2 7 4 10 9 הּמתקּדׁשים והּמּטהרים אל הּגּנות אחר הּמתקּדׁשים והּמּטהרים אל הּגּנות אחר ʾḥr Hgnnwt ʾl Whmm Hrym Hmmtqdšym

HRU Ch 1 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______Score ____/___ pts

1. On a separate sheet of paper, practice writing the letters of the alphabet in alphabetical order. a) Write each letter five times, repeating the name of the letter each time you write it; begin with Aleph, then Beth without Dagesh and Beth with Dagesh, etc., not forgetting the five final forms. b) You might sing the “Hebrew Aleph Beth” song in the appendix. Then c) write each letter once in alphabetical order, again naming the letter as you write. Complete the alphabet five times. 2. Below are the words from Isa 66:17. For now, treat the Dagesh in all the Begadkephat ,b = ב ,letters as Lene and all those in other letters as Forte by writing the letter twice. So In the third line, copy the Hebrew words in Hebrew. In the fourth line . = ּט b, and = ּב give a transliteration, remembering that English is transliterated left-to-right. Finally, alphabetize the words in the verse by writing the number, 1-16, above each word in the first line to indicate the order. One word is done as an example. 2 7 4 10 9 הּמתקּדׁשים והּמּטהרים אל הּגּנות אחר הּמתקּדׁשים והּמּטהרים אל הּגּנות אחר ʾḥr hgnnwt ʾl whmm hrym hmmtqdšym

12 8 5 3 6 1 אחד ּבּתוך אכלי ּבׂשר החזיר והּׁשחץ אחד ּבּתוך אכלי ּבׂשר החזיר והּׁשחץ whššqḥṣ hḥzyr bśr ʾkly btwk ʾḥd

13 16 15 14 11 והעכּבר יחּדו יספו נאם יהוה והעכּבר יחּדו יספו נאם יהוה yhwh nʾm yspw yḥdw whʿkbr

3. Transliterate each of the following biblical names back into Hebrew letters. Can you figure out who or what they represent? English Hebrew Name Solomon ׁשלמה šlmh1 Bethlehem ּבית לחם byt lḥm2 Ruth רות rwt3 Abimelek אבימלך ʾbymlk David ּדוד dwd4 Abram אברם ʾbrm Daniel ּדניאל dnyʾl Benjamin ּבנימין bnymyn Ezekiel יחזקאל yḥzqyʾl5

1 .ח and not ה Note the simple h, indicating 2 Be sure to write the final Mem.

3 ,ת ,Note that the last letter is underlined and begadkefat. To transliterate into Hebrew, the final letter receives no Daghesh. 4 Note that the first letter and last letters are a begadkefat, but the first is NOT underlined and the last is. To .ד :and the last does not ,ּד ,transliterate into Hebrew, the first gets the Daghesh

HRU ch 2 Exercises – Answer Key Name ______Score ____/____ pts 1. In the following words, some have Dagesh Lene (only in begadkephat letters), some have Dagesh Forte (doubling letters that may be found in almost any letter, including begadkephat letters), some have neither. Circle the words that must have Dagesh Forte (for this exercise, even though it will not be right, assume that all begadkephat letters are Lene). Underline all words with no Dagesh at all. (___ pts) 6 7 ּתּקחו ּבאהלו מסּפר לּגלּגת איׁש מּמּנו אׁשר הּדבר

2. Of the following words circle those that have final forms. (___ pts) 8 נתן ּבז הארץ טּבור מקנה יׁשבי ואל על ידו

3. Mark each word from the following that has … (circle all that apply; ___ pts) 9 נגד ּכלב סור מׁשה בׂשר :a. an s but not an sh sound ּבלע ּכל נפׁש אלף קל :b. a p or ph sound 10 קדׁש סדה חם מות טור :c. an m sound 11 12 ּתורה צור ּדלת ׁשלח היוד :d. a t or th (as in thin) sound ּפלג ּבלע נח ּכלב אדם :e. a b or b (v) sound 13 נפל מלך ּפלג ּבגד ּכוס :f. an k or kh sound 14 ּכון ויאמר ּבנה ּבגד ּבוא :g. a g sound

6 The dot above the letter marks it as a Shin and is not a Daghesh.

7 is in a begadkefat and for this assignment we are assuming these all to be Daghesh ּת The dot inside the ,is not begadkefat, the Daghesh must be Forte ,ק ,Lene. That would not result in circling. However, since the Qof resulting in the word being circled.

8 and not one of the five special final ,ו ,The last letter does not extend below the line and is therefore Waw forms.

9 .with the /sh/ sound ,ׁש ,with the /s/ sound from the Shin ,ׂש ,Be sure to distinguish the Sin

10 .ט from מ The first letter is Mem and you must distinguish

11 .makes the sound th as in then, not as in thin ד The 12 Note that the final letter is Het, not Taw.

13 .ך ,Note the final Kaf

15 ּדוד ּכנען נדר לך אגדה :h. an r sound נגד ׁשלג ׁשפן ּבזה רוץ :i. an n sound

HRU ch 3 Exercises Name ______KEY Score ____/____ pts

1. Using the information in this chapter, indicate whether each Shewa in each word is vocal or silent by circling each vocal Shewa and placing an X over each silent Shewa. The first one is done as an example. (7 pts)

מִׁשְּׁפְׁ חֹות .a מְׁ קַּטְׁלִ ים .b

וַיֹּאמְׁ רּו .c

xהָלַַ֫כְּׁתִ י .d

Explanations: b. The Tet has a dagesh which must be doubling. Shewa under a doubled is always vocal. c. The Shewa follows an open syllable (no vowel under the Aleph). Therefore the previous vowel is long and the Shewa begins a new syllable and must be vocal. d. The previous vowel is short, so Shewa closes the syllable. e. The Shewa is preceded by either the long Qamets (ā) in an open unaccented or short Qamets Hatuf (o) in a closed unaccented syllable. The Masoretes often used a Metheg a vertical stroke to mark the syllable as open. Since this is not present, it must be the (ׁשָ ) next to the Qamest closed unaccented syllable and the Shewa is silent. f. Two vocal Shewas at the end of a word are both silent. 2. Indicate the number of syllables in each word by drawing a line between them. For letters with Dagesh Forte (doubling Dagesh), draw a line through the middle of the letter. The first one is done as an example. (10 pts)

נַעֲׂשֶ ה .g ּבְׁרֵּ אׁשִ ית .d מְׁדַ ּבְׁרִ ים .a

יִׂשְׁרָ אֵּ ל .h אֱֹלהִ ים .e ּדִ בְׁרֵּ י .b

הַ ּגִידּו .i ׁשָ לֹוחַ .f יֶַ֫לֶ ד .c Explanations: a. The word has two full vowels and therefore two syllables; therefore one only draws one line. The Beth is a begadkefat and might be either lene or forte. Since the Beth is preceded by a full vowel, the Dagesh is forte (doubling) and the syllable divides in the middle of the letter. b. The word has two full vowels and therefore two syllables; therefore one only draws one line. The vowel under the Dalet (Hireq) is short and the syllable is unaccented. Therefore it must be closed and the silent Shewa is the end of the syllable. c. The word has two full vowels and therefore two syllables; therefore one only draws one line. The vowel under the Yod (Seghol) is short, but the syllable is accented, so it is open. d. The word has two full vowels and therefore two syllables; therefore one only draws one line. The second syllable must begin with the Shin. e. The word has two full vowels (note the Holem above the left side of the Lamed) and therefore two syllables; therefore one only draws one line. The second syllable must start with the He. f. The word has two full vowels and therefore two syllables; therefore one only draws one line. The Patach at the end is furtive and does not count as a separate syllable. The second syllable must start at the Lamed. g. The word has two full vowels and therefore two syllables; therefore one only draws one line. The composite Shewa is vocal and cannot close a syllable. Therefore the second syllable begins with the Ayin. h. The word has three full vowels and therefore three syllables; therefore one draws two lines. The vowel under the Yod is short and the syllable is unaccented; therefore the Shewa is silent and closes the syllable. The second syllable begins with Resh. The third syllable begins with the consonant above the next full vowel, Alef. i. The word has three full vowels and therefore three syllables; therefore one draws two lines. The vowel under He is short and unaccented; the Dagesh in the Gimmel must be Forte

