Alphabet-Flashcards

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Alphabet-Flashcards Aramaic Alphabet and Aramaic Vowel Flashcards hdgba HDGBa h;D'G<Beau Ready to print and cut-out Introduction These Aramaic Alphabet and Aramaic Vowel fashcards provide an extremely effective way to learn the Aramaic Alphabet. If you print them out on your home printer and cut them out, you have a ready-made way to learn the Aramaic Alphabet and Vowels. How To Print This Document This PDF is designed to print easily on a duplex (double-sided) printer using US Letter size paper. If you have problems with misaligned pages or you have an A4 printer, then simply choose the Fit to Printable Area or Shrink to Printable Area page scaling options, and click the Auto-Rotate and Center option. This will ensure that pages are scaled appropriately to whatever paper size you are using when printed. If you have a single-sided printer rather than a duplex printer, then the printing process is (only) slightly more diffcult. The top of each page is clearly marked with Sheet 1, Sheet 2, etc. and marked according to whether it is the Front or Back of the sheet. You just need to re-insert each sheet as appropriate, so that printing is continued on the reverse side. How To Use The Flashcards Once you have printed the pages of this PDF, you should have a number of double-sided pages. Using a guillotine, paper cutter or scissors, simply cut the sheets into individual fashcards and discard the margins. You will be left with a stack of fashcards that you can use again and again. You can print them again if you lose any or if they get lost or worn. You will fnd that you learn some combinations of Aramaic letters and vowels very quickly. Others are more diffcult and you will keep forgetting them. This is where fashcards work better than any other method. Combinations which you have learned can be put on a separate stack for revision later, leaving you to concentrate on a smaller set containing combinations which you have trouble with and need to focus on more. You also need to keep shuffing the order of the fashcards to make sure that you see them in random order – otherwise you start memorizing the order of the letters and not the sounds! Using fashcards in this way, you will fnd that learning the Aramaic Alphabet and Aramaic Vowels does not take very long. You will be ready to progress to some of our other learning resources. However, make sure that you test yourself repeatedly every few days in case you have forgotten anything! Tip: First start learning using the Aramaic Alphabet fashcards on their own. After you have learned the Aramaic Alphabet, you should move on to the fashcards for both the Aramaic Alphabet and Aramaic Vowels. © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 2 Aramaic Alphabet Sheet 1 – Front b a g B d G h D z w x Z j J Y y © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 3 Aramaic Alphabet Sheet 1 – Back Beet (no dagesh) Alap (carries sound of the vowel) v Beet (with dagesh) Gamal (no dagesh) b g Gamal (with dagesh) Dalat (no dagesh) g d Dalat (with dagesh) Heh (no dagesh) d h Waw Zeyn (no dagesh) w z Zeyn (with dagesh) Chet (no dagesh) z h/ch Tet (with dagesh) Tet (no dagesh) t t Yud (no dagesh) Yud (with dagesh) y y © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 4 Aramaic Alphabet Sheet 2 – Front K k % $ l L M m n ~ ! N S s p [ © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 5 Aramaic Alphabet Sheet 2 – Back Kap (no dagesh) Kap (with dagesh) ch k Final Kap (no shva) Final Kap (with shva) ch ch Lamed (with dagesh) Lamed (no dagesh) l l Meem (no dagesh) Meem (with dagesh) m m Final Meem Noon (no dagesh) m n Noon (with dagesh) Final Noon n n Semkat (no dagesh) Semkat (with dagesh) s s Pe (no dagesh) Ayin (guttural sound) f © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 6 Aramaic Alphabet Sheet 3 – Front @ P C c q # r Q v t f V T F © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 7 Aramaic Alphabet Sheet 3 – Back Pe (with dagesh) Final Pe p f Tsadeh (no dagesh) Tsadeh (with dagesh) ts ts Final Tsadeh Kop (no dagesh) ts k Kop (with dagesh) Resh k r Taw (no dagesh) Sheen (no dagesh) th sh Sheen (with dagesh) Seen (no dagesh) sh s Seen (with dagesh) Taw (with dagesh) s th © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 8 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 1 – Front au ae ao ai a' a/ a] a; a\ a, bu be bo bi b' b, © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 9 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 1 – Back e oo ee o e a a a e a ve voo vee vo ve va © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 10 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 2 – Front B; b; Bu Be Bo Bi B' B, gU gE gO gI g" g< g: G: © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 11 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 2 – Back va ba be boo bee bo be ba ge goo gee go ge ga ga ga © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 12 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 3 – Front GU GE GO GI G" G< du de do di d' d, D; d; Du De © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 13 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 3 – Back ge goo gee go ge ga de doo dee do de da da da de doo © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 14 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 4 – Front Do Di D' D, hu he ho hi h' h, w: h; wU wE wO wI © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 15 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 4 – Back