. sent the people of South Africa, the Bend in the River is also the story of an out Salim undergoes no such change. His finan Africans argue. Pretoria's representatives, sider who travels deep into the Congo cial ruin is only a change in his external con therefore, don't have the right to par jungle and finds the very opposite of salva dition. If he were more profoundly altered, ticipate in the Assembly. tion. The novel's hero is Salim, a young however, it would indicate that his fate was This time it was the South African's turn man of Indian ancestry, born in a place the fruit of his own character instead of his to be furious. Eksteen said the Assembly's much like Zanzibar. Salim comes of age African setting. As it stands, all of Salim's action "made a mockery" of the UN just as the first wave of independence failings can be explained as part of the Charter, and he indicated that the move washes over Africa. He buys a shop in a African disease, something outsiders escape meant that there was little hope left of town much like Kisangani (then called by escaping Africa. Only the blacks-and South Africa's accepting the UN plan. Stanleyville) and journeys there to "the the ordinary village African is quite invis "The denial of the right to be heard," Ek bend in the great river," to seek his fortune. ible in this story-seem somehow hopelessly steen said, "has frustrated effectively that Slowly the town begins to recover from the bound to the savage and irrational rot of degree of understanding which is essential upheavals of independence. The Vietnam the Naipaul setting. to any form of collaboration whatsoever. War brings a boom to the copper mines in We are left, therefore, with the suspicion The attempts to silence South Africa show the south, and this influx of money makes that much of the praise for this book is real conclusively that a majority in the General Salim, if not rich, at least well to do. Then ly praise for its portrayal of Africa as a Assembly is bent on promoting confronta the boom fades, the people become restless, place which corrupts the work of every out tion rather than cooperation and seeking a the country's president begins to fear he is sider, no matter how good his intentions. settlement of the South-West Africa/ losing power, and to shore up his position, How comforting that theme is to the disap Namibia problem on the basis of the bullet companies like Salim's are "radicalized" pointed. It's not our fault, say the Belgians, rather than on the basis of the ballot." (partly nationalized, partly Africanized). the Portuguese, the French, and the British. But the South African reaction was hard Salim is ruined. It's not our fault, say the merchants in the ly a bombshell. Many UN observers Salim, however, makes no personal book-the Indians and Pakistanis, the thought that South Africa had expected, discovery to match Kurtz's. After his Greeks and Italians. Sure not my fault, says and even hoped for, such a move on the failure, Salim's understanding of his fate is Ian Smith. It wasn't my fault, says Vorster, part of the Assembly. Pretoria %%ill use the no more profound than the simple plaint: resigning. 'Tweren't Salim's fault, agree the action as an excuse to rule out, in effect, it's not my fault. The Africans in Naipaul's critics. Naipaul has mistaken Conrad's any cooperation with the UN, but Pretoria story are just as frightening and savage as symbol for reality and has put the blame on had already reached that point months those in Conrad's tale, but this time there is the African jungle, for the fate of the out before. South Africa's tactic, most no tempering recognition that the world sider, rather than where it belongs, on the observers agree, Nvill be to continue to say beyond the jungle is equally brutal. outsider, and the society which he both that the door is open to further coopera The notion at the heart of Naipaul's forms and is formed by. This novel does tion, all the while that it is taking concrete novel is that the fault, dear reader, is not in not constitute progress. 0 steps to slam that door shut tight. ourselves but in Africa. It is a profoundly Edmund Blair Bolles . That is just what Pretoria did on the e~e disturbing theme.' Those optimists who Edmund Blair Bolles is a freelance writer of the General Assembly debate when thought we had gotten beyond Conrad's who has lived in Tanzania. He is author of South African officials opened the first ses myth and believed we were now ready for a the travel book Animal Parks of Africa. sion of Namibia's "national assembly" in novel which would brave the second hurdle Windhoek. in fictional thinking about Africa, must The West still maintains that there is now contemplate the fact that we are no Become hope for a negotiated settlement, but if the longer even up to the level of Conrad's vi vote in the Assembly is any indication, few sion. This book, which has been well re representatives from any other countries ceived in all the major literary reviews, does a Sustainer to agree. By late June South African Foreign not have a single outsider who is a savage or Minister Roelof Botha was in London to a single pure-blood African who isn't. discuss Namibia with the new British In part the critics' praise stems from Southern Foreign Secretary, Lord Carrington. But Naipaul's prose skills. His style is first rate; one African representative summed it up he never uses a wrong word or misses a Africa best by saying, "They'll continue to say beat. His characters are all well drawn and there's hope until the day South Africa sharply described. It will be hard to think declares its own brand of independence in about acquaintances in African towns Magazine Namibia." El