(doubling) and the syllable divides in the middle of the letter. The third syllable begins with the consonant above the last full vowel, Daleth. 3. Each line below gives an English word with an underlined vowel followed by a list of Hebrew syllables (assume they are all unaccented). Circle each Hebrew syllable that rhymes with the underlined vowel in the English word (there may be more than one per row). The first one is done as an example. (55 pts) 1 ּבְׁ 2ּבָ י ּבֹו ּבַ ּבָ a. father ּבֵּ י ּבִ י ּבּו ּבֶ ּבֵּ b. hey ּבִ ּבָ י ּבֹו ּבָתְׁ ּבֹּ c. machine 2 3 ּבֶ י ּבָ גְׁ ּבָ ּבֹו ּב d. hole ּבִ י ּבֶ י ּבֵּ ּבִ ּבֶ e. they ּב ּבּו ּבָ ּבַ ּב f. brute ּבַ ּבָ גְׁ ּבָ ּבּו ּבֹו g. hole ּב ּבָ י ּבִ י ּבּו ּבִ h. brute ּבַ ּבֶ ּבֹּ ּבֵּ ּבִ י i. machine 4 5 6 ּבֲ ּבָ ּבֹו ּבַ ּבָתְׁ j. father 7 ּבֲ ּבַ ּבְׁ ּבּו ּבָ k. banana 4. Here are some real Hebrew words. They are names of people and places. First give an accurate transliteration and then give the name as we normally spell it. The first one is done as an example. All words not accented on the last syllable are marked with the accent. (½ pt per letter; ¼ pt per point = 23 pts)

rāḥāb Rahab רָ חָ ב .a

1 The Yod actually quiesces here and the Qamats is ā. 2 The Qamets is in a syllable open and unaccented and therefore the Qamats is ā. 3 The Qamets is in a syllable closed and unaccented and therefore the Qamats is Hatuf o. 4 The Qamets is in a syllable closed and unaccented and therefore the Qamats is Hatuf o. 5 The Qamets is in a syllable open and unaccented and therefore the Qamats is ā. 6 This might be circled if your teacher is distinguishing the sounds of the Shewas. The short /a/ sound sounds like the American English o in “pot” or the British English a in “path”; i.e., it rhymes with a in “father,” but is of short duration. 7 This might be left uncircled if your teacher is distinguishing the sounds of the Shewas. The short /a/ sound sounds like the American English o in “pot” or the British English a in “path”; i.e., it rhymes with a in “father,” but is of short duration.

bêt leh em Bethlehem 4ּבֵּ ית לֶחֶ ם .b e 1 y rûšālaim Jerusalem יְׁרּוׁשָלַ ִם .c

noʿŏmî Naomi נָעמִ י .d e y hûdâ Judah יְׁהּודָ ה .e golyāt Goliath ּגָלְׁ יָת .f dāwid David ּדָ וִ ד .g e y hôšāpāṭ Jehoshaphat יְׁהֹוׁשָפָ ט .h

bat šebaʿ Bathsheba ּבַ תׁשֶַ֫בַ ע .i

1 This is one of the very rare cases of two vowels next to each other without an intervening consonant.

HRU ch. 4 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______Score ____/___ pts

1. Briefly define the following terms: a. Autograph – original manuscripts (of the books of the Bible; p. 41) b. MT – abbreviation for Masoretic Text, the text with vowels preserved by the Masoretes (p. 40) c. Version – a rendering from one language to another (p. 45) d. LXX – abbreviation for Septuagint, the translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek (p. 36) e. Textual Criticism – careful analysis of the text of the Bible (p. 41) to restore the correct original text (p. 42) 2. How would you explain why English translations are so different to a group of Christians who has not read anything on the topic? Answers vary.

HRU ch 5 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______KEY Score ____/ ____ pts 1. Using the SNIVEC, find the roots to the following nouns. For each word give a definition, its G/K number, the G/K number of the root and a definition. The first one is done as an example. (20 pts)

Word Definition G/K G/K of √ Definition of Root To prove oneself Cloak 168 158 powerful אַּדֶַ֫רֶ ת .a animal torn by wild beats 3274 3271 tear, mangle טְׁרֵּ פָ ה .b uncleanness, impurity, filthiness 3240 3237 to be unclean ט מְׁ אָ ה .c 1-male prostitute 7728 2-Kadesh 7729 7727 to be holy קָדֵּ ׁש .d thank offering, express praise, give thanksgiving 9343 3344 thanks ּתֹודָ ה .e to ride or mount an chariot 5324 8206 animal מֶרְׁ ּכָבָ ה .f

2. Proper names in the OT are often combinations of words, frequently words referring to God. The SNIVEC defines the names for you. Verify their definitions by completing the following tables: (1) copy the name in Hebrew, (2) write the G/K number and (3) below it its definition from the SNIVEC lexicon, (4) list the G/K numbers of the components of the name, and (5) below each of these write the definitions. The first one is done for you as an example. a. Abram Hebrew G/K # of Name + Definition G/K Num of components + Definitions 92 3 + 8123 Exalted father Father + To be high אַבְׁרָ ם b. Abimelech Hebrew G/K # of Name + Definition G/K Num of components + Definitions 43 3 + 4889 my father is king/Molech Father + king אֲבִימֶלֶ ְך c. Melchizedek Hebrew G/K # of Name + Definition G/K Num of components + Definitions 4900 4889 + 7406 My king is Zedek [just] king + righteousness מַלְׁכִ י־צֶדֶ ק

d. Zedekiah Hebrew G/K # of Name + Definition G/K Num of components + Definitions 7408 7406 + 3378 Yahweh is [my] righteousness + Lord צִדְׁ קִ יָה righteousness e. Joel Hebrew G/K # of Name + Definition G/K Num of components + Definitions 3408 3378 + 446 Yahweh is God [El] Lord + God יֹואֵּ ל f. Elijah Hebrew G/K # of Name + Definition G/K Num of components + Definitions 489 446 + 3378 Yahweh is [my] God God + LORD אֵּלִ יָהּו g. Isaiah Hebrew G/K # of Name + Definition G/K Num of components + Definitions 3833 3828 + 3378 Yahweh saves save + LORD יְׁׁשַעְׁ יָהּו h. Hoshaiah Hebrew G/K # of Name + Definition G/K Num of components + Definitions 2108 3828 + 3378 Yahweh has saved save + LORD הֹוׁשַעְׁ יָה

3. Hebrew often uses word play, similar to puns we make in English. Of course, these are completely lost in translation. Many English Bibles, however, do draw attention to these in footnotes. Using the tools and methods explained above (try different ones), identify the two similar words that the author is playing on by 1) copying the words in Hebrew as they appear in the Hebrew Bible, 2) giving the G/K and Strong’s numbers, and 3) writing the G/K numbers for the roots. Then explain the word play. You may check your work by seeing if your Bible has a footnote explaining the play. The first one is done as an example. For confirmation, see the notes in the NET Bible (available on line at http://www.bible.org/netbible) a. Explain the wordplay of the bold words in Jer 1:11-12 using a traditional interlinear and the SNIVEC.