dee do de da he hoo hee ho he ha ha wa we woo wee o © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 16 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 5 – Front w" w< W z: zU zE zO zI z" z< ZU ZE ZO ZI Z" Z< © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 17 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 5 – Back we wa za oo ze zoo zee zo ze za ze zoo zee zo ze za © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 18 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 6 – Front Z: x; xu xe xo xi x' x, x] x/ x\ j; ju je jo ji © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 19 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 6 – Back ha/cha za he/che hoo/choo hee/chee ho/cho he/che ha/cha he/che ha/cha ta ha/cha te too tee to © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 20 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 7 – Front j' j, J' J, Ju Je Jo Ji J; y: yU yE yO yI y" y< © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 21 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 7 – Back te ta te ta te too tee to ya ta ye yoo yee yo ye ya © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 22 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 8 – Front YU YE YO YI Y" Y< Y: k; k' k, ku ke ko ki Ko Ki © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 23 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 8 – Back ye yoo yee yo ye ya cha ya che cha che choo chee cho kee ko © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 24 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 9 – Front K' K, Ku Ke K; l; l' l, lu le Ol li Lu Le OL Li © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 25 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 9 – Back ke ka ke koo la ka le la le loo lee lo le loo lee lo © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 26 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 10 – Front L' L, m; L; m' m, mu me mo mi M' M, Mu Me Mo Mi © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 27 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 10 – Back le la la ma me ma me moo mee mo me ma me moo mee mo © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 28 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 11 – Front M; n: nU nE nO nI n" n< NU NE NO NI N" N< N: s; © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 29 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 11 – Back na ma ne noo nee no ne na ne noo nee no ne na sa na © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 30 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 12 – Front s' s, su se so si S' S, Su Se So Si S; [; [o [i © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 31 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 12 – Back se sa se soo see so se sa se soo see so a (+guttural) sa ee (+guttural) o (+guttural) © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 32 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 13 – Front [' [, [u [e [] [/ [\ p; p' p, pu pe po pi Po Pi © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 33 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 13 – Back e (+guttural) a (+guttural) e (+guttural) oo (+guttural) e (+guttural) a (+guttural) fa a (+guttural) fe fa fe foo fee fo pee po © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 34 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 14 – Front P' P, Pu Pe P; c; c' c, cu ce co ci Cu Ce Co Ci © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 35 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 14 – Back pe pa pe poo tsa pa tse tsa tse tsoo tsee tso tse tsoo tsee tso © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 36 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 15 – Front C' C, C; q; q' q, qu qe qo qi Q' Q, Qu Qe Qo Qi © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 37 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 15 – Back tse tsa ka tsa ke ka ke koo kee ko ke ka ke koo kee ko © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 38 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 16 – Front Q; r; r' r, ru re ro ri v' v, vu ve Ov vi v; V; © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 39 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 16 – Back ra ka re ra re roo ree ro she sha she shoo shee sho sha sha © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 40 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 17 – Front V' V, Vu Ve OV Vi f' f, fu fe Of fi f; F; OF Fi © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 41 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 17 – Back she sha she shoo shee sho se sa se soo see so sa sa see so © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 42 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 18 – Front F' F, Fu Fe t' t, tu te to ti t; T; Tu Te To Ti © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 43 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 18 – Back se sa se soo the tha the thoo thee tho tha tha the thoo thee tho © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 44 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 19 – Front T' T, © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 45 Aramaic Vowels Sheet 19 – Back the tha © 2013 JesusSpokeAramaic.com Page 46 Additional Notes on using these Flashcards Remember that the reverse side of each fashcard, showing the English equivalent of each Aramaic letter and vowel combination, needs to be pronounced as though it was a Sound (consonant) followed by a Vowel.