26 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULY/AUGUST 1979 "Six Days in Soweto" was made one year water wash. chestrated by the police. The film portrays after the June 1976 uprisings. The docu The anger of black students toward this Buthelezi as a critic of mentary, produced by Anthony Thomas of education sparked the uprisings that swept the ruling structure, ignoring his position as British ITV, recreates six days of the stu the nation. One of the flaws of the film is its a paid participant in the grand design of dent rebellion. From interviews with depiction of the rebellion as a spontaneous "separate development" and thus an objec students, teachers, and parents a story uprising. In fact its roots can be traced to tive upholder of the bantusan policy. As emerges of the "children's crusade that has the long history and tradition of black such he has proved a skillful ambassador changed South Africa forever." resistance to white rule. While failing to for apartheid. In fact it is the very students To highlight the oppressive conditions provide a substantial historical context for whom he appears to be supporting in the experienced by Soweto's 1.5 million the revolt, Thomas does capture the drama film who have denounced him vehemently residents, the documentary juxtaposes of the actual events. Scenes are shown of as a "puppet on a string." The film makes scenes of the township with the extravagant students wrecking and setting on fire such no mention of this. and frivolous lives of the one million whites symbols of oppression as Bantu Adminis Against the backdrop of the brutal at living in modern Johannesburg, 15 miles tration offices, libraries, and beer halls tacks on the "children of Soweto," the away. It creates a strong feeling of empathy while at the same time demanding an end everyday lives of white South Africans pro for the downtrodden and courageous black not only to bantu education but to the vide a stark contrast. Some are unaware of students. system of apartheid itself. where Soweto is situated. Many like to con Built by the white government in the In response the white ruling structure sider that their lives have been unaffected 1950's to ensure the supply of black labor unleashed an uncontrolled wave of violence by the existence of this township, unmarked to the country's most industrialized city, as the police and paramilitary gunned down on many maps. From the lawn of her lux Soweto is a dense concentration of people, children who could only defend themselves urious suburban home, one distraught isolated from Johannesburg where most of empty-handed or at most with sticks, Johannesburg woman declares that she its inhabitants work. The adults trek into stones, and the lids of metal garbage cans. found "the attitudes of the blacks terrify the city each day, leaving behind their Any child in a school uniform became a ing, with their amandla [black power] children who bear the responsibilities of target. sign." Her response was to rush out to buy adults as they work hard for the Two maimed schools girls tell their a gun-something that most whites had family-cooking and collecting water from stories. One describes how she was shot already done. outdoor faucets, caring for their younger when returning from a visit to her uncle, brothers and sisters. and although she is now paralyzed from the "Six Days" is a convincing documentary ot "They are not children," Thomas points waist down, she reassures herself, and us, the legitimacy and inevitability of the 1976 out. "They are men and women." Yet the that she can still use her head. student rebellions. But the film lacks a apartheid system, while forcing them to The other had her legs amputated after broader context. It fails totally to show the take on responsibilities beyond their years, she was shot at a funeral of students killed West's involvement in the South African denies them the rights of children and then by the police. But she will not be deterred economy. Rather it implies that apartheid is refuses to recognize them as men and from continuing the fight. "The black man created and maintained solely by a repres women when they reach adulthood. must fight," she says, "They can kill us but sive minority regime. It ignores the role that The film exposes the iniquitous system of not all of us. We will die till we get our Western countries have consistently played "bantu" education, described by Soweto freedom." in backing up the white government, rescu students as "an educational system of The effect on the students, many still ing the economy in times of crisis with slavery." Free and compulsory education is children, has been devastating. One school massive bank loans, aiding the country in provided for white children with an expen principal expresses his anguish: "The attaining military self-sufficiency despite a diture of $500 per year for each