11 The word of the LORD came to me: “What do you see, Jeremiah?” “I see the branch of an almond tree,” I replied. 12 The LORD said to me, “You have seen correctly, for I am watching to see that my word is fulfilled.”

NIV Hebrew G/K Root G/K Strong’s Almond tree dq4v2 9196 9195 8247 Watching dq4vo 9193 (9193) 8245

Explanation: The word for “almond,” shaqed, sounds much like the word for “watching,”

shoqed. There is no connection in meaning, just sound.

b. Explain the wordplay of the bold words in Gen 11:9 using any method. 9 That is why it was called Babel —because there the LORD confused the language of the whole world. NIV Hebrew G/K Root G/K Strong’s root 894= 951 ּבָבֶ ל Babel root 1101= 1176 ּבָלַ ל Confused

Explanation: There is a sound play, with no connection in meaning. Here is a portion of the fn from the NET Bible: Here is the climax of the account, a parody on the pride of Babylon. In the Babylonian literature the name bab-ili meant “the gate of God,” but in Hebrew it sounds like the word for “confusion,” and so retained that bavel) and the verb translated ,בָּבֶ ל) ”connotation. The name “Babel balal) form a paronomasia (sound play).1 ,בָּלַ ל) ”confused“ c. Explain the wordplay in Gen 2:25-3:1a. You may find an interlinear or reverse interlinear helpful. 25 The man and his wife were both naked, and they felt no shame. 3:1 Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the LORD God had made. (NIV) ESV Hebrew G/K Root G/K Strong’s 6174 6873 6873 עָרֹום naked 6175 6891 6874 עָרּום crafty

Explanation: There is a sound play. Here is the comment of the NET study note: עֲ ,רּומִּ ים) ”There is a wordplay in Hebrew between the words “naked arum) in 3:1. The point seems to be’ ,עָּ רּום) ”arummim) in 2:25 and “shrewd’ that the integrity of the man and the woman is the focus of the serpent’s

1 Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical Studies Press, 2006; 2006).

craftiness. At the beginning they are naked and he is shrewd; afterward, they will be covered and he will be cursed.1

1 Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical Studies Press, 2006; 2006).

HRU ch. 6 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______KEY Score ____/____ pts Make a flowchart for each of the passages below. You may use prepare your own charts or download them from teknia.com. Be sure to keep all clause elements on the same line, indent subordinate clauses, and place all modifiers either above or below the line (don’t worry about indenting them for now). The first one is done as an example. If you wish, you may mark subject, verb, IO and DO in some way. 1. Gen 1:1 – “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” Function Vs Flowchart: Gen 1:1 1 In the beginning1 God created2 3 the heavens and4  the earth. 2. 2 Sam 7:9b – “Now I will make your name great.” Function Vs Flowchart: 2 Sam 7:9b Now5 I will make  your name  great.6 3. Amos 1:5a – “I will break down the gate of Damascus;” Function Vs Flowchart: Amos 1:5a I will break down  the gate of Damascus7; 4. Mal 2:5b – “and I gave them to him;” Function Vs Flowchart: Mal 2:5b and8 I gave  them to him9; 5. Amos 4:6a – “I gave you empty stomachs in every city”

1 As a Prepositional Phrase (PPhr), “In the beginning” gets its own line. 2 I have underlined the verb phrases for illustrative purposes; it is not necessary that you do this. 3 I mark the direct object (DO) by typing -->, which Word automatically converts to the arrow. 4 A coordinating cj. joins elements of equal weight. Here it is joining DOs, so it is indented beneath and ¼ inch to the right of the first DO 5 “Now” is an adverb and therefore gets its own line. 6 “Great is a second DO, making an assertion about the DO. To verify this, see if you can insert “to be” between the two suspected DOs. If the sentence means the same thing, then it is a double accusative. I insert the  symbol to indicate that both expressions “name” and “great” refer to the same person. 7 PPhr, with its own line. 8 “And” is a coordinating cj, so it gets its own line. Further, it is joining this main clause to the previous main clause and therefore is indented ¼ inch from the left margin.. 9 “To him” is an Indirect Object (IO); i.e., the IO “him” receives the DO “them.” Therefore “to him” remains on the main line, even though it is a prepositional phrase.

Function Vs Flowchart: Amos 4:6a I gave you1  empty stomachs in every city2 6. 1 Sam 18:27a – “David and his men … killed two hundred Philistines.” Function Vs Flowchart: 1 Sam 18:27a David and his men3 killed  two hundred Philistines.

1 Here “you” receives the DO, “stomachs,” and it therefore the IO. 2 PPhr which gets its own line. 3 This sentence has a compound subject. The “and joins the two subjects and is therefore indented ¼ to the right of them.

HRU ch. 7 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______KEY Score ____/____ pts

Complete flowcharts for the following passages, including labeling the functions of each coordinating conjunction or subordinate clause. Be sure to answer any questions after each flowchart. 1. Genesis 8:21 – “Never again will I curse the ground because of man, even though every inclination of his heart is evil from childhood.” (NIV) Function Vs Flowchart: Genesis 8:21 Never again1 21 ^I2 will … curse the ground because of3 man,

concession even though4 every inclination … is 5 evil ^of his heart6 from childhood.7 “I will never again curse the ground because of man, for the intention of man’s heart is evil from his youth.” (ESV) Function Vs Flowchart: Genesis 8:21 time-frequency ^never again 21 I will … curse9  the ground because of10 man,

explanation8 for the intention … is  evil ^of man’s heart from his youth. a. Where the NIV reads “even though,” the ESV reads “for.” Briefly explain the meaning of each translation.

1 Never again is an adverbial phrase (modifying the verb), so it is indented ¼ inch to the right of the verb will curse. 2 I changed the word order to keep the subject first. The ellipses (…) indicate that an expression has been removed; the ^ indicates the expression that filled the ellipsis. 3 “Because of” is a compound preposition. 4 “Even though” is a subordinating cj. introducing a subordinate clause. I like to insert an empty line before each new clause, but not before phrases. 5 Since the main verb is a form of the word to be, the word inclination and evil both refer to the same thing. Evil is a predicate noun (or nominative) instead of a direct object. To indicate this, I use the symbol  (I have made an autocorrect in Word; typing “<=>” automatically produces the symbol.) 6 The prepositional phrase modifies the subject inclination. 7 The prepositional phrase modifies the verb is, so the phrase is indented ¼ inch under is.. 8 Note that “for” is followed by a clause and therefore is not the preposition, but the coordinating cj. I indented the label ¼ inch, since it is not the main clause 9 Will curse is the verb. 10 Because of is a compound preposition.

NIV: What is expected is that God would again destroy the earth in view of man’s evil inclination. The promise (main clause) is unexpected.

