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Breuci – Najstariji Imenom Poznati Stanovnici Sjeveroistočne Bosne

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Breuci – Najstariji Imenom Poznati Stanovnici Sjeveroistočne Bosne 2 prošlost Edin Šaković, prof. breuci – najsTariji imenom poznaTi sTanovnici sjeveroisTočne bosne Breuci predstavljaju, zasigurno, jednu od ka je, uglavnom, od sekundarnog značaja, najznamenitijih iliropanonskih etničkih jer u ovom trenutku nije moguće arheološ- skupina, ali je o njima do danas malo toga ki identificirati specifičnu kulturnu grupu napisano. Jedan od razloga je svakako i ne- čiji nosioci bi se mogli izjednačiti sa Bre- dodostatak relevantnih historijskih izvora. ucima, pa čak ni izdvojiti arheološke nala- Podatke o Breucima nalazimo tek kod ne- ze autohtonog porijekla koji bi pomogli u koliko antičkih pisaca, a i oni su, uglavnom, razjašnjenju etnogeneze i najranije povije- fragmentarne naravi. Prostor na kome su sti panonskih etnija i populacija na tlu sav- živjeli možemo nazrijeti iz zapisa koje do- sko-dravskog međurječja i sjeveroistočne nose znameniti antički geografi Strabon i Bosne. Možda će tek buduća arheološka Ptolemej, te poznati rimski učenjak Plini- istraživanja omogućiti stvaranje neke jasni- je Stariji. O ratovanju Breuka i njihovom je slike o autohtonoj materijalnoj kulturi na junačkom otporu Rimljanima pišu Velej prostoru kojeg su naseljavali Breuci. Paterkul i Dion Kasije. Breuke još izričito Prve podatke o Breucima u historio- spominje i Gaj Svetonije Trankvil, u bio- grafskoj i arheološkoj literaturi nalazimo grafiji cara Tiberija, kao i kasnoantički epi- još u XIX. stoljeću; radilo se tu, uglavnom, tomator Rufije Fest, u svom brevijaru. o fragmentarnim i usputnim spomenima i Epigrafski izvori o Breucima su podjed- pokojoj leksikografskoj natuknici. Prvi cje- nako oskudni – uglavnom se radi o natpi- lovitiji članak je napisao poznati sarajevski sima rimskih jedinica i vojnika breučkog arheolog C. Patsch, u čuvenoj Pauly-Wi- porijekla, razasutih širom Carstva. S njiho- ssowoj Realencyclopädie der Classischen Al- vog matičnog područja potječe tek nekoli- tertumswissenschaft (svesku III-1, 1897.), a ko rimskih vojnih diploma, pronađenih na tridesetak godina poslije, jedan je zaseban širem prostoru sjeverno od Save (Slavon- rad Breucima posvetio i jedan od najvećih skom Brodu, Negoslavcima i Vukovaru). filologa s južnoslavenskih prostora, Milan Iako malobrojni, ti su izvori dosta vrijed- Budimir. On je, inače, pored pregleda bre- ni, osobito kao izvor za onomastička prou- učke povijesti, dao i filološko-etimološku čavanja. Arheološka građa u slučaju Breu- analizu etnonima Breuci, povezavši ih sa 12 • GRAČANIČKI GLASNIK 28 • pRošLost Breuci – najstariji imenom poznati stanovnici sjeveroistočne Bosne Brigima (Brugima) iz Epira, za koje Hero- znatni, što je svakako podrazumijevalo i dot veli da su porijeklom od Friga iz Fri- određeno prostranstvo etničkog teritorija. gije. Breuke su u sličnom kontekstu spo- Taj podatak, inače, potječe iz razdoblja Pa- minjali i drugi filolozi prve polovice XX. nonsko-dalmatinskog ustanka 6.