DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 3 Second Land of Nephi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 3 Second Land of Nephi MORMON FOOTPRINT IN MESOAMERICA BY ROBERT A. PATE PH.D. To my father, Alma Jacob Pate, who loved the Scriptures and taught us where blessings come from. To my mother, a most loyal lady to her husband and family. To my wife Elaine who made President Ezra Taft Benson’s admonition to study the Book of Mormon a beloved reality in our home. To our children who responded to the Prophets’ admonitions. To the great prophet historian Mormon and his faithful son Moroni for their history and witness of Jesus Christ. And, to the beloved Prophet Joseph Smith and the day when men will know his history. MORMON FOOTPRINT IN MESOAMERICA COPYRIGHT © 2012 ROBERT A. PATE All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photographic, or any otherexcept for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. First Printing: February 2012 Printed in the United States of America ISBN-10: 0985151919 ISBN-13: 978-0-9851519-1-1 Cover design by Adam R. Hopkins Published by the Alma Jacob Pate Family 2222 West 600 South Logan, Utah 84321 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mormon’s Footprint in Mesoamerica is a continuation of discovery that follows publication of Mapping the Book of Mormon: A Comprehensive Geography of Nephite America; Mormon Names in Maya Stone; and Mormon Key to Maya Code. The ten years since the first publication have brought many more discoveries which provide additional confirmation of most of the findings and bring into better focus areas that needed correction. Corrections have been found and incorporated in each subsequent book. The Nephite geography is now very well defined. The Jaredite geography, while occupying essentially the same footprint, is much more difficult because of the additional 1600 years and the subsequent reoccupation by the family of Lehi. In my research it seems that every stone I turn over has gold on the underside. I recognize my weaknesses -- I am not that good. Something is going on and the time must be right for this information to become available. As Joseph was promised, “I will cause the earth to testify of the truth of these things.” And so He has. We are being flooded with information that can be appreciated by those seeking to know. If one is ignorant, it is by choice. Thanks to everyone with integrity who has been willing to share their findings – for dictionaries and lexicons, and readily available internet sources. Special thanks to FAMSI and their website www.famsi.org for Maya glyphs and dictionaries. Many good friends have provided books, computer resources, ideas, language skills, encouragement, and enthusiasm. Each has served not only as a source but also as a sounding board to question and test the findings. Thanks to my traveling partners Fred Perkins, Jess Thompson, and Dan McGough. Thanks to Chris McGinty and David Dickey for graphics assistance. Thanks to Joan Smith, Donna Galloway, and Maran Pate for editing help. v CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................. v Contents ................................................................................. vi List of Illustrations ................................................................. xii About the Author ................................................................. xiii Preface ..................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................. 3 Paradigm Shifts ............................................................... 3 Paradigm Shift 1 -- Myopic Vision ................................. 4 Paradigm Shift 2 -- The Whole Land .............................. 4 Paradigm Shift 3 -- The Narrow Neck of Land .............. 4 Paradigm Shift 4 -- Jaredite Survivors ............................ 5 Paradigm Shift 5 -- Nephite Survivors............................ 5 Paradigm Shift 6 -- Seashore .......................................... 5 Paradigm Shift 7 -- Sea Divides the Land ...................... 6 Paradigm Shift 8 -- Direction Reference Frame ............. 6 Paradigm Shift 9 -- Rapidity of Language Change ......... 7 Paradigm Shift 10 -- Place Names Survive..................... 7 Paradigm Shift 12 -- The Chroniclers ............................. 8 Paradigm Shift Conclusion ............................................. 9 Chapter 1 Old World Departure ........................................... 11 Irreantum – Many Waters ............................................. 26 Sojourn in the Wilderness ............................................. 27 vi The Voyage .................................................................. 27 Chapter 2 The Arrival ........................................................... 28 Land of Lehi ................................................................. 28 First Land of Nephi – Nephi I ...................................... 29 Other Cities in the Area ................................................ 32 Chapter 3 Second Land of Nephi ......................................... 34 Nephi II – Lehi-Nephi .................................................. 34 Other Towns ................................................................. 36 Chapter 4 Zarahemla ............................................................ 39 The 21 Day Trip ........................................................... 39 Most Probable Route .................................................... 40 Zarahemla – Santa Lucía Cotzumalguapa .................... 41 Archaeologists Contribution ......................................... 42 Santa Lucía Cotzumalguapa ......................................... 43 The Peoples .................................................................. 