ESV: the explanation for not destroying the earth is that man’s intention is evil

b. Use an interlinear to identify the Hebrew conjunction in question. Write it down: .ּכִ י_____ 2. Judges 21:25 – “In those days Israel had no king; everyone did as he saw fit.” (NIV) Function Vs Flowchart: Judges 21:25 time In those days 1 25 Israel had  no king;

everyone did2

comparison as3 he saw  fit.4

3. 2 Kings 17:7 – “All this took place because the Israelites had sinned against the LORD their God.” (NIV) Function Vs Flowchart: 2 Kings 17:7 7 All this took place5

cause because6 the Israelites had sinned against the LORD  their God7. a. Use an interlinear to identify the Hebrew word for “because.” Write it .ּכִ יdown: ______3 4. 1 Samuel 16:7 – “Do not consider his appearance or his height, for I have rejected him.” (NIV) Function Vs Flowchart: 1 Samuel 16:7

1 Adverbial indicating time. 2 This is another main clause with no conjunction binding it to the previous clause. This lack of conjunction between clauses is called asyndeton, a Greek word meaning “without conjunction.” 3 In English this subordinating conjunction introduces a comparison. Another way to view this is that the whole clause is functioning as the direct object of the verb did. 4 Fit may be treated as an infinitive (a topic for a later chapter) that is acting as a noun. 5 Place is not really a direct object of took, but rather an adverb that changes the meaning of took so that the idiom means “happened.” Therefore I treated it as a verb phrase. 6 Because is followed by a clause and is therefore a subordinating cj. 7 God is in apposition to the LORD. They both refer to the same person and either one could be omitted and the clause means about the same thing. So, I have made their God parallel and below the LORD to indicate this and used the symbol  to show they are the same.

Function Vs Flowchart: 1 Samuel 16:7 7 [you]1 Do not consider  his appearance alternative or  his height, for I have rejected  him. .ו ____ :a. Use an interlinear to identify the Hebrew word for “or.” Write it down .ּכִ י ____ :b. Use an interlinear to identify the Hebrew word for “for.” Write it down

1 Do (not) consider is an imperative (command). In English, the implied subject is always you. So, I inserted the Prn in the subject slot in brackets to indicate that it is not part of the translation text.

HRU ch. 8 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______KEY Score ____/____ pts

1. Identifying prepositional phrases. Circle the PP, underline the object of the pp, write the function of each PP in the examples below using Figure 8.2 above; some passages may have more than one PP. In the “Word Modified” column, copy the word that the PP modifies, noting whether it is a nominal or verbal. The first one is done as an example. Word Modified Function Passage Rejoice (V) Cause a. “I will rejoice because of the LORD” (Hab 3:18; NET).

Go destination b. “Go to the land I will show you” (Gen 12:1; NIV).

serve manner c. “Serve him with wholehearted devotion” (1 Chr 28:9; NIV).

day agency d. The day of the LORD is near for all nations” (Obad is disadvantage 15; NIV).

God ruled e. “The LORD, the God of heaven has given me all kingdoms partitive the kingdoms of the earth” (Ezra 1:2; NIV).

wait for objective f. “Yet I will wait patiently for1 the day of calamity to day attributive come on the nation invading us” (Hab 3:16; NIV). come destination remain time g. “If you remain silent at this time, relief and deliverance advantage deliverance for the Jews will arise from another arise source place” (Esth 4:14; NIV).

return destination h. “I will return to Jerusalem with mercy, and there return manner my house will be rebuilt” (Zech 1:16; NIV).

bring up source i. “And I have promised to bring you up out of your misery place misery in Egypt into the land of the Canaanites …” bring up destination land possessor (Exod 3:17; NIV).

hidden separation j. “It [wisdom] is hidden from the eyes of every living eyes possessor thing, concealed even from the birds of the air” concealed separation birds container (Job 28:21; NIV).

1 Note that “wait for” is best taken to be the verb phrase taking a DO.

2. Identifying Hebrew Prepositions and Functions. (1) Write the Hebrew preposition represented by the bold typed prepositions in the following verses. Use an interlinear Bible to identify the Hebrew. If you have a grammatically tagged computer Bible, it will give you that information. If you have a printed interlinear Bible, you will need to use Davidson to identify the preposition. (2) Using the information on pp 93-95, label the function of the preposition. The first one is done as an example. Hebrew pp Function Passage

time “If you remain silent at this time, relief and ב deliverance for the Jews will arise from another a. place” (Esth 4:14; NIV). source מִ ן

place “… I will return to Jerusalem ל (destination) with mercy and there my house will be rebuilt” b. (Zech 1:16; NIV). manner ב

source “And I have promised to bring you up out of מִ ן your misery in Egypt into the land of the c. Canaanites …” (Exod 3:17; NIV). destination עַל

separation “It [wisdom] is hidden from the eyes of every מִ ן living thing, concealed even from the birds of d. the air” (Job 28:21; NIV). separation מִ ן

HRU ch. 9 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______KEY Score ____/___ pts

For each bold type word in the following passages, (1) Write the Gender (m or f) and Number (s, d, or p) of the noun or pronoun. Use a computer grammatically tagged Hebrew Bible or a paper interlinear plus Benjamin Davidson or John Owens to find out the information. (2) Indicate the use of the number as reflected in the versions: if singular, write “numeric” or “collective”; if plural, write “numeric,” “honorific,” or “abstract.” The first one is done as an example. Use of

G N Number Passage .(in our image …” Gen 1:26 (NIV (אָדָ ם) m s collective a. “Let us make man “In the image of God he created him ( );” Gen 1:27 (NIV; אֹּתֹו .m s collective b this is the sign of the DO with a PrnSf) the NET reads them). “See … the oppression ( ) among her people” Amos וַעֲׁשּוקִ ים abstract m p c. 3:9 (NIV) numeric (cf. NET) oppressive deeds “behold … the oppressed ( ) in the midst thereof” וַעֲׁשּוקִ ים .m p numeric d Amos 3:9 (KJV, ESV). “Therefore hear, O nations; observe, O witnesses ( ), what עֵּדָ ה collective f s e. will happen to them” Jer 6:18 (NIV) 1 numeric (cf. KJV) congregation). “I have been with you ( ) wherever you have gone …” עִּמְׁ ָך .m s numeric f 2 Sam 7:9 (NIV). 2 .(love thee” Song 1:4 (KJV (מֵּיׁשָרִ ים) m p numeric g. “The upright

1 There is more than one way to look at this, but here are my thoughts. The NIV renders the Hebrew singular as a plural; therefore the translators viewed the singular as a collective. The KJV translation is a grammatical singular, matching the Hebrew singular, so I said they viewed it as a numeric singular. Even though the English word congregation is a collection of individuals, it is possible to pluralize it. Therefore I concluded that the translators viewed the singular as numeric singular. 2 The English word upright is a plural, as indicated by the verb “love”; if it were singular, the verb would have been “loves.”

