Zootaxa 3682 (3): 459–474 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3682.3.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:50B82368-6A4F-4B43-BF99-493AAEDFEC4B A review of Psyra Walker, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species

ZULIAN LIU1,2, DAYONG XUE1, WENKAI WANG2,3 & HONGXIANG HAN1,3 1Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 2School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Hubei, China 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], w_wenkai @hotmail.com

Abstract

The genus Psyra Walker, 1860 in China is reviewed. Thirteen species are recognized, of which, P. breviprotrusa sp. nov. is described as new to science, and P. moderata Inoue, 1982, P. gracilis Yazaki, 1992 and P. boarmiata (Graeser, 1892) are recorded for the first time from China. P. cuneata szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 and P. cuneata dsagara Wehrli, 1953 are upgraded to specific level, i.e. P. szetschwana stat. nov. and P. dsagara stat. nov., and a lectotype is designated for P. dsagara. One new synonym is established: P. szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 = P. cuneata lidjangica Wehrli, 1953 syn. nov. The diagnoses for all species are given. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.

Key words: Psyra, Gnophini, taxonomy, synonym

Introduction

The genus Psyra was described by Walker (1860) as a monotypic genus based on P. cuneata Walker, 1860 from India. Orbasia Swinhoe, 1894 and Oncodocnemis Rebel, 1901 were listed as junior synonyms of Psyra by Parsons et al. (1999). Psyra, characterized by black wedge-shaped patches on the forewing, has not been formally placed into any known tribe by any publication. Holloway (1994) treated the tribe Boarmiini in a very broad concept, bringing within it 15 tribes, including the Gnophini, Cleorini, Bistonini, and summarized the characters of the tribe as follows: some genera possess a fovea on the male forewing; members of the tribe usually have a transverse setal comb on the third abdominal sternite. He also pointed out that there are no unambiguous tribal features in the genitalia, but stated that: the male valva usually has a cucullus, the sacculus is often ornamented with spines or processes bearing spine-like setae, and the uncus is often bifid. Viidalepp et al. (2007) highlighted three main characters of the moths belonging to the Boarmiini s. str. as: a well delimited harpe and cucullus on the male valva, a setal comb on sternite A3, and a fovea on the male forewing. Of these characters of Boarmiini s. lat. and Boarmiini s. str., Psyra shares only the possession of the setal comb. Viidalepp et al. (2007) recognised the Gnophini as a separate tribe, and summarized five characters for it, of which Psyra shares the following two: the absence of a fovea on the male forewing and the presence of a costal projection and an apical spine on the valva. But Psyra has a setal comb on the third abdominal sternite, which is absent in the concept of the Gnophini of Viidalepp et al. (2007). Psyra therefore falls between the tribes Boarmiini and Gnophini based on the characters of the male genitalia, the lack of a fovea on the forewing, and the presence of the setal comb. This intermediate position between Viidalepp’s Boarmiini s. str. and his concept of the Gnophini may cast some doubt on the decision to separate the two taxa, and further research in this area is certainly needed. The species of Psyra are mainly distributed in East Asia. Parsons et al. (1999) listed 15 species and 7 subspecies in Psyra. Among them, Walker (1860, 1863, 1866) described 3 species from India; Moore (1868) named 2 species from India; Bastelberger (1909, 1911) added 2 species from Taiwan; Wehrli (1953) described 3 subspecies of P. cuneata from China, which were listed as synonyms of P. cuneata in Parsons et al. (1999); Inoue (1954, 1982a, 1982b, 1983) established 2 new species and 2 new subspecies from Japan, Taiwan and Nepal. The

Accepted by L. Gall: 5 Jun. 2013; published: 28 Jun. 2013 459 most recent species were added by Yazaki (1992, 1994), who described 4 new species from Nepal. Up to the present, 8 species and 4 subspecies of Psyra have been recorded in China (Bastelberger 1909; Prout 1920; Wehrli 1953; Inoue 1983; Xue 1988; Xue et al. 2002). Further study of the specimens of Psyra from IZCAS, BMNH and ZFMK shows that one new species needs to be described, and several taxonomic problems need to be resolved. The purposes of this paper are as follows: to describe one new species, P. breviprotrusa sp. nov.; to upgrade P. cuneata szetschwana and P. cuneata dsagara to specific rank as P. szetschwana stat. nov. and P. dsagara stat. nov.; to establish one new synonym: P. szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 = P. cuneata lidjangica Wehrli, 1953 syn. nov.; to review all known Chinese Psyra species and provide diagnostic characters; to provide illustrations of external features and genitalia; to newly record three species from China, P. moderata, P. gracilis and P. boarmiata. This results in 13 species and 3 subspecies of Psyra for the fauna of China.

Material and methods

Specimens of Psyra were obtained from the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS), the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (BMNH), Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany (ZFMK), and Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany (MNHU). Other institutions cited as type depositaries are the National Science Museum (Natural History), Tokyo, Japan (NSMT) and Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde, Germany (DEI). Terminology for wing venation follows the Comstock-Needham System (Comstock 1918) as adopted for Geometridae by Scoble (1992) and Hausmann (2001); that for genitalia is based on Pierce (1914, reprint 1976), Sibatani et al. (1954), Klots (1970) and Nichols (1989). Photographs of moths were taken using a digital camera. Composite images were generated using Auto-Montage software version 5.03.0061 (Synoptics Ltd), and Nikon Super Coolscan 5000. The plates were compiled using Adobe Photoshop software.

Psyra Walker, 1860

Psyra Walker, 1860, List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Brit. Mus., 21: 311, 482. Type species: Psyra cuneata Walker, 1860, by monotypy. Orbasia Swinhoe, 1894, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1894: 222. Type species: Hyperythra spurcataria Walker, 1863, by monotypy. Oncodocnemis Rebel, 1901, in Staudinger& Rebel, Cat. Lepid. palaearct. Faunengeb., 1: 354. Type species: Phasiane boarmiata Graeser, 1892, by monotypy.