child. In children, many of them have been ruined." UN arms embargo, and helping it develop contrast the government spends only $40.00 The students-15,000 strong-had to its own nuclear capabilities. per year for each black child's education, contend with more than armed police and Despite these limitations, "Six Days" is a which is neither free nor compulsory. soldiers. They were attacked as well by Zulu compelling film and a valuable educational Hence, only a small percentage of children migrant workers. These workers are among tool for schools, colleges, churches, and have access to education, and once in the lowest paid of all and frustrated by their community organizations. El school, they receive a markedly inferior conditions, became easy prey to police en Pippa Franks education in keeping with the assertion of ticement to attack the students. While the the late Prime Minister Verwoerd that "all pro-government press used the Zulu attacks "Six Days At Soweto" can be obtained you need the black child to learn is the abili as evidence of "black savagery" and from the Southern Africa Media Center, ty to understand the white master." This is "tribalism," Gatsha Buthelezi, chief California Newsreel, 630 Natoma Street, vividly portrayed in one scene where a minister of the Zulu bantustan, produces San Francisco, CA 94103. (415) 621-6196. teacher proudly demonstrates to her girl evidence to show that the so-called "Zulu It is in 16mm color, 55 minutes long, and students how to rub clothes white in cold attacks" were not spontaneous but were or- rents for $75.00. JULY/AUGUST 1979/SOUTHERN AFRICA 27 I Bank Campaign Calls LL. AI' ILL11,IL. for UN Action

On June 6, the United Nations Special and corporations doing business with South from the US, Canada, and Europe will be Committee Against Apartheid heard Africa. holding their annual meeting on the bank testimony from four representatives of George Houser, director of the American campaign in Minnesota on July 21-22. groups working to end bank loans to South Committee on Africa, talked about the role The bank campaign in the US has had a Africa. Activists from the United States, of correspondent banking relationships, number of recent successes. Yale University Britain, and Canada discussed the progress which are arrangements made between divested $1.6 million from Morgan Guaran of their organizations in the campaign to banks to provide banking services and ty Trust Co. because of its policy of lending end all financing of apartheid by banks and credit facilities. In the South African con to South Africa. Voters in Berkeley, made recommendations to the Special text such arrangements play an important California passed a resolution calling for Committee as to how the United Nations, role in financing apartheid. He singled out the withdrawal of city funds from banks in keeping with its anti-apartheid stance, Chemical Bank which continues to provide doing business with South Africa. could support the bank campaign. funds to South Africa and pointed out that Reverend David Haslam, representing the bank was in the unique position of ac Washington Campaign Initiated the London-based End Loans to Southern tually having a branch inside the United A new local bank campaign started in Africa group, referred to the system of Nations headquarters in New York. Washington, DC, on June 15 in com apartheid as a "monster" which is fed by Houser stressed that "any underwriting memoration of the Soweto uprising. The bank loans from the Western countries. of the South African economy must be end DC Bank Campaign is demanding of the ci Outstanding loans to South Africa totalled ed for genuine change to take place." He ty's largest bank, Riggs National Bank, that $8.6 billion by the end of 1977. Reverend said that there was no such thing as a "bet it end loans to South Africa and to Chile, Haslam pointed out that despite the prevail ter bank," which makes constructive loans to and end redlining in DC. It is the first local ing myth that apartheid could never be South Africa. All lending to South Africa, campaign in the country that has combined destroyed, international opinion would have to the state or private enterprise, supported these three demands; it's also the first to an effect on South Africa's policies. He and strengthened apartheid, and must be base its charges against the bank entirely on suggested four ways to "poison the ended. internal bank documents. Although Riggs monster," including a worldwide boycott Following on the day's hearings the has refused to confirm or deny it, the cam and international days of action against the Special Committee wrote three letters to paign has evidence that Riggs has provided two largest South African banks, Barclays Secretary-General Waldheim, requesting more than $70 million in credits to the and Standard Chartered, and increased him to obtain information from Chemical Chilean military missions in the US, and at pressure on banks through organizations Bank on its activities in South Africa, ask leat $1 million dollars in credit to ISCOR, such as the UN, the OAU, and the World ing whether the United Nations Pension the South African state-controlled Iron and Council of Churches. While pressure from Fund owned securities in banks or corpora Steel Corporation. In the