HRU ch. 10 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______Score ____/___ pts

or neither by ,ה Indicate which of the following words have the article, the interrogative writing an X in the appropriate column. Use either a computer Bible with grammatical information of the Hebrew OT, or John Owens, Analytical Key to the Old Testament, or Benjamin Davidson, The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon. The first one is done as an example.1

Neither ה Word Art Int X הָאָרֶ ץ .Gen 1:11 X ּבְׁרָ כָ ה .Gen 12:22 X הָלְׁ כּו .Gen 14:243 X הַרְׁ ּבֵּ ה .Gen 15:14 X הָ אֲדָ מָ ה .Gen 1:255 X הֲלֹוא .Gen 4:76 X ּודְׁ בַ ׁש .Exod 3:87 X אֱֹלהִ ים . Gen 1:18 X לֵּ אֹלהִ ים .Gen 17:89 X לָ אֱֹלהִ ים .Exod 22:910 X ׁשֹומֵּ ר . Ps 121:411

1 The only way to find the answers is to use tools, since you are not learning how to use Hebrew.

HRU ch. 11 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______KEY Score ____/___ pts

NIV); the KJV reads “Out of) ”… (אַ ּׁשּור) Gen 10:11: “From that land he went to Assyria .1 that land went forth Asshur.” a. Explain the different identifications of the case and function by these two versions. NIV: Acc of Direction KJV: Subject Nom b. What difference is there in the understanding (check context to see who is the subject of the verb in the NIV)? NIV takes the subject as Nimrod; KJV takes subject as Asshur. c. Take brief notes from a commentary or two (always cite your source): [answers vary] KJV). Compare the NIV) (קֹולִ י) Ps 3:5 (E 4): “I cried out to the LORD with my voice .2 rendering, “To the LORD I cry aloud. What case and function interpreted by each version? a. NIV: Acc of Manner (describes the manner of the cry) b. KJV: Acc of Instrument (describes what the agent used in his cry)

;NIV) ”(ּכְׁ צֹון טִבְׁחָ ה) ”Ps 44:23 (E 22): “we are considered as sheep to be slaughtered .3 literally, “as sheep of slaughter”). What case and use of both nouns? a. sheep: case: Gen function: Object of pp (pp determines function) b. slaughter: case: Gen function: Gen of Purpose1

NRSV). The) (ּכְׁ תַֹּ֫ נֶת ּפַסִ ים) Gen 37:3: “and he had made him a long robe with sleeves .4 versions read quite differently here. You might check the NET Bible note for a brief summary. What function of the Gen case is NRSV? Gen of thing possessed

1 Other options are possible, e.g., destination, but Purpose would indicate the intention of the slaughterer.

KJV). Compare the NIV, “A) ”(ׁשִ יר יְׁדִ ידֹּת) Ps 45 title [Hebrew 45:1]: “A Song of loves .5 wedding song”; ESV, “A love song.” How did each translation understand the function of the Gen case noun? a. KJV: Objective Gen (i.e., the topic of the song) b. NIV & ESV: Attributive Gen (telling what kind of song; note the Abstract Plural!)

.(NIV) ”(עֵּץ חַיִ ים) is a tree of life (ּפְׁרִ י־צַּדִ יק) Prov 11:30: “The fruit of the righteous .6 What are the functions of each Gen case noun? Compare the NET translation: “The fruit of the righteous is like a tree producing life”; if you are interested, see the NET note. a. the righteous: Gen of Producer (the righteous [Nt] produces fruit) b. life: Gen of Product (the life [Nt] is produced by the tree)

NIV). Remember that a) ”(ּתֹורָ תִ י) do not forget my teaching ,(ּבְׁ נִ י) Prov 3:1: “My son .7 PrnSf is in the Gen case and means the same as “of me.” The first “my” is possessor. Although you might be tempted to interpret the second “my” as possessor also, that is probably not the best answer. What is a good alternative? Think of how you would use a Gen case function to describe the “position” of the teaching between the teacher and the student. Subjective Gen (the “my” is doing the teaching)

I will not be in want” (NIV). Again the “my” is ,(רֹּעִ י) Ps 23:1 “The LORD is my shepherd .8 not possessor; it is quite inappropriate to view the psalmist as the “possessor” of God. Be more precise a. my shepherd: Objective Gen (the “my” is being shepherded by someone else) b. What devotional insight does this give you?

.(NIV) ”( ּכִסֵּאמַמְׁ לַכְׁ ּתֹו) Sam 7:13: “I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever 2 .9 The NIV rendering does not specify a Gen function for “kingdom.” Using Figure 11.6 as a guide, what do you think is the relation of the throne to the kingdom? How did the NLT understand the Gen? a. NIV: Gen of Rule (throne is a symbol for the king, who rules over the kingdom) b. NLT: “royal throne” Attributive Gen (of his kingdom describes the throne)

and Cain a worker of the ground ,(רֹּעֵּה צֹּאן) Gen 4:2: “Now Abel was a keeper of sheep .10 ESV). Compare the NIV, “Now Abel kept flocks and Cain worked the) ”(עֹּבֵּ ד אֲדָ מָ ה) soil.” How did the NIV understand both Genitives? Objective Gen (Abel kept sheep [DO] and Cain worked the ground [DO])

HRU ch. 12 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______KEY Score ____/___ pts

1. Identifying Relative Clauses. For the verses below, treat the RCs as we did in this chapter. If there is no antecedent, label the case function of the RC. The first one is done as an example. Watch out! Not all of these have RPs! If there is no RC at all, write “No RC” below the sentence.

a. Gen 2:19b (He) brought them to the man to see what he would call them. 1

b. Gen 28:22a and this stone, which I have set up for a pillar,2 shall be God’s house.

c. Gen 28:22b And of all that3 you give me I will give a full tenth to you.”

d. Gen 25:1 Abraham took another wife, whose4 name was Keturah.

e. Gen 21:17b “What5 troubles you, Hagar?”

And he said to him, “I am the Lord who6 brought you out from Ur of the f. Gen 15:7 Chaldeans to give you this land to possess.”

g. Gen 2:12 And the gold of that land is good; bdellium and onyx stone are there.7

1Notice that there is no antecedent; the RC = DO of “see” 2 Notice how the commas set off the beginning and ending of the RC. Inside the RC, which functions as the DO of the verb set up. 3 That is functioning as a RPrn here. Inside the RC, that functions as the DO of the verb gave; me is the IO, because it receives the “that.” 4 Whose is the English possessive case (= Genitive) for who and means the same as “of whom.” Inside the RC, it substitutes for “of her” and modifies name. 5 This what introduces a question and is therefore not a RPrn, but an interrogative Prn. 6 Inside the RC, who functions as the Subject Nom of the verb brought … out. 7 No RC here; the that is a demonstrative Adj modifying land.

They also took their livestock and their goods, which1 they had gained in the h. Gen 46:6 land of Canaan, and came into Egypt, Jacob and all his offspring with him.

1 Inside the RC which is functioning as the Acc of DO of the verb gained. The antecedent of the RPrn is ambiguous here. It might refer just to goods, but more likely it refers to both livestock and goods.

2. Flowcharting. Complete flowcharts for the following passages. You may use a computer following the directions given in ch. 8 or download the forms from teknia.com. Label each line except the main clauses. a. 2 Sam 7:13 (NIV) Function Vs Text: 2 Sam 7:13 (NIV) 13 He is  the one

description1 who will build  a house advantage for my Name,

addition and I will establish  the throne Gen of ruled of his kingdom time forever.

b. Ruth 1:16 (NIV) Function Vs Text: Ruth 1:16 (NIV) Contrast 16a But Ruth replied,

“[you] Don’t urge me  to leave2 you alternative or 2nd DO  to turn back from you. 3

Location Where4 you go I will go,

Addition and Location where you stay I will stay. 16b Your people will be  my people

Addition and your God  my God.