Description. Head. Antenna filiform in both sexes. Frons rounded, slightly projecting. Labial palpus slightly projecting beyond frons. Thorax. Hind tibia dilated and with hair-pencil in male, with two pairs of spurs in both sexes. Wing pattern. Wings greyish white, greyish green, greyish yellow or grey. Forewing apex sometimes more or less falcate (especially in P. rufolinearia Leech, 1897 and P. spurcataria); outer margin smooth, or weakly protruding at vein M3, hindwing with outer margin smooth or protruding at M1 and M3. Forewing with transverse lines distinct or indistinct, usually present as different-sized black patches: antemedial line composed of three patches, the patch on inner margin often larger than the other two; postmedial line a series of small dots; submarginal line usually forming two triangular patches between M1 and M3, and one large wedge-shaped patch on vein 2A; terminal line a series of black dots. Hindwing with medial line often straight, band-like if present; postmedial line usually indistinct; terminal or submarginal band present or not. Discal spot in various shapes. Underside dull grey, greyish black or greyish yellow, transverse lines pale brown, a faint broad band usually present outside postmedial line. In P. spurcataria, P. crypta Yazaki, 1994, P. debilis Warren, 1888, P. rufolinearia, P. bluethgeni (Püngeler, 1904) and P. breviprotrusa sp. nov., antemedial lines lacking typical patches, postmedial line distinctly linear and not composed of dots, submarginal line composed of small patches between vein Ms and around vein 2A. In P. trilineata (Moore, 1868), very clear linear transverse lines present on both fore- and hindwings and black patches lacking. Frenulum present. Venation. Forewing with Sc anastomosing with R1 for a short distance, R1 sometimes shortly anastomosing with R2, R2-5 separate from M1, M3 separate from CuA1.

Hindwing with RS and M1 separate, M3 and CuA1 separate, 3A present. Abdomen. Third sternite of male abdomen with setal comb. In P. spurcataria, eighth sternite of male with a pair of sclerotized processes. Male genitalia.

460 · Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU ET AL. Uncus very narrow to moderately broad, usually rounded at apex, spinose on dorsal side. Gnathos with central process stout, tongue-like, triangular or slender-stick like, with apex rounded. Valva often long and narrow, usually tapering, sometimes with round tip, occasionally rather short and broad; costal basal lobe of valva more or less curved, occasionally straight, usually with a tiny pointed process at tip (except in P. dsagara, P. spurcataria and P. crypta); sacculus undeveloped except in P. cuneata. Saccus usually expanding. Juxta a wide square-like sclerite, with various posterior decorations. Aedeagus often with one (P. moderata, P. conferta Inoue, 1983, P. fulvaria Yazaki, 1992, P. cr y p ta ), two (P. szetschwana, P. dsagara, P. similaria Moore, 1868, P. angulifera (Walker, 1866)), or three (P. cuneata, P. gracilis, P. spurcataria) bundles of short spines on vesica, sometimes lacking spinose bundle (P. falcipennis Yazaki, 1994, P. breviprotrusa sp. nov., P. bluethgeni, P. boarmiata); the cornutus usually a very thin and long spine, occasionally a short stick-like sclerite. Female genitalia. Ostium bursae sclerotized, small to very broad. Lamella postvaginalis usually a semicircular sclerite, occasionally a pair of processes (P. spurcataria and P. crypta). Antrum short to long. Ductus bursae very narrow to medium broad, short to very long, weakly or strongly sclerotized, wrinkled. Corpus bursae oval or round, bearing a discoid signum with marginal and central spines. Diagnosis. Most species of Psyra can be easily recognized by the black submarginal wedge-shaped patch, two triangular patches between vein M, enlarged antemedial patch on the inner margin. Psyra is possibly the only genus in the Ennominae that has this characteristic wing pattern. The forewing transverse lines of some species of Loxaspilates Warren, 1893, for example L. densihastigera Inoue, 1983 (Taiwan), are composed of elongate black patches similar to those in P. szetschwana and P. similaria, but the patches are not wedge-shaped as in the latter two species. The male genitalia of Psyra are more or less similar to those of Peratophyga Warren, 1894, for the latter also has a narrow valva and long costal basal lobe, though they have quite different wing patterns. The costal basal lobe is usually strongly angled or folded, and the gnathos is much smaller in Peratophyga. Only one species, Psyra spurcataria, shares two processes on the male eighth sternite and a pair of processes of the lamella postvaginalis with the members of Loxaspilates, but the genitalia of P. spurcataria does not have large separated gnathos arms in the male, and the female ductus bursae is much longer than in Loxaspilates. Remarks. The known larvae of Psyra are polyphagous. The larvae of P. bluethgeni have been described by Sato in Sugi (1987, p. 103), and three colour morphs are figured on pl. 42, figures 1–3. It is stated that 15 species belonging to 10 families of host plants have been recorded for P. bluethgeni. Parsons et al. (1999) recorded the following food plants for P. bluethgeni: Eupteleaceae: Euptelea polyandra; Fagaceae: Quercus acuta; Quercus acutissima; Lauraceae: Lindera praecox; Oleaceae: Fraxinus sieboldiana; Polygonaceae: Polygonum cuspidatum; Rosaceae: Malus sieboldii; Saxifragaceae: Astilbe odontophylla. Robinson et al. (2001, 2012) recorded Rosaceae (Rosa) as a host plant of P. spurcataria. Distribution. China, Russia, Japan, India, Nepal.

Psyra angulifera (Walker, 1866) Figs 1–2, 25, 40, 53, 64

Scotosia angulifera Walker, 1866, List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Brit. Mus., 35: 1687. Holotype ♂, India: North Hindostan (BMNH). Psyra angulifera: Prout, 1920, in Seitz, Macrolepid. World, 4: 410, pl. 24: g.