predominantly anti-apartheid groups has forced British tions doing business in South Africa and black areas of the district, Riggs lent less and American banks to cut back on their asking for information regarding banks than $4 million for home mortgages in lending to South Africa, Rev. Haslam said, used by UN agencies. In addition the Com 1977, although it held $68 million in the amount of loans from West Germany mittee decided to issue a press statement deposits from those communities. and Switzerland continues to increase. reaffirming UN opposition to all bank The campaign opened with a press con loans to South Africa, expressing its con ference which included a member of the DC Canadian Actions tinued support of campaigns by non city council, the vice president of the Coali A report on the bank campaign in governmental organizations against loans tion of Black Trade Unionists, and Canada was given by Pat Baker, a repre to South Africa. The Committeealso decid Dumisani Kumalo, national co-ordinator of sentative of the Toronto Committee for the ed to send a letter to the Permanent the bank campaign. More than $42,000 was Liberation of Southern Africa. Baker said Representative of Japan regarding loans to withdrawn from Riggs on June 15 by 20 in that Canadian banks make few disclosures South Africa by Japanese banks in other dividuals and a few small organizations, concerning their loans, but it was known countries. and more than 50 people protested Riggs' that at least seven federally chartered banks policies in picket lines at two branches. The are involved in lending to South Africa. US Coordinator Appointed DC Bank Campaign is initiated by the Bank campaign actions in Canada have in US opposition to bank lending to South Washington Office on Africa, a local cluded withdrawal of funds in these banks Africa is growing, and new plans are being United Church of Christ task force on by student organizations, trade unions, and made for future organization-building. southern Africa, and Non-Intervention in churches, and national days of action The Campaign to Oppose Bank Loans to Chile. 0 against the banks. South Africa (COBLSA), which is currently TerriAnn Lowenthal Tim Smith, director of the Interfaith sponsored by the American Committee on Center on Corporate Responsibility, Africa, and Clergy and Laity Concerned, TerriAnn Lowenthal is a student intern pointed out that loans to the private sector has a new coordinator, Dumasani Kumalo. with the American Committee on Africa. and trade-related financing have increased. Kumalo, a journalist who is in exile from She studies African studies at Cornell He also warned that the UN was com South Africa, recently completed a ten University, and has played an active role in promising its anti-apartheid stance by hav week tour of campuses in the US. organizing campus awareness in the role ing its own pension fund invested in banks COBLSA and about 50 related groups played by US corporationsin South Africa. 28 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULY/AUGUST 1979 ACTION NEWS AND NOTES

Research Groups Meet in Amsterdam

Late in May representatives of Southern babwe about immediate events. Of special South Africa. The campaign began in African liberation movement research concern is the role of private armies, the ef March with the distribution of 1.2 million departments and European support groups fect of Rhodesian air raids and massacres leaflets by more than 200 organizations. It met in Amsterdam, Holland, to discuss the on neighboring countries, the role of thet has been supplemented by posters and na research needs and objectives of liberation Western media, the flow of arms to Zim tional press coverage and has already movements. The meeting was convened by babwe, and the methods of Western stimulated significant debate within the the Transnational Institute, the European economic penetration. Dutch parliament and society. branch of the Washington-based Institute Although ZANU was not at the con The German Information Service for for Policy Studies. ference it was noted that a high degree of Southern Africa (ISSA) is an information The meeting followed a similar gathering interaction already exists between the two center that publishes a news and comments held in New York at the end of April con research departments. ZAN0J has recently magazine ten times a year. The center also vened by IPS, Transafrica, and the begun an educational institute in Maputo publishes pamphlets and books including a Association of Concerned African Scholars which is doing research on a new educa recent handbook on German divestment of the African Studies Association. The tional system, among other projects. issues and information on German firms New York meeting brought together about SWAPO suggested that one important and subsidiaries in South Africa. 