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A Review of Psyra Walker, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with Description of One New Species

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TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. Zootaxa 3682 (3): 459–474 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3682.3.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:50B82368-6A4F-4B43-BF99-493AAEDFEC4B A review of Psyra Walker, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species ZULIAN LIU1,2, DAYONG XUE1, WENKAI WANG2,3 & HONGXIANG HAN1,3 1Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 2School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Hubei, China 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], w_wenkai @hotmail.com Abstract The genus Psyra Walker, 1860 in China is reviewed. Thirteen species are recognized, of which, P. breviprotrusa sp. nov. is described as new to science, and P. moderata Inoue, 1982, P. gracilis Yazaki, 1992 and P. boarmiata (Graeser, 1892) are recorded for the first time from China. P. cuneata szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 and P. cuneata dsagara Wehrli, 1953 are upgraded to specific level, i.e. P. szetschwana stat. nov. and P. dsagara stat. nov., and a lectotype is designated for P. dsagara. One new synonym is established: P. szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 = P. cuneata lidjangica Wehrli, 1953 syn. nov. The diagnoses for all species are given. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented. Key words: Psyra, Gnophini, taxonomy, synonym Introduction The genus Psyra was described by Walker (1860) as a monotypic genus based on P. cuneata Walker, 1860 from India. Orbasia Swinhoe, 1894 and Oncodocnemis Rebel, 1901 were listed as junior synonyms of Psyra by Parsons et al. (1999). Psyra, characterized by black wedge-shaped patches on the forewing, has not been formally placed into any known tribe by any publication. Holloway (1994) treated the tribe Boarmiini in a very broad concept, bringing within it 15 tribes, including the Gnophini, Cleorini, Bistonini, and summarized the characters of the tribe as follows: some genera possess a fovea on the male forewing; members of the tribe usually have a transverse setal comb on the third abdominal sternite. He also pointed out that there are no unambiguous tribal features in the genitalia, but stated that: the male valva usually has a cucullus, the sacculus is often ornamented with spines or processes bearing spine-like setae, and the uncus is often bifid. Viidalepp et al. (2007) highlighted three main characters of the moths belonging to the Boarmiini s. str. as: a well delimited harpe and cucullus on the male valva, a setal comb on sternite A3, and a fovea on the male forewing. Of these characters of Boarmiini s. lat. and Boarmiini s. str., Psyra shares only the possession of the setal comb. Viidalepp et al. (2007) recognised the Gnophini as a separate tribe, and summarized five characters for it, of which Psyra shares the following two: the absence of a fovea on the male forewing and the presence of a costal projection and an apical spine on the valva. But Psyra has a setal comb on the third abdominal sternite, which is absent in the concept of the Gnophini of Viidalepp et al. (2007). Psyra therefore falls between the tribes Boarmiini and Gnophini based on the characters of the male genitalia, the lack of a fovea on the forewing, and the presence of the setal comb. This intermediate position between Viidalepp’s Boarmiini s. str. and his concept of the Gnophini may cast some doubt on the decision to separate the two taxa, and further research in this area is certainly needed. The species of Psyra are mainly distributed in East Asia. Parsons et al. (1999) listed 15 species and 7 subspecies in Psyra. Among them, Walker (1860, 1863, 1866) described 3 species from India; Moore (1868) named 2 species from India; Bastelberger (1909, 1911) added 2 species from Taiwan; Wehrli (1953) described 3 subspecies of P. cuneata from China, which were listed as synonyms of P. cuneata in Parsons et al. (1999); Inoue (1954, 1982a, 1982b, 1983) established 2 new species and 2 new subspecies from Japan, Taiwan and Nepal. The Accepted by L. Gall: 5 Jun. 2013; published: 28 Jun. 2013 459 TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. most recent species were added by Yazaki (1992, 1994), who described 4 new species from Nepal. Up to the present, 8 species and 4 subspecies of Psyra have been recorded in China (Bastelberger 1909; Prout 1920; Wehrli 1953; Inoue 1983; Xue 1988; Xue et al. 2002). Further study of the specimens of Psyra from IZCAS, BMNH and ZFMK shows that one new species needs to be described, and several taxonomic problems need to be resolved. The purposes of this paper are as follows: to describe one new species, P. breviprotrusa sp. nov.; to upgrade P. cuneata szetschwana and P. cuneata dsagara to specific rank as P. szetschwana stat. nov. and P. dsagara stat. nov.; to establish one new synonym: P. szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 = P. cuneata lidjangica Wehrli, 1953 syn. nov.; to review all known Chinese Psyra species and provide diagnostic characters; to provide illustrations of external features and genitalia; to newly record three species from China, P. moderata, P. gracilis and P. boarmiata. This results in 13 species and 3 subspecies of Psyra for the fauna of China. Material and methods Specimens of Psyra were obtained from the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS), the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (BMNH), Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany (ZFMK), and Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany (MNHU). Other institutions cited as type depositaries are the National Science Museum (Natural History), Tokyo, Japan (NSMT) and Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde, Germany (DEI). Terminology for wing venation follows the Comstock-Needham System (Comstock 