Recommended publications
  • The Hebrew Alphabet
    BBH2 Textbook Supplement Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet 1 The following comments explain, provide mnemonics for, answer questions that students have raised about, and otherwise supplement the second edition of Basics of Biblical Hebrew by Pratico and Van Pelt. Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet 1.1 The consonants For begadkephat letters (§1.5), the pronunciation in §1.1 is the pronunciation with the Dagesh Lene (§1.5), even though the Dagesh Lene is not shown in §1.1. .Kaf” has an “off” sound“ כ The name It looks like open mouth coughing or a cup of coffee on its side. .Qof” is pronounced with either an “oh” sound or an “oo” sound“ ק The name It has a circle (like the letter “o” inside it). Also, it is transliterated with the letter q, and it looks like a backwards q. here are different wa s of spellin the na es of letters. lef leph leˉ There are many different ways to write the consonants. See below (page 3) for a table of examples. See my chapter 1 overheads for suggested letter shapes, stroke order, and the keys to distinguishing similar-looking letters. ”.having its dot on the left: “Sin is never ri ht ׂש Mnemonic for Sin ׁש and Shin ׂש Order of Sin ׁש before Shin ׂש Our textbook and Biblical Hebrew lexicons put Sin Some alphabet songs on YouTube reverse the order of Sin and Shin. Modern Hebrew dictionaries, the acrostic poems in the Bible, and ancient abecedaries (inscriptions in which someone wrote the alphabet) all treat Sin and Shin as the same letter.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Proper Pronunciation of Hebrew
    On the proper pronunciation of Hebrew Every language has its own mixture of phonological, morphological, and syntactic features that, taken together, constitute its unique character and identity. For the most part, these features are of interest only to a small minority of professionals and geeks; the better part of mankind remains obliviously content, interested only in how to practically manipulate the language so as to generate and absorb meaning. This is as true of Hebrew as it is of any other language. There is, however, one feature of Hebrew that protrudes so obnoxiously that it cannot escape the attention of the most minimally thoughtful person, whether he be a native speaker or a foreign student. On the one hand, Hebrew has one of the most phonetically regular alphabets of any language, a fact that is particularly remarkable since this alphabet has remained unchanged for at least 2,100 years. There are scarcely any Hebrew words that cannot be deciphered with complete accuracy, providing, of course, that the nikud is added. On the other hand ,this phonetically regular alphabet has ​ ​ an abundance of completely redundant letters whose sole purpose seems to be to confuse people trying to spell. So far, we have said nothing remotely controversial. Everyone, from the native speaker to the ulpan ​ student, religious and secular, will freely comment on this odd feature of Hebrew and its ability to generate all sorts of amusement and confusion. However, this friendly atmosphere is instantly shattered the second anyone suggests a blindingly obvious thesis, namely that this feature of Hebrew is ​ not a feature at all, but a mistake.
    [Show full text]
  • Psalms 119 & the Hebrew Aleph
    Psalms 119 & the Hebrew Aleph Bet - Part 17 The seventeenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet is called “Pey” (sounds like “pay”). It has the sound of “p” as in “park”. Pey has the numeric value of 80. In modern Hebrew, the letter Pey can appear in three forms: Writing the Letter: Pey Note: Most people draw the Pey in two strokes, as shown. The dot, or “dagesh” mark means the pey makes the “p” sound, as in “park”. Note: The sole difference between the letter Pey and the letter Fey is the presence or absence of the dot in the middle of the letter (called a dagesh mark). When you see the dot in the middle of this letter, pronounce it as a "p"; otherwise, pronounce it as "ph" (or “f”). Five Hebrew letters are formed differently when they appear as the last letter of a word (these forms are sometimes called "sofit" (pronounced "so-feet") forms). Fortunately, the five letters sound the same as their non-sofit cousins, so you do not have to learn any new sounds (or transliterations). The Pey (pronounced “Fey” sofit has a descending tail, as shown on the left. Pey: The Mouth, or Word The pictograph for Pey looks something like a mouth, whereas the classical Hebrew script (Ketav Ashurit) is constructed of a Kaf with an ascending Yod: Notice the “hidden Bet” within the letter Pey. This shape of the letter is required when a Torah scribe writes Torah scrolls, or mezzuzahs. From the Canaanite pictograph, the letter morphed into the Phoenician ketav Ivri, to the Greek letter (Pi), which became the Latin letter “P.” means “mouth” and by extension, “word,” “expression,” “vocalization,” and “speech”.
