DOCSLIB.ORG

Basic Grammar of the Greek New Testament

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Basic Grammar of the Greek New Testament Bible Greek Basic Grammar of the Greek New Testament John Pappas A companion book for the Bible Greek Vpod Internet Video Instruction Program biblegreekvpod.com Copyright by John Peter Pappas, Th.M, Th.D 2008, 2016 ii Table of Contents THE METHOD ............................................................................................................................................ 1 THE STORY OF LANGUAGE .................................................................................................................. 2 THE STORY OF GREEK ................................................................................................................................ 2 THE GREEK OF PALESTINE ......................................................................................................................... 3 THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPTS AND MODERN TOOLS.......................................................... 4 THE GREEK ALPHABET ......................................................................................................................... 6 THE VOWELS .............................................................................................................................................. 7 THE DIPHTHONG......................................................................................................................................... 7 SYLLABLES ................................................................................................................................................. 7 PRONUNCIATION......................................................................................................................................... 8 BREATHING MARKS ................................................................................................................................... 8 ACCENT MARKS ......................................................................................................................................... 8 PUNCTUATION MARKS ............................................................................................................................... 8 A FINAL WORD............................................................................................................................................ 9 PRACTICE ................................................................................................................................................... 9 PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE VERBS .............................................................................................10 VOCABULARY ...........................................................................................................................................10 THE GREEK VERB ......................................................................................................................................10 PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE ...................................................................................................................11 PARSING VERBS ........................................................................................................................................12 THE PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE ............................................................................................................12 THE PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE ..............................................................................................................12 PRACTICE ..................................................................................................................................................12 SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS ............................................................................................................14 VOCABULARY ...........................................................................................................................................14 THE GREEK NOUN .....................................................................................................................................14 THE SECOND DECLENSION NOUN ..............................................................................................................15 SECOND DECLENSION ENDINGS - MASCULINE ...........................................................................................15 SECOND DECLENSION ENDINGS - NEUTER .................................................................................................15 THE ARTICLE .............................................................................................................................................15 SECOND DECLENSION ARTICLE - MASCULINE ...........................................................................................16 SECOND DECLENSION ARTICLE - NEUTER .................................................................................................16 THE ADJECTIVE .........................................................................................................................................17 PRACTICE ..................................................................................................................................................17 FIRST DECLENSION NOUNS .................................................................................................................18 VOCABULARY ...........................................................................................................................................18 FIRST DECLENSION NOUNS .......................................................................................................................18 FIRST DECLENSION ARTICLE .....................................................................................................................18 FEMININE FORMS ......................................................................................................................................18 MASCULINE FORMS ...................................................................................................................................20 PRACTICE ..................................................................................................................................................20 PRESENT PASSIVE AND MIDDLE INDICATIVE VERBS ................................................................22 VOCABULARY ...........................................................................................................................................22 THE PRESENT PASSIVE INDICATIVE ...........................................................................................................22 THE PRESENT MIDDLE INDICATIVE ...........................................................................................................22 i PRESENT PASSIVE AND MIDDLE INDICATIVE FORM ...................................................................................23 PRACTICE ..................................................................................................................................................25 PREPOSITIONS .........................................................................................................................................27 VOCABULARY ...........................................................................................................................................27 PURPOSE OF THE PREPOSITION ..................................................................................................................27 PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOUND WORDS .......................................................................................................28 ELISION IN PREPOSITIONS ..........................................................................................................................28 PRACTICE ..................................................................................................................................................28 PERSONAL PRONOUNS ..........................................................................................................................29 VOCABULARY ...........................................................................................................................................29 PERSONAL PRONOUNS ...............................................................................................................................30 USAGE .......................................................................................................................................................30 PRESENT INDICATIVE OF ΕΙΜΊ ....................................................................................................................31 PRESENT INFINITIVE OF ΕΙΜΊ .....................................................................................................................31 PRACTICE ..................................................................................................................................................31 PRONOUNS.................................................................................................................................................33 VOCABULARY ...........................................................................................................................................33 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS ....................................................................................................................33 RELATIVE PRONOUNS ................................................................................................................................34
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Dialect of Elis and Its Position Within the Greek Dialectological System MA-Thesis for the Master Classics and Ancient Civilisations
    The dialect of Elis and its position within the Greek dialectological system MA-thesis for the Master Classics and Ancient Civilisations Le site antique d’Olympie, illustration taken from Minon 2007 : 559 by M.J. van der Velden BA supervisors: dr. L. van Beek dr. A. Rademaker 2015-17 Universiteit Leiden Table of contents i. Acknowledgements ii. List of abbreviations 0. Introduction 1. The dialect features of Elean 1.1 West Greek features 1.1.1 West Greek phonological features 1.1.2 West Greek morphological features 1.1.3 Conclusion 1.2 Northwest Greek features 1.2.1 Northwest Greek phonological features 1.2.2 Northwest Greek morphological features 1.2.3 Conclusion 1.3 Features in common with various other dialects 1.3.1 Phonological features in common with various other dialects 1.3.2 Morphological features in common with various other dialects 1.3.3 Conclusion 1.4 Specifically Elean features 1.4.1 Specifically Elean phonological features 1.4.2 Specifically Elean morphological features 1.4.3 Conclusion 1.5 General conclusion 2. Evaluation 2.1 The consonant stem accusative plural in -ες 2.2 The consonant stem dative plural endings -οις and -εσσι 2.3 The middle participle in /-ēmenos/ 2.4 The development *ē > ǟ 2.5 The development *ӗ > α 2.6 The development *i > ε 3. Conclusion 4. Bibliography 2 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude towards Lucien van Beek for supervising my work, without whose help, comments and – at times necessary – incitations this study would not have reached its current shape, as well as towards Adriaan Rademaker for carefully reading my work and sharing his remarks.