Material examined. INDIA (BMNH): 1♂ (Holotype), North India, BMNH(E)#1008371 (Geometridae genitalia slide no. 11632); 1♂, Darjiling, F. Möller, Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1, BMNH(E)#1008372. CHINA: Hubei (IZCAS): 1♀, Shennongjia, 950 m, 18.VII.1980. Sichuan (IZCAS): 1♂, Emei Shan, Jiulaodong, 1800–1900 m, 28.VII.1952, coll. Huang Keren; 1♂, same locality, 6.VII.1952, coll. Wang Zongyuan; 1♀, Emei Shan, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 21.VI.1959, coll. Huang Keren; 1♂, Pingwu, Laohegou, Caiyuchang, 1630 m, 14.VIII.1999, coll. Zhou Xin (slide no. Geom-1997); 4♂, Yingjing, Siping, 1100 m, 24.VI.1984, coll. Liu Dajun (slide no. Geom- 1989). Yunnan (IZCAS): 1♂, Tengchong, Dahaoping, 2020 m, 24–26.V.1992, coll. Xue Dayong; 1♂, Tengchong, Heinitang, 1930 m, 28–30.V.1992; 1♂, Cangyuan, Fabao, 790 m, 21.V.1980, coll. Gao Ping; 1♂, Cangyuan, 1100 m, 16.V.1980, coll. Gao Ping. Tibet (IZCAS): 1♀, Zham, 20.VII.1984, coll. Hu Shengchang (slide no. Geom- 1991).

PSYRA FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 461 FIGURES 1–24. Adults of Psyra. 1–2. P. angulifera. 1, male (holotype, BMNH); 2, male, from Sichuan (IZCAS); 3–5. P. boarmiata. 3, male (holotype? of P. boarmiata boarmiata, MNHU); 4, ditto, female, from Jilin (IZCAS); 5, male (holotype of P. boarmiata subcuneata, BMNH); 6–8. P. cuneata. 6, male (holotype of P. cuneata cuneata, BMNH); 7, male, from Yunnan (IZCAS); 8, female (P. cuneata matsumurai, BMNH); 9–11. P. szetschwana stat. nov. 9, male (syntype of P. cuneata szetschwana, ZFMK); 10, male (syntype of P. cuneata lidjangica, ZFMK); 11, male, from Yunnan (IZCAS); 12–13. P. dsagara stat. nov. 12, male (lectotype, ZFMK); 13, male, from Hunan (IZCAS); 14, P. conferta, male (holotype, BMNH); 15, P. moderata, male (holotype, BMNH); 16, P. gracilis, male, from Yunnan (IZCAS); 17, P. similaria, male (syntype, BMNH); 18– 19. P. spurcataria. 18, male (lectotype, BMNH); 19, male, from Yunnan (IZCAS); 20, P. rufolinearia, female (holotype, BMNH); 21–22. P. falcipennis. 21, male, from Hubei (IZCAS); 22, female, from Fujian (IZCAS); 23, P. breviprotrusa sp. nov., male (holotype, IZCAS); 24, P. bluethgeni, male (syntype, MNHU). Scale bar = 1 cm.

462 · Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU ET AL. FIGURES 25–32. Male genitalia of Psyra. 25, P. angulifera; 26, P. boarmiata boarmiata; 27, P. boarmiata subcuneata (holotype, BMNH slide no. 15920); 28, P. cuneata cuneata; 29, P. szetschwana (syntype, ZFMK, Wehrli slide no. 5306); 30, ditto; 31, P. dsagara; 32, P. conferta (paratype, BMNH, Inoue slide no. 6040). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Diagnosis. P. angulifera is distinguished by the clear golden brown borders to the black patches on the forewing, though its wing pattern is similar to P. szetschwana. These two species can be distinguished by the following characters: the ground colour of P. angulifera is much darker than that of P. szetschwana; the medial line on the hindwing in P. angulifera is not as distinct as in P. szetschwana. In the male genitalia, P. angulifera shares the characters of very narrow costal basal lobe and valva with P. szetschwana; the valva is almost straight in P.

PSYRA FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 463 angulifera but the tip is curved in P. szetschwana; the tip of the costal basal lobe is tapering in P. angulifera but swollen in the latter; in addition, the saccus is not expanded in P. angulifera but projects as a triangle in P. szetschwana; the aedeagus has two bundles of spines as in P. cuneata, P. szetschwana, P. gracilis, P. spurcataria and P. crypta, but bears more spines; the cornutus is less pointed and slender than in most other species, but as broad as in P. bluethgeni and P. breviprotrusa. In the female genitalia, the antrum and ductus bursae are broader than in most other species; the corpus bursae is much bigger and longer than the ductus bursae and antrum, while in other species, except for P. bluethgeni, the corpus bursae is quite small. Distribution. China (Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), India, Nepal.

Psyra boarmiata (Graeser, 1892) Figs 3–5, 26–27, 41, 54, 65

Phasiane boarmiata Graeser, 1892, Berl. ent. Z., 37 (2): 232. Holotype ♂, Russia: Amurlandes, Raddefka. (MNHU) Psyra boarmiata: Prout, 1920, in Seitz, Macrolepid. World, 4: 410, pl. 24: g.