1918) as adopted for Geometridae by Scoble (1992) and Hausmann (2001); that for genitalia is based on Pierce (1914, reprint 1976), Sibatani et al. (1954), Klots (1970) and Nichols (1989). Photographs of moths were taken using a digital camera. Composite images were generated using Auto-Montage software version 5.03.0061 (Synoptics Ltd), and Nikon Super Coolscan 5000. The plates were compiled using Adobe Photoshop software. Psyra Walker, 1860 Psyra Walker, 1860, List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Brit. Mus., 21: 311, 482. Type species: Psyra cuneata Walker, 1860, by monotypy. Orbasia Swinhoe, 1894, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1894: 222. Type species: Hyperythra spurcataria Walker, 1863, by monotypy. Oncodocnemis Rebel, 1901, in Staudinger& Rebel, Cat. Lepid. palaearct. Faunengeb., 1: 354. Type species: Phasiane boarmiata Graeser, 1892, by monotypy. Description. Head. Antenna filiform in both sexes. Frons rounded, slightly projecting. Labial palpus slightly projecting beyond frons. Thorax. Hind tibia dilated and with hair-pencil in male, with two pairs of spurs in both sexes. Wing pattern. Wings greyish white, greyish green, greyish yellow or grey. Forewing apex sometimes more or less falcate (especially in P. rufolinearia Leech, 1897 and P. spurcataria); outer margin smooth, or weakly protruding at vein M3, hindwing with outer margin smooth or protruding at M1 and M3. Forewing with transverse lines distinct or indistinct, usually present as different-sized black patches: antemedial line composed of three patches, the patch on inner margin often larger than the other two; postmedial line a series of small dots; submarginal line usually forming two triangular patches between M1 and M3, and one large wedge-shaped patch on vein 2A; terminal line a series of black dots. Hindwing with medial line often straight, band-like if present; postmedial line usually indistinct; terminal or submarginal band present or not. Discal spot in various shapes. Underside dull grey, greyish black or greyish yellow, transverse lines pale brown, a faint broad band usually present outside postmedial line. In P. spurcataria, P. crypta Yazaki, 1994, P. debilis Warren, 1888, P. rufolinearia, P. bluethgeni (Püngeler, 1904) and P. breviprotrusa sp. nov., antemedial lines lacking typical patches, postmedial line distinctly linear and not composed of dots, submarginal line composed of small patches between vein Ms and around vein 2A. In P. trilineata (Moore, 1868), very clear linear transverse lines present on both fore- and hindwings and black patches lacking. Frenulum present. Venation. Forewing with Sc anastomosing with R1 for a short distance, R1 sometimes shortly anastomosing with R2, R2-5 separate from M1, M3 separate from CuA1. Hindwing with RS and M1 separate, M3 and CuA1 separate, 3A present. Abdomen. Third sternite of male abdomen with setal comb. In P. spurcataria, eighth sternite of male with a pair of sclerotized processes. Male genitalia. 460 · Zootaxa 3682 (3) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU ET AL. TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. Uncus very narrow to moderately broad, usually rounded at apex, spinose on dorsal side. Gnathos with central process stout, tongue-like, triangular or slender-stick like, with apex rounded. Valva often long and narrow, usually tapering, sometimes with round tip, occasionally rather short and broad; costal basal lobe of valva more or less curved, occasionally straight, usually with a tiny pointed process at tip (except in P. dsagara, P. spurcataria and P. crypta); sacculus undeveloped except in P. cuneata. Saccus usually expanding. Juxta a wide square-like sclerite, with various posterior decorations. Aedeagus often with one (P. moderata, P. conferta Inoue, 1983, P. fulvaria Yazaki, 1992, P. cr y p ta ), two (P.
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    27th ISCE Annual Meeting Vancouver, Canada (July 25, 2011) Characterization of Epoxytrienes Derived from (3Z,6Z,9Z)-1,3,6,9-Tetraenes, Sex Pheromone Components of Arctiid Moths and Related Compounds T. Ando, R. Yamakawa, and Y. Takubo O Graduate School of BASE, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan E-mail: [email protected] Representative lepidopteran sex pheromones Sex pheromones have been identified from about 620 species. Male attractants have been reported for other 1200 species. Type I Silkworm moth Smaller tea tortix Rice stem borer Unsaturated fatty OH O H alcohols, acetates bombykol OAc O and aldehydes with H OA c a C10 –C18 chain Found most commonly (75%) Type II O O O Polyunsaturated hydrocarbons and epo3,Z6,Z9-19:H Z3,epo6,Z9-19:H Z3,Z6,epo9-18:H their epoxides with a C17 –C23 chain Identified from evolved-insect groups (15%) Milionia e basalis Giant geometrid moth Mulberry looper Phylogenetic tree of Lepidoptera Lichen moth Yellow peach moth Plum cankerworm moth Z3,Z6,Z9-21:H E10-16:Ald Z3,Z6,Z9-21:H Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H Noctuoidea Bombycoidea Papillionoidea Geometroidea Sesioidea Pyraloidea Hesperioidea Pterophoroidea Zygaenoidea Gelechioidea Tortricoidea Yponomeutoidea Cossoidea Castnioidea Tineoidea Hepialoidea Incurvarioidea Nepticuloidea Ditrysia Eriocranioidea Monotrysia Zeugloptera Dacnonypha Type I pheromone Type II pheromone Paramecoptera Speciation of the groups, which produce Type II pheromones Taxonomy Type of Japanese Super-family Family Sub-family pheromone species Geometroidea Uraniidae Geometridae Ennominae II, others 339 Geometrinae II 86 Sterrhinae I 109 Larentiinae II 346 Alsophilinae II 14 Noctuoidea Notodontidae I 124 Lymantriidae II, others 59 Nolidae II 107 Noctuidae I, II, others 1276 Pantheidae 13 Arctiidae Lithosiinae II, others 79 Syntominae II 4 Arctiinae II, others 51 BiosynthesisRepresentative of Typelepidopteran II sex pheromones sex pheromones Sex pheromonesOenocyte have been identified from about 620 species.
  • Bat Aggregational Response to Pest Caterpillar Emergence Ján Blažek*, Adam Konečný & Tomáš Bartonička