-9. godine stoljeća (Thomaschek, Kretschmer, Mayer i naše ere, što svjedoči ne samo spomen Ba- dr.). Njihove su pretpostavke, često u duhu tona kao vođe (hegemona) Dezitijata, nego tada vladajućeg panilirizma, u novije vrije- i ubrajanje Pirusta u Panone – naime, pri- me uglavnom odbačene, nakon velikih po- padnici tog ilirskog naroda, koji je naselja- stignuća u arheološkoj znanosti, koja su te- vao prostor Gornjeg Podrinja, Sandžaka i meljito izmijenila metodološke pristupe u sjevernih dijelova Crne Gore, zajedno su sa ilirologiji uopće. Tu je osobito bio značajan Dezitijatima i Delmatima činili najžešće i tzv. prvi ilirski simpozij u Sarajevu, 1964. najupornije borce u spomenutom ustanku. godine, te na njemu izloženi radovi A. Ben- Plinije Stariji nudi neke još vrijedni- ca, B. Čovića i Z. Marića. je podatke – govoreći o rijekama Panonije, U historiografiji je u proteklih pola sto- navodi kako Drava teče kroz zemlje Sereta, ljeća, također, postignut evidentan napor, Serapila, Jasa i Andizeta, dok Sava teče kroz kako od domaćih istraživača poput I. Bo- zemlju Kolapijana i Breuka (“...Draus per janovskog, tako i od onih sa strane, prven- Serretes, Serapillos, Iasos, Andizetes, Saus stveno iz Mađarske (A. Mócsy i G. Alföldy), per Colapianos Breucosque”, NH, III, 25, dok je nizozemski arheolog i epigrafičar J.E. 147). On ujedno dodaje kako su to i glavni Bogaers obradio pitanje breučkih vojnih narodi (“Populorum haec capita”, NH, III, jedinica u rimskoj vojsci. Do danas jedini 25, 148), spominjući pored njih još i čitav cjeloviti rad, koji objedinjuje sva savreme- niz drugih. na saznanja o Breucima, napisao je poznati Nešto kasnije, Ptolemej spominje Breu- hrvatski ilirolog M. Zaninović, 2003. godi- ke kao stanovnike provincije Donje Pano- ne, a značajan doprinos osvjetljavanju naj- nije: “Cijelu tu provinciju”, piše on, “drže na starije prošlosti prostora uz donji tok Save sjeverozapadu Amantini, ispod njih Herku- dala je A. Domić-Kunić, objavivši iscrpnu nijati, zatim Andizeti, pa Breuci. Na sjeve- studiju o Tiberijevom osvojenju Panoni- roistoku su Eravisci, a na jugu Skordisci” (II, je (12.-7. g. p.n.e.), sa opširnim i detaljnim 15, 2). Opisujući Gornju Panoniju (II, 14, uvodom u kome tretira čitav niz proble- 2), Ptolemej spominje i neke susjede Breu- ma – od ekohistorije panonskog prostora ka: Kolapijane, istočno od njih Jase i ispod u protohistorijskom i ranoantičkom razdo- njih Oserijate. blju, preko njegovog geopolitičkog i stra- Sažimajući podatke iz citiranih antič- teškog značaja, etnografske slike, itd. kih vrela, te uzimajući u obzir epigrafske potvrde, u prvom redu nalaze rimskih voj- Prostorni okviri nih diploma dodijeljenih breučkim vetera- Svi sačuvani antički izvori Breuke smještaju nima iz Slavonskog broda, te Negoslavaca na prostor Panonije, odnosno rimske pro- i Vukovara,1 kao i opće geografske i topo- vincije Donje Panonije (Pannonia Inferior), grafske odlike terena – mogu se barem u uz donji tok rijeke Save. Strabon u svojoj okvirnim crtama odrediti granice etničkog Geografiji (VII, 5, 10) tako bilježi: “Panon- teritorija Breuka. Pri tome, međutim, na ski narodi su Breuci i Andizeti i Dicioni i umu valja imati da ovi podaci, uglavnom, Pirusti i Mezeji i Dezitijati, kojima je vođa odražavaju stanje nakon potpune rimske Baton, a ima i drugih manjih i neznatnih...” Kako vidimo, on Breuke ubraja među one 1 Slavonski Brod: Miškiv, 1998; Vukovar: Ko- panonske narode koji nisu