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Dreams in Medieval Welsh Literature Xiezhen Zhao Dreams in Medieval Welsh Literature Xiezhen Zhao A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Cardiff University 2021 SUMMARY This study examines dreams found in medieval Welsh literature from c. 1100 to c. 1550. The scope of the research covers secular and religious prose and poetry of the period. The purpose of this study is to provide an insight into dream literature in medieval Welsh by analysing the various functions of dreams in different types of texts in relation to the narratives and genres. Chapter 1 lays out the conceptual and methodological framework necessary for analyses in the subsequent chapters, and maps out the European context of medieval Welsh dream literature. Chapters 2 examines dreams in medieval Welsh prose, including the two ‘breuddwyd’ texts of the Mabinogion and three texts belonging to the genre of areithiau pros. Chapter 3 examines dreams in medieval Welsh secular poetry. Chapter 4 examines dreams in medieval Welsh religious writings, including hagiographies and anti-hagiographies, apocalyptic and mystic visions. Finally, a conclusion summarises the roles that dreams play in different textual contexts within the field of medieval Welsh literature, and in which I argue that ‘breuddwyd’ does not constitue a specific genre; instead, working within the various contexts and genres in which Welsh texts containing dreams are situated, the dreams play an essential and dynamic part in the formation of the plot, world-building, liminality, as well as have the capacity for revealing many interesting features of the text. i ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I wish to thank my supervisors Professor Sioned Davies and Dr Dylan Foster Evans, who have provided valuable advice and careful guidance throughout the process of my writing. I wish to thank the School of Welsh, Cardiff University, for providing generous financial support by means of a scholarship, without which my undertaking of the research would not have been at all possible. This thesis has also benefited from the input of Professor Diarmait Mac Giolla Chríost, Dr Jonathan Morris, and Ms Cadi Thomas who have acted as my academic progress monitoring panel, and have offered useful feedback on drafts of the thesis at the end of every academic year in the monitoring meetings. Thanks to Dr David Callander for his valuable comments on my translation of ‘Awdl y Breuddwyd’ and ‘Yr Hun Felys’. Many people outside the institution have also contributed to the thesis. I wish to thank Mr Daniel Huws and Dr Ann Parry Owen for allowing me to use the pre- publication proofs of A Repertory of Welsh Manuscripts and Scribes c. 800-c. 1800; to Professor Barry Lewis at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies for directing me to the manuscript resources of Breuddwyd Gronw Ddu; to Dr Simon Rodway at the Department of Welsh and Celtic Studies, Aberystwyth University for sharing his knowledge regarding the etymology of ‘breuddwyd’ and terms related to dream and sleep; to Dr Bleddyn Owen Huws for drawing my attention to Breuddwyd Iorwerth Deircaill and sharing his specialist knowledge of the text; to Dr Iestyn Daniel for discussing his thoughts on Ymborth yr Enaid and providing an English translation of part of the text; to Dr Ceridwen Lloyd-Morgan for drawing my attention to the poem ‘Yr Hun Felys’; to Dr Katherine Leach and Dr Michaela Jacques at Harvard University for updating me every now and then when they found manuscript sources related to my research. Many thanks to my examiners Dr Jane Cartwright and Dr Siwan Rosser for their invaluable comments that have helped improve the quality of the thesis significantly and shape it into its current form. iii Writing up the thesis was a psychologically and academically challenging task, especially at the last stage towards its completion during this annus horribilis. I wish to thank my friends and colleagues without naming each one of them individually for their moral support, whose encouragements and practical advice have helped me gain and regain confidence in myself and my research, and have kept me motivated throughout this challenging yet exciting intellectual journey. Special thanks to BM for keeping me fed and fit during the lockdowns, and to BB and Neshka for their cheerful company, when for months they were the only real human beings I was able to see and talk to. And finally, to my parents, to whom this thesis is dedicated. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary ....................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... v Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 a. Time-frame ........................................................................................................ 4 b. Vocabulary ........................................................................................................ 5 c. Corpus ............................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1 Genre and Medieval Literary Dreams .................................................. 24 1.1 The concept of genre ................................................................................... 24 1.2 World-building and literary dreams ............................................................ 38 1.2.1 Terms and concepts ............................................................................. 39 1.2.2 Examples of dream worlds in pre-modern European literature .......... 42 1.3 Medieval European dream culture ............................................................. 49 1.4 The ‘dream-vision’ genre ............................................................................. 60 Chapter 2 Dreams in Medieval Welsh Prose ........................................................ 64 2.1 Breuddwyd Maxen ....................................................................................... 64 2.2 Breuddwyd Rhonabwy ................................................................................. 73 2.3 The areithiau pros ....................................................................................... 86 2.3.1 Breuddwyd Gruffudd ab Adda ap Dafydd ............................................ 88 2.3.2 Breuddwyd Gronw Ddu ........................................................................ 97 2.3.3 Breuddwyd Iorwerth Deircaill ............................................................ 102 2.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 109 Chapter 3 Dreams in Medieval Welsh Poetry ..................................................... 116 3.1 ‘Breuddwyd a welwn neithwyr’ ................................................................. 118 3.2 ‘Breuddwyd Gwalchmai’ by Gwalchmai ap Meilyr ................................... 125 3.3 Poems composed by or attributed to Dafydd ap Gwilym ......................... 130 3.3.1 ‘Y Breuddwyd’ .................................................................................... 131 3.3.2 ‘Y Cloc’ ................................................................................................ 138 3.3.3 ‘Yr Hun Felys’ ...................................................................................... 142 v 3.4 ‘I Syr Hywel y Fwyall’ by Iolo Goch ........................................................... 146 3.5 ‘Awdl y Breuddwyd’ by Gruffudd ap Tudur Goch ..................................... 151 3.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 157 Chapter 4 Dreams in Medieval Welsh Religious Writing .................................... 161 4.1 Bucheddau of Welsh and universal saints ................................................. 162 4.1.1 Buchedd Dewi ..................................................................................... 164 4.1.2 Buchedd Collen ................................................................................... 170 4.1.3 Buchedd Sant Martin.......................................................................... 173 4.1.4 Buchedd Mair Fadlen ......................................................................... 177 4.1.5 Summary ............................................................................................ 180 4.2 Ystoria Judas .............................................................................................. 182 4.3 Breuddwyd Pawl and ‘Gweledigaeth Pawl yn Uffern’ ............................... 187 4.3.1 The prose Breuddwyd Pawl ................................................................ 188 4.3.2 ‘Gweledigaeth Pawl yn Uffern’ .......................................................... 198 4.4 Ymborth yr Enaid ....................................................................................... 204 4.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 221 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 225 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 231 Appendix I: A Transcription of the Llanstephan
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