46 Chapter 5 Return to Lehi-Nephi ........................................... 51 Return Trip ................................................................... 51 Zeniff’s People ............................................................. 53 Shemlon ........................................................................ 53 Noah ............................................................................. 54 Lomo de Vaca ............................................................... 54 Second Tower ............................................................... 54 Iron in the Area ............................................................. 55 Abinadi and Alma ......................................................... 56 Waters of Mormon ....................................................... 56 Helam ........................................................................... 57 Limhi’s People .............................................................. 57 vii Chapter 6 Missionary Travels ................................................ 59 The Four Sons of Mosiah .............................................. 59 Ammon to Ishmael ........................................................ 59 Waters of Sebus ............................................................ 60 Abish ............................................................................. 61 Middoni ......................................................................... 61 Which Land of Nephi? .................................................. 62 Aaron Travels to Jerusalem .......................................... 62 Ani-Anti ........................................................................ 63 Nephi-I .......................................................................... 64 Ishmaelite/Lamanite Split ............................................. 64 Ishmaelitish Women ..................................................... 65 Missionary Success ....................................................... 66 Cities Lemuel and Laman ............................................. 67 Shimnilom ..................................................................... 67 Cureloms and Cumoms ................................................. 68 Land of Amulon ............................................................ 70 Midian ........................................................................... 70 Anti-Nephi-Lehies ........................................................ 70 Xinca ............................................................................. 72 Chapter 7 Missionaries Return .............................................. 73 The Trip Home .............................................................. 73 Happy Reunion ............................................................. 74 Bloody Battle ................................................................ 74 Manti ............................................................................. 75 Jershon .......................................................................... 75 Cumeni .......................................................................... 76 viii Fine Tuning Judea ........................................................ 77 Alma, Amulek, and Zeezrom ....................................... 79 Antionum ...................................................................... 79 Antionum – The Name ................................................. 81 Chapter 8 Moroni’s Wars ...................................................... 83 Limits of Land of Jershon ............................................. 83 Melek ............................................................................ 83 Moroni and the Armor .................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Centeredness As a Cultural and Grammatical Theme in Maya-Mam
    CENTEREDNESS AS A CULTURAL AND GRAMMATICAL THEME IN MAYA-MAM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Wesley M. Collins, B.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Examination Committee: Approved by Professor Donald Winford, Advisor Professor Scott Schwenter Advisor Professor Amy Zaharlick Department of Linguistics Copyright by Wesley Miller Collins 2005 ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I look at selected Maya-Mam anthropological and linguistic data and suggest that they provide evidence that there exist overlapping cultural and grammatical themes that are salient to Mam speakers. The data used in this study were gathered largely via ethnographic methods based on participant observation over my twenty-five year relationship with the Mam people of Comitancillo, a town of 60,000 in Guatemala’s Western Highlands. For twelve of those years, my family and I lived among the Mam, participating with them in the cultural milieu of daily life. In order to help shed light on the general relationship between language and culture, I discuss the key Mayan cultural value of centeredness and I show how this value is a pervasive organizing principle in Mayan thought, cosmology, and daily living, a value called upon by the Mam in their daily lives to regulate and explain behavior. Indeed, I suggest that centeredness is a cultural theme, a recurring cultural value which supersedes social differences, and which is defined for cultural groups as a whole (England, 1978). I show how the Mam understanding of issues as disparate as homestead construction, the town central plaza, historical Mayan religious practice, Christian conversion, health concerns, the importance of the numbers two and four, the notions of agreement and forgiveness, child discipline, and moral stance are all instantiations of this basic underlying principle.