    [Show full text]
  • Answer Key To
    Answer Key to Companion to the fully revised edition by ,who will, with any luck , ַח וָּה and ֵא ִל יָּהוּ I dedicate this little book to my little grow up to be able to point out all the errors I have made in writing it. -bwm 2 Contents Guide to the Answer Key ...................................................................... 5 Lesson 2 ............................................................................................ 6 Lesson 3 ............................................................................................ 7 Lesson 4 ............................................................................................ 8 Review and Drill 1.............................................................................. 10 Lesson 5 .......................................................................................... 12 Lesson 6 .......................................................................................... 15 Lesson 7 .......................................................................................... 19 Review and Drill 2.............................................................................. 21 Lesson 8 .......................................................................................... 24 Lesson 9 .......................................................................................... 26 Lesson 10......................................................................................... 28 Review and Drill 3.............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Beginning Biblical Hebrew
    Beginning Biblical Hebrew Beginning Biblical Hebrew Mark D. Futato Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2003 ç Copyright 2003 by Mark D. Futato. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Futato, Mark David Beginning Biblical Hebrew / Mark D. Futato. p. cm. ISBN 1-57506-022-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Hebrew language—Grammar. I. Title. PJ4567.3.F88 2003 492.4u82421—dc21 2003054970 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. †‘ 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To my wife, Adele Many women do noble things, but you surpass them all. (Proverbs 31:30 [29]) Wnl: alø hw;hy] Wnl: alø d/bK: ˆTE Úm}v¥l}AyKI ÚT<mIa“Al[" ÚD]s}j"Al[" (Psalm 115:1) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xi 1. THE ALPHABET . 1 2. THE VOWELS . 7 3. SYLLABLES, SHEVA, AND STRONG DAGESH . 13 4. THE NOUN: BASIC FORMS . 18 5. PRONOUNS AND THE DEFINITE ARTICLE . 24 6. THE VERB: QAL PERFECT . 29 7. SENTENCES WITH VERBS . 36 8. THE NOUN: VOWEL CHANGES . 42 9. PREPOSITIONS AND VAV CONJUNCTION . 49 10. THE ADJECTIVE . 56 11. THE VERB: QAL IMPERFECT . 63 12. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: SINGULAR . 68 13. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: PLURAL . 75 14. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: WEAK ROOTS . 81 15. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: I NUN AND III HEY .
    [Show full text]
  • How to Install B. Hebrew Font (Mac)
    INSTALLING SBL HEBREW FONT (SIL) For Mac OS 1. Open Safari (or Chrome) 2. CLICK LINK Teaching Bible SBL HEBREW FONT Biblical Fonts Texts and Resources Bible Odyssey Font download (True Type Font file, v1 .56a Build 016, updated 12/15/2010) Keyboard Drivers (.zip files, updated 4/21/2008) SBL Hebrew keyboard Driver, SIL Layout (Windows) SBL Hebrew keyboard Driver, Tiro Layout (Windows) SBL Hebrew keyboard Drivers, SIL and Tiro (macOS/OS X). PASSWORD User Manuals (pdf files, updated 2/26/2008) SBL Hebrew User Manual ... Login SBL Hebrew SIL Keyboard Driver Manual Create new 12assword SBL Hebrew Tiro Keyboard Driver Manual ForgQL'{.our12assword? Join SBL To decide which keyboard layout is best for you, consult the driver manuals. Having trouble installing or using the SBL Hebrew font? Please consult our Biblical Fonts FAQ. Please donate to support Font development and other SBL projects. 3. CLICK AND DOWNLOAD HEBREW FONT FOR MAC ~r.(True Type Font file, v1 .56a Build 016, updated 12/15/2010) rs (.zip files, updated 4/21/2008) fl r·,rrl r,-iur T' C,. I U"""-1 • -- - -- • /r" \ SBL Hebrew keY.board Drivers, SIL and Tiro (macOS/0S X). User Manuals (pdf files, updated 2/26/2008) !, ,L H- t-,-.!w L 1r'!" r,1c-,,-1..-- !, ,L H- t-""•w !, "'ry~o;. rrt >r.v---r, 1111 11 f, ,L H ~ • ,·J 1ro K .ybo·1rdL•r1¥1 r ' T' 1, 1 To decide which keyboard layout is best for you, consult the driver manuals. Having trouble installing or using the SBL Hebrew font? Please consult our r 1t"lic I r or•, r Af , , _or J to support Font development and other SBL projects.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hebrew Alphabet
    BBH2 Supplement Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet 1 The following comments are intended to explain, provide mnemonics for, answer questions that students have raised, and otherwise supplement the second edition of Basics of Biblical Hebrew by Pratico and Van Pelt. Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet 1.1 The consonants • For begadkephat letters (§1.5), the pronunciation in §1.1 is the pronunciation with the Dagesh Lene (§1.5), even though the Dagesh Lene is not shown in §1.1. .Kaf” has an “off” sound“ כ The name • • It looks like open mouth cough ing or a cup of coff ee on its side. .Qof” is pronounced with either an “oh” sound or an “oo” sound“ ק The name • • It has a circle (like the letter “o” inside it). • Also, it is transliterated with the letter q, and it looks like a backwards q. • There are different ways of spelling the names of letters. E.g., Alef / Aleph / ’ā́le ˉṕ • There are many different ways to write the consonants. • See below (page 3) for a table of examples. • See my chapter 1 overheads for suggested letter shapes, stroke order, and the keys to distinguishing similar-looking letters. • The letters Shin שׁ and Sin שׂ are treated as a single letter in Hebrew acrostic poems in the Bible. • Mnemonic for Sin שׂ having its dot on the left: “Sin is never right.” • Order of Sin שׂ and Shin שׁ • Some people (e.g., those who wrote our alphabet songs) put Sin before Shin. • Our textbook and lexicon put Sin שׂ before Shin שׁ • We’ll use the lexicon’s order, since that is how we’ll look up words.