Material examined. P. boarmiata boarmiata: new record for China. RUSSIA (MNHU): 1♂ (holotype?), Amur centr., Radde, 1890. (BMNH): 1♂, Kedrovaja Pad. Primonye USSR, 9.VII.1974, Inoue Coll., BM 1992-71, BMNH(E)#1008374; 1♂, same locality, 14.VII.1973, Inoue Coll., BM 1992-71, BMNH (E) #1008375. CHINA: Heilongjiang (IZCAS): 1♀, Yichun, 6.VII.1957. Jilin (IZCAS): 2♀, Changbai Shan, 3, 18.VII.1982, coll. Zhang Baolin (slide no. Geom-2029, 2030); 4♂, Changbai Shan, 780–870 m, 21–24.VI.2012, coll. Zhou Yi (slide no. Geom-2206). Other material examined. P. boarmiata masuii: JAPAN (BMNH): 1♂ (holotype), Mikoshi-jinja Mt. Tsurugi, Tokushima Pref., 21.V.1977, coll. T. Masui, Inoue Coll., B.M. 1992-71, BMNH(E) #1008376; 1♂2♀, same locality as above, 9.VIII.1975, 20.III.1977, coll. T. Masui, Inoue Coll. (Inoue slide no. 8323, 8324). P. boarmiata subcuneata: JAPAN (BMNH): 1♂ (holotype), Kamikôchi Nagano Pref., 28.VII.1951, H. Inoue, Inoue Coll., B.M.1992-71, BMNH(E) #1008377 (Geometridae genitalia slide no. 15920); 1♂, Shirahonesya, 1700 m, Nagano Pref., 15.VI.1980, coll. H. Inoue, Inoue Coll., BM 1992-71, BMNH(E) #1008378. Diagnosis. On wing pattern, the forewing antemedial and postmedial lines of P. boarmiata are traceable as in P. szetschwana, while, the wedge-shaped patch is like an arrow, smaller and narrower. Forewing discal spot is rounded and not as elongate as in P. szetschwana; antemedial line patch on the inner margin is almost unmodified in shape, at least in P. boarmiata boarmiata and P. boarmiata subcuneata. The male genitalia are close to those of P. conferta, P. moderata and P. fulvaria, while the distal part of the valva is more curved than in the other three species. P. boarmiata is one of four species (the others being P. falcipennis, P. bluethgeni and P. breviprotrusa) which lack short spines on the vesica, but the cornutus is much longer and more pointed than in P. bluethgeni and P. breviprotrusa, and the manica lacks the two small pointed processes present in P. falcipennis. The female genitalia share a very long and narrow antrum, ductus bursae, and rounded corpus bursae with P. cuneata, while the joint between antrum and ductus is not expanded suddenly as in P. cuneata. Distribution. China (Heilongjiang, Jilin), Japan, Russia (Amurland); newly recorded for China. Remarks. Three subspecies of P. boarmiata have been described: P. boarmiata boarmiata Graeser, 1892 is distributed in Russia (Amurland) and China (Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces), P. boarmiata subcuneata Inoue, 1954 (Tinea 1 (2): 38, figs 1, 2) is distributed in Japan (Nagano Prefecture, Kamikôchi) and boarmiata masuii Inoue, 1982 (in Inoue et al., Moths of Japan: 562, pl. 103, fig. 11) is also found in Japan (Shikoku, Tokushima Prefecture, Mt Tsurugi). P. boarmiata subcuneata has much fainter wing decoration and longer and narrower valvae in the male genitalia than the nominate subspecies.

Psyra cuneata Walker, 1860 Figs 6–8, 28, 42, 55–56, 66

Psyra cuneata Walker, 1860, List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Brit. Mus., 21: 483. Holotype ♂, India: North Hindostan (BMNH).

Material examined. P. cuneata cuneata: CHINA: Yunnan (IZCAS): 1♀, Tengchong, Dahaoping, 2020 m, 24–

464 · Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU ET AL. 26.VI.1990, coll. Xue Dayong (slide no. Geom-1994); 5♂, same locality, 5–7.VIII.2007, coll. Xue Dayong & Wu Chunguang (slide no. Geom-1970, 2055, 2063); 1♀, Tengchong, Danzha Linchang, 2500 m, 2–4.VI.1992, coll. Xue Dayong; 1♂, Tengchong, Laifeng Shan Forestry Park, 1700 m, 5–6.V.2011, coll. Yang Xiushuai & Wang Ke (slide no. Geom-2062); 1♀, Tengchong, Jinianbei, 1700 m, 5–7.V.2011, coll. Yang Xiushuai & Wang Ke; 1♂, Tengchong, Xishanba, 1850 m, 22.IV.1979. Tibet (IZCAS): 1♂, Zham, 2200 m, 29.VI.1975, coll. Wang Ziqing (slide no. Geom-2023). P. cuneata matsumurai: CHINA: Taiwan (BMNH): 1♀, Central Formosa, Arizan, vis-à-vis Mt Mòrrisson Kagé district, 8000 ft, VI-VII.1908, ex. Moltrecht, Ex Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3, BMNH (E) #1008387; 1♀, BMNH genitalia slides examined (Inoue slide no. 9507). Diagnosis. P. cuneata can be recognized easily by the distinct, diffuse and broad median and terminal bands on the hindwing, often very large wedge-shaped mark, and the large antemedial patch on the inner margin of the forewing. The male genitalia are distinctive in that the lower half of the valva apex is truncate (the ventral margin of the valva is bent inward in the terminal half); the aedeagus has three bundles of vesica spines as in P. gracilis and P. spurcataria, but all the spines are shorter than in those species. The female genitalia share a very long and narrow antrum, ductus bursae, and rounded corpus bursae with P. boarmiata, but the joint between antrum and ductus bursae is suddenly expanded in P. cuneata. Distribution. China (Taiwan, Yunnan, Tibet), India, Japan. Remarks. Two subspecies of P. cuneata occur in China: P. cuneata cuneata Walker, 1860 distributed in Yunnan and Tibet, and P. cuneata matsumurai Bastelberger, 1909 (Ent. Z., Frankf. a. M. 23 (8): 39) distributed in Taiwan, which lacks the hindwing median band.

Psyra szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 stat. nov. Figs 9–11, 29–30, 43, 57, 67

Psyra cuneata szetschwana Wehrli, 1953, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 4 (Suppl.): 670. Syntype (s), China: Szetschwan, Tachien-lu (ZFMK). Psyra cuneata lidjangica Wehrli, 1953, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 4 (Suppl.): 671. Syntype (s), China: Yunnan: Likiang (ZFMK). syn. nov.