1 Since we can draw an arrow to an antecedent, the RC is functioning as an Adj, i.e., “description.” Also, since in flowcharting the RC gets its own line, the brackets are not necessary. They are put here for instructive purposes only. 2 To leave and to turn back are Infinitives and the Inf Phrases are functioning as the DO of the verb don’t urge. 3 The entire quotation functions as the DO of the verb replied. 4 Where is really an Adverb modifying the verb go, but you can treat it like a RPrn. The whole clause modifies the main verb will go and so is indented ¼ inch to the right of the main verb.

c. Deut 6:6-7 (NIV) Function Vs Text: Deut 6:6-7 (NIV) 6 These commandments … are  to be location upon your hearts.

^that I give you time today1 7a [you] Impress  them Location on your children. 7b [you] Talk reference about them time when you sit place at home

addition and time when you walk place along the road, time when you lie down

addition and time when you get up.

d. Zeph 3:12-13 (NIV) Function Vs Text: Zeph 3:12-13 (NIV) contrast 12 But I will leave …  the meek addition and  humble, location ^within you description who trust object in the name apposition of the LORD. 13a The remnant will do  no wrong;

they will speak  no lies,

(neg.) alternative nor ^ deceit will be found location in their mouths. 13b They will eat addition and lie down addition and no one will make  them afraid.”

1 The entire RC fills the ellipsis in the main clause. Within the RC, that is the DO and you is the IO.

HRU ch. 13 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______KEY Score ____/___ pts

1. Dynamic vs. Stative. For each clause portion, taken from Isaiah 6, I give the translation. Indicate whether the Hebrew verb is stative or dynamic; the majority will be dynamic. The first one is done as an example. Hebrew NIV Translation Verb Type I saw dynamic1 וָאֶרְׁ אֶ ה .a he covered dynamic יְׁכַסֵּ ה .b and they were calling dynamic וְׁקָרָ א .c they shook dynamic וַיָנ ַ֫ עּו .d was filled stative2 יִּמָלֵּ א .e I am ruined.” stative“ נִדְׁ מֵַּ֫ יתִ י .f 3 have seen …” dynamic …“ רָ אּו .g flew” dynamic“ וַיַָ֫ עָף .h he had taken dynamic לָקַ ח .i shall I send dynamic אֶׁשְׁ לַ ח .j 2. Noting Word Order at Clause Beginnings. Using a traditional interlinear Bible or computer program, indicate (1) whether the Hebrew clause begins with a Waw conjunction, other conjunction, or no conjunction by writing “Waw,” “cj,” or “0” in the Conjunction column, and (2) whether the clause begins with a verb or non-verb by writing “verb” or “non-verb” in the second column. I give two examples, for each of which I have provided an interlinear. For the narrative section of Gen 22, ignore direct speech, which I have put in italic type, and relative clauses, for which I have supplied the answer. Exodus 15 is a poem and is therefore direct speech of the author rather than reported direct speech of someone else by an author.

וַּתַָ֫ מָ ת ׂשָרָ ה ּבְׁקִרְׁ יַת אַרְׁ ּבַ ע Gen in and she 23:2 Arba Sarah Kiryath died

• יְׁהוָח רֹּעִ י Ps my the 23:1 (is) shepherd LORD

1 “See” is a dynamic action not a state of existence. 2 The English uses the verb “was” (past tense of “to be”) plus an Adj (= past Ptc), “filled.” The state of being is that the temple existed as filled.

3 .in HRU (רָ עּו) Note that this is corrected from the misprint

Passage (NIV) Conjunction Verb/Non-verb verb 1ו .Gen 23:2 She died at Kiryath Arba 2 Ps 23:1 The LORD is my shepherd. 0 non-verb verb 3 ו ”!Gen 22:1b He said to him, “Abraham verb 4 ו .Gen 22:1c “Here I am,” he replied verb 5 ו ”… Gen 22:2 Then God said, “Take your son Early the next morning Abraham verb ו Gen 22:3a got up verb ו .Gen 22:3b and saddled his donkey He took with him two of his verb ו Gen 22:3c servants and his son Isaac. When he had cut enough wood for verb ו Gen 22:3d the burnt offering, he set out [note: there are two verb ו Gen 22:3e verbs in Hebrew] for the place Gen 22:3f God had told him about RC verb Then Moses and the Israelites sang cj verb Exod 15:1a this song to the LORD — [NIV leaves untranslated; KJV verb ו Exod 15:1b has “and spake, saying”] Exod 15:1c I will sing to the LORD 0 verb Exod 15:1d for he is highly exalted. cj verb The horse and its rider he has 0 non-verb Exod 15:1e hurled into the sea. The LORD is my strength and my 0 non-verb Exod 15:2a song; verb ו .Exod 15:2b he has become my salvation Exod 15:2c He is my God, 0 non-verb verb ו ,Exod 15:2d and I will praise him

1 begins with a Waw, so ,!וַּתַָ֫ מָ ת ,The answers are determined by inspection. (1) The first word of the verse that’s the cj. I wrote the Hebrew letter instead of spelling it out; either way is fine. (2) The first word is a verb, based on the interlinear translation. Computer Bibles will number the order of the Hebrew words. In Logos, ESV Reverse Interlinear, simply hover the curser over the verb, find the number, and check the previous number, noting if it is a Waw. 2 (1) The first word has no Waw and is not another cj, so the answer is “0.” (2) The word is the name of the LORD and is therefore a “non-verb.”

3 begins with a Waw, so that’s the cj. Notice that the NIV doesn’t ,!וַיֹּאַ֫ מֶ ר ,The first word of the verse (1) translated the cj Waw; this is just for the sake of English style. (2) The first word is a verb, based on the interlinear translation. At this point we are not interested in direct speech (the words I’ve placed in italics), so you may ignore them for now. 4 This is the very same word as in v. 1b. Again, “Here I am” is direct speech, and we ignore it for now. 5 This is the very same word as in v. 1b and c.

Passage (NIV) Conjunction Verb/Non-verb Exod 15:2e my father’s God, 0 non-verb verb ו .Exod 15:2f and I will exalt him

3. Flowcharting Main Clauses. In the text below, I have indented all subordinate clauses. For now you may ignore them. The main clauses are kept far left, even in direct speech. Using the categories from Figures 13.9 and 13.10, write the function in the blank provided. The first one is done as an example.1 Main Clause Function Vs Judg 4:17-21 (NIV)

______Event 17 Sisera, however, fled on foot to the tent of Jael, the wife of Heber the Kenite,

because there were friendly relations between Jabin king of Hazor and the clan of Heber the Kenite.

______Event 2 18 Jael went out to meet Sisera

and ______Event said to him,

______Request 3 • “Come, my lord,

______Request come right in.

______Request 4 • Don’t be afraid.”

______Event So he entered her tent,

and ______Event she put a covering over him.

1 Note that this is corrected from HRU, giving lines only for the main clauses. 2 The answer is determined by reading the text and looking at the labels on pp. 160-62 to see which one best describes what is going on based on context. This is an event; the author is telling a story in past time. Remember; an event is simply an assertion in past time. Our goal is to be as specific and precise as possible. In these narratives (stories) of past events, this will become quite routine. 3 Grammatically, this is an imperative. Since the woman would have been seen as the inferior one in status, this is best labeled as a request. 4 This is also a grammatical Imv and a functional Request. The difference is that it is negative. If this were more of a commanding tone, we might label it “Prohibition,” which is a negative Command.