    [Show full text]
  • Issues in the Representation of Pointed Hebrew in Unicode
    Issues in the Representation of Pointed Hebrew in Unicode http://www.qaya.org/academic/hebrew/Issues-Hebrew-Unicode.html Issues in the Representation of Pointed Hebrew in Unicode Third draft, Peter Kirk, August 2003 1. Introduction The Hebrew block of the Unicode Standard (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0590.pdf) is intended to include all of the characters needed for proper representation of Hebrew texts from all periods of the Hebrew language, including fully pointed and cantillated ancient texts such as that of the Hebrew Bible. It is also intended to cover other languages 1 written in Hebrew script, including Aramaic as used in biblical and other religious texts as well as Yiddish and a few other modern languages. In practice there are a number of issues and minor deficiencies in the Hebrew block as currently defined, in version 4.0 of the Unicode Standard (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/), which affect its usefulness for representation of pointed Hebrew texts and of Hebrew script texts in some other languages. Some of these simply require clarification and agreed guidelines for implementers. Others require further discussion and decision, and possibly additions to the Unicode standard or other action by the Unicode Technical Committee. The conclusion reached in this paper is that two new Unicode characters should be proposed; other issues can be resolved by use of suitable sequences of existing characters, provided that such use is generally agreed by content providers and rendering systems. Several of these issues relate to different typographical conventions for publishing of Hebrew texts.
    [Show full text]
  • L,A' Aleph a Tybe Bet Lm,GI Gimel Tl,D" Dalet Ahe Heh Hw !Yiz: Zayin Z Tyxe Het X Tyje Tet J Dwoy Yod Y @K; Kaf Dm,L'
    Copyright © 2009 ALEPH-BET (each column reads in the direction of the arrow) simple name name classic modern Hebrew transliteration pronunciation 1 pronunciation ’ @l,a' aleph -- a b, v tyBe bet b, (v) (b) B g lM,GI gimel g (g) G d tl,D" dalet d, (dh like th in the) d (d) D h ahe heh h h v ww" vav (waw) w v w z !yIz: zayin z z h tyxe het h (like Bach) x t tyje tet t j y dwOy yod y y k @K; kaf k, (h like Bach) (k) K l dm,l' lamed l l m ~m, mem m m n !Wn nun n n s %m,s' samech s s ‘ !y I[; ayin -- [ p aPe peh p, (ph) (p) P ts ydIc' tsadeh ts (like tsunami) c q @wOq qof q q r vyre resh r r s !yfi sin s f sh !yvi shin sh v t wT' tav t, (th) t (t) T Several letters have a different form when they are the last letter in a word, namely, k becomes $, m becomes ~, n becomes !, p becomes @, c becomes #. Hebrew is read from right to left, thus an example of a different final letter is the nun in the word min which means from , !mi. 1 Most letters sound the same in classic and modern pronunciation. Only those that differ are listed here. We will use the Modern Hebrew pronunciation. 1 ScriptureWorkshop.com Copyright © 2009 VOWELS short patach xt;P;ñ ¤; a (as in father) a-class segol lwOgs.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Hebrew
    Ancient Hebrew Holger Gzella 1. Introduction and language history Until the gradual emergence of Semitic epigraphy from the middle of the eighteenth century on, Hebrew was only known from manuscripts con- taining biblical and rabbinic texts. However, the language, too, reflects the long and complicated history of the Hebrew Bible with its organic growth and its many redactional layers. Even the received text, which has been transmitted since the canon was completed and which under- lies the Codex Leningradensis from 1008 ce, the most authoritative manu- script, went through the hands of countless scribes, echoing their voices as well. For the purpose of synagogal recitation, scholars (“Masoretes”) indicated the traditional pronunciation of the erstwhile almost purely consonantal text by means of a very precise system of vowel signs, ac- cents, and other diacritical marks. They accompany the consonantal skeleton but also exhibit, besides ancient features, several instances of later linguistic development. In Western grammatical tradition, the pointing of the Masoretes from Tiberias in Galilee has become normative and dominates the teaching of Biblical Hebrew since