30 different students, professors, and ac area of focus was the military and economic The main French organization is le tivists. The objective of both meetings was significance of Walvis Bay to South Africa, COCIAA-Campagne Anti-Outspan, a to identify the areas in which research was and its potential role as an international coalition of .two groups. COCIAA already underway, the ways in which new bargaining chip as well as a port through publishes a monthly news magazine called work could supplement the informational which quantities of goods and minerals "Apartheid Non," which focuses on needs of the movements, and the methods reach the international market system. France's relationship to South Africa. It by which materials once produced could be There was also an urgent need to expose the also functions as a research group. The channeled to the liberation movements. hollowness of so-called changes in Anti-Outspan campaign is the action Representatives from the US, Germany, Namibia. Confusion about the recent elec oriented wing which the research group Holland, and France, and from the ANC, tions, South African propaganda and fuels. ZAPU, and SWAPO attended the two-day distortions in the international media all Both the New York and Amsterdam Amsterdam meeting. needed to be countered by careful informa meetings underscored the necessity for sup The ANC research department under tion about the realities of Pretoria's control port groups to maintain close contacts with scored the need to examine the structure and the impact of Western interests on the each other as well as with the liberation and mechanics of the South African struggle for Namibian independence. movements in southern Africa. In the US system, to build a clear picture of the SWAPO's main research center is based the Institute for Policy Studies and SARAP dynamics of apartheid and its international at the UN Institute for Namibia in Lusaka, at the University of Maryland agreed to connections. Examples of important im Zambia. Its most immediate problems are a establish a central clearing house for all mediate topics included SASOL II and its lack of textbooks and materials on southern research in order to facilitate the flow of support from the private sector and foreign Africa. This is complicated by the fact that these important materials, In Europe it was multinationals; the use of Muldergate to at the institute only I percent of Namibians decided that bilateral organizational con bring about fundamental economic and have English as a first language, while the tacts would be maintained and strengthened military policy changes; the importance other languages used are German and and plans were made to convene other of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty to Afrikaans. workshops periodically. W.S.I South Africa, the nuclear question in the US and the Third World in eeneral. Support Group Reports ZAPU's main research department is the Each group gave a brief report on its Zimbabwe Institute for Research and work, and on the international context with Cooperation in Lusaka. It has six research in which it was operating. The Dutch, with ers who have been drawn from other divi their historic links to the Afrikaaners, have sions of the party. This has resulted in a a generally high awareness of the problems body with a multi-disciplinary approach in southern Africa, and the five national Subscribers, which supplies the publicity department, committees dealing with Africa are able to the information department, and the take advantage of this. These support general needs of policy formulation. The six groups exist on public funds, sales from RENEW researchers consist of two economists, one their materials, and government grants for your subscription to nutrition specialist, one historian, one certain aspects of their work. Southern Africa lawyer and one political scientist. One of the better known groups is the Though the long-range research objec Angola Committee which changed its tives of ZAPU revolve around the transi name in 1976 to the Holland Committee on NOW! tional phase to majority rule, short-term Southern Africa. projects are formulated with the aim of in The Holland Committee is now working forming people inside and outside of Zim- on a campaign to end Shell oil deliveries to JULY/AUGUST 19791SOUTHERN AFRICA 29 ed not guilty on charges under the Ter prisoners have been charged in absentia in Political Prisoners rorism Act. According to the charges, they the Cape Town Magistrates Court. continued from page 18 joined the PAC in 1976 and were sent to The prisoners charged are Usumzi China. The defendants were said to have Mcongo, 19, Zuko Camagu, 18, Mncedisi and Ms. Sibongile Kubiteka, 29. left South Africa during the Soweto upris Siswana, 22, Tamsanqa Jeffrey Klaas, 22, ing in 1976, and to have gone to Swaziland Khumbelele Mnikina, 29, and Fezile Mvula, Ethel Wauchope and Washington Mlauzi with 30 others. According to one witness, 20. Mvula is serving a ten year sentence for These defendants were charged under the they learned how to handle weapons, sabotage and public violence. J.W.0 Terrorism Act of assisting eight people to studied revolutionary ideology, and then undergo military training between January traveled back to South Africa via ZANU Women and August 1978. After pleading not guilty Botswana. In South Africa they were to continued from page 9 in March, 1979, they asked for a discharge make "pockets" where others who had because the evidence presented by three undergone training would be safe to secretaries for the three branches of the state witnesses was contradictory. The trial mobilize "and make people aware that department: the political wing, Tichaona has been postponed until