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A Review of Psyra Walker, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with Description of One New Species

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Zootaxa 3682 (3): 459–474 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3682.3.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:50B82368-6A4F-4B43-BF99-493AAEDFEC4B A review of Psyra Walker, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species ZULIAN LIU1,2, DAYONG XUE1, WENKAI WANG2,3 & HONGXIANG HAN1,3 1Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 2School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Hubei, China 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], w_wenkai @hotmail.com Abstract The genus Psyra Walker, 1860 in China is reviewed. Thirteen species are recognized, of which, P. breviprotrusa sp. nov. is described as new to science, and P. moderata Inoue, 1982, P. gracilis Yazaki, 1992 and P. boarmiata (Graeser, 1892) are recorded for the first time from China. P. cuneata szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 and P. cuneata dsagara Wehrli, 1953 are upgraded to specific level, i.e. P. szetschwana stat. nov. and P. dsagara stat. nov., and a lectotype is designated for P. dsagara. One new synonym is established: P. szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 = P. cuneata lidjangica Wehrli, 1953 syn. nov. The diagnoses for all species are given. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented. Key words: Psyra, Gnophini, taxonomy, synonym Introduction The genus Psyra was described by Walker (1860) as a monotypic genus based on P. cuneata Walker, 1860 from India. Orbasia Swinhoe, 1894 and Oncodocnemis Rebel, 1901 were listed as junior synonyms of Psyra by Parsons et al. (1999). Psyra, characterized by black wedge-shaped patches on the forewing, has not been formally placed into any known tribe by any publication. Holloway (1994) treated the tribe Boarmiini in a very broad concept, bringing within it 15 tribes, including the Gnophini, Cleorini, Bistonini, and summarized the characters of the tribe as follows: some genera possess a fovea on the male forewing; members of the tribe usually have a transverse setal comb on the third abdominal sternite. He also pointed out that there are no unambiguous tribal features in the genitalia, but stated that: the male valva usually has a cucullus, the sacculus is often ornamented with spines or processes bearing spine-like setae, and the uncus is often bifid. Viidalepp et al. (2007) highlighted three main characters of the moths belonging to the Boarmiini s. str. as: a well delimited harpe and cucullus on the male valva, a setal comb on sternite A3, and a fovea on the male forewing. Of these characters of Boarmiini s. lat. and Boarmiini s. str., Psyra shares only the possession of the setal comb. Viidalepp et al. (2007) recognised the Gnophini as a separate tribe, and summarized five characters for it, of which Psyra shares the following two: the absence of a fovea on the male forewing and the presence of a costal projection and an apical spine on the valva. But Psyra has a setal comb on the third abdominal sternite, which is absent in the concept of the Gnophini of Viidalepp et al. (2007). Psyra therefore falls between the tribes Boarmiini and Gnophini based on the characters of the male genitalia, the lack of a fovea on the forewing, and the presence of the setal comb. This intermediate position between Viidalepp’s Boarmiini s. str. and his concept of the Gnophini may cast some doubt on the decision to separate the two taxa, and further research in this area is certainly needed. The species of Psyra are mainly distributed in East Asia. Parsons et al. (1999) listed 15 species and 7 subspecies in Psyra. Among them, Walker (1860, 1863, 1866) described 3 species from India; Moore (1868) named 2 species from India; Bastelberger (1909, 1911) added 2 species from Taiwan; Wehrli (1953) described 3 subspecies of P. cuneata from China, which were listed as synonyms of P. cuneata in Parsons et al. (1999); Inoue (1954, 1982a, 1982b, 1983) established 2 new species and 2 new subspecies from Japan, Taiwan and Nepal. The Accepted by L. Gall: 5 Jun. 2013; published: 28 Jun. 2013 459 most recent species were added by Yazaki (1992, 1994), who described 4 new species from Nepal. Up to the present, 8 species and 4 subspecies of Psyra have been recorded in China (Bastelberger 1909; Prout 1920; Wehrli 1953; Inoue 1983; Xue 1988; Xue et al. 2002). Further study of the specimens of Psyra from IZCAS, BMNH and ZFMK shows that one new species needs to be described, and several taxonomic problems need to be resolved. The purposes of this paper are as follows: to describe one new species, P. breviprotrusa sp. nov.; to upgrade P. cuneata szetschwana and P. cuneata dsagara to specific rank as P. szetschwana stat. nov. and P. dsagara stat. nov.; to establish one new synonym: P. szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 = P. cuneata lidjangica Wehrli, 1953 syn. nov.; to review all known Chinese Psyra species and provide diagnostic characters; to provide illustrations of external features and genitalia; to newly record