the first Christian textbook, De rudimentis Hebraicis (published in 1506) by Johannes Reuch- lin (1455–1522). The exact pronunciation, by contrast, toward which this system is geared, has been lost and must be reconstructed on the basis of Medieval sources like the works of Jewish grammarians. None of the present reading traditions with their many ramifications exactly corre- sponds to the Tiberian one. Hence its origin is very difficult to trace. Already in the nineteenth century, grammarians endeavored to “sweep away the dust of the ages” by reconstructing, with the help of Classical Arabic (which is typologically more conservative), the pre-Exilic stage of Hebrew lurking behind the vocalization.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes Made to the Biblical Hebrew Text the Torah: a Modern Commentary, Revised Edition (URJ Press, 2005)
    The Torah: Documentation for the Revised Edition Changes Made to the Biblical Hebrew Text The Torah: A Modern Commentary, Revised Edition (URJ Press, 2005) Description n the Hebrew text of the Torah and haftarot, more than a thou- sand minor discrepancies exist between the revised edition and I the first edition. Readers may well notice the difference in a particular passage and ask: Was that change made on purpose—or by mistake? If it was on purpose, for what reason? What does it mean? Answers to such questions can be found here. In preparing the revised edition’s Hebrew text, we not only attended to errors in the first edition, we also drew upon what schol- ars now know that the first edition’s editors did not. (Happily, we also enjoyed some technical and institutional advantages that they lacked.) The present work accounts for the resulting changes. This documentation has an additional purpose. It sheds light on the paradox of the Masoretic text: Plausible readings of the biblical text are often wrong, whereas unusual readings are often correct. This is the reality that challenges editors, proofreaders, rabbis, cantors, educators, and tutors—that is, all those who are asked to ac- count for a particular textual reading. But the documentation here can help them with the task of explanation, for it details the types of variance in the text of the Hebrew Bible as we have received it. It turns the revised edition into a teaching tool for understanding the Masoretic text. David E. S. Stein Masoretic Hebrew Text Editor Hebrew Documentation 16.doc 4/13/05 Changes Made to the Biblical Hebrew Text • Page 2 of 36 The .
    [Show full text]
  • The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1
    Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures The Tiberian Pronunciation Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew (Vol. I) The Tiberian Pronunciation Geoffrey Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew The form of Biblical Hebrew that is presented in printed edi� ons, with vocaliza� on and Tradition of Biblical Hebrew Vol. I accent signs, has its origin in medieval manuscripts of the Bible. The vocaliza� on and Volume I accent signs are nota� on systems that were created in Tiberias in the early Islamic period The Tiberian Pronunciation The by scholars known as the Tiberian Masoretes, but the oral tradi� on they represent has roots in an� quity. The gramma� cal textbooks and reference grammars of Biblical Hebrew in use today are heirs to centuries of tradi� on of gramma� cal works on Biblical Hebrew in GEOFFREY KHAN Europe. The paradox is that this European tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew grammar did not have direct access to the way the Tiberian Masoretes were pronouncing Biblical Hebrew. In the last few decades, research of manuscript sources from the medieval Middle East has made it possible to reconstruct with considerable accuracy the pronuncia� on of the Tiberian Masoretes, which has come to be known as the ‘Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on’. This book presents the current state of knowledge of the Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi� on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn. It is hoped that the book will help to break the mould of current gramma� cal descrip� ons of Biblical Hebrew and form a bridge between modern tradi� ons of grammar and the school of the Masoretes of Tiberias.
    [Show full text]