    Bat Aggregational Response to Pest Caterpillar Emergence Ján Blažek*, Adam Konečný & Tomáš Bartonička

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Bat aggregational response to pest caterpillar emergence Ján Blažek*, Adam Konečný & Tomáš Bartonička Moths (Lepidoptera) are major agricultural and forest pests in many parts of the world, including Europe, with many causing great economic damage to crops, horticultural plants, stored items, and wool products. Here, we focus on two ecologically similar inchworms, Operophtera brumata and Erannis defoliaria, known for their high foliage consumption during the spring emergence of caterpillars. We hypothesise that bats could play a role in reducing pests such as caterpillars by switching to this abundant emerging prey. At two infested and one control forest sites, caterpillars were sampled during spring to determine levels of infestation. At the same time, bat fight activity was monitored during the peak in caterpillar abundance. During the spring caterpillar outbreak, we collected faecal samples of forest-dwelling bats capable of using gleaning. The majority of samples were positive for our focus species, being 51.85% for O. brumata and 29.63% for E. defoliaria faecal samples. The foraging activity of two gleaning bats, Myotis nattereri and Myotis bechsteinii, increased at both infested sites, but not at the control site, during caterpillar emergence, as did foraging of Plecotus auritus/austriacus, which used both gleaning and aerial hawking. We conclude that both specialists and occasional gleaners, which prefer diferent prey but are able to switch their foraging strategies, aggregate at sites during pest emergence and, as such, our results confrm the high potential of bats to reduce numbers of pest species such as caterpillars. A predator’s efect on prey populations is generally studied using numerical responses 1,2 driven by two mecha- nisms, migration of predators to sites with high prey concentrations (aggregational response) and predator reproduction, which results in a delayed increase in the density of predators3.

  • Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China

    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 139:A review 45–96 (2011)of Biston Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China... 45 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.139.1308 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A review of Biston Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species Nan Jiang1,2,†, Dayong Xue1,‡, Hongxiang Han1,§ 1 Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China † urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F09E9F50-5E54-40FE-8C04-3CEA6565446B ‡ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:BBEC2B15-1EEE-40C4-90B0-EB6B116F2AED § urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:1162241D-772E-4668-BAA3-F7E0AFBE21EE Corresponding author: Hongxiang Han ([email protected]) Academic editor: A.Hausmann | Received 26 March 2011 | Accepted 15 August 2011 | Published 25 October 2011 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F505D74E-1098-473D-B7DE-0ED283297B4F Citation: Jiang N, Xue D, Han H (2011) A review of Biston Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species. ZooKeys 139: 45–96. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.139.1308 Abstract The genus Biston Leach, 1815 is reviewed for China. Seventeen species are recognized, of which B. me- diolata sp. n. is described. B. pustulata (Warren, 1896) and B. panterinaria exanthemata (Moore, 1888) are newly recorded for China. The following new synonyms are established: B. suppressaria suppressaria (Guenée, 1858) (= B. suppressaria benescripta (Prout, 1915), syn. n. = B. luculentus Inoue, 1992 syn. n.); B. falcata (Warren, 1893) (= Amphidasis erilda Oberthür, 1910, syn.