three species from China, P. moderata, P. gracilis and P. boarmiata. This results in 13 species and 3 subspecies of Psyra for the fauna of China. Material and methods Specimens of Psyra were obtained from the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS), the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (BMNH), Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany (ZFMK), and Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany (MNHU). Other institutions cited as type depositaries are the National Science Museum (Natural History), Tokyo, Japan (NSMT) and Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde, Germany (DEI). Terminology for wing venation follows the Comstock-Needham System (Comstock 1918) as adopted for Geometridae by Scoble (1992) and Hausmann (2001); that for genitalia is based on Pierce (1914, reprint 1976), Sibatani et al. (1954), Klots (1970) and Nichols (1989). Photographs of moths were taken using a digital camera. Composite images were generated using Auto-Montage software version 5.03.0061 (Synoptics Ltd), and Nikon Super Coolscan 5000. The plates were compiled using Adobe Photoshop software. Psyra Walker, 1860 Psyra Walker, 1860, List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Brit. Mus., 21: 311, 482. Type species: Psyra cuneata Walker, 1860, by monotypy. Orbasia Swinhoe, 1894, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1894: 222. Type species: Hyperythra spurcataria Walker, 1863, by monotypy. Oncodocnemis Rebel, 1901, in Staudinger& Rebel, Cat. Lepid. palaearct. Faunengeb., 1: 354. Type species: Phasiane boarmiata Graeser, 1892, by monotypy. Description. Head. Antenna filiform in both sexes. Frons rounded, slightly projecting. Labial palpus slightly projecting beyond frons. Thorax. Hind tibia dilated and with hair-pencil in male, with two pairs of spurs in both sexes. Wing pattern. Wings greyish white, greyish green, greyish yellow or grey. Forewing apex sometimes more or less falcate (especially in P. rufolinearia Leech, 1897 and P. spurcataria); outer margin smooth, or weakly protruding at vein M3, hindwing with outer margin smooth or protruding at M1 and M3. Forewing with transverse lines distinct or indistinct, usually present as different-sized black patches: antemedial line composed of three patches, the patch on inner margin often larger than the other two; postmedial line a series of small dots; submarginal line usually forming two triangular patches between M1 and M3, and one large wedge-shaped patch on vein 2A; terminal line a series of black dots. Hindwing with medial line often straight, band-like if present; postmedial line usually indistinct; terminal or submarginal band present or not. Discal spot in various shapes. Underside dull grey, greyish black or greyish yellow, transverse lines pale brown, a faint broad band usually present outside postmedial line. In P. spurcataria, P. crypta Yazaki, 1994, P. debilis Warren, 1888, P. rufolinearia, P. bluethgeni (Püngeler, 1904) and P. breviprotrusa sp. nov., antemedial lines lacking typical patches, postmedial line distinctly linear and not composed of dots, submarginal line composed of small patches between vein Ms and around vein 2A. In P. trilineata (Moore, 1868), very clear linear transverse lines present on both fore- and hindwings and black patches lacking. Frenulum present. Venation. Forewing with Sc anastomosing with R1 for a short distance, R1 sometimes shortly anastomosing with R2, R2-5 separate from M1, M3 separate from CuA1. Hindwing with RS and M1 separate, M3 and CuA1 separate, 3A present. Abdomen. Third sternite of male abdomen with setal comb. In P. spurcataria, eighth sternite of male with a pair of sclerotized processes. Male genitalia. 460 · Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU ET AL. Uncus very narrow to moderately broad, usually rounded at apex, spinose on dorsal side. Gnathos with central process stout, tongue-like, triangular or slender-stick like, with apex rounded. Valva often long and narrow, usually tapering, sometimes with round tip, occasionally rather short and broad; costal basal lobe of valva more or less curved, occasionally straight, usually with a tiny pointed process at tip (except in P. dsagara, P. spurcataria and P. crypta); sacculus undeveloped except in P. cuneata. Saccus usually expanding. Juxta a wide square-like sclerite, with various posterior decorations. Aedeagus often with one (P. moderata, P. conferta Inoue, 1983, P. fulvaria Yazaki, 1992, P. cr y p ta ), two (P. szetschwana, P. dsagara, P. similaria Moore, 1868, P. angulifera (Walker, 1866)), or three (P. cuneata, P. gracilis, P. spurcataria) bundles of short spines on vesica, sometimes lacking spinose bundle (P. falcipennis Yazaki, 1994, P. breviprotrusa sp. nov., P. bluethgeni, P. boarmiata); the cornutus usually a very thin and long spine, occasionally a short stick-like sclerite. Female genitalia. Ostium bursae sclerotized, small to very broad. Lamella postvaginalis usually a semicircular sclerite, occasionally a pair of processes (P.
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  • A Review of Psyra Walker, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with Description of One New Species