Material examined. CHINA: Sichuan (ZFMK): 1♂ (syntype), Chasseurs Indigènes des Missionnaires de Ta-tsien- Loû, 1906 (Wehrli slide no. 5306). Shaanxi (BMNH): 1♀, Tapaishan im Tsinling, Sued-Shensi (China), 19.VI.1935, H. Höne BMNH (E) #1008381. Yunnan (ZFMK): 1♂ (syntype of lidjangica), Li-kiang, (China), Provinz Nord-Yuennan, 26.VII.1935, H. Höne; (BMNH): 1♂ (syntype of lidjangica), Li-kiang, China, Provinz Nord-Yuennan, 1.VII.1935, H. Höne, Brit. Mus. 1964-454, BMNH(E) #1008380; (IZCAS): 1♂2♀, Lijiang, Yulong Shan, 27–28.VI.1962, coll. Song Shimei (slide no. Geom-2021); 1♀, Lijiang, Yulong Shan, 2800 m, 15.VII.1984, coll. Liu Dajun; 16♂13♀, Lijiang, Gaoshan, Zhiwuyuan, 3260 m, 15–20.VI.2009, coll. Xue Dayong, Han Hongxiang, Yang Chao & Qi Feng (slide no. Geom-2020, 2061, 2064); 7♂8♀, Lijiang, Ganheba, 3296 m, 23.VI.2009, coll. Han Hongxiang, Yang Chao & Qi Feng (slide no. Geom-2054); 7♂, Lijiang, Wenhai, 3097 m, 19.VI.2009, coll. Han Hongxiang & Qi Feng (slide no. Geom-2056); 1♀, Lijiang, Yushuizai, 2680 m, 21.VI.2009, coll. Xue Dayong. Diagnosis. The wing pattern of P. szetschwana is similar to that of P. cuneata, except for the elongate antemedial patch on the forewing inner margin, the indistinct terminal band on the hindwing and the less falcate forewing apex. The slender valva is similar to that of P. angulifera, but more curved; the tip of the costal basal lobe is swollen rather than tapering as in P. angulifera, and the saccus is more protruding than that of P. angulifera; the aedeagus has two bundles of spines and one pointed cornutus as in P. dsagara, P. similaria, P. angulifera. The female genitalia have a comparatively broader ductus bursae and a smaller corpus bursae. Distribution. China (Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan). Remarks. The male genitalia of the only dissected syntype of P. cuneata szetschwana are totally different from those of P. cuneata (specimens from N. India, Nepal and Tibet, which are quite close to its type locality—North India), and we therefore upgrade szetschwana to specific level. Several male dissections of P. cuneata lidjangica from the type locality, Lijiang, Yunnan, show that the genitalia of lidjangica are identical with those of szetschwana. Although two examined syntypes of lidjangica only have a single clear hindwing medial band, as opposed to two in szetschwana, examination of a long series of specimens from Lijiang shows that the single

PSYRA FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 465 medial band is not a stable character, and that many specimens have the same bands as szetschwana. We therefore treat lidjangica as a junior synonym of szetschwana.

Psyra dsagara Wehrli, 1953 stat. nov. Figs 12–13, 31, 44, 58, 68

Psyra cuneata dsagara Wehrli, 1953, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 4 (Suppl.): 671. Lectotype ♂, China: Tibet (north-east): Dsagar Mountain (ZFMK), herein designated.

Material examined. CHINA: Sichuan (ZFMK): 1♂ (Lectotype, Here designated), Tibet, Tschang-Tang Dsagar- Berge, 4500 m, VI. Sichuan (IZCAS): 1♂, Luding, Xinxing, 1920 m, 13.VI.1983, coll. Zhang Xuezhong; 1♂, Emei Shan, 15.VIII.1977 (slide no. Geom-2031); 1♀, Pingwu, Laohegou, 1630 m, 16.VIII.1999, coll. Zhou Xin; Hunan (IZCAS): 1♂1♀, Tianping Shan, 1–7.VI.1981 (slide no. Geom-2026, 2060); Yunnan (IZCAS): 1♂, Zhenxiong, 1750 m, 20.VI.1980, coll. Zheng Jiahua (slide no. Geom-2025); 1♂, Dali, Zhonghefeng, 2600 m, 3.IX.1980 (slide no. Geom-1995). Diagnosis. Compared to P. cuneata and P. szetschwana, P. dsagara has smaller antemedial patches, lacks a distinct hindwing medial band, but has a more complete hindwing terminal band. The male genitalia are distinctive in the up-curved, blunt and swollen apex of the valva, and in lacking the tiny pointed process on the tip of the costal basal lobe; although P. spurcataria and P. crypta also lack the tiny pointed process, they do not have the swollen valva apex. Compared to P. c u ne a ta , the female genitalia have a much broader ductus bursae and a larger corpus bursae. Distribution. China (Sichuan, Hunan, Yunnan). Remarks. P. szetschwana and P. dsagara were treated as synonyms of P. cuneata in Parsons et al. (1999), but no related synonymic history has been found. The male genitalia of the only dissected syntype of P. cuneata dsagara are totally different from those of P. c un e a ta , we therefore upgrade dsagara to specific level.

Psyra conferta Inoue, 1983 Figs 14, 32, 45, 59

Psyra conferta Inoue, 1983, Tinea, 11 (16): 153, figs 22a, b, 23, 24. Holotype ♂, China: Taiwan: Chiayi Hsien, Alishan, 2200 m (BMNH).

Material examined. CHINA: Taiwan (BMNH): 1♂ (Holotype), Chiayi, Alishan, 2200 m, 9–11.VII.1964, coll. H. Inoue, Inoue Coll., B.M.1992-71, BMNH (E)#1008379; 1♂1♀, BMNH genitalia slides examined (Paratypes, Inoue slide no. 6040, 9509). Diagnosis. P. conferta is characterized by having much clearer black patches for the antemedial, postmedial and submarginal lines; the patches of the antemedial and postmedial lines are larger than in other species, as is the W-shaped forewing discal spot. The male genitalia are close to those of P. boarmiata, P. m od e r a ta and P. fulvaria, but the uncus is broader than in those three species, the valva is less up-curved than in P. boarmiata and P. moderata, and shorter than in P. fulvaria; the aedeagus shares one bundle of spines on the vesica with P. m o d er a t a, P. crypta and P. fulvaria, but the spines are shorter than in P. moderata. The female genitalia are close to those of P. similaria, but the ductus bursae is much broader, and the spines of the discoid signum are slenderer than in P. similaria. Distribution. China (Taiwan).