July 9, 1979. whites did not belong in South Africa but in Freedom, the external affairs wing, Andy Europe." Changamukai, and the military wing, yet to Nto Mitta Maphike be determined. Mrs. Maphike was sentenced to five years Resistance Robben Island All the nominations and proposals made imprisonment under the Terrorism Act in Even in prison, the level of resistance is by the seminar will now go to the ZANU mid-May. She allegedly assisted people to high. According to a May report in The central committee for its approval. Asked leave the country so that they might Star, six prisoners on Robben Island have whether this meant that some of the sugges undergo military training. Her application recently been charged with attempted tions might be turned down, the women for bail was refused. murder. According to the report, in responded that although that was theoreti February there was an incident in which cally "members possible, they were confident that Jabani and Two Others of the prisons department were their proposals would be accepted. "It Evidence is still being heard in the trial of injured." A Captain Harding was stabbed, couldn't be otherwise," Chitsotso conclud Norman Vusi Thusi Jabani, 20, Mthunzi and "after consideration," the attorney ed. "The women of Zimbabwe together Columbus Mazibuko, 25, and Prince general decided to bring attempted murder with the men of Zimbabwe will be free." 0 Mzimkulu Dubu, 20. The three have plead- charges against a group of prisoners. The Barham Barnes

-~1

Slide Show: The Role of Women in the Guinea-Bissau Revolution Stephanie Urdang, author of Fighting Two Colonialisms: Women in Guinea-Bissau (Monthly Review Press, 1979) and a member of the Southern Africa collective Is available to present her slide show and talk on the role of women in the revolution in Guinea K. . Bissau. She travelled through Guinea-Bissau during the war in 1974, and again after independence, and bases her presentation on the many interviews she did with women. The slide show describes how the effort to build a new society affects their lives as women, as well as their view that the liberation of women must be both integral to the total revolution and waged by the women themselves.

Stephanie Urdang has written widely on the subject and has spoken and/or presented her slides at numerous colleges and universities-to graduate and under graduate seminars, to classes in departments of African studi'es, women's studies, anthropology, sociology, political science. For further information write: Stephanie Urdang, c/o Southern Africa Magazine 17 West 17th Street New York, New York 10011 Telephone: (212) 989-3557

30 SOUTHERN AFRICAIJULY/AUGUST 1979 Paid Advertisement Cuba's Africa Aid Dennis Brutus, the South African writer plicit in the plan. While conceding that a and teacher forced into exile after being im continued from page 11 new privileged class of urban blacks "may 'prisoned for his very active struggle for well serve as the lid on the kettle of revolu non-racial sports, also criticized the fight on tion for some years to come," they warn the course of study in the school to begin at political grounds. "This fight was especially that even greater pressures may build up in a fourth-grade level. damaging," Brutus said, "because it was the kettle itself. Finally, and perhaps most fundamental held in Bophuthatswana. South Africa with In the end, advised one such critic, the ly, the creation of schools entirely given the connivance of CBS was able to promote less-privileged majority "will inevitably over to Angolan, Mozambican, and Ethio the myth of an independent nation." become more inclined to reject the capitalist pian children is aimed at providing the The claim of independence for Bophu system and to turn to other ideologies." framework within which these children will thatswana was best refuted by Prexy And that is the very last thing that Botha, be able to maintain intact their own par Nesbitt, former associate director of the or Treurnicht, or the government's critics in ticular cultural roots, despite long years of American Committee on Africa. "Bophu the business sector would like to see. study outside their own countries. The com thatswana is part of the Bantustan scheme A.M.0] position of the teaching staff at each of the of South Africa to set up what would be schools is designed to facilitate the reten known in this country as reservations, Draft Resisters tion of cultural and national identity. At although concentration camps might also continued from page 15 the Agostinho Neto School, three of the 37 be applicable," Nesbitt said. " The people do in the army, who have fled into exile. teachers are Angolan; they teach courses there have no control of their postal system, Such men find that no western county will dealing with history and Portuguese currency, defense, civil service, or the grant them the status of a political refugee, language studies. police. It is still in the hands of the South and many have found it extremely difficult These Cuban-African educational efforts African government." to maintain themselves outside South at many levels, of reflect the existence, Africa. Cuba's ties to the continent. They speak to A Media Cop There is no conscientious-objector status the Cuban's conception of aid