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AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Abdullah

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AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Abdullah AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Abdullah KÜTÜK DEMOKRATİK HUKUK DEVLETİ ve HÜKÜMET SİSTEMLERİ PERSPEKTİFİNDEN TÜRK ANAYASAL TARİHİNDE CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI Kamu Hukuku Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Antalya, 2012 AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Abdullah KÜTÜK DEMOKRATİK HUKUK DEVLETİ ve HÜKÜMET SİSTEMLERİ PERSPEKTİFİNDEN TÜRK ANAYASAL TARİHİNDE CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI Danışman Yrd. Doç. Dr. İbrahim Uğur ESGÜN Kamu Hukuku Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Antalya, 2012 Akdeniz Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitiisii MiidiiLrltiliine, Abdullah KUTOK'ffn bu gahgmasr jtirimiz tarafindan Kamu Huhrku Ana Bilim Dah Yiiksek Lisans Programt tezi olarak kabul edilmigtir. Baekan()q4rprc^tl) i ttq* tu6[]N hJ.a"q.o.. Yy-- Ar"rJ ro&U Uye(Brnlqneer) ' VrJ'O'c'&-' 1J"'li',l- YTLNAL uy" ' wJ.Drc,.bf ' ?kit.^.ef 9\{"-'{"'"; rezBaelrg: be,^-Vr-h\- "Xrir* bQ,hh vq T-rsr'vrdz C'^t'*$"!'"$ P<rs5ekh(.'oAen f:-fu' A^^"Y/>^t Onay : Yukandaki imzalann, adr gegen 6$etim iiyelerine ait oldulunu onaylanm. Tez Savunma Tarlrri Ut.tOAtzotz MezuniyetTarihi :l*6.tZOtZ Prof.Dr. Mehmet $EN Miidiir İ Ç İ N D E K İ L E R K I S A L T M A L A R L İ S T E S İ .................................................................................. iv Ö Z E T ..................................................................................................................................... vi S U M M A R Y ....................................................................................................................... vii G İ R İ Ş ..................................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM CUMHURİYET ANAYASALARI - CUMHURBAŞKANLARI ve SEÇİM SÜREÇLERİNDE YAŞANAN SİYASİ TARTIŞMALAR 1.1 1982 Anayasası Öncesi Dönem .................................................................................... 14 1.1.1 Cumhuriyetin Kurulmasına Kadar Devlet Başkanlığı .......................................... 14 1.1.2 1921 Anayasası ..................................................................................................... 15 1.1.2.1 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimi .............................................................................. 16 1.1.2.2 Görev Süresi ve Görevin Sona Ermesi ........................................................... 16 1.1.2.3 Görev ve Yetkileri .......................................................................................... 17 1.1.2.4 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin İlk Cumhurbaşkanı: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1923 – 1938 Kurucu Lider) ................................................................................................... 17 1.1.3 1924 Anayasası ..................................................................................................... 18 1.1.3.1 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimi .............................................................................. 21 1.1.3.2 Görev Süresi ve Görevin Sona Ermesi ........................................................... 21 1.1.3.3 Görev ve Yetkileri .......................................................................................... 22 1.1.3.4 Tek Partili Hayatın Son Cumhurbaşkanı: İsmet İnönü (1938 – 1950 ) .......... 22 1.1.3.5 İlk Sivil Kökenli Cumhurbaşkanı: Mahmut Celal Bayar 1950 – 1961 Çok Partili Siyasi Hayatın İlk Ürünü, Seçim Zaferi) ........................................................... 26 1.1.4 1961 Anayasası ..................................................................................................... 29 1.1.4.1 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimi .............................................................................. 36 1.1.4.2 Görev Süresi ve Görevin Sona Ermesi ........................................................... 36 1.1.4.3 Görev ve Yetkileri .......................................................................................... 37 1.1.4.4 Askeri Darbe Liderlerinin Cumhurbaşkanına Dönüşmesinin İlk Örneği: Cemal Gürsel ( 1961 – 1966 Askeri Dönem) ............................................................... 38 1.1.4.5 Askeri Vesayetin Devam Etmesi: Cevdet Sunay ( 1966 – 1973 Milli Uzlaşma ya da Zorunlu Uzlaşma) ............................................................................................... 40 ii 1.1.4.6 Askeri Vesayetin Sivil İktidarca Evcilleştirilmesi: Fahri Korutürk (1973 – 1982 Politik Manevra İle Uzlaşma ya da Milli Uzlaşma) ............................................ 42 1.2 1982 Anayasası Dönemi ............................................................................................... 46 1.2.1 2007 Değişikliği Öncesi ....................................................................................... 