Introduction
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Deixis System in Bantawa Rai and English Language A
DEIXIS SYSTEM IN BANTAWA RAI AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE RAI RAI 2016 A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Education 2126 SITAL In Partial Fulfillment for the Masters of Education in English LANGUAGE Submitted by Sital Rai TAWA RAI AND ENGLISH Faculty of Education Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur Kathmandu, Nepal DEIXIS SYSTEM INDEIXIS BAN 2016 DECLARATION I hereby declare that to the best of my knowledge this thesis is original; no part of it was earlier submitted for the candidature of research degree to any University. Date: 24/09/2016 ________________ Sital Rai 2 RECOMMENDATION FOR ACCEPTANCE This is to certify that Ms. Sital Rai has completed the research work of her M. Ed. Thesis entitled “Deixis System in Bantawa Rai and English Language” under my guidance and supervision. I recommend the thesis for acceptance. Date: 25/09/2016 ____________________ Dr. Anjana Bhattarai (Supervisor) Professor and Head Department of English Education University Campus T. U., Kirtipur 3 RECOMMENDATION FOR EVALUATION This thesis has been recommended for evaluation by the following Research Guidance Committee. Signature Dr. Anjana Bhattarai (Supervisor) ______________ Professor and Head Chairperson Department of English Education University Campus, T. U., Kirtipur Dr. Govinda Raj Bhattarai ____________ Member Professor, Department of English education University Campus, T. U. Kirtipur Dr. Purna Bahadur Kadel ______________ Lecture, Member Department of English Education University Campus, T. U. Kirtipur Date: 03/08/2015 4 EVALUATION AND APPROVAL This thesis has been evaluated and approved by the following Thesis Evaluation Committee. Signature Dr.Anjana Bhattarai (Supervisor) ______________ Professor and Head Chairperson Department of English Education University Campus, T. -
National Languages Policy Recommendation Commission 1994(2050VS)
The Report of National Languages Policy Recommendation Commission 1994(2050VS) National Language Policy Recommendation Commission Academy Building, Kamaladi Kathmandu, Nepal April 13, 1994 (31 Chaitra 2050 VS) National Languages Policy Recommendation Commission Academy Building, Kamaladi Kathmandu, Nepal Date: April 13, 1994(31st Chaitra 2050VS) Honorable Minister Mr. Govinda Raj Joshi Minister of Education, Culture and Social Welfare Keshar Mahal, Kathmandu. Honorable Minister, The constitution promulgated after the restoration of democracy in Nepal following the people's revolution 1990 ending the thirty-year autocratic Panchayat regime, accepts that Nepal is a multicultural and multiethnic country and the languages spoken in Nepal are considered the national languages. The constitution also has ascertained the right to operate school up to the primary level in the mother tongues. There is also a constitutional provision that the state while maintaining the cultural diversity of the country shall pursue a policy of strengthening the national unity. For this purpose, His Majesty's Government had constituted a commission entitled National Language Policy Recommendations Committee in order to suggest the recommendations to Ministry of Education, Culture and Social Welfare about the policies and programmes related to language development, and the strategy to be taken while imparting primary education through the mother tongue. The working area and focus of the commission constituted on May 27, 1993 (14th Jestha 2050 VS) was the development of the national languages and education through the mother tongue. This report, which considers the working area as well as some other relevant aspects, has been prepared over the past 11 months, prior to mid-April 1994 (the end of Chaitra 2050VS), on the basis of the work plan prepared by the commission. -
List of Languages Spoken in Nepal