    [Show full text]
  • C:\#1 Work\Greek\Wwgreek\REVISED
    Review Book for Luschnig, An Introduction to Ancient Greek Part Two: Lessons VII- XIV Revised, August 2007 © C. A. E. Luschnig 2007 Permission is granted to print and copy for personal/classroom use Contents Lesson VII: Participles 1 Lesson VIII: Pronouns, Perfect Active 6 Review of Pronouns 8 Lesson IX: Pronouns 11 Perfect Middle-Passive 13 Lesson X: Comparison, Aorist Passive 16 Review of Tenses and Voices 19 Lesson XI: Contract Verbs 21 Lesson XII: -MI Verbs 24 Work sheet on -:4 verbs 26 Lesson XII: Subjunctive & Optative 28 Review of Conditions 31 Lesson XIV imperatives, etc. 34 Principal Parts 35 Review 41 Protagoras selections 43 Lesson VII Participles Present Active and Middle-Passive, Future and Aorist, Active and Middle A. Summary 1. Definition: A participle shares two parts of speech. It is a verbal adjective. As an adjective it has gender, number, and case. As a verb it has tense and voice, and may take an object (in whatever case the verb takes). 2. Uses: In general there are three uses: attributive, circumstantial, and supplementary. Attributive: with the article, the participle is used as a noun or adjective. Examples: @Ê §P@<JgH, J Ð<J", Ò :X88T< PD`<@H. Circumstantial: without the article, but in agreement with a noun or pronoun (expressed or implied), whether a subject or an object in the sentence. This is an adjectival use. The circumstantial participle expresses: TIME: (when, after, while) [:", "ÛJ\6", :gJ">b] CAUSE: (since) [Jg, ñH] MANNER: (in, by) CONDITION: (if) [if the condition is negative with :Z] CONCESSION: (although) [6"\, 6"\BgD] PURPOSE: (to, in order to) future participle [ñH] GENITIVE ABSOLUTE: a noun / pronoun + a participle in the genitive form a clause which gives the circumstances of the action in the main sentence.
    [Show full text]
  • HANSEN & QUINN: Review Sheet #7 (For Units 11-20)
    HANSEN & QUINN: Review Sheet #7 (for Units 11-20) - Clauses (KEY) 1). How does one generally issue a command in Greek? The imperative mood, of course. Alternatives include the hortatory subjunctive and independent object clauses of effort. 2). What are the two basic ways to make a prohibition in Greek? Be specific about the circumstances in which each is employed. Prohibitions (introduced by ) employ either the imperative or a subjunctive. For a prohibition with simple aspect, employ the aorist subjunctive (hortatory in the first person plural, prohibitive in the second and third persons). For progressive/repeated aspect, employ the present imperative in the second and third persons, the present (hortatory) subjunctive in the first (plural). 3). Describe the four types of temporal clause with which you are familiar: moods of verbs in main and temporal clause, temporal conjunctionsmÆ employed and what sort of relative time each conjunction indicates. Past definite temporal clauses are introduced by a past tense of the indicative (negative ) and ί or ("after, when") + a past (usually aorist) indicative (negative ) to indicate prior action, ("when") + an aorist or imperfect indicative (negative ) to indicate simultaneous action. Present general temporal clauses are introduced by a present indicative (negative ) and ("after, when, whenever") + an aorist subjunctive (negative ) to indicate prior action, ("when, whenever") + a present or aorist subjunctive (negative ) to indicate simultaneous action. Past general temporal clauses are introduced by an imperfect indicative (negative ) and ί or ("after, when, whenever") + an aorist optative (negative ) to indicate prior action, ("whenever") + a present or aorist optativeoÈ (negative§pe §peidÆ ) to indicate simultaneous action.