    [Show full text]
  • Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples
    Peace Agreements Digital Collection Guatemala >> Agreement on identity and rights of indigenous peoples Agreement on identity and rights of indigenous peoples Considering That the question of identity and rights of indigenous peoples is a vital issue of historic importance for the present and future of Guatemala; That the indigenous peoples include the Maya people, the Garifuna people and the Xinca people, and that the Maya people consist of various socio-cultural groups having a common origin; That, because of its history, conquest, colonization, movements and migrations, the Guatemalan nation is multi-ethnic, multicultural and multilingual in nature; That the parties recognize and respect the identity and political, economic, social and cultural rights of the Maya, Garifuna and Xinca peoples, within the unity of the Guatemalan nation, and subject to the indivisibility of the territory of the Guatemalan State, as components of that unity; That the indigenous peoples have been particularly subject to de facto levels of discrimination, exploitation and injustice, on account of their origin, culture and language and that, like many other sectors of the national community, they have to endure unequal and unjust treatment and conditions on account of their economic and social status; That this historical reality has affected and continues to affect these peoples profoundly, denying them the full exercise of their rights and political participation, and hampering the configuration of a national unity which should adequately reflect the rich
    [Show full text]
  • CATALOG Mayan Stelaes
    CATALOG Mayan Stelaes Palos Mayan Collection 1 Table of Contents Aguateca 4 Ceibal 13 Dos Pilas 20 El Baúl 23 Itsimite 27 Ixlu 29 Ixtutz 31 Jimbal 33 Kaminaljuyu 35 La Amelia 37 Piedras Negras 39 Polol 41 Quirigia 43 Tikal 45 Yaxha 56 Mayan Fragments 58 Rubbings 62 Small Sculptures 65 2 About Palos Mayan Collection The Palos Mayan Collection includes 90 reproductions of pre-Columbian stone carvings originally created by the Mayan and Pipil people traced back to 879 A.D. The Palos Mayan Collection sculptures are created by master sculptor Manuel Palos from scholar Joan W. Patten’s casts and rubbings of the original artifacts in Guatemala. Patten received official permission from the Guatemalan government to create casts and rubbings of original Mayan carvings and bequeathed her replicas to collaborator Manuel Palos. Some of the originals stelae were later stolen or destroyed, leaving Patten’s castings and rubbings as their only remaining record. These fine art-quality Maya Stelae reproductions are available for purchase by museums, universities, and private collectors through Palos Studio. You are invited to book a virtual tour or an in- person tour through [email protected] 3 Aguateca Aguateca is in the southwestern part of the Department of the Peten, Guatemala, about 15 kilometers south of the village of Sayaxche, on a ridge on the western side of Late Petexbatun. AGUATECA STELA 1 (50”x85”) A.D. 741 - Late Classic Presumed to be a ruler of Aguatecas, his head is turned in an expression of innate authority, personifying the rank implied by the symbols adorning his costume.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionary of the Chuj (Mayan) Language
    A DICTIONARY OF THE CHUJ (MAYAN) LANGUAGE As Spoken in San Mateo Ixtatán, Huehuetenango, Guatemala ca. 1964-65 CHUJ – ENGLISH WITH SOME SPANISH GLOSSES Nicholas A. Hopkins, Ph. D. © Jaguar Tours 2012 3007 Windy Hill Lane Tallahassee, Florida 32308 [email protected] i A DICTIONARY OF THE CHUJ (MAYAN) LANGUAGE: INTRODUCTION Nicholas A. Hopkins The lexical data reported in this Chuj-English dictionary were gathered during my dissertation field work in 1964-65. My first exposure to the Chuj language was in 1962, when I went to Huehuetenango with Norman A. McQuown and Brent Berlin to gather data on the languages of the Cuchumatanes (Berlin et al. 1969). At the time I was a graduate student at the University of Texas, employed as a research assistant on the University of Chicago's Chiapas Study Projects, directed by McQuown (McQuown and Pitt-Rivers 1970). Working through the Maryknoll priests who were then the Catholic clergy in the indigenous areas of Huehuetenango and elsewhere in Guatemala, we recorded material, usually in the form of 100-word Swadesh lists (for glottochronology), from several languages. The sample included two speakers of the Chuj variety of San Mateo Ixtatán (including the man who was later to become my major informant). In the Spring of 1962, as field work for the project wound down, I returned to Austin to finish drafting my Master's thesis, and then went on to Chicago to begin graduate studies in Anthropology at the University of Chicago, with McQuown as my major professor. I continued to work on Chiapas project materials in McQuown's archives, and in 1963 he assigned me the Chuj language as the topic of my upcoming doctoral dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Conflicts and Indigenous Peoples in Guatemala