    A Review of Psyra Walker, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with Description of One New Species

    TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. Zootaxa 3682 (3): 459–474 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3682.3.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:50B82368-6A4F-4B43-BF99-493AAEDFEC4B A review of Psyra Walker, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species ZULIAN LIU1,2, DAYONG XUE1, WENKAI WANG2,3 & HONGXIANG HAN1,3 1Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 2School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Hubei, China 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], w_wenkai @hotmail.com Abstract The genus Psyra Walker, 1860 in China is reviewed. Thirteen species are recognized, of which, P. breviprotrusa sp. nov. is described as new to science, and P. moderata Inoue, 1982, P. gracilis Yazaki, 1992 and P. boarmiata (Graeser, 1892) are recorded for the first time from China. P. cuneata szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 and P. cuneata dsagara Wehrli, 1953 are upgraded to specific level, i.e. P. szetschwana stat. nov. and P. dsagara stat. nov., and a lectotype is designated for P. dsagara. One new synonym is established: P. szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 = P. cuneata lidjangica Wehrli, 1953 syn. nov. The diagnoses for all species are given. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented. Key words: Psyra, Gnophini, taxonomy, synonym Introduction The genus Psyra was described by Walker (1860) as a monotypic genus based on P.
  • Ancestral Traits and Specializations in the Flowers of the Basal Grade of Living Angiosperms

    Ancestral Traits and Specializations in the Flowers of the Basal Grade of Living Angiosperms

    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 Ancestral traits and specializations in the flowers of the basal grade of living angiosperms Endress, Peter K ; Doyle, James A DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/646.1 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-119333 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Endress, Peter K; Doyle, James A (2015). Ancestral traits and specializations in the flowers of the basal grade of living angiosperms. Taxon, 64(6):1093-1116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/646.1 TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1093–1116 Endress & Doyle • Flowers of basal living angiosperms REVIEW Ancestral traits and specializations in the flowers of the basal grade of living angiosperms Peter K. Endress1 & James A. Doyle2 1 Department of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland 2 Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A. Author for correspondence: Peter K. Endress, [email protected] ORCID: PKE, http://orcid.org/0001­6622­8196; JAD, http://orcid.org/0002­4083­8786 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/646.1 Abstract New morphological and phylogenetic data prompt us to present an updated review of floral morphology and its evolution in the basal ANITA grade of living angiosperms, Chloranthaceae, and Ceratophyllum. Floral phyllotaxis is complex whorled in Nymphaeales and spiral in Amborella and Austrobaileyales. It is unresolved whether phyllotaxis was ancestrally whorled or spiral, but if it was whorled, the whorls were trimerous.