    [Show full text]
  • COMMENTARY 1.1. Ως Ε Πολ Εµησαν. Instead of Using the Accusative
    COMMENTARY 1.1. ως επλεµησαν . Instead of using the accusative relative pronoun ν& referring to τν πλεµν , Thucydides uses an indirect question with a displaced object, literally, “He wrote the war, how they fought.” This figure is called prolepsis (literally, “anticipation”) or the “lilies-of-the-field construction” (from the biblical verse Matt. 6:28, “Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow” [καταµα θετε τακρ ινα τυ αγρυ πωςαυα ν- υσιν]). “The subject of the dependent clause is often anticipated and made the object of the verb of the principal clause” (Sm. §2182). ευθ υς καθισταµενυ . Genitive absolute expressing time. Notice that in Greek, unlike the Latin ablative absolute, a participle may stand alone without a noun in the genitive when it is obvious what such a noun would be. Sm. §2072. The full expression would be ευθ υς καθισταµενυ τυ πλεµυ , “the moment the war broke out.” ελπισας . “expecting.” Verbs meaning hope, expect, promise, threaten, swear, etc. take the future infinitive in indirect discourse. Sm. §1868. τεκµαιρµαι . After Homer—i.e., in classical Greek—this verb means “judge from signs or tokens.” But here, Thucydides has used it in a special sense, “taking as evidence for this judgment [that it was going to be the greatest war ever] the fact that . .” 18 Commentary 19 υνιστα µενν . Indirect discourse with accusative plus participle after a verb of perception (ρων). Sm. §2110–12. τµ εν ...τδ ε . When used with µεν and δε without a following noun, the article behaves like a demonstrative. Sm. §1106–7. The combination µεν ..
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Aorist Morphology
    Notes on Aorist Morphology William S. Annis Scholiastae.org∗ February 5, 2012 Traditional grammars of classical Greek enumerate two forms of the aorist. For beginners this terminology is extremely misleading: the second aorist contains two distinct conjugations. This article covers the formation of all types of aorist, with special attention on the athematic second aorist conjugation which few verbs take, but several of them happen to be common. Not Two, but Three Aorists The forms of Greek aorist are usually divided into two classes, the first and the second. The first aorist is pretty simple, but the second aorist actually holds two distinct systems of morphology. I want to point out that the difference between first and second aorists is only a difference in conjugation. The meanings and uses of all these aorists are the same, but I’m not going to cover that here. See Goodwin’s Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb, or your favorite Greek grammar, for more about aorist syntax. In my verb charts I give the indicative active forms, indicate nu-movable with ”(ν)”, and al- ways include the dual forms. Beginners can probably skip the duals unless they are starting with Homer. The First Aorist This is taught as the regular form of the aorist. Like the future, a sigma is tacked onto the stem, so it sometimes called the sigmatic aorist. It is sometimes also called the weak aorist. Since it acts as a secondary (past) tense in the indicative, it has an augment: ἐ + λυ + σ- Onto this we tack on the endings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future Optative in Greek Documentary and Grammatical Papyri
    Journal of Hellenic Studies 133 (2013) 93–111 doi:10.1017/S0075426913000062 THE FUTURE OPTATIVE IN GREEK DOCUMENTARY AND GRAMMATICAL PAPYRI NEIL O’SULLIVAN University of Western Australia* Abstract: The neglected area of later Greek syntax is explored here with reference to the future optative. This form of the verb first appeared early in the classical age but virtually disappeared during the Hellenistic era. Under the influence of Atticism it reappeared in later literary texts, and this paper is concerned largely with its revival in late legal and epistolary texts on papyrus from Egypt. It is used mainly in set legal phrases of remote future conditions, but we also see it in letters to express wishes (again, largely formulaic) for the future, both of which uses are foreign to Attic Greek. Finally, the future optative’s appearance in conjugations on grammatical papyri from Egypt is used to demon- strate the form’s presence in education even at the end of the classical world there, with the archive of Dioscorus of Aphrodito uniquely showing both this theoretical knowledge of it and examples of its application in legal documents. Keywords: optative, Greek, papyri, grammar, Dioscorus Our ignorance of the grammar – and especially the syntax – of the Greek language continues to hinder our understanding of the ancient world. The standard grammars1 have focused largely on the period of Greek literature up until the Hellenistic age, and again on the New Testament. Separate grammars have been published of Ptolemaic papyri,2 and of the phonology and morphology of later papyri;3 the grammar of inscriptions has also been studied, but again the syntax has been largely neglected.4 The following paper seeks to elucidate a largely ignored feature of later Greek – the demonstrated knowledge and expanded use of the future optative – as documented in papyri from the fourth to the seventh century AD.