Psyra moderata Inoue, 1982 Figs 15, 33, 46, 60, 69

Psyra moderata Inoue, 1982a, Bull. Fac. domestic Sci., Otsuma Woman‘s Univ., 18: 190 fig. 51b. Holotype ♂, Nepal: near Nilgiri, lete, 2400 m (BMNH).

466 · Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU ET AL. Material examined. NEPAL (BMNH): 1♂ (Holotype), Lete, 2400 m near Nilgiri, C. Nepal, 23.VI.1969, coll. T. Miyashita, Inoue Coll., B.M.1992-71 (Geometridae genitalia slide no. 16391); 1♀, Kalbani, 2400 m, Kaligandaki, C-Nepal, 12.VII.1969, coll. T. Miyashita, Inoue Coll., BM 1992-71 (Inoue slide no. 9068). CHINA: Tibet (IZCAS): 1♀, Gyirong, Xiao Gyirong, 2800 m, 25.VII.1975, coll. Wang Ziqing (slide no. Geom-1990). Diagnosis. P. moderata resembles P. similaria in having smaller antemedial and postmedial black patches: these patches are elongate in P. moderata, but appear as small dots in P. similaria. The male genitalia are similar to those of P. boarmiata, P. conferta and P. fulvaria. They can be distinguished by the following features: the uncus of P. m o de r a ta is narrower than that of P. conferta; the distal part of the valva is less up-curved than in P. boarmiata, and the gnathos is narrower than that of P. fulvaria; the aedeagus shares one bundle of spines on the vesica with P. conferta, P. crypta and P. fulvaria, but the spines are longer than in P. conferta. The female genitalia are close to those of P. similaria and P. conferta, but the ductus bursae is narrower than in P. conferta, and the antrum is longer than in P. s im il ar ia. Distribution. China (Tibet), Nepal; newly recorded here for China.

Psyra gracilis Yazaki, 1992, Figs 16, 34, 47

Psyra gracilis Yazaki, 1992, in Haruta, Tinea, 13 (Suppl. 2): 35, pl. 11, figs 8, text-fig. 31. Holotype ♂, Nepal: Godavari (NSMT).

Material examined. CHINA: Yunnan (IZCAS): 1♂, Luxi, Huataolin, 1200 m, 4.V.1980, coll. Li Hongxing (slide no. Geom-2024). Diagnosis. On wing pattern, P. gracilis has a distinctive lunar antemedial patch on the inner margin. The holotype (Fig. 8 in Yazaki 1992, in somewhat poor condition as stated by Yazaki) of P. gracilis is close to P. fulvaria (India and Nepal), in having less black patches on the forewing. The only specimen in IZCAS, from Yunnan, has much larger black patches, and the wedge-shaped patch is much broader than in the holotype. The male genitalia are distinctive in having a triangular valva, which bears a small rounded process and a serrate sclerite near the ventral margin; the shape of the uncus is identical to that of P. cuneata; the aedeagus has three bundles of spines as in P. cuneata and P. spurcataria, but the spines are longer. The female genitalia are unknown. Distribution. China (Yunnan), Nepal; newly recorded here for China.

Psyra similaria Moore, 1868 Figs 17, 35, 48, 61, 70

Psyra similaria Moore, 1868, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1867 (3): 659, pl. 33, fig. 1. Syntype (s) ♂, India: Darjeeling (BMNH).

Material examined. INDIA (BMNH): 1♂ (Syntype), Darjeeling, Moore Coll., 96-106. NEPAL (BMNH): 1♀, C. Nepal, Gandaki Parbat Dist. Chorapani Deolari, 2800 m, 15.X.1981, coll. M. Owada, Inoue Coll., BM 1992-71, BMNH(E) #1008386. CHINA: Tibet (IZCAS): 1♀, Zham, Kouan, 26.IX.1984, coll. Li Aihua (slide no. Geom- 2022). Diagnosis. P. similaria is distinctive in having a clear medial line and submarginal band on the hindwing. It also shares a simple forewing pattern with P. fulvaria, having much smaller black patches than in other species. The male genitalia are very close to those of P. boarmiata, but the aedeagus has two bundles of spines as to P. szetschwana, P. dsagara and P. angulifera, while P. boarmiata lacks the spinose bundle. The female genitalia are close to those of P. conferta and P. m o de r a ta , while the ductus bursae is much narrower than in P. conferta; the antrum is shorter than in P. m oderata; and the spines of the discoid signum are shorter than in P. conferta. Distribution. China (Tibet), India, Nepal.

PSYRA FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 467 FIGURES 33–39. Male genitalia of Psyra. 33, P. moderata (holotype, BMNH slide no. 16391); 34, P. gracilis; 35, P. similaria (from Dr. Yazaki); 36, P. sp urca t ar i a ; 37, P. falcipennis; 38, P. breviprotrusa (holotype); 39, P. bluethgeni (BMNH, Inoue slide no. 8325). Scale bar = 1 mm.

468 · Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU ET AL. FIGURES 40–52. Aedeagus of Psyra. 40, P. angulifera; 41, P. boarmiata boarmiata; 42, P. cuneata cuneata; 43, P. szetschwana; 44, P. dsagara; 45, P. c on f er t a (paratype, BMNH, Inoue slide no. 6040); 46, P. moderata (holotype, BMNH slide no. 16391); 47, P. gracilis; 48, P. similaria (from Dr. Yazaki); 49, P. spurcataria; 50, P. falcipennis; 51, P. breviprotrusa (holotype); 52, P. bluethgeni (BMNH, Inoue slide no. 8325). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Psyra spurcataria Walker, 1863 Figs 18–19, 36, 49, 62, 71, 73

Psyra spurcataria Walker, 1863, List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Brit. Mus., 26: 1498. Lectotype ♂, India: Darjeeling (BMNH). Zethenia florida Bastelberger, 1911, Ent. Rdsch., 28: 22. Lectotype ♂, China: Formosa [Taiwan]: Arisan (DEI).