and develop Richard Lapchick, national chairperson ment no longer based upon a master for draft resisters in South Africa. But the of ACCESS, a coalition of 15 political, laws extend even further. A 1974 amend servant relationship with an already highly religious, civil rights, and sports organiza ment to the Defense Act makes it a crime developed country. In a sense, these ties are tions concerned with equality in sports, punishable by a six-year jail sentence, $6000 vision of a new economic and described the televising of this fight as part of a fine or both, to encourage conscientious social order, which breaks the vicious cycle "South Africa's use of the media to distort objection in any way. Organizing, or even of dependency that has for so long the actual reality and its continued use of publicly discussing the issues around con characterized the relationship between sports for political purposes." scientious objection are illegal. Even Third World nations and the advanced in The entire incident demonstrates the ministers and priests are prohibited by law dustrial countries of the West. U lengths to which the supporters of apart from counseling persons who consider draft -Carollee Bengelsdorf heid will go on to circumvent the sports resistance. boycott. The sports boycott has been Yet despite these laws, resisters are now especially important for mobilizing interna Sports Boycott circulating an illegal underground paper tional attention and concern on the issue of continued from page 12 called Omkeer (About Face). It carries apartheid. It is also a demonstration to the stories describing soldiers' experiences in Association, the International Amateur oppressed majority of South Africa of the Athletic Federation, the International level of international solidarity with their the army, raises questions about what the army represents and is fighting for, en Chess Federation, and from competing in struggle for liberation. For both reasons, courages resistance, and provides informa the World Cup sponsored by the World activists promise to keep the boycott alive Yet even this cam Football Federation. in the coming months, and those who ad tion such as overseas contact addresses for those who choose not to continue serving. paign has been only partially successful, as vocate playing games with apartheid are South Africa still retains membership in 48 likely to run into serious opposition. El known international sports federations, US Organizing thus retaining a large international sporting Michael Beaubien SAMRAF, an organization of Americans stage upon which to parade apartheid in Controls and South African war resisters, has for sport. The success of this internatinal cam continued from page 14 over a year been assisting war resisters in ex paign is dependent upon all states and spor tible to co-optation through creation of an ile in the US. It has launched a national ting organizations to implement faithfully elite bureaucracy on the government campaign to win the right of asylum for the resolutions of the United Nations. payroll (as in the bantustans). But the level such resisters, it has begun to prepare of resistance and political consciousness careful evidence of ways in which troops are A Phony Independence, within the black communities may have ad used for internal repression in South The real significance of the Tate vs vanced too far for imposition of such a Africa, and it has done considerable Knoetze bout was pinpointed by Paul Zim system. research about the South African military merman of the N. Y. Post. "Knoetze is only Already, on two occasions last year, the and its links with Western countries. one issue in this sorry CBS production," people of Soweto showed their refusal to be Primary resistance to apartheid continues Zimmerman wrote. "Bophuthatswana is drawn by phony concessions. Twice the to come from South Africa's black popula the ral one. A phony country created by government stated elections for powerless tion, but the growing evidence of soldiers in South Africa in December 1977, to cover its local councils, and nobody came to the revolt is one sign that as the struggle for own apartheid policies. Six little territories polls. Now, several black leaders, including liberation intensifies, a growing number of surrounded by South Africa and bankrolled Dr. Nthato Motlana, head of Soweto's whites will refuse to lay down their lives in by that country. No foreign representatives Commission of 10, have spurned offers to defense of apartheid. Some may choose to attended its founding ceremonies. No one meet with government officials. And even go even further joining in the right for a officially recognized it, except Transkei, the white liberal critics, quoted in the Financial free, non-exploitative South Africa. 0 second puppet state of South Africa." Mail, pointed to a long-range danger im- Don Morton JULYIAUGUST 1979/SOUTHERN AFRICA 31 Muzorewa in Trouble continued from page 20

