Beyond Dutch Borders: Transnational Politics Among Colonial Migrants, Guest Workers and the Second Generation Mügge, Liza
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www.ssoar.info Beyond Dutch borders: transnational politics among colonial migrants, guest workers and the second generation Mügge, Liza Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Monographie / monograph Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks) Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Mügge, L. (2011). Beyond Dutch borders: transnational politics among colonial migrants, guest workers and the second generation. (IMISCoe Research). Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ. Press. https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-273603 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de IMISCOE RESEARCH Beyond Dutch Borders Transnational Politics among Colonial Migrants, Guest Workers and the Second Generation liza mgge A msterdam University Press Beyond Dutch Borders IMISCOE International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion in Europe The IMISCOE Research Network unites researchers from, at present, 28 institutes specialising in studies of international migration, integration and social cohesion in Europe. What began in 2004 as a Network of Excellence sponsored by the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission has become, as of April 2009, an independent self-funding endeavour open to qualified researchers and research institutes worldwide. From the start, IMISCOE has promoted integrated, multidisciplinary and globally comparative research led by scholars from various branches of the economic and social sciences, the humanities and law. The Network furthers existing studies and pioneers new scholarship on migration and migrant integration. Encouraging innovative lines of inquiry key to European policymaking and governance is also a priority. The IMISCOE-Amsterdam University Press Series makes the Network’s findings and results available to researchers, policymakers and practitioners, the media and other interested stakeholders. High-quality manuscripts authored by Network members and cooperating partners are evaluated by external peer reviews and the IMISCOE Editorial Committee. The Committee comprises the following members: Tiziana Caponio, Department of Political Studies, University of Turin / Forum for International and European Research on Immigration (FIERI), Turin, Italy Michael Collyer, Sussex Centre for Migration Research (SCMR), University of Sussex, United Kingdom Rosita Fibbi, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies (SFM), University of Neuchâtel / Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Agata Górny, Centre of Migration Research (CMR) / Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, Poland Albert Kraler, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), Vienna, Austria Leo Lucassen, Institute of History, Leiden University, The Netherlands Jorge Malheiros, Centre of Geographical Studies (CEG), University of Lisbon, Portugal Marco Martiniello, National Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS), Brussels / Center for Ethnic and Migration Studies (CEDEM), University of Liège, Belgium Patrick Simon, National Demographic Institute (INED), Paris, France Miri Song, School of Social Policy and Sociology, University of Kent, United Kingdom More information on IMISCOE and how to join the Network can be found at www.imiscoe.org. Beyond Dutch Borders Transnational Politics among Colonial Migrants, Guest Workers and the Second Generation Liza Mügge IMISCOE Research Cover illustration: No Title (from the series Kabul) 2009, oil and airbrush on canvas, 30 Â 30 cm Artist: Aquil Copier (1973) lives and works in Amsterdam www.aquilcopier.nl Cover design: Studio Jan de Boer BNO, Amsterdam Layout: The DocWorkers, Almere ISBN 978 90 8964 244 8 e-ISBN 978 90 4851 282 9 NUR 741 / 763 © Liza Mügge / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2010 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. For Daniel, Kolja and Romy Contents Tables 9 Figures 11 Abbreviations 13 Acknowledgements 19 1 Introduction 21 Transnationalism in migration studies 22 The emergence and evolution of transnational politics 29 Transnational actors, activities and ties 33 Surinamese, Turkish and Kurdish migrants in the Netherlands 41 2 Individual transnationalists 47 Respondents’ backgrounds 47 Interest in Dutch and homeland politics 49 Societal participation 55 Electoral sympathies 64 