Material examined. INDIA (BMNH): ♂ (Lectotype), Darjiling, 60.15, 8.IX, BMNH(E) #1008394; 1♂,

PSYRA FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 469 Dharmsala, 87.59, BMNH(E) #1008395. CHINA: Guangxi (IZCAS): 1♀, Xingan, Miaoer Shan, 1500 m, 9.X.1983, coll. Sun Yonglin (slide no. Geom-1996). Sichuan (IZCAS): 1♂, Emei Shan, 19.VI.1955; 1♂, Emei Shan, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 26.IV.1957, coll. Zhu Fuxing; 1♂, Emei Shan, Jiulaodong, 1800–1900 m, 28.VII.1957, coll. Huang Keren (slide no. Geom-1988); 1♀, Guanxian, Qingcheng Shan, 700–1600 m, 29.V.1979, coll. Gao Ping. Yunnan (IZCAS): 1♀, Yingjiang, 1700 m, 17.IV.1980, coll. Song Shimei; 1♀, Cangyuan, 750 m, 22.V.1979, coll. Shang Jinwen; 1♂, Yunlong, 1640 m, 30.VIII.1982, coll. Du Qian; 1♀, Yunlong, Tianchi, 2800 m, 9.VIII.1982, coll. Du Qian; 1♂, Binchuan, Jizu Shan, 2860 m, 6.IX.1980; 1♂, Tengchong, Dahaoping, 2020 m, 24–26.V.1992, coll. Xue Dayong. Tibet (IZCAS): 1♀, Zham, 2800 m, 3.VIII.1975, coll. Huang Fusheng. Diagnosis. The wing pattern of P. spurcataria is almost identical to that of P. crypta (Nepal), except that the postmedial line on the hindwing is less serrate than in P. crypta. The male genitalia share a very slender uncus and median process of the gnathos with P. crypta, while the median process of the gnathos is much shorter; this process is much longer than the uncus in P. crypta, while shorter in P. spurcataria; the eighth sternite of the male is distinctive in having a pair of processes, which are absent in all the other species whose male genitalia are known in this genus. The female genitalia share a distinct lamella postvaginalis with P. crypta, which consists of a pair of small blunt processes, rather than a semicircular sclerite as in other species; the antrum is longer; and the ductus bursae longer and narrower than those of P. crypta. Distribution. China (Taiwan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), India, Nepal.

Psyra rufolinearia Leech, 1897 Fig. 20

Psyra rufolinearia Leech, 1897, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (6) 19: 212. Holotype ♀, China: Sichuan: Moupin (BMNH).

Material examined. CHINA: Sichuan (BMNH): ♀ (Holotype), Moupin, coll. Kricheldorff, VII.1890, Leech Coll. 1900-64, BMNH(E)#1008385; INDIA (BMNH): 1♀, Darjeeling, Rothschild Bequest, B.M. 1939-1. Diagnosis. P. rufolinearia has an identical wing pattern to females of P. falcipennis. See remarks under P. falcipennis. Distribution. China (Sichuan), India.

Psyra falcipennis Yazaki, 1994 Figs 21–22, 37, 50, 63, 72

Psyra falcipennis Yazaki, 1994, in Haruta, Tinea, 14 (Suppl. 1): 32, pl. 71, figs 11, 14; text-figs 374, 380. Holotype ♂, Nepal: Mt Phulchouki (NSMT).

Material examined. Shaanxi (IZCAS): 1♀, Ningshan, Huoditang, 1580 m, 16.VIII.1988, coll. Yuan Decheng. Gansu (IZCAS): 2♂2♀, Wenxian, Shanwangmiao, 1500 m, 28.VII.1999, coll. Yao Jian (slide no. Geom-1986, 1998); 1♂, Kangxian, Qianghe Linchang, 1450–1650 m, 15.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian. Zhejiang (IZCAS): 1♂, West Tianmu Shan, Qianmutian, 1330 m, 30.VII.2011, coll. Yan Keji; 1♂, Lin’an, West Tianmu Shan, 1500 m, 28– 29.VII.2003, coll. Han Hongxiang. Hubei (IZCAS): 2♂, Shennongjia, Dajiuhu, 1800 m, 5.VIII.1980, coll. Han Yinheng (slide no. Geom-2057); 1♂1♀, Shennongjia, Dajiuhu, 4.VIII.1981, coll. Han Yinheng; 1♀, Hefeng, Fenshuiling, 1240 m, 29.VII.1989, coll. Li Wei. Hunan (IZCAS): 1♂1♀, Dayong, Zhushitou, 18.VIII.1988, coll. Chen Yixin; 2♂1♀, Sangzhi, Tianping Shan, 1300 m, 11.VIII.1981, coll. Chen Yixin & Li Wei; 3♂2♀, Tianping Shan, 30.VI., 7–26.VII., 21.VIII.1981. Fujian (IZCAS): 1♀, Sangang, 29.VI.1982, coll. Jiang Fan; 1♂, Sangang, 17.IX.1981, coll. Huang Juchang; 2♂4♀, Wuyi Shan, 11–16.IX.1982, coll. Zhang Baolin (slide no. Geom-2058). Guangxi (IZCAS): 1♂2♀, Miaoer Shan, 1600 m, 15.VII.1995, coll. Fang Chenglai & Wang Ziqing. Sichuan (IZCAS): 3♂, Pingwu, Laohegou, 1630 m, 16.VIII.1999, coll. Zhou Xin; 1♀, Emei Shan, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 19.IX.1957, coll. Zhu Fuxing; 1♂, Emei Shan, Jiulaodong, 1800–1900 m, 28.VII.1957, coll. Huang Keren; 1♂, Emei Shan, 15.VIII.1977. Yunnan (IZCAS): 2♀, Tengchong, Heinitang, 1930 m, 28–30.V.1992, coll. Xue Dayong; 1♂, Tengchong, Dahaoping, 2020 m, 24–26.V.1992, coll. Xue Dayong (slide no. Geom-1992).