major step toward full military and political unity in late May with the setting up of a coordinating council, defense council, and a joint operations command. The agree ment was reached in Addis Ababa on May 12. "This is an interim stage which enables us to work out a further machinery and fur ther step toward the eventual merger of the two parties," Mugabe said on Ethiopian national radio. ZAPU leader Joshua Nkomo added, in a joint interview: "We ASSAULTS ON ZAMBIA BY IRAN IS MAINTAINING ECO finalized the constitution of the Patriotic Rhodesian military forces con nomic and diplomatic links with Front-that is a constitution that will even tinue to exacerbate social and South Africa in spite of the tually be a constitution of one party." economic difficulties in that front Islamic government's policy of Speaking at a UN press conference at the line state. Bombings of Zambia's ferry at ostracizing the apartheid state. According end of May, Nkomo amplified the political Kazungula have cut off the road route from to the African Research Bulletin, Iran still and organizational implications of the unity Zambia to South Africa, the only back-up holds its 17.5 percent share in the National agreement. Commenting on the hostile transport link for the southern railway Petroleum Refinery at Sasolburg and has remarks to be expected from those opposed route. The ferry had been carrying up to shown no sign of wanting to dispose of the to the Zimbabwean liberation struggle he twenty trucks a day loaded with such com investment. The Khomeini government is said: modities as fertilizer, soap and building also maintaining an unofficial consulate in "People who do not want to see unity in materials. Partly as a result of the bomb South Africa. Zimbabwe have been seeing so-called dif ings, more than 31,000 tons of fertilizer ference between Mugabe and myself. bound for Zambia have backed up in South Mugabe might have said one or two things African warehouses and ports. but that did not mean there was no unity in Meanwhile, raids on Zambian farming STHE ANGOLAN GOVERN the Patriotic Front. What we did in Addis regions are increasing the tensions between ment has announced policy Ababa was to consolidate further. the Zambian government and the country's changes and trade arrangements "People are going to start saying we are commercial farmers. Already hard-pressed that will increase the country's going to have a one-party state. When we by drought and a failed maize crop, some economic links with the West. ANGOP, the have an alliance of two parties, they say we farmers are suggesting that Zambia has official Angolan News Agency, reports that are divided; once we come into one party paid too high a price for its support of the Angolan mineral extraction will be opened they say, one-party state. I don't know Zimbabwe liberation struggle. Arguments up to cooperative ventures with foreign what we should do, because this is what is to this effect have appeared recently in the countries. According to the agency, abhored by the western world-one party. journal produced by the Commercial minerals will remain the property of the But we have agreed that ZAPU and ZANU Farmers Union, and probably reflect the state, but "The law foresees the possibility should come together into one party, and opinion of many Zambians. of association between Angola and foreign we adopted a constitution for the Patriotic undertakings or companies... in the opera Front as a party. That means all the other 0 tional stage of the mining industry with a organs of the Patriotic Front.combined, in view toward speeding up mining develop cluding the army. ment." "This is a solidification of the work in SOUTH AFRICA INCREASED Angola is also continuing its program of the interim, and this will be passed over as its balance of payments surplus importing manufactured goods from soon as the constitution is implemented. last year according to statistics Western industrial countries. The Angolan Certain people want to see division. They released by its central Reserve Transport Ministry recently announced an kept on saying the Patriotic Front is divid Bank. Strengthened by rising reve agreement with the Swedish automobile ed. If they want to see divisions that don't nues from mineral exports, last year's cur manufacturer Volvo. In a contract worth exist, fine. We will continue with our rent account surplus grew to more than $1.6 about $25 million, Volvo has agreed to sup work." P.L. billion-almost double the previous year's ply 400 buses and heavy trucks, machine figure. Gold retained its leading position stop equipment and spare parts. This is the among mineral exports, gold revenues ris second large contract Angola has placed ing 38 percent from the previous year to with Volvo in the last two years. Become more than $4.5 billion. Most of the increase was accounted for by the 1978 37 percent jump in the average price of gold. Diamond a Sustainer sales increased substantially, with revenue t RHODESIAN EMIGRATION increasing 73 percent to around $527 statistics indicate that the white million. Coal exports earned over $1 flight from the country has begun to billion, iron sales accounted for $300 to regain momentum. After a million, and ferro-alloy exports rose 72 per drop in February, the number of whites Southern cent to $400 million. leaving the country climbed to 1,555 in March, creating a net migration loss of 1,251. Africa

32 SOUTHERN AFRICA/JULY/AUGUST 1979 ...... osto ......

all procee n heif Hep bgsothuand ch the people of ma a outha true majoritf ; ule and an end to ap r d...

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