Main Clause Function Vs Judg 4:17-21 (NIV)

______Assertion 1 19 •• “I’m thirsty,”

______Event he said.

______Request •• “Please give me some water.”

______Event She opened a skin of milk,

______Event gave him a drink,

and ______Event covered him up.

______Command 20 •• “Stand in the doorway of the tent,” Event ______he told her.

• “If someone comes by and asks you, •• ‘Is anyone here?’

______Command • say ‘No.’ ”

______Event 21 But Jael, Heber’s wife, picked up a tent peg and a hammer

and ______Event went quietly to him while he lay fast asleep, exhausted.

______Event She drove the peg through his temple into the ground,

and Event ______he died.

1 Notice the verb is present time.

HRU ch. 14 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______KEY Score ____/___ pts

In each of the following exercises the italicized verbs are either qatal or weqatal in Hebrew. (1) Use an interlinear Bible to identify the form, qatal or weqatal. (2) Use Figures 13.9 and 13.10 to determine the main clause function. (3) Use Figure 14.6 and whatever you can gather from context to determine the aspect of the action portrayed. 1. Gen 2:24, “For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh” (NIV). Compare the NET, “… and unites with his wife ….” Clause Verb Hebrew Form Translation Function Function Aspect

be united (NIV) command1 command constative qatal weqatal (circle one) unites (NET) habitual characteristic continuous present

2. Gen 6:18, “But I will establish my covenant with you, and you will enter the ark” (NIV). Clause Verb Hebrew Form Translation Function Function Aspect

qatal weqatal I will establish prediction2 simple Fut constative3

qatal weqatal you will enter prediction simple Fut4 constative

1 Other possible options include “simple future” and “obligation, propriety.” 2 Since the time is Fut, the viable options must be irreal (Fig. 13.10). 3 Often the Fut is simply constative. 4 This verb cannot be rhetorical Fut.

3. Gen 9:13, “I have set my rainbow in the clouds” (NIV); cf. the KJV, “I do set my bow in the cloud.” Clause Verb Hebrew Form Translation Function Function Aspect

have set (NIV) event past Pf perfective

qatal weqatal

do set (KJV) assertion emphatic Pr Rhetorical Fut1

4. Exod 6:6, “I am the LORD, and I will bring you out from under the yoke of the Egyptians” (NIV). Clause Verb Hebrew Form Translation Function Function Aspect

I will bring out qatal weqatal Prediction Simple Fut Constative (NIV)

1 This translation portrays the action as accomplished at the moment of speaking. Another possible translation would be, then, “I do hereby set.”

5. Exod 33:8, “And whenever Moses went out to the tent, all the people would rise up … and each would stand at his door and watch until Moses had gone inside the tent” (ESV). Compare KJV, “… all the people rose up and stood … and looked ….” Clause Verb Hebrew Form Translation Function Function Aspect customary iterative would stand habitual1 past (habitual, (ESV) customary) qatal weqatal

stood (KJV) event simple past constative

customary iterative watch (ESV) habitual2 past (habitual, customary) qatal weqatal

looked (KJV) event simple past constative

6. Judg 4:14, “This is the day that the LORD has given Sisera into your hands” (NIV). Clause Verb Hebrew Form Translation Function Function Aspect

qatal weqatal has given (NIV) event Rhetorical Resultative4 Fut3

7. Judg 11:31, “whatever comes out of the door of my house to meet me when I return in triumph from the Ammonites will be the LORD’s, and I will sacrifice it as a burnt offering” (NIV). Clause Verb Hebrew Form Translation Function Function Aspect

and I will sacrifice qatal weqatal prediction simple Fut Constative (NIV)

1 Notice the Irreal clause function, because the translation views this as a repeated action, “would stand.” 2 Notice the Irreal clause function, because the word would is assumed to apply here as well. 3 The deed is not yet completed in reality, but it is declared so by God and is a sure thing. Some commentators call this the “Perfect of Certitude.” 4 The event is described as emphasizing the conclusion or result.

HRU ch. 15 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______Score ____/___ pts

For each of the following verbs indicated, (1) using either a computer Bible or an interlinear + Davidson or Owens, identify the form, qatal, weqatal, yiqtol/weyiqtol, or wayyiqtol. If you do not have these tools, I have listed the verb forms at the end of the exercises. If you do have the tools, use them first, then verify with my answers. (2) Use Figs. 13.9 and 13.10 and context to determine the clause function, and use Fig. 15.3 to identify verb function. (3) Use Fig. 14.5 and what you can gather from context to determine the aspect of the action portrayed. 1. Gen 2:24, “For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh” (NIV). Compare the NET, “That is why a man leaves ….” Clause Verb Hebrew form Translation Function Function Aspect will leave qatal weqatal prediction Simple Fut1 constative (NIV)

iterative yiqtol wayyiqtol leaves Characteristic habitual (habitual, (NET) Present (circle one) customary)

2. Exod 20:25, “If you make an altar of stones for me, do not build it with dressed stones, for you will defile it if you use a tool on it.” (NIV) Clause Verb Hebrew form Translation Function Function Aspect

qatal weqatal you make Potential condition constative (NIV) condition2 yiqtol wayyiqtol

qatal weqatal you will defile conditional assertion resultative (NIV) assertion yiqtol wayyiqtol

1 Another option is to interpret the English “will” as a Command. Some preachers indeed interpret this as such and apply this interpretation in marriage or premarital counseling. This is a viable interpretation, but not required. Further study of this issue involves the use of the expression therefore, for which see the lexicons. 2 Conditions are treated on p. 162.

Clause Verb Hebrew form Translation Function Function Aspect

qatal weqatal you use Conditional condition Constative (NIV) yiqtol wayyiqtol

3. Deut 4:31, “For the LORD your God is a merciful God; he will not abandon or destroy you or forget the covenant with your forefathers, which he confirmed to them by an oath” (NIV). Compare the NET, “… for he cannot forget the covenant ….” Clause Verb Hebrew form Translation Function Function Aspect forget Simple Prediction Constative qatal weqatal (NIV) Future

cannot forget yiqtol wayyiqtol Assertion Capability Constative (NET)

4. Prov 7:21, “With persuasive words she led him astray; she seduced him with her smooth talk” (NIV). Compare the ESV, “With much seductive speech she persuades him; with her smooth talk she compels him.” Clause Verb Hebrew form Translation Function Function Aspect she led event Simple Past Constative qatal weqatal (NIV) she persuades 1 2 yiqtol wayyiqtol (ESV) habitual/gnomic Simple Pres Iterative she seduced event3 Simple Past Constative qatal weqatal (NIV) she compels habitual/gnomic Simple Pres4 Iterative5 yiqtol wayyiqtol (NET)

1 Another option is Historic Present (see Past time frame list). 2 Another possible label here is Continuous, i.e., the translators regard the author is portraying the action as in progress in the mind of the reader; this would be the aspect if you think the verb function is Historic Present. 3 An interesting feature of this verse is that the qatal form and the yiqtol form are apparently used interchangeably. This type of mixing of forms seems characteristic of Hebrew poetry. 4 Another option is Historic Present (see Past time frame list). 5 Another possible label here is Continuous, i.e., the translators regard the author is portraying the action as in progress in the mind of the reader; this would be the aspect if you think the verb function is Historic Present.