48 1.2.1.1 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimi .............................................................................. 49 1.2.1.2 Görev Süresi ve Sona Ermesi ......................................................................... 52 1.2.1.3 Görev ve Yetkileri .......................................................................................... 53 1.2.1.4 Türk Tarihi’nde Halkoyu İle Seçilmiş Sayılan Tek Cumhurbaşkanı: Ahmet Kenan Evren (1982 – 1989 Askeri Vesayetin Yeniden İnşası, Askeri Dönem)........... 55 1.2.1.5 İkinci Sivil Kökenli Cumhurbaşkanı: Turgut Özal (1989 – 1993 Sivil Siyasetin Askeri Vesayet Karşısında Manevrası, İktidar Kararı) ................................. 59 1.2.1.6 Sivil Kökenli Cumhurbaşkanı Geleneğinin Pekişmesi: Süleyman Demirel (1993 – 2000 Sivil Siyaset Uzlaşması, Milli Uzlaşma) ................................................ 62 1.2.1.7 Siyaset Dışından İlk Sivil Cumhurbaşkanı: Ahmet Necdet Sezer ( 2000 – 2007 Sivil Siyaset Uzlaşması, Milli Uzlaşma) ............................................................. 65 1.2.2 2007 Değişikliği Sonrası ...................................................................................... 69 1.2.2.1 2007 Anayasa Değişikliği Döneminde Siyasal Toplu Durum........................ 69 1.2.2.2 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimi .............................................................................. 71 1.2.2.3 Görev Süresi ve Sona Ermesi ......................................................................... 77 1.2.2.4 Görev ve Yetkileri .......................................................................................... 80 1.2.2.5 TBMM’nin Seçtiği Son Cumhurbaşkanı: Abdullah Gül (2007 - 2014 İktidar Partisi Kararı) ............................................................................................................... 81 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM HÜKÜMET SİSTEMLERİ ve DEVLET BAŞKANLIĞI 2.1 Başkanlık Sistemi ......................................................................................................... 89 2.1.1 Sistemin Tanımı ve Unsurları ............................................................................... 90 2.1.2 Amerika’da Başkanlık Sistemi ............................................................................. 94 2.1.3 Latin Amerika’da Başkanlık Sistemi .................................................................. 101 2.2 Yarı Başkanlık Sistemi ............................................................................................... 104 2.2.1 Sistemin Tanımı ve Unsurları ............................................................................. 107 2.2.2 Fransa’da Yarı –Başkanlık Sistemi .................................................................... 108 2.2.3 Polonya’da Yarı – Başkanlık Sistemi ................................................................. 115 iii 2.3 Parlamenter Sistem ..................................................................................................... 116 2.3.1 Sistemin Tanımı ve Unsurları ............................................................................. 120 2.3.2 İngiltere’de Parlamenter Sistem ......................................................................... 123 2.3.3 Almanya’da Parlamenter Sistem ........................................................................ 127 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 2007 DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ SONRASI CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI MAKAMI ve HÜKÜMET SİSTEMİMİZ 3.1 Sorumsuzluğu ve Tarafsızlığı ..................................................................................... 130 3.1.1 Siyasi Sorumsuzluğu .......................................................................................... 130 3.1.1.1 Cumhurbaşkanın parlamento tarafından seçilmesi ve siyasi sorumsuzluğu . 131 3.1.1.2 Cumhurbaşkanının halk tarafından seçilmesi ve sorumsuzluğu.................... 134 3.1.2 Tarafsızlığı .......................................................................................................... 135 3.1.2.1 Cumhurbaşkanın parlamento tarafından seçilmesi ve tarafsızlığı ................. 139 3.1.2.2 Cumhurbaşkanının halk tarafından seçilmesi ve tarafsızlığı ......................... 141 3.2 Hükümet Sistemi Tartışmaları .................................................................................... 143 3.2.1 2007 Değişikliği Öncesi Durum ......................................................................... 143 3.2.2 2007 Değişikliği ve Hükümet Sistemi ................................................................ 154 3.3 Egemenlik ve Demokratik Meşruiyet Sorunu ............................................................ 156 3.3.1 Demokratik Meşruiyet Sorunu ........................................................................... 156 3.3.1.1 Cumhurbaşkanının Parlamento Tarafından Seçilmesi ve Demokratik Meşruiyeti ................................................................................................................... 159 3.3.1.2
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