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Spatial Language in Tungag SpatialSpatial languagelanguage inin TungagTungag KarinKarin FastFast uages o ang f Is L la e nd h t M in e l s a e n i e SLIM 4 ngu age s of I d a sl L a nd Asia-Pacific Linguistics he t M in e l a s s e n i e d s u i a t S ~ ~ A s s es ia - c P a A u c n fi c e i i O p Li ng uis tics t a S ~ ~ Open Access A s s s i e a c -P c a A ci n fic pe Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia Linguistics O A-PL 20 Spatial Language in Tungag Karin E. Fast This book examines the different linguistic means used to describe or refer to motion and location in space in Tungag, an Austronesian language spoken in Papua New Guinea. The description, based on a spoken and written corpus of about 100,000 words, includes a grammatical sketch of Tungag, in addition to a detailed description of the linguistic means available for talking about motion. Each of these strategies is defined and discussed in depth, using examples from the corpus. Spatial language in Tungag is also approached from the perspective of how these linguistic means are mapped onto motion events, and situated in their typological context. Tungag does not fit well into the typology which contrasts “satellite-framed” languages (encoding manner in the main verb and path in a satellite to the verb) and “verb-framed” languages (encoding path in the main verb and manner in a satellite or subordinate phrase). Instead, in Tungag the combination possibilities for different elements of a motion event are relatively free. This book originally appeared as a thesis for a doctorate degree at Heidelberg University. Cover design: Karin Fast, Alexandre François Asia-Pacific Linguistics Open Access Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia (SLIM) College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Spatial Language in Tungag Karin E. Fast SLIM 4 A-PL 20 Asia-Pacific Linguistics Open Access Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia (SLIM) SLIM EDITORIAL BOARD: Isabelle Bril, Bethwyn Evans, Alexandre François, Bill Palmer. SLIM ADVISORY BOARD: Paul Geraghty, John Lynch, Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross, Nick Thieberger. A-PL EDITORIAL BOARD: I Wayan Arka, Mark Donohue, Bethwyn Evans, Nicholas Evans, Simon Greenhill, Gwendolyn Hyslop, David Nash, Bill Palmer, Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson. Published by Asia-Pacific Linguistics College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600 Australia Copyright in this edition is vested with the author(s) Released under Creative Commons License (Attribution 4.0 International) First published: 2015 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1885/14622 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Creator: Fast, Karin, author Title: Spatial language in Tungag / Karin Fast ISBN: 9781922185211 (ebook) Series: Asia-Pacific Linguistics / Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia A-PL020 SLIM004 Subjects: Lavongai language – Grammar Melanesian languages Austronesian languages Papua New Guinea – Languages Dewey number 449.5 For Ekonia Passingan Tapak Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude and deep appreciation to the following people: • my thesis advisors Christiane von Stutterheim (Heidelberg University) and Gunter Senft (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen), for their interest in the subject matter and detailed and precise reading and discussions. Their comments and suggestions have been an immense help. • Lesley Fast, for the use of his data and the quick and detailed responses with explanations about many details of the Tungag language. To my parents I am deeply grateful for my childhood on Lovangai island. • two anonymous reviewers for their detailed reading and insightful comments. • the editors of SLIM for their help in preparing this manuscript for publication. • my colleagues at IDF (Institut fur¨ Deutsch als Fremdsprachenphilologie, Heidel- berg University), for many discussions about the interesting ins and outs of spatial language. • all my friends and family from Umbukul, for teaching me Tungag. It has been a joy to read and work with their words in my corpus. Kalaro luai. • Anicka Fast, Lesley Fast and Hans Fast for helping me with the final polishing and proofreading. • my husband, Martin, for being a sounding board, willing to delve into a completely unknown topic so thoroughly to help me formulate my thoughts, for his unfailing drive and encouragement. Contents Acknowledgements iii List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Outline of the book . .2 2 Theoretical framework 5 2.1 Talking about space in other Austronesian languages . .5 2.2 Referring to space . .7 2.3 Referring to motion in space . .8 2.4 Path and manner of motion . 