5. Num 19:7, “After that, the priest must wash his clothes and bathe himself with water. Then he may enter the camp, but he will be ceremonially unclean till evening” (NIV). Compare the ESV, “Then the priest shall wash ….” Clause Verb Hebrew form Translation Function Function Aspect must wash obligation/ obligation constative1 qatal weqatal (NIV) propriety

shall wash yiqtol wayyiqtol command command constative (ESV)

qatal weqatal he may enter permission permission constative (NIV) yiqtol wayyiqtol

1 Another viable option for the aspect of all three of these verbs is iterative, especially in the case of the second verb. That is, these actions are viewed as normative for all time.

6. Exod 8:27 [Hebrew 8:23], “We must take a three-day journey into the desert …” (NIV). Compare the KJV, “We will go three days’ journey into the wilderness ….” Clause Verb Hebrew Form Translation Function Function Aspect we must take obligation/ obligation constative qatal weqatal (NIV) propriety we will go desire/ yiqtol wayyiqtol Desire constative (KJV) intention

*Important to note here is the KJV use of “will.” In 1611, the auxiliary verb “will” when used with the first person indicated more than just future time, but also desire or intentionality. This distinction is rarely maintained in modern, informal English today.

7. Num 5:4, “They did just as the LORD had instructed Moses” (NIV). Clause Verb Hebrew form Translation Function Function Aspect

qatal weqatal They did event simple past iterative1 yiqtol wayyiqtol

qatal weqatal had instructed event past Pf constative yiqtol wayyiqtol

Note the relative order of the two events. Is there a devotional message that you can receive to yourself and present to others based on this observation from slow, careful reading?

[answers vary]

1 In other words, this was the practice of the people on a regular basis. The English translation does not bring this out; it might be translated “were doing/would do.”

HRU ch. 16 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______KEY Score ____/ pts

1. For each verb below marked with bold type, (1) identify the verb form as Imv (subject is implied or expressed 2nd person “you”), Juss (subject is 3rd person), Coh (subject is 1st person), Prohibition by placing a mark in the appropriate column; and (2) based examining the English, identify the function of volitional form from the list in Fig. 16.4 by writing the function in the last column. Form Text Imv Juss Coh Prohib Function a. Ruth 2:7a: “Please let me glean and gather among the sheaves X Request behind the workers” (NIV). b. Ps 119:76: “May your unfailing be my comfort, according to X Request your promise to your servant” (NIV). c. 1 Chr 16:31: ‘Let the heavens X Command rejoice, let the earth be glad; X Command let them say among the nations, X Command “The LORD reigns!”’ (NIV). d. 2 Kgs 19:19: “Now, O LORD our God, deliver us from his hand, so that all kingdoms on earth X Request may know that you alone, O LORD, are God” (NIV). e. Josh 10:4a: “Come up X Request and help me attack Gibeon” X Request (NIV). Cf. ESV: “… and let us strike X Exhortation Gibeon.” f. 2 Sam 17:5: ‘But Absalom said, “Summon also Hushai the X Command Arkite, so we can hear what he has to say”’ (NIV). g. 2 Sam 13:25: “No, my son, let us not all go, lest we be X Resolve burdensome to you” (ESV). h. Gen 43:8: ‘Then Judah said to Israel his father, “Send the boy along with me and we will go at X Command once, so that we … may live and not die”’ (NIV).

2. Advanced exercises on verbal sequencing. The passages below are taken from the part 1 above. For each verb marked with bold type, (1) use an interlinear (on computer or with Davidson) to identify the structure of the verbal sequence. (2) Identify the function indicated by the translation, Seq(uential) or Purp(ose), based examining the translation and the context, identify the function of volitional form from the list in Fig. 16.4 by writing the function in the last column. V2 (and V3) in Sequence Function Imp Imp Clause not Clause Text Pf w+Pf Initial Initial wcj+Imp w+Imv Seq Purp a. Ruth 2:7a: “Please let me glean and gather among the sheaves X X behind the workers” (NIV). c. 1 Chr 16:31: ‘Let the heavens rejoice, X X let the earth be glad; let them say among the nations, X X “The LORD reigns!”’ (NIV). d. 2 Kgs 19:19: “Now, O LORD our God, deliver us from his hand, so that all kingdoms on X X earth may know that you alone, O LORD, are God” (NIV). e. Josh 10:4a: “Come up and help me X X

attack Gibeon” (NIV). X Cf. ESV: “… and let us strike X Gibeon.” f. 2 Sam 17:5: ‘But Absalom said, “Summon also Hushai the X X Arkite, so we can hear what he has to say”’ (NIV). g. 2 Sam 13:25: “No, my son, let us not all go, lest we be X X burdensome to you” (ESV). h. Gen 43:8: ‘Then Judah said to Israel his father, “Send the boy X X along with me and we will go at once, so that we … may live X X and not die”’ (NIV). X X

HRU ch. 17 Exercises – Answer Key (Complete) Name ______Score ____/___ pts

For each item below an expression in italic type is labeled at Ptc, InfC, or InfA. Using Figure 17.9, see if you can determine the function, substantival, adjectival, or verbal, by placing an X in the correct column. If it is Adverbial, write the more precise function. The first three are done as examples.

Item Sbsl Adjl Vrbl Advl Passage But those who hope (Ptc) in the LORD will renew their 1. X strength. (Isa 40:31a, NIV) It is the glory of God to conceal (InfC) a matter. (Prov 2. X1 25:2, NIV) But Jonah rose to flee (InfC) to Tarshish from the 3. purpose presence of the LORD. (Jon 1:3, ESV) Better to meet (InfC) a bear robbed of her cubs than a fool 4. X2 in his folly. (Prov 17:12, NIV) Let a man meet (InfC) a she-bear robbed of her cubs 5. X3 rather than a fool in his folly. (Prov 17:12, ESV) They all plotted together to come (InfC) and fight against 6. purpose Jerusalem. (Neh 4:8 [Hebrew 4:2], NIV) “You will not surely (InfA) die,” said the serpent to the 7. emphasis4 woman. (Gen 3:4, NIV) I am not able to carry (InfC) all this people alone. (Num 8. X5 11:14, ESV). With praise and thanksgiving (both are InfC) they sang to 9. manner the LORD” (Ezra 3:11, NIV) Do not weep for the dead king or mourn his loss; rather, 10. emphasis weep bitterly (InfA) for him who is exiled” (Jer 22:10, NIV) My help comes from the LORD, the Maker (Ptc) of heaven 11. X and earth” (Ps 121:2, NIV)

1 The InfC is the predicate nominative and is identical to the subject “it.” 2 The InfC “to meet” is functioning as a noun in a verbless clause. Notice that this translation has no finite verb; there is an understood “is.” This matches the Hebrew, which is also a verbless clause. Compare the next item. 3 The ESV translates Prov 17.12 with a finite verb. The InfC in Hebrew does not function as a finite verb. The ESV translators decided to include a verb in the sentence for English style. Rather than adding the verb “is,” the ESV converted the structure of the Hebrew verbless clause into an English command, “Let … meet.” It does not have imperatival force, but more of a conditional force, as “If a man meet” and does not translated the Hebrew word for “good.” 4 Translated as “surely,” the InfA is Adverbial for emphasis. 5 “To carry” completes the verb “am (not) able.” Many grammarians call this complementary, but it may also be described as functioning as a noun after the verb.