ni mali niti ne- ledin, 1999; Negoslavci: Dorn, 1984. pRošLost • GRAČANIČKI GLASNIK 28 • 13 Breuci – najstariji imenom poznati stanovnici sjeveroistočne Bosne Breučki teritorij: vjerovatne (ravna crta) i moguće granice (isprekidana crta) pacifikacije panonskih prostora, zavođe- Sjeverna granica, prema Andizetima, nja provincijske uprave i administrativnih vjerovatno je predstavljala područje oko ri- mjera na terenu. Breuci i drugi indigeni jeke Vuke, mjesto gdje su se prostirale Vol- narodi na svojim su matičnim teritorijima kejske močvare – poprište jednog od bo- tada organizirani kao peregrinske zajedni- jeva iz razdoblja Batonovog ustanka. Na ce (civitates peregrinae), ali su također for- sjeverozapadu su se Breuci dodirivali s et- mirane i neke nove civitates, razbijanjem ničkim prostorom Jasa, a na zapadu (barem predrimskih etno-političkih zajednica na u rimsko doba) sa Oserijatima. Gdje se tač- manje cjeline, koje bi naziv dobile obično no granica nalazila – nije poznato, jer je po svom središtu. teško odrediti kojoj etniji je pripadao pro- Od Breuka su tako – mišljenje je broj- stor široke i plodne Požeške kotline. Mogli nih znanstvenika – odvojeni Kornaka- bi to biti Jasi, Breuci, kao i Oserijati.5 ti, peregrinska civitas sa središtem u Kor- Što se tiče istočnih granica, one su do- nakumu (današnji Sotin kod Vukovara).2 pirale negdje do zapadnih obronaka Fruške Štaviše, A. Mócsy u ovu skupinu ubraja i gore i teritorija Amantina, koji su naselja- Oserijate,3 istočne susjede Breuka. Oserija- ti se, međutim, u arheološkoj literaturi već Čović, 1987a, 281; Benac, 1987, 796. odavno poistovjećuju sa populacijom koja 5 A. Domić Kunić (2006, 78) drži da je Po- je naseljavala prostor današnjeg Lijevče žeška kotlina pripadala Breucima, s obzirom na polja, sa centrom u poznatom višestoljet- konfiguraciju terena, odnosno činjenicu da je nom naselju u Donjoj Dolini kod Bosanske “ulaz u nju s podravske (jasijske) strane zaprije- 4 čen planinama, dok se s posavske (breučke) lako Gradiške. prilazi slijedeći tok Orljave”. No, ne bi trebalo is- ključiti ni mogućnost da je Požeška kotlina pri- 2 Mócsy, 1974, 53; Domić Kunić 2006, 79. padala Oserijatima. Veze Donje Doline i Požeš- 3 Mócsy, 1974, 53 i 55. ke kotline u halštatskom razdoblju su višestruko 4 Marić, 1964a, 68-73; Čović, 1976, 169 i d.; potvrđene, opširnije: Potrebica, 2003. 14 • GRAČANIČKI GLASNIK 28 • pRošLost Breuci – najstariji imenom poznati stanovnici sjeveroistočne Bosne vali prostor oko Sirmija. Na osnovu navo- ko uzmemo u obzir da je Marsunnia, nase- da Plinija Starijeg, pouzdano znamo da su lje na mjestu današnjeg Slavonskog Broda, Breuci živjeli s obje strane Save – dakle, na- bilo jedno od breučkih središta, onda je ja- seljavali su i dio prostora sjeverne, odnosno sno da su oni svakako kontrolirali i prostor sjeveroistočne Bosne. To ništa nije neobič- na drugoj, desnoj obali Save, oko Bosan- no, jer su veće rijeke i riječne doline u pra- skog Broda pa sve do Odžaka, uključuju- historijskim i protohistorijskim vremeni- ći, vjerovatno, cjelokupan prostor planine ma predstavljali osnovne komunikacijske Vučjak. Na sjevernim obroncima ove pla- pravce oko kojih su se formirali plemenski nine i uz rijeku Savu, arheološki je posvje-
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