    Mining Conflicts and Indigenous Peoples in Guatemala 1 Introduction I Mining Conflicts and Indigenous Indigenous and Conflicts Mining in Guatemala Peoples Author: Joris van de Sandt September 2009 This report has been commissioned by the Amsterdam University Law Faculty and financed by Cordaid, The Hague. Academic supervision by Prof. André J. Hoekema ([email protected]) Guatemala Country Report prepared for the study: Environmental degradation, natural resources and violent conflict in indigenous habitats in ­Kalimantan-Indonesia, Bayaka-Central African Republic and San Marcos-Guatemala Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this study. Most of all, I am indebted to the people and communities of the Altiplano Occidental, especially those of Sipacapa and San Miguel Ixtahuacán, for their courtesy and trusting me with their experiences. In particular I should mention: Manuel Ambrocio; Francisco Bámaca; Margarita Bamaca; Crisanta Fernández; Rubén Feliciano; Andrés García (Alcaldía Indígena de Totonicapán); Padre Erik Gruloos; Ciriaco Juárez; Javier de León; Aníbal López; Aniceto López; Rolando López; Santiago López; Susana López; Gustavo Mérida; Isabel Mérida; Lázaro Pérez; Marcos Pérez; Antonio Tema; Delfino Tema; Juan Tema; Mario Tema; and Timoteo Velásquez. Also, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to the team of COPAE and the Pastoral Social of the Diocese of San Marcos for introducing me to the theme and their work. I especially thank: Marco Vinicio López; Roberto Marani; Udiel Miranda; Fausto Valiente; Sander Otten; Johanna van Strien; and Ruth Tánchez, for their help and friendship. I am also thankful to Msg. Álvaro Ramazzini.
    [Show full text]
  • Bountiful Harvest: Essays in Honor of S. Kent Brown Andrew C
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Maxwell Institute Publications 2011 Bountiful Harvest: Essays in Honor of S. Kent Brown Andrew C. Skinner D. Morgan Davis Carl Griffin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/mi Part of the Religious Education Commons Recommended Citation Skinner, Andrew C.; Davis, D. Morgan; and Griffin,a C rl, "Bountiful Harvest: Essays in Honor of S. Kent Brown" (2011). Maxwell Institute Publications. 17. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/mi/17 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maxwell Institute Publications by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. bountiful harvest bountiful harvest essays in honor of s. kent brown Edited by Andrew C. Skinner, D. Morgan Davis, and Carl Griffin Cover design by Stephen Hales Creative, Inc. Frontispiece by Mark A. Philbrick Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602 maxwellinstitute.byu.edu © 2011 The Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bountiful harvest : essays in honor of S. Kent Brown / edited by Andrew C. Skinner, D. Morgan Davis, and Carl Griffin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8425-2804-7 (alk. paper) 1. Theology. 2. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. I. Brown, S. Kent. II. Skinner, Andrew C., 1951- III.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 Nawat
    Chapter 5 Nawat 5.1 Introduction This chapter introduces the Nawat/Pipil language. Section 5.2 explains the Nawat/Pipil and the Nawat/Nahuatl distinction. A brief history of the Pipil people is provided in section 5.3. Section 5.4 reviews the available Nawat language resources. A basic grammar is outlined in section 5.5. A more complete description would require more resources beyond the scope of the present project. Section 5.6 discusses the issues that arise for the present project, including what alphabet and dialect to use. Section 5.7 provides a summary of the chapter. 5.2 Nawat – Some Basic Facts Nawat versus Pipil In the literature, the Nawat language of El Salvador is referred to as Pipil. The people who speak the language are known as the Pipil people, hence the use of the word Pipil for their language. However, the Pipil speakers themselves refer to their language as Nawat. In El Salvador, the local Spanish speakers refer to the language as “nahuat” (pronounced “/nawat/”). Throughout this document, the language will be called Nawat. El Salvador is a small country in Central America. It is bordered on the north-west by Guatemala and on the north-east by Honduras. See Figure 5.1 for a map of Central America. El Salvador (Used by permission of The General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin) Figure 5.1 Map of Central America 75 Nawat versus Nahuatl Nawat is an Uto-Aztecan language (Campbell, 1985). It is related to the Nahuatl language spoken in Mexico (which is where the Pipils originally came from, see section 5.3).
