Cambridge Preterm Intensive Ancient Greek language pack
This language pack has been designed to help you get a good grasp of the basics of Ancient Greek before coming to Cambridge. It is based on the vocabulary and grammar of Reading Greek Sections 1–10.
You will be assessed on your comprehension of this material when you arrive at Cambridge. You will be expected to:
• identify any Greek word from the Reading Greek list included here • write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) also included here (you will be given a starter form) • write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included here (you will be given a starter form) • translate into English some sentences exhibiting this vocabulary and grammar (you will find a checklist of grammatical topics in this pack)
This assessment is not designed to intimidate and does not count toward any final grade: it is merely meant to give you something concrete to work on between now and then, and to assist us and your Director of Studies in ensuring that we have got the right people in the right groups from the start.
You do not need to own Reading Greek or to have worked with Reading Greek in order to prepare for this assessment: all the material to be tested is presented here. If you have worked with a different coursebook and would like advice on what the equivalent level of attainment would be in your book, then contact us here at the Faculty.
As far as supplementing your studies and preparing yourself for term you will find the following resources helpful.
We strongly recommend that you purchase a proper reference grammar. H. W. Smyth’s Greek Grammar (revised by G. M. Messing) (ISBN 0-674-36250-0) is the most extensive one-volume grammar in English; it can be found new or used for between £25 and £30; try to find a hardcover version as this will last better. Alternatively, W. W. Goodwin’s Greek Grammar is easily available new (ISBN 1-85399-522-3) for about £20, though second-hand copies can be found for as cheap as £5 on amazon.co.uk and bookfinder.com. Again, hardcovers are much less likely to fall apart than the new paperback edition. (Avoid the Elementary version of this grammar; you can in fact download the entire correct version for free from textkit.com, though printing it will be a chore.)
There are other, perhaps more user-friendly, school grammars out there (e.g. Abbot and Mansfield or Morwood), but bear in mind that they are not proper reference grammars and simply do not have enough information to help you understand Ancient Greek at the level required by your set texts (e.g. you will find very little help with advanced syntax or the language of Homer in these). If you want a nicely laid-out and handy presentation of the word-tables (or paradigms) to supplement your grammar (though all the forms will be found in Smyth and Goodwin), then we recommend H. J. K. Usher’s Outline of Greek Accidence. We will, however, provide many paradigms here and in our Faculty classes, and you will find a variety of supplementary online materials at:
http://tinyurl.com/languagepacks2014
In order to deal more ably with the grammatical concepts we will meet in our classes you will find these volumes helpful:
• A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar, by Rodney Huddleston (ISBN 0-521-612888) • English Grammar for Students of Latin, by Norma Goldman (ISBN-13: 978-0-93-403434-0; ISBN-10: 0-93-403434-6)
As far as dictionaries go, we strongly recommend H. G. Liddell and R. Scott’s Abridged Greek Lexicon (ISBN-13: 978-0-19-910205-1; ISBN-10: 0-19-910205-8); the Intermediate version of this Lexicon is perhaps better, in that it has longer entries, but it has no more entries than the Abridged version and is bulkier and more expensive. The massive, £140 Greek-English “LSJ” is a research-standard lexicon and unnecessary for normal reading purposes, though you can download it for free via a PC and Mac application called “Diogenes” that’s online (just Google it) and even loaded into an iPhone very cheaply via an app called “Ancient Greek” or one called “Lexiphanes” from the Apple App Store.