List of Languages spoken in Nepal. 20,188,000 (1995). 2,423,840 speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages (1991 J. Matisoff). Kingdom of Nepal, Sri Nepala Sarkar. Literacy rate 20% to 29%. Information mainly from W. Winter 1991, SIL 1977, Hale 1982, Dor Bahadur Bista 1972. Data accuracy estimate: A2, B. Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, Christian. Blind population 100,000. Deaf institutions: 3. The number of languages listed for Nepal is 125. Of those, 124 are living languages and 1 is extinct. ATHPARIYA (ATHAPRE, ATHPARE) [APH] 2,000 (1995 Karen Ebert); 232,264 all Rai languages (1971 census). North of the Tamur, between the Dhankutakhola in the west and the Tangkhuwa in the east; Dhankuta and Bhirgaon panchayats. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Bodic, Eastern Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern, Southwestern. Different from the Arthare dialect of Dungmali, and from Belhariya, which is also called Athpariya (W. Winter 1991). Used by all, including children and educated speakers. Low bilingualism in Nepali. Reported to be closest to Limbu, but not inherently intelligible with it. The term 'Kiranti' covers about 21 dialects, of which fewer than half are even partially intelligible. Rai and Kiranti are partially overlapping terms and subject to many interpretations (Austin Hale SIL 1977, personal communication). Survey needed. AWADHI (ABADI, ABOHI, AMBODHI, AVADHI, BAISWARI, KOJALI, KOSALI) [AWD] 540,000 in Nepal (1993 Johnstone); 20,000,000 in India (1951 census); 20,540,000 in all countries. Lumbini Zone, Kapilbastu District, Majhkhanda, Khajahani. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, East Central zone. Dialects: GANGAPARI, MIRZAPURI, PARDESI, THARU, UTTARI. 50% to 75% literate. Bible portions 1820-1911. -
Marginalizatlon of INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES of NEPAL I
MARGINALIZATlON OF INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF NEPAL Go\'inda Bah.ldur Tumbahang Introduction Nepal is. a multi -ethnic and l11ulli-lingual nation wi th diffcrclU ceologic:! 1 zoncs such as mountain. hill. inner Tarni and Tarni . It is a home 10 59 indigenous nationalities. who speak more than 70 languages. BUI many of Ihe indigenous languages :.re seriously endangered and quilc a few ha\'c been extinct due 10 the wrong l:mgu;lge policy of the Slate before the introduction of multiparty democracy in Ihe country. This paper defines Ihe indigenous languages list ing them according 10 go\'crnmcnI gal-CHC, poims Olll Ihe process of their margina1izalion. evaluates their present silUalion. and suggests ways how to bring IhcIllIO the main st ream of national l:mguagc ;lIld cullurc. Dclinition According to The National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities Act 2002 (Adi l'llsil)wwjllti ljl/han Prmi.wlulI/ Ain 2058). Adib.'lsislhnajatis arc 'those ethnic groups or communities enl isted in the Appendix I Schedu le of the Act who have their own mother tongue and Ir:lditiOrl:l1 CUStoms. distinct cuhur;LI identity. distinct social structure :md written or or:11 hi story or their own: The act cnlists 59 distinct groups ;15 indigenous nationalities. who live in different ccologic:l1 zones as mentioned in table I. Table I: Indigenous nationalities of Nepal Mounl:lin Mountain I. 8arhagaunle 2. 8hmia 3. By:lgnsi 4. Chhai rOlan 5. Doll'" 6. L..1rkc I 7. Lhorni 8. Lhopa I 9. Marphali 111akali 10. Mug:l!i I 11. Siyar I 12. -
A Comparative Study of Negation and Interrogation Between Yamphu and English Language
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NEGATION AND INTERROGATION BETWEEN YAMPHU AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Education In Partial Fulfillment for the Master of Education in English Submitted By Basanti Thebe Faculty of Education Tribhuvan University Janta Multiple Campus Itahari, Sunsari, Nepal 2016 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NEGATION AND INTERROGATION BETWEEN YAMPHU AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Education In Partial Fulfillment for the Master of Education in English Submitted By Basanti Thebe Faculty of Education Tribhuvan University Janta Multiple Campus Itahari, Sunsari, Nepal 2016 T.U. Regd No: 8363-92 Date of Approval of the Thesis Second Year Examination Proposal: 2072-10-15 (2016-1-29) Roll No: 2180034 (2067/2010) Date of Submission of the Thesis: Campus Roll No: 120 (2065/2008) 2072-12-25 (2016-4-7) 2 DECLARATION I hereby declare to the best of my knowledge that this thesis is original; no part of it was earlier submitted for the candidature of research degree to any university. Date: 2072-12-14 (2016-3-27) ……………………………… Basanti Thebe 3 RECOMMENDATION FOR ACCEPTANCE Date: 2072-12-18 This is to certify that Ms Basanti Thebe has prepared this thesis entitled A Comparative Study of Negation and Interrogation between Yamphu and English Language under my guidance and supervision. I recommend the thesis for acceptance. Date: 31st March 2016 Mr. Kamal Raj Dahal (Guide) Lecturer and Head Department of English Education 4 RECOMMENDATION FOR EVALUATION Date: 2072-12-30 This thesis has been recommended for evaluation by following "Research Guidance Committee." Mr. -