470 · Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU ET AL. FIGURES 53–63. Female genitalia of Psyra. 53, P. angulifera; 54, P. boarmiata subcuneata; 55, P. cuneata cuneata; 56, P. cuneata matsumurai (BMNH, Inoue slide no. 9507); 57, P. szetschwana; 58, P. dsagara; 59, P. conferta (paratype, BMNH, Inoue slide no. 9509); 60, P. mod er at a ; 61, P. similaria; 62, P. spurcataria; 63, P. falcipennis. Scale bar = 1 mm. 64–72. Signa of female genitalia of Psyra. 64, P. angulifera; 65, P. boarmiata subcuneata; 66, P. cuneata cuneata; 67, P. szetschwana; 68, P. dsagara; 69, P. mod er at a ; 70, P. similaria; 71, P. spurcataria; 72, P. falcipennis. 73. Sternite 8 of male abodomen of P. spurcataria. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Diagnosis. On wing pattern, P. falcipennis is similar to P. spurcataria and P. crypta, but can be distinguished by the following features: the area between median and postmedial lines is narrower, and this area on both fore-

PSYRA FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 471 and hindwings is paler than in those two species. The male genitalia are distinctive in having a truncate valva tip and a triangular process on the costa; the aedeagus is characterized by having a sclerotized band on the manica, which bears two triangular processes, and by lacking a spinose bundle on the vesica, as in P. breviprotrusa, P. bluethgeni and P. boarmiata. In the female genitalia, the coiled ductus bursae is very characteristic. The female cannot be distinguished externally from P. rufolinearia. Distribution. China (Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Nepal. Remarks. Yazaki (1994) described P. falcipennis from Nepal, illustrating the male and female genitalia. Examination of a long series of IZCAS specimens from Gansu, Hubei, Fujian and Yunnan provinces shows that they have same genitalia as P. falcipennis. The holotype of P. rufolinearia is a female from Moupin, Sichuan Province, which is not far from the localities mentioned above, and has same wing as the materials in IZCAS. It seems probable that P. falcipennis should be a junior synonym of P. rufolinearia, but this cannot be confirmed until the genitalia of the holotype of P. rufolinearia are available for examination.

Psyra breviprotrusa Liu, Xue & Han sp. nov. Figs 23, 38, 51

Description. Head. Antenna filiform in male, dorsal side yellowish white, tapering. Frons rounded, slightly protruding, yellowish white. Labial palpus short and stout, slightly extending beyond frons, ventral surface of segment 1 and 2 dark brown, segment 3 greyish white. Vertex greyish white. Thorax. Patagium, tegula and dorsal side of thorax yellowish white. Metathorax with a pair of black spots. Hind tibia in male dilated, with hair-pencil. Forewing length: ♂ 20–22 mm. Wings grey, tinged with light rufous, hindwing paler. Forewing with outer margin weakly protruding, antemedial line brown, diffuse, slightly protruding, a small black spot present at lower margin of cell and 2A; medial line brown, diffuse and broad, slightly protruding; postmedial line a row of tiny dots on veins, nearly straight, close to medial line under cell; submarginal line greyish white, with two small black triangular patches outside between M1 and M3, another black patch present between vein CuA2 and inner margin, elongated and excavated at vein 2A; terminal line appearing as a series of small black dots between veins; fringes grey; discal spot a small faint black dot. Hindwing with basal area whitish with grey speckles, medial line present as brown band, nearly straight. Underside dull grey, streaks on upperside discernible. Male genitalia. Uncus gradually tapering, spinose. Gnathos very broad, tongue-like. Valva tapering, with basal part broad and tip pointed. Costal basal lobe very short, terminal part tapering and bent proximally. Saccus rounded, not protruding. Juxta a large sclerite, with a blunt triangular median dorsal process. Aedeagus short and stout, cornutus a long, moderately broad spine at posterior end of vesica. Female genitalia. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype, ♂, CHINA: Gansu (IZCAS): Yongdeng, Tulugou, 2280 m, 2–4.IV.1992 , coll. Xue Dayong (slide no. 1987). Paratypes: 1♂, same data as holotype; 1♂, Tianshui, Dongcha Linchang, Taohuaping, 990 m, 15–19.IV.2005, Wang Xuejian. Diagnosis. The wing pattern of P. breviprotrusa is very close to that of P. bluethgeni (Fig. 24) in the presence of similar transverse lines and an elongate black patch near the inner margin on the forewing: this patch terminates at vein CuA2 in P. breviprotrusa but often extends above vein CuA2 in P. bluethgeni (below CuA2 in the type). In addition, there are two black triangular patches outside the cell in P. breviprotrusa (four in another paratype) but three in P. bluethgeni. The outer margin of the forewing is less angled on M3 end. In the male genitalia, the uncus is much slenderer, the costal basal lobe is much shorter, and the valva is longer and broader than that of P. bluethgeni (Fig. 39); P. breviprotrusa lacks the protrusion on the base of the costa, which is present in P. bluethgeni. The aedeagus of P. breviprotrusa lacks bundles of spines as does that of P. bluethgeni (Fig. 52), but the cornutus is much shorter. Etymology. This species name refers to the short costal basal lobe of the male genitalia. Distribution. China (Gansu).

472 · Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU ET AL. Acknowledgements

For allowing access to materials in their institutions and assistance during visits we thank: The Trustees and staff of the Natural History Museum, London; Dieter Stüning, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany; Wolfram Mey, Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany. Dieter Stüning provided male genitalia photographs of Psyra szetschwana Wehrli and P. dsagara Wehrli, and Katsumi Yazaki provided male genitalia figures of P. similaria. This project was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 31172127, J1210002), Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (KSCX2-EW-Z-8; 31093430), and the grant of Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (O529YX5105).

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