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Book of Mormon Studies Volume 10 Issue 2
    Journal of Book of Mormon Studies Volume 10 Number 2 Article 13 7-31-2001 Journal of Book of Mormon Studies Volume 10 Issue 2 Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Scholarship, Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious (2001) "Journal of Book of Mormon Studies Volume 10 Issue 2," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies: Vol. 10 : No. 2 , Article 13. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms/vol10/iss2/13 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Book of Mormon Studies by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. JOURNAL OF Book of Mormon Studies Volume 10 | Number 2 | 2001 More Altars from Nephi’s “Nahom” Two New Book of Mormon Hymns ! Brother Brigham on the Book of Mormon ! “Strait” or “Straight”? ! Serpents Both Good and Evil ! Terryl Givens on Revelation ! More Light on Who Wrote the Title Page 6 16 28 34 42 56 On the cover: Votive altars at the Bar<an temple complex and inscribed wall at the Awwam temple. Both sites are located near Marib, Yemen. Photography by Warren P. Aston. CONTENTS 2 Contributors 3 The Editor’s Notebook 4 A New Editorial Team Feature Articles 6 Brigham Young and the Book of Mormon w. jeffrey marsh Brother Brigham, as we would expect for a person of his era and background, depended heavily on the Bible, but he found con- tinual support in the Book of Mormon for his understanding of the gospel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Talcigüines of El Salvador
    The Talcigüines of El Salvador: A Contextual Example of Nahua Drama in the Public Square Robert A. Danielson, Ph.D. Asbury Theological Seminary DOI: 10.7252/Paper. 0000 22 | The Talcigüines of El Salvador: ABSTRACT: Anthropologist Louise M. Burkhart has spent decades studying the literary dramas of the Nahua speakers of 16th and 17th century Colonial Mexico. While many of these dramas illustrate the blending of Christianity with pre- Christian indigenous religion in Latin America, they have seldom been studied as early examples of contextualized Christianity or syncretism within early Spanish missions in Latin America. Tese early Nahua dramas became elaborate performances that expressed indigenous understandings of Christian stories and theology. Burkhart notes that Spanish priests controlled Nahua drama through reviewing and approving the scripts, but also by keeping the performances out of the church buildings. Tis approach did not stop these contextualized dramas, but rather integrated them into traditional religious performances acted out in public spaces. While many of these dramas exist now only as ancient scripts or recorded accounts, some modern remnants may still exist. One possibility is the Talcigüines of Texistepeque, El Salvador. Performed every Monday of Holy Week, this festival continues to combine Christian themes with indigenous symbols, moving from within the church to the literal public square. Developed for the Nahua speaking Pipil people of one of the oldest colonial parishes in El Salvador, this drama contains many of Burkhart’s elements. Robert A. Danielson, Ph.D. | 23 INTRODUCTION On the Monday of Holy Week each year, a unique performance occurs in the small town of Texistepeque, in the western region of El Salvador in Central America.