A Phonological Study of Tilung: an Endangered
Nepalese Linguistics Volume 27 November 2012 Chief Editor Dr. Dan Raj Regmi Editors Dr. Balaram Prasain Mr. Ramesh Khatri Office Bearers for 2012-2014 President Krishna Prasad Parajuli Vice-President Bhim Lal Gautam General Secretary Kamal Poudel Secretary (Office) Bhim Narayan Regmi Secretary (General) Kedar Bilash Nagila Treasurer Krishna Prasad Chalise Member Dev Narayan Yadav Member Netra Mani Dumi Rai Member Karnakhar Khatiwada Member Ambika Regmi Member Suren Sapkota Editorial Board Chief Editor Dr. Dan Raj Regmi Editors Dr. Balaram Prasain Ramesh Khatri Nepalese Linguistics is a journal published by Linguistic Society of Nepal. It publishes articles related to the scientific study of languages, especially from Nepal. The views expressed therein are not necessary shared by the committee on publications. Published by: Linguistic Society of Nepal Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal Copies: 500 © Linguistic Society of Nepal ISSN -0259-1006 Price: NC 400/- (Nepali) IC 350/-(India) USD 10 Life membership fees include subscription for the journal. SPECIAL THANKS to Nepal Academy Kamaladi, Kathmandu, Nepal Nepal Academy (Nepal Pragya Pratisthan) was founded in June 22, 1957 by the then His Late Majesty King Mahendra as Nepal Sahitya Kala Academy. It was later renamed Nepal Rajkiya Pragya Pratisthan and now it is named as Nepal Pragya Prastisthan. This prestigious national academic institution is committed to enhancing the language, cult ure, philosophy and social sciences in Nepal. The major objectives of Nepal Academy include (a) to focus on the -
Tibeto-Burman
Chapter 10 Tibeto-Burman George van Driem 10.1 From Tibeto-Burman to Trans-Himalayan Julius von Klaproth was the first scholar to assign Chinese correctly to its proper lan- guage family. In 1823, he identified the Tibeto-Burman phylum in Paris in his polyphy- letic view of Asian linguistic stocks. Klaproth’s model of many distinct Asian linguistic phyla was initially controversial because many scholars in the West at the time enter- tained an undifferentiated view of Asian languages as all belonging to some nebulous all-encompassing language family. His Tibeto-Burman comprised Burmese, Tibetan, Chinese and all of the languages that could be demonstrated to be related to these three. He explicitly excluded languages today known to be Kradai or Daic (e.g., Thai, Lao, Shan), Austroasiatic (e.g., Mon, Vietnamese, Nicobarese, Khmer) and Altaic (e.g., Japanese, Korean, Mongolic, Turkic). The name Tibeto-Burman gained currency in English for the language family recog- nized by Klaproth and was widely used by scholars in the British Isles (e.g., Hodgson 1857; Cust 1878; Forbes 1878; Houghton 1896). Some other scholars of the day followed the Indo-Chinese theory proposed by the Scots amateur John Casper Leyden, who died at the age of thirty-five after experienc- ing a short but dazzling career in the British colonial administration in Asia during the Napoleonic wars. In 1807, Leyden proposed his exuberant but poorly informed Indo-Chinese theory to George Barlow, Governor General of India at Fort William, in which he claimed that all the languages in Asia and Oceania shared some “common mixed origin” (Leyden 1808). -
Language Endangerment in South Asia