    [Show full text]
  • ©2003, John C. Beckman. Nonprofit Copying Encouraged! Koine Morphology Summary, V2003.08.11 Page 1 of 1
    ©2003, John C. Beckman. Nonprofit copying encouraged! Koine Morphology Summary, v2003.08.11 Page 1 of 1 Table 1: Parsing Codes Table 5: Verb Tenses. (Tenses with *asterisks* occur outside of the indicative mood) Tense Voice Mood Person Gender Number Case Past Present Future P=Present A=Active I=Indicative 1=1st M=Masculine S=Singular N=Nominative Undefined Aspect *Aorist Tense* Present Tense *Future Tense* I=Imperfect M=Middle S=Subjunctive 2=2nd F=Feminine P=Plural G=Genitive Continuous Aspect Imperfect Tense *Present Tense* Future Tense? F=Future P=Passive M=Imperative 3=3rd N=Neuter D=Dative Perfect Aspect Pluperfect Tense *Perfect Tense* Future Perfect Tense A=Aorist Mp=M or P O=Optative Mn=M or N A=Accusative T=Perfect Md=M Deponent P=Participle V=Vocative Table 6: Vowel Changes L=Pluperfect Pd=P Deponent N=Infinitive Na=N or A • Forms ending in c_T* g_T* or p_T could be FPA or FSG. All others ending in _T are FPA. R=Future Perfect Mpd=Mp Deponent Nv=N or V • Because f at stem’s end in singular _ in plural (e.g., ep_df8T is FSG, ep_e_tT is FPA). • Because _ at stem’s end in SN f in SG & SD unless preceded by c, g, or p. Table 2: Table of Stops • A vowel usually lengthens when consonants after it drop out. Unvoiced Voiced Aspirate + q + o • Except NSNa and TAPMnPD participles don’t lengthen when consonants drop out. • c lengthens to the spurious diphthong cg* Labial n ` d w do • m lengthens to the spurious diphthong ms* except that m u in MSN participles.
    [Show full text]
  • Pause in Homeric Prosody
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/140838 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-10 and may be subject to change. AUDIBLE PUNCTUATION Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. Th.L.M. Engelen, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 21 mei 2015 om 14.30 uur precies door Ronald Blankenborg geboren op 23 maart 1971 te Eibergen Promotoren: Prof. dr. A.P.M.H. Lardinois Prof. dr. J.B. Lidov (City University New York, Verenigde Staten) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. M.G.M. van der Poel Prof. dr. E.J. Bakker (Yale University, Verenigde Staten) Prof. dr. M. Janse (Universiteit Gent, België) Copyright©Ronald Blankenborg 2015 ISBN 978-90-823119-1-4 [email protected] [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Printed by Maarse Printing Cover by Gijs de Reus Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Doctoral Thesis to obtain the degree of doctor from Radboud University Nijmegen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Pause in Phonology and Phonetics
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/140838 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2017-12-05 and may be subject to change. AUDIBLE PUNCTUATION Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. Th.L.M. Engelen, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 21 mei 2015 om 14.30 uur precies door Ronald Blankenborg geboren op 23 maart 1971 te Eibergen Promotoren: Prof. dr. A.P.M.H. Lardinois Prof. dr. J.B. Lidov (City University New York, Verenigde Staten) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. M.G.M. van der Poel Prof. dr. E.J. Bakker (Yale University, Verenigde Staten) Prof. dr. M. Janse (Universiteit Gent, België) Copyright©Ronald Blankenborg 2015 ISBN 978-90-823119-1-4 [email protected] [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Printed by Maarse Printing Cover by Gijs de Reus Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Doctoral Thesis to obtain the degree of doctor from Radboud University Nijmegen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Gothic Syntax