    [Show full text]
  • Hebrew Names in the Book of Mormon
    HEBREW NAMES IN THE BOOK OF MORMON by John A. Tvedtnes [Editor’s note: This paper was presented by John the preface to the work, David Noel Freedman wrote, Tvedtnes at the Thirteenth World Congress of Jewish “The editor is to be commended for his catholicity and Studies in Jerusalem, August 2001.] courage and for his own original contributions in sev- eral domains including a unique treatment of the Book In the spring of 1830, Joseph Smith, a young American of Mormon.”6 Taking his cue from Welch, Donald W. farmer in the state of New York, published a volume Parry, a member of the Dead Sea Scrolls translation entitled the Book of Mormon. The book purports to be team and contributor to the Oxford series Discoveries an abridgment of the history of a small group of people in the Judaean Desert,7 published The Book of Mormon who left Jerusalem about 600 B.C.E. and, led by a Text Reformatted According to Parallelistic Patterns in prophet named Lehi, came to the Americas. The abridg- 1992,8 just a few years after he published an article on ment was essentially prepared about a thousand years “Hebrew Literary Patterns in the Book of Mormon.”9 later by a prophet named Mormon. Smith claimed that he had translated the text from metallic plates with In 1979, Welch organized the Foundation for Ancient divine assistance. Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS). Although the organization is perhaps best known for producing the While more than twenty thousand people—mostly Dead Sea Scrolls CD-ROM distributed through Brill,10 Americans and British—came to accept the book dur- one of its primary activities is the publication of schol- ing Joseph Smith’s lifetime, most people considered it arly books and papers on the Book of Mormon, includ- to be the work of a charlatan.1 Today, more than eleven ing the semiannual Journal of Book of Mormon Stud- million people profess a belief in the Book of Mormon ies.
    [Show full text]
  • Newly Found Altars from Nahom
    Journal of Book of Mormon Studies Volume 10 Number 2 Article 9 7-31-2001 Newly Found Altars from Nahom Warren P. Aston Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Aston, Warren P. (2001) "Newly Found Altars from Nahom," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies: Vol. 10 : No. 2 , Article 9. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms/vol10/iss2/9 This Feature Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Book of Mormon Studies by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Title Newly Found Altars from Nahom Author(s) Warren P. Aston Reference Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 10/2 (2001): 56–61, 71. ISSN 1065-9366 (print), 2168-3158 (online) Abstract Ancient altars in Yemen bear the inscription Nihm, a variant of the word Nahom. According to the Book of Mormon, one of the travelers in Lehi’s group, Ishmael, was buried at a place called Nahom. Because the altar has been dated to about the sixth or seventh century bc (the time of Lehi’s journey), it is plausible that the Nihm referred to on the altar could be the same place written about in the Book of Mormon. This article discusses the discovery site, the appearance of the altars, and the process of dat- ing the altars, as well as the place-name Nahom in its Book of Mormon setting.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Frontline of the Community's Struggle to Defend Mother Earth
    Guatemala’s Indigenous Women in Resistance: On the Frontline of the Community’s Struggle to Defend Mother Earth and her Natural Assets Authors: María Giovanna Teijido and Wiebke Schramm Production: Montserrat García, Kerstin Reemtsma, Eva Scarfe, Estefanía Sarmiento and Cristina Barbeito of the PBI-Guatemala project English translation: Timothy Gilfoil Edited and distributed by: Brigadas de Paz Internacionales (PBI) Photos: PBI, Puente de Paz, Pastoral Social de Ixcán y Municipalidad de Ixcán (El Quiché). Design and layout: El Gos Pigall Printing: Imprenta Romeu, S.L. Printed on 100% recycled and bleach-free paper May 2010 This publication was made possible by funding from the German Peace Service. Content Presentation 6 Methodology and Basic Concepts 8 Objectives and Methodology Clarification of Terms Introduction 10 National and International Policies and the Reality of Guatemalan Indigenous Women 13 1. Indigenous Peoples, Rural Women and Poverty 14 2. Machismo, Feminism and Violence 15 2.1. Patriarchy, Machismo and Racism 15 2.2. Women’s Movements in Guatemala 16 2.3. Structural Violence against Women: Femicide and Domestic Violence 17 3. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of Indigenous Woman in Guatemala 18 3.1. Access to Land 18 3.2. Access to Education and Health 20 3.3. Access to Employment 21 4. Are the Rights of Indigenous Women Guaranteed in Guatemala? 21 4.1. Political participation and the right to full citizenship 21 4.2. Guatemalan Policies and Institutions 23 4.3. International Instruments for the Protection of Human Rights 25 Xinca, Q’eqchi and Kaqchikel Women Defending Nature’s Assets 27 1. Xinca Women Raise Community Awareness: Ayajli, hurakli xinkali na Xalapán, horo huta naru 29 1.1.
    [Show full text]