Patan Pragya (Volume: 5 Number: 1 Sept. 2019) Received Date: July 2019 Revised: Augest 2019 Accepted: Sept. 2019 Language Endangerment in South Asia Gyanwali, Gokarna Prasad (PhD)7* Abstract Language endangerment is the very critical issues of 21st century because the extinction of each language results in the irrecoverable loss of unique expression of the human experience and the culture of the world. Every time a language dies, we have less evidence for understanding patterns in the structure and function of human languages, human prehistory and the maintenance of the world’s diverse ecosystems. Language is thus essential for the ability to express cultural knowledge, the preservation and further development of the culture. In the world, 500 languages are spoken by less than 100 peoples and 96% of the worlds languages are spoken only 4% of the world’s population. Data shows that all most all the minority languages of world are in endangered and critical situation and not becoming to the culture transmitter. This paper will explain the process, stages, paradigms, as well as the language endangerment in global and in South Asian context. Key words: Endangerment, Extinction, Genocide, Linguicide and Moribund. Introduction An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use and its speakers no longer pass it onto the next generation. A language is considered to be endangered when the population of its speakers is diminishing, and the last generation does not exercise the use of the language actively or even at all. Asserting that “Language diversity is essential to the human heritage”, UNESCO’s Ad-hoc expert group on endangered languages (2003) offers this definition of an endangered language, “When its speakers cease to use it, use it in an increasingly reduced number of communicative domains, and cease to pass it on from one generation to the next. -
Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 14: Tibeto-Bvrman Languages of the Himalayas
PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series A-86 PAPERS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN LINGUISTICS NO. 14: TIBETO-BVRMAN LANGUAGES OF THE HIMALAYAS edited by David Bradley Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Bradley, D. editor. Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 14:. A-86, vi + 232 (incl. 4 maps) pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1997. DOI:10.15144/PL-A86.cover ©1997 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Pacific Linguistics specialises in publishing linguistic material relating to languages of East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Linguistic and anthropological manuscripts related to other areas, and to general theoretical issues, are also considered on a case by case basis. Manuscripts are published in one of four series: SERIES A: Occasional Papers SERIES C: Books SERIES B: Monographs SERIES D: Special Publications FOUNDING EDITOR: S.A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: M.D. Ross and D.T. Tryon (Managing Editors), T.E. Dutton, N.P. Himmelmann, A.K. Pawley EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender KA. McElhanon University of Hawaii Summer Institute of Linguistics David Bradley H.P. McKaughan La Trobe University University of Hawaii Michael G. Clyne P. Miihlhausler Monash University Universityof Adelaide S.H. Elbert G.N. O'Grady University of Hawaii University of Victoria, B.C. K.J. Franklin KL. Pike Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics W.W.Glover E.C. Polome Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Texas G.W.Grace Gillian Sankoff University of Hawaii University of Pennsylvania M.A.K. -
Himalayan Linguistics a Note on Tilung and Its Position Within Kiranti
Himalayan Linguistics A note on Tilung and its position within Kiranti Jean Robert Opgenort Bern University, Switzerland ABSTRACT This paper discusses the existence of phonological and lexical isoglosses in Tilung (Rai) and other Kiranti groups on the basis of the scanty materials available, which are some 140 words and other morphemes extracted from one article written by Sueyoshi Toba (2004) and a book written by Lal Rapaca (2006). The Tilung data were compared with language data from various other Kiranti languages and reconstructed Proto-Kiranti etyma. More than half of the collected Tilung words and other morphemes could be assigned to particular cognate groups. These groups illustrate the various phonological developments that have taken place in Tilung and mark important lexical isoglosses in Kiranti. It is shown that, with respect to development of initial obstruents, Tilung is remarkably similar to the Western Kiranti language Thulung. The shared phonological developments may perhaps have taken place at a time when pre-Tilung and pre-Thulung were spoken in a contiguous area. From a lexical view point, though, Tilung shares more etyma with Central and Eastern Kiranti languages than it does with Western Kiranti. The data presented support Hanßon’s (1991) claim that Tilung may well be a marginal member of Western Kiranti, since it shares a unique phonological isogloss with Thulung, but also confirms Toba’s (2004) report that Tilung is lexically more close to Central and Eastern Kiranti. KEYWORDS Tilung Rai, classification, Kiranti subgrouping, Proto-Kiranti reconstruction, historical phonology, lexical isoglosses, comparative and etymological Kiranti database This is a contribution from Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. -