    7 ______________________________________________________________________ Gothic Syntax 7.1 Weak and strong adjectives Adjectives in Germanic have a strong and weak inflection. In Gothic, strong forms are used in predicative constructions (1-2) and most attributive constructions (3-5): (1) braid daur jah rūms wigs (Mt 7: 13) ‘broad (is) the door and roomy the way’ (2) ƕan aggwu þata daur (Mt 7: 14) ‘how narrow (is) that door’ (3) inngaggaiþ þairh aggwu daur (Mt 7: 13) ‘go in through the narrow door’ (4) galeiko ina waira frodamma (Mt 7: 24) ‘I liken him to the wise man’ (5) izwara goda waurstwa (Mt 5: 16) ‘your good works’ Weak adjectives may have originated as -n- stem nouns. Their primary use in Gothic is appositional (Harbert 2007: 130ff.). The following contrast is most informative: (6) Ik im hairdeis gods. I am shepherd good 2 Gothic Syntax Hairdeis sa goda saiwala seina lagjiþ … (Jn 10: 11) shepherd the good soul his lays ‘I am the good shepherd. A shepherd, the good one, lays down his soul …’ The contrast is stark between attributive gods (strong) and appositional goda (weak). In both constructions, the Greek original has ho poimḕn ho kalós [the shepherd the good] ‘the good shepherd’. This implies that (i) the translator elected to interpret the passage rather than translate it directly, and therefore (ii) both Gothic constructions are native since neither is calqued on the corresponding Greek text. The appositional context for weak adjectives is typical: (7) sunus meins sa liuba (Lk 9: 35) son mine the beloved ‘my beloved son’ Weak adjectival forms can also accompany a noun in the vocative (8) and when the noun head of the NP is null, as in (9) (Mossé 1956: 170).
    [Show full text]
  • Relative Chronology and the Language of Epic A
    RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY AND THE LANGUAGE OF EPIC A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Brandtly Neal Jones January 2008 © 2008 Brandtly Neal Jones RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY AND THE LANGUAGE OF EPIC Brandtly Neal Jones, Ph. D. Cornell University 2008 The songs of the early Greek epos do not survive with reliable dates attached. The texts provide few references to events outside the songs themselves with which to establish a chronology, and thus much study has centered on the language of the songs. This study takes as its starting point the well-known and influential work of Richard Janko on this topic, especially as presented in his Homer, Hesiod, and the hymns: Diachronic development in epic diction, which seeks to establish relative dates for the songs of the epos through statistical analysis of certain linguistic features found therein. Though Janko's methodology is flawed, it does highlight the principal aspects of the question of the epic language and chronology. This thesis first establishes the problematic relationship between the oral tradition and our textual representatives of that tradition, as well as the consequences of that relationship for the question of chronology. The existence of an Aeolic phase of epic diction is next refuted, with important results for chronology. Finally, the evidence of the Homeric digamma reveals the "paradox of archaism." The epic language can be shown to work in such a way that many apparent archaisms depend crucially on innovative forms for their creation.
    [Show full text]
  • New Testament Greek Reference Guide
    New Testament Greek Reference Guide by Alan Bunning Second Edition (Draft) April 13, 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Alan Bunning. All rights reserved. This draft is intended for review purposes only. Distribution without the author's prior consent is prohibited. 1. Graphemes 1.1 Alphabet Koine Modern Name Koine Pronunciation α Αα alpha “a” – car β Ββ beta “v” – vat γ Γγ gamma “gh” – ugh, “g” – gyro (before ε, η, ι), “n” – song (before γ, κ, ξ, χ) δ Δδ delta “th” – this, “dh” – dharma ε Εε epsilon “e” – end ζ Ζζ zeta “z” – zip, “ds” – lids η Ηη eta “e” – obey θ Θθ theta “th” – thin ι Ιι iota “i” – ski κ Κκ kappa “k” – kit λ Λλ lambda “l” – lid μ Μμ mu “m” – man ν Νν nu “n” – nut ξ Ξξ xi “x” – box, (“ks” – breaks) ο Οο omicron “o” – only π Ππ pi “p” – pot ρ Ρρ rho “r” – red (rolled) σ Σσς sigma “s” – sun, “s” – cause (before β, γ, δ, μ) τ Ττ tau “t” – top υ Υυ upsilon “u” – über φ Φφ phi “ph” – photo χ Χχ chi “ch” – loch ψ Ψψ psi “ps” – cups ω Ωω omega “o” – only ● But for a few exceptions, all letters in a word are pronounced and each letter is always pronounced the same way. ● Modern Greek is similar to the Koine pronunciation except that η and υ took on the same sound as ι. ● Nobody really knows for sure how Koine Greek words were pronounced because there were different Greek dialects and the language was still evolving during the New Testament period.
    [Show full text]