From mother to daughter, father to son? 76 Opportunities in the Netherlands 79 Conclusion 81 3 Migrant organisations and transnational politics 83 Civil society, networks and political participation 83 Surinamese organisational networks in the Netherlands 88 Turkish and Kurdish organisational networks in the Netherlands 104 Conclusion 121 4 Surinam: Student activism to transnational party politics 125 Political history 125 Returnees 133 Military rule 136 Post-colonial democracy 139 Conclusion 146 5 Turkey: Labour migration to transnational party politics 149 The political landscape 149 Transnational party politics 155 8 Diş Türkler (‘Turks abroad’) 172 Turkish-Dutch politicians 176 Conclusion 178 6 Kurdish diaspora politics 181 The rise of Kurdish nationalism 181 Illegal Kurdish parties 183 Pro-Kurdish and Kurdish parties 184 PKK mobilisation in Europe 186 Kurdish parties in the Netherlands 190 Conclusion 191 7 Conclusion: Looking both ways 193 Surinamese 194 Turks 195 Kurds 196 Explaining transnational politics 197 Appendices 203 Appendix A: Methodology 203 Appendix B: Surinamese political parties 211 Appendix C: Family trees of Turkish and Kurdish political parties, 1920s-2005 213 Notes 215 References 225 Index 247 Tables Table 1.1 Transnational activities and their degree of institutionalisation 37 Table 1.2 Typology of transnational political activities 37 Table 1.3 Differentiation between ties 40 Table 2.1 Overview of survey respondents 48 Table 2.2 Transnational contacts and discussing politics 52 Table 2.3 Organisational membership and homeland-directed activities 55 Table 2.4 Electoral activities: political parties 65 Table 2.5 Possible voting in elections and homeland voting advice 73 Table 2.6 Political party preferences 74 Table 3.1 Voting percentages of Surinamese/Antilleans and Turks in municipal elections 84 Table 3.2 Number of Surinamese and Turkish municipal councillors, 1998 and 2002 84 Table 3.3 Number and density of Surinamese and Turkish organisations 85 Table 3.4 Isolated and connected Surinamese and Turkish organisations 85 Table 3.5 Types of Surinamese organisations included in the network analysis 88 Table 3.6 Types of Turkish organisations included in the network analysis 88 Table 3.7 Relevance of specific types of ties 124 Table 7.1 Dominant directions of transnational politics 194 Table A.1 SPVA sample provided by ISEO 204 Table A.2 Sample by sex and country of origin/ethnicity 205 Table A.3 Issues discussed in the interviews 206 Table A.4 Interviews with representatives of organisations 207 Figures Figure 3.1 National and transnational ties of Surinamese organisations 90 Figure 3.2 Transnational ties of Surinamese organisations 91 Figure 3.3 National and transnational ties of Turkish and Kurdish organisations 104 Figure 3.4 Transnational ties of Turkish and Kurdish organisations 105 Figure 3.5 National and transnational ties of the Turkish extreme left 117 Figure 3.6 Transnational ties of the Turkish extreme left 118 Figure 4.1 National and transnational ties of Surinamese parties 140 Figure 5.1 National and transnational ties of Turkish parties 171 Figure 5.2 National and transnational ties of Turkish extreme left parties 171 Figure C1 Simplified family tree of the Turkish party spectrum 213 Figure C2 Simplified family tree of the Turkish radical left 214 Abbreviations Abbreviation Name English translation or description AABF Avrupa Alevi Birlikleri Konfederasyonu Federations of Alevi Organisations in Europe ABOP Algemene Bevrijdings en Ontwikkelings General Liberation and Development Partij Party ADÜTDF Avrupa Demokratik Ülkücü Türk Federation of Democratic Idealist Dernekleri Federasyonu Turkish Associations in Europe AKP Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi Justice and Development Party AMGT Avrupa Milli Görüş Teşkilatı Organisation of the National Vision in Europe ANAF Avrupa Nizâm-ı Alem Federasoyonu European Federation of World Order ANAP Anavatan Partisi Motherland Party AP Adalet Partisi Justice Party ARGK Artêsa Rizgarîya Gelê Kurdistan Kurdistan National Liberation Army ATİB Avrupa Türk İslam Kültür Dernekleri European Union of Turkish-Islamic Birliği Cultural Associations BBP Büyük Birlik Partisi Great Union Party BEP Broederschap en Eenheid in Politiek Fraternity and Unity in Politics B-Surned Belangenbehartiging Surinaamse Interest organisations of Surinamese- Nederlanders Dutch in Surinam BVD Basispartij voor Vernieuwing en Basis Party for Renewing and Democratie Democracy BVN Beste van Nederland Best of the Netherlands