Status of Kirati Languages in the Context of Nepalese
STATUS OF KIRATI LANGUAGES IN THE CONTEXT OF NEPALESE LANGUAGES Govinda Bahadur Tumbahang ABSTRACT This article highlights the linguistic scenario of multilingual Nepal, and measures the vitality levels of overall languages in general and Kirati languages in particular on the basis of Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) used by Lewis and Simons (2010) derived from Fishman's Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS 1991). The first part presents the linguistic situation of Nepal, the second part demonstrates the vitality levels of Nepalese languages in general, the third part indicates the status of Kirati languages and the last part provides some suggestions. Key Words: Linguistic, multilingual, intergenerational, disruption, vitality, moribund, extinct. LINGUISTIC SITUATION OF NEPAL CBS (2014) enumerated 123 languages. They have been classified into Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Austro-Asiatic and Dravidian families of languages. In addition, Kusunda is classified as "language isolate" which can form a separate family. On the basis of the number of languages, Sino- Tibetan family is the largest, Indo-European family is the second largest, Austro-Asiatic family is third largest and Dravidian is the smallest of the families. Sino-Tibetan family comprises 63 languages. They are listed in appendix 1. Indo-European family has 37 languages. They are listed in appendix 2. Austro-Asiatic family consists of Khariya and Santhali, and Dravidian family consists of Uranw/Urau language. Kusunda is the only language, which does not belong to any of these families. In terms of number of speakers, Indo-European family is the largest, Sino-Tibetan family is the second largest, Austro-Asiatic family is the third largest, Dravidian family is the fourth largest and Kusunda is the smallest of all families of languages. -
Language and Genes of the Greater Himalayan Region
Language and Genes of the Greater Himalayan Region Language and Genes of the Greater Himalayan Region T. Kraayenbrink1, Dr. P. de Knijff1, Prof. Dr. G.L. van Driem2, Dr. J.R.M.L. Opgenort2, Dr. M.A. Jobling3, Dr. E.J. Parkin3, Dr. C. Tyler-Smith4, Dr. D.R. Carvalho-Silva4, Karma Tshering of Gaselô2, Prof. Dr. G. Barbujani5, I. Dupanloup5, G. Bertorelle5, Prof. Dr. Nirmal Man Tuladhar6 (authors listed in random order) 1 MGC-Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands 2 Himalayan Languages Project, Leiden University, the Netherlands 3 Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, United Kingdom 4 The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom 5 Department of Biology, University of Ferrara, Italy 6 Professor of Linguistics, Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS) of Tribhuvan University (TU), Kirtipur, Nepal Summary Isolation is crucial to both biological and linguistic change. Populations that are separated by barriers tend to diverge genetically because of genetic drift, and to independently undergo linguistic change, resulting in often-parallel patterns of genetic and cultural differentiation. Geographical as well as cultural barriers reduce population contacts, thus increasing isolation between populations. However, both biological and linguistic change are influenced by the size of the population. It is thus also important to infer reliable information on past human demography. The greater Himalayan region is ethnolinguistically the most complex area of the Eurasian continent. This region includes the highest land barrier on the face of this planet, and linguistic evidence unambiguously indicates that topography has shaped and channelled prehistoric population movements.