10 2.5 Talking about space in Tungag . 11 3 Grammar sketch 15 3.1 Introduction . 15 3.2 Phonology and orthography . 15 3.3 Morphemes . 17 3.3.1 Derivation and inflection . 17 3.4 Word classes - grammatical categories . 19 3.4.1 Verbs . 19 3.4.2 Nouns . 21 3.4.3 Pronouns . 22 3.4.4 Modifiers . 27 3.4.5 Adverbs . 33 3.4.6 Prepositions . 37 3.4.7 Conjunctions . 39 3.4.8 Particles . 41 3.4.9 Question words . 42 3.4.10 Interjections . 43 3.5 Phrase types . 43 3.5.1 Verb phrase . 44 3.5.2 Noun phrase . 46 3.5.3 Prepositional phrase . 47 3.6 Grammatical relations and sentence structure . 48 3.6.1 Verbal clause . 48 3.6.2 Non-verbal clause . 50 3.6.3 Sentence types . 50 vi – Contents 3.6.4 Variation in the sentence constituency order . 51 4 Linguistic means used to describe location and movement in space 55 4.1 Verbs of motion and location . 56 4.1.1 Verbs of location . 57 4.1.2 Positional verbs: putting into location . 60 4.1.3 Example: ago and different ways of referring to location . 63 4.1.4 Verbs of motion . 66 4.1.5 Path verbs . 68 4.1.6 Caused motion verbs . 72 4.1.7 Manner of motion verbs . 74 4.1.8 Example: kalip - a manner verb . 76 4.1.9 Example: verbs of beginning and ending motion . 79 4.2 Directional morphemes . 82 4.2.1 Example: directional morphemes an and me in a narrative . 83 4.3 Adverbs . 86 4.3.1 Locational adverbs . 87 4.3.2 Temporal adverbs . 88 4.3.3 Manner of motion adverbs . 89 4.3.4 Directional adverbs . 90 4.3.5 Example: alak - a directional adverb . 96 4.4 Prepositions and locational morphemes . 107 4.5 Demonstratives and Deixis . 112 4.5.1 Example: absolute and relative frames of reference in a narrative 113 4.5.2 Example: deixis and directional morphemes in a narrative . 116 5 Conceptual categories of a motion event 125 5.1 Encoding location . 125 5.1.1 Linguistic means available for talking about location . 126 5.1.2 Localisations in the context of a motion event . 127 5.1.3 Example: talking about locations explicitly and implicitly . 138 5.2 Encoding path . 143 5.2.1 Path verbs . 144 5.2.2 Verbal morphemes used to describe a trajectory . 145 5.2.3 Adverbs which describe a path or direction of motion . 146 5.2.4 Prepositions used to describe path . 148 5.2.5 Focussing on the path of motion . 149 5.3 The role of aspect in describing motion events . 150 5.3.1 A narrative example to illustrate aspect in Tungag . 151 5.3.2 An analysis of the use of aspect . 154 5.3.3 Using perfective aspect to assert that an event has begun . 161 5.4 Ground object features . 163 5.4.1 Characteristics of the ground . 164 5.4.2 Ground marking of source and goal . 170 5.5 Orientation and animacy of the figure . 172 Contents – vii 5.5.1 Animacy of the figure . 173 5.5.2 Caused motion and self-propelled motion . 174 5.5.3 Orientation of the figure . 177 5.5.4 Come and go words . 180 5.6 Boundary crossing events . 185 5.6.1 Linguistic means used to describe boundary-crossing . 186 5.6.2 Focussing on different parts of a motion event with sub-events . 187 5.6.3 Entering and exiting . 189 6 Conclusion: Tungag in a typological framework 191 6.1 A summary of the previous chapters . 191 6.2 Placing Tungag in a typology of motion events . 192 6.2.1 How manner and path are typically encoded in a motion event . 194 6.2.2 The relative use of manner and path verbs (manner salience) . 194 6.2.3 Manner verbs and directional adjuncts . 196 6.2.4 Strategies for marking goal and source . 197 6.2.5 Types of adjuncts which combine with different verbs . 197 6.2.6 Conclusion . 199 6.3 Final remarks and outlook . 202 A Appendix 203 A.1 An overview of the corpus . 203 A.2 Examples of pronouns . 205 A.3 Tungag-English word list . 210 References 227 List of Figures 1.1 Languages spoken in New Ireland Province. .1 1.2 Tungag language family tree. .2 2.1 A coordinate system with the speaker (origo) at the centre. .7 2.2 Elements of a motion event. .9 3.1 Tungag vowels. 15 3.2 An inventory of Tungag consonants. 16 3.3 Tungag orthography. 16 3.4 Structure of the verb phrase. 44 3.5 Structure of the noun phrase. 47 3.6 Structure of the verbal clause. ..
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