You will find in this pack:
• a checklist of grammatical topics covered in Reading Greek 1–10
• a vocabulary list consisting of all the words in Reading Greek 1-10
• most of the paradigms presented in Reading Greek 1-10 (plus much more additional information)
• a list of verb principal parts in Reading Greek 1–10
We have created two online activities to complement the pack:
• http://www.quia.com/jg/1994849.html (vocabulary tester)
• http://www.quia.com/jg/1994893.html (principal parts tester)
Good luck with your studies and see you soon! checklist of grammar topics for Intensive Greek students
On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics. The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be given some choice):
Section A: Vocabulary: you will be expected to know the vocbulary from Reading Greek 1–10 (supplied here) Section B: Accidence: you will be expected to write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) of any word listed on this page (you will be given a starter form—no dual forms are expected): N.B. not every paradigm required has been supplied n the pack Section C: Principal Parts: you will be expected write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in this pack (you will be given a starter form) Section D: Syntax: you will be expected to translate from Greek into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as specified below
The assessment will take form as an hour-long online test. Many elements of the test will be generated randomly by computer, so each test will be unique. Some elements will be very simple and some will be more challenging. The test will be marked out of 100 points and only you and your Director of Studies will be given the results. The test is merely designed as a diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final mark or grade at all. adjectives and nouns, etc. • understanding of gender, case, and number in nouns and adjectives • declension and use of the definite article • noun and adjective declension of all three patterns of the words that appear in the Reading Greek vocabulary list (complete list and some tables supplied in this pack) • form and use of demonstratives, !"# and !$#, %&'("#, and )&!*# • form and use of personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns • form and use of comparatives, including irregulars for +,)-*#, .).*#, .)/*#, 01,)#, and 2%/3# verbs • understanding of person, number, tense, voice, and mood in verbs • understanding of verbal ‘aspect’ • conjugation of thematic (-4) verbs (e.g. /34) in the present, imperfect, aorist, and future (indicative, imperative, and optative only—no subjunctive), active and middle, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) • conjugation of contract verbs in the present and imperfect indicative, active and middle, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) • conjugation of (50" ‘be’, (60$ ‘shall go’, and %6') ‘know’ in the present, past, and future; optative and imperative (no subjunctive), including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) • understanding of contract futures, e.g. 0174 fut. 0(78 • understanding of 1st (= sigmatic) and 2nd aorists (thematic e.g. 9:)/%7 and athematic [= root] e.g. 9:;7) • root aorists 9:;7 and 9,747, plus infinitives and participles • conjugation of <;0", '37)0)$, =2">!)0)$, and '"'40$, plus infinitives and participles syntax • understanding of prepositions as occasioned in the Reading Greek vocabulary list (supplied in pack) • constructions with comparative adjectives • form and use of participles; understanding of participles used adverbially (= circumstantially) • understanding of verbs that take participles, e.g. !?,@A74 • understanding of verbs that take infinitives , e.g. :%3/%0)$ • understanding of indirect speech and indirect question • understanding of optative + B7
N.B. You are not responsible for every form that appears in the tables supplied in the language pack (e.g. dual forms of any word or aorist passives or the poetic forms of (50" ), only those forms covered by the descriptions above. The tables are meant to be fairly comprehensive and of use for future reference (e.g. when reading Homer). Note too that you will find many words printed with both iota subscript (e.g. C) and adscript (4$) forms as an aid to recognition; sometimes long (e.g. D) and short (E) marks have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing certain elements. conspectus of key Ancient Greek paradigms substantives 1. alpha stems (5 paradigms): !"#$%, &'"(), *+,)!!-, $).!%/, $0)$1)/ 2. omicron stems (5): 2$*(345/, 67(5$, $58/, 9)$58$, $07/ 3. consonant stems (15): :,41/, ;"(3$, 4(<;'), =>!3(, ?;@$, ?$>(, !(A>(%/, ;"$5/, ;"()/, B(3/, 4C,A/, 2D!E, F#*./, G)DA,0./, $)8/ 4. adjectives (13): ?;)*C/, 2HA5/, I,03/, #(ED58/, ?,%*>/, 0J0,4A/, G0,!13$, &6./, '",)/, #)(10A/, 4,5E/, O, P60, 5Q!5/, :90R$5/, !1/ & !A/, P/, PD!A/ 8. adverbs 9. correlatives verbs !"#$, !%#&, '%() 10. 0F'1 sum (7): pres. ind., inf., ptc., subj., opt. impv., impf. 11. 0S'A ibo (5): ‘—’ 12. 5S6) (7): ‘—’
-* verbs: +,* 13. ,.3 present tense stem (10): active & middle/passive, etc. 14. ,.3 aorist tense stem (T,ED): first aorists) (12): active, middle, and passive 15. ,.3 perfect tense stem (,",E9): first perfects [+ periphrastics]) (28=14x2): act. and m./p. 16. ,.3 future simple tense (,.D3) (6): active, middle, and passive contract verbs 17. !A'+3: alpha contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive 18. 45A"3: epsilon contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive 19. 6%,C3: omicron contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive 20. irregular contracts 1 (15: U+3 5, #(+5')A 5, and =A;C3 5) 21. irregular contracts 2 (10: 4,"3 5 + 6"5')A 5) root forms, etc. 22. thematic root aorists: T,A45$ (10=5x2) 23. athematic root aorists: TG%$ 4, T;$3$ 4, and T6E$ 4 (12=3x4) 24. second perfects: ID!%'A + 6"65A9) (10=2x5) 25. consonant stem perfects: ,",0A'')A 9!, (12=6x2)
-#& verbs: the ‘big four’ & varia 26. 6163'A pres. (10): active & middle/passive 27. T639) aor. (12): active, middle, and passive 28. !1*%'A pres. (10): active & middle/passive 29. T*%9) aor. (12): active, middle, and passive 30. ID!%'A pres. (10): active & middle/passive 31. TD!%D) aor. (16): active (1st and 2nd aor.), middle, and passive 32. I%'A pres. (10): active & middle/passive 33. 0V9) aor. (12): active, middle, and passive 34. 6019$E'A (10): active & middle/passive 35. W')A, 9+*%')A, and 90R')A present stem forms (13=3+5+5) 36. M%'1 and X'1 present stem forms (6=5+1)
TOTAL 364 key paradigms
first or !-stem declension nouns: five paradigms
! "#$%& (Attic & for '-stem =Reading Greek 1a) ‘craft’
sing. dual pl. nom. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() voc. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() acc. "#$%&% "#$%' "#$%'* gen. "#$%&* "#$%()% "+$%,% dat. "#$%- / "#$%&) "#$%()% "#$%()*
! !.#/' (' stem =RG 1b) ‘day’ (N.B. Ionic shows & for these words: !.#/&)
sing. dual pl. nom. !.#/' !.#/' !.#/() voc. !.#/' !.#/' !.#/() acc. !.#/'% !.#/' !.#/'* gen. !.#/'* !.#/()% !.+/,% dat. !.#/0 / !.#/() !.#/()% !.#/()*
! 123(""4 (4 stem =RG 1c) ‘sea’
sing. dual pl. nom. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() voc. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() acc. 123(""4% 1(32""' 1(32""'* gen. 1(32""&* 1(32""()% 1(3("",% dat. 1(32""- / 1(32""&) 1(32""()% 1(32""()*
5 %(6"&* (Attic & for '-stem masculine =RG 1d) ‘sailor’
sing. dual pl. nom. %(6"&* %(6"' %(7"() voc. %(7"4 %(6"' %(7"() acc. %(6"&% %(6"' %(6"'* gen. %(6"89 %(6"()% %(9",% dat. %(6"- / %(6"&) %(6"()% %(6"()*
5 %+'%:'* ('-stem masculine =RG 1d [sic]) ‘young man’
sing. dual pl. nom. %+'%:'* %+'%:' %+'%:() voc. %+'%:' %+'%:' %+'%:() acc. %+'%:'v %+'%:' %+'%:'* gen. %+'%:89 %+'%:()% %+'%),% dat. %+'%:0 / %+'%:() %+'%:()% %+'%:()*
N.B. '-stem contracts such as ! ;< (< ;+'- ‘earth’), ! .%= (< .%('- ‘mina’), 5 >/.<* (< >/.+'- ‘Hermes’), and 5 ?8//=* (< ?8/+'-) decline like "#$%&, !.#/', %(6"&*, and %+'%:'* respectively yet show final circumflex in all cases. second or !-stem declension nouns: five paradigms
!/" #$%&'()* (=RG 2a) ‘man’, ‘woman’, ‘human being’
sing. dual pl. nom. #$%&'()* +$%&,(' #$%&'()- voc. #$%&'(. +$%&,(' #$%&'()- acc. #$%&'()$ +$%&,(' +$%&,()/* gen. +$%&,()/ +$%&,()-$ +$%&,('$ dat. +$%&,(0 / +$%&,('- +$%&,()-$ +$%&,()-*
12 34&)$ (=RG 2b) ‘gift’
sing. dual pl. nom. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 voc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 acc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 gen. 3,&)/ 3,&)-$ 3,&'$ dat. 3,&0 / 3,&'- 3,&)-$ 3,&)-*
! $)6* (contracted from $7)-*) ‘mind’ (8.9. Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms.)
sing. dual pl. nom. $)6* (< $7)-*) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) voc. $)6 (< $7.) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) acc. $)6$ (< $7)-$) $, (< $7') $)6* ($7)/*) gen. $)6 (< $7)/) $):$ (< $7)-$) $4$ (< $7'$) dat. $; / $4- (< $7'-) $):$ (< $7)-$) $):* (< $7)-*)
12 <5$)6$ (contracted from <5$=)-$) ‘basket’ (8.9. Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms.)
sing. dual pl. nom. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) voc. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) acc. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) gen. <5$)6 (< <5$=)/) <5$):$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$4$ (< <5$='$) dat. <5$; / <5$4- (< <5$='-) <5$):$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$):* (< <5$=)-*)
! $.,* (so-called ‘Attic declension’ because peculiar to Attic [and not Koine]) ‘temple’
sing. dual pl. nom. $.,* (Ionic $?7-*) $., (Ion. $?,) $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?)A) voc. $.,* (no special form) $., (Ion. $?,) $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?)A) acc. $.,$ (Ion. $?7-$) $., (Ion. $?,) $.,* (Ion. $?)B*) gen. $., (Ion. $?)6) $.@$ / $.,-$ (Ion. $?):$) $.,$ (Ion. $?4$) dat. $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?;) $.@$ / $.,-$ (Ion. $?):$) $.@* / $.,-* (Ion. $?):*) similar words: ! C.$=D.'*, " E'* ‘dawn’ (Ion. F,*), ! D.,* ‘people’ (Ion. DG7*), ! * +,!-. (+,!/(-) ‘hope’ (=RG 3a * 012) 3 %4560 (%7580'-) ‘old man’ '9 !5:%;< (!5=%;<'-) ‘thing’ (=RG 3b) sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. +,!-. +,!-(7 +,!-(7. %4560 %4580'7 %4580'7. !5:%;< !5>%;<'7 !5>%;<'< voc. +,!- +,!-(7 +,!-(7. %4580 %4580'7 %4580'7. !5:%;< !5>%;<'7 !5>%;<'< acc. +,!-(< +,!-(7 +,!-(<. %4580'< %4580'7 %4580'<. !5:%;< !5>%;<'7 !5>%;<'< gen. +,!-(8. +,!-(8/0 +,!-(60 %4580'8. %75?0'8/0 %75?0'60 !5>%;<'8. !5<%;>'8/0 !5<%;>'60 dat. +,!-(/ +,!-(8/0 +,!-@/(0) %4580'/ %75?0'8/0 %458A@/(0) !5>%;<'/ !5<%;>'8/0 !5>%;<@/(0) Cf. * )5-2 ‘hair’: )5-2, )5-2, '5-&<, '5/&?., '5/&-, etc. and 3/* B50C. ‘bird’: B50C., B50C, B50C0, B50C)8., B50C)/, etc. (similarly * &>5/. ‘grace’). three key liquid (,, 5) & nasal (0) stems 3 DE'65 (DF'85-) ‘speaker’ 3 G%H0 (G%60-) ‘contest’ (=RG 3a 3 ,/;E0) 3 G0E5 (G075- or G0(5-) ‘man’ sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. DE'65 DE'857 DE'857. G%H0 G%I07 G%I07. G0E5 J05(7 J0(57. voc. DK'85 DE'857 DE'857. G%H0 G%I07 G%I07. J075 J05(7 J0(57. acc. DE'85< DE'857 DE'85<. G%I0< G%I07 G%I0<. J0(5< J05(7 J0(5<. gen. DE'858. DF'?58/0 DF'?560 G%I08. G%H08/0 G%H060 G0(5?. G0(58L0 G0(5I0 dat. DE'85/ DF'?58/0 DE'85@/(0) G%I0/ G%H08/0 G%I@/(0) G0(5- G0(58L0 G0(5>@/(0) three key sigma stems (stems in –7. and –<. with intervocalic @ disappearing; M.N. Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms.) 3 '5/E5F. ('5/F57@-) ‘trireme’ (=RG 3d) '9 %408. (%707@-) ‘kind’ (=RG 3c '9 !,K)8.) '9 %45<. (%75<@-) ‘prize’ sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. '5/E5F. '5/E57/ (<77) '5/E57/. (<77.) %408. %407/ %40F (<7<) %45<. %45= (<<7) %45= (<<<) voc. '5/K57. '5/E57/ '5/E57/. %408. %407/ %40F %45<. %45= %45= acc. '5/E5F (<7<) '5/E57/ '5/E57/. %408. %407/ %40F %45<. %45= %45= gen. '5/E58A. (<78.) '5/E58/0 '5/E560 (<760) %408A. %708L0 %70I0 %456. (<<8.) %75O0 / %75I/0 %75I0 dat. '5/E57/ '5/E58/0 '5/E57@/(0) (<7@@/) %407/ %708L0 %407@/(0) %45 M.N. P6$5>'F. like '5/E5F. yet Q75/$,K., Q75-$,7/., Q75/$,4=, Q75/$,48A., Q75/$,7L: stem is Q75/$,7(ϝ)7@-. N.B. * ! "#$% (&#$ϝ-) ‘hero’ & '()*% ('+)*-) ‘city’ (=RG 3e) ,- ./,0 (1/,0-) ‘town’ (=RG 3f) sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()*% '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3 voc. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()* '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3 acc. "#$4 / "#$ / "#$5 "#$2 "#$4% / "#$% '()*5 '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3 gen. "#$+% / "#$ +*5 $5 '()2$% (-+% Trag.) '+)7+*5 '()2$5 ./,2$% 1/,7+*5 ./,2$5 dat. "#$* / "#8 / "#$* +*5 "#$/*(5) '()2* '+)7+*5 '()2/*(5) ./,2* 1/,7+*5 ./,2/*(5) ! 9:;<% (9:;0-) ‘fish’ (=RG 3h =>#<%) ! ?4/*)2<% ‘king’ (=RG 3g) & 54@% ‘ship’ sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. 9:;<% 9:;<2 9:;<2% ?4/*)2<% ?4/*)A ?4/*)A% / ?4/*)2B% later 54@% 5A2 5A2% voc. 9:;< 9:;<2 9:;<2% ?4/*)2@ ?4/*)A ?4/*)A% / ?4/*)2B% later 54@ 5A2 5A2% acc. 9:;<5 9:;<2 9:;@% ?4/*)7C ?4/*)A ?4/*)7C% / ?4/*)2B% later 54@5 5A2 54@% gen. 9:;<+% 9:;<+*5 9:;<$5 ?4/*)7$% ?4/*)7+*5 ?4/*)7$5 526% 52+B5 52D5 dat. 9:; N.B. stems in –+*: & '2*;6 ‘persuasion’: '2*;6, '2*;+B, '2*;6, '2*;+@%, '2*;+B; similarly & H:6 ‘echo’ and I4'>6; duals and plurals are second declension. some Homeric forms (red forms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer]) '()*% ?4/*)2<% 54@% sing. pl. sing. pl. sing. pl. nom. '()*% '()*2% / -32% ?4/*)2<% ?4/*)A2% / -72% Hdt. 53@% 572% voc. '()* '()2*% ?4/*)2@ ?4/*)A% / ?4/*)2B% 54@ 5A2% acc. '()*5 '()J% /-*4% /-34% ?4/*)A4 / -7K ?4/*)A4% 5A4 / 574 5A4% / 574% gen. '()*+% / -3+% '+)G$5 ?4/*)A+% / -7+% ?4/*)7$5 53(% / 52(% 53D5 dat. '()J / -*E / -3* '()*/*(5) / -G2//*(5) ?4/*)A* / -7E ?4/*)L2//* 53F 530/G(5) / 5L2//*(5) / 572//*(5) three irregular nouns & M05L ‘woman’ ! 0N(% (0[N]+-, 0[N]2-, 0N-) ‘son’ (exclusively Homeric forms in red) ! O2<% sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. nom. M05L M054BP2 M054BP2% (Com. M054G) 0N(% / 0N7+% 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+G / 0(N)2B% / 0N72% / 0Q2% O2<% voc. M<54* M054BP2 M054BP2% 0N7 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+G / 0(N)2B% / 0N72% / 0Q2% O2@ M054BP4 acc. M054BP2 M054BP4% (Com. M05R%) 0N(5 / 0N74 / 0Q4 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+<% / 0(N)2B% / 0N74% / 0Q4% SG4 (OA54) (Com. M05L5) gen. M054*P(% M054*P+B5 M054*PD5 0(N)+@ / 0(N)7+% / 0Q+% 0N+B5 / 0N7+*5 0(N)D5 / 0(N)7$5 S*(% (O35(%) dat. M054*PG M054*P+B5 M054*TG(5) 0(N)U / 0(N)2B / 0N7E / 0Q* 0N+B5 / 0N7+*5 0(N)+B% / 0(N)7/*(5) / 0NR/*(5) S*F (O35G) adjectives: 13 key paradigms !"#$%& ' %( ‘good’ singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. !"#$%& !"#$' !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+, !"#$#, !"#$* voc. !"#$- !"#$' !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+, !"#$#, !"#$* acc. !"#$%( !"#$'( !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+.& !"#$*& !"#$* gen. !"#$+/ !"#$0& !"#$+/ !"#$+1( !"#$#1( !"#$+1( !"#$2( !"#$2( !"#$2( !"#$3 / !"#$5 / !"#$3 / dat. !"#$+1( !"#$#1( !"#$+1( !"#$+1& !"#$#1& !"#$+1& !"#$24 !"#$04 !"#$24 674+& 8 +( ‘worthy’ nom 674+& !7,8 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 674+4 674#4 674# voc. 674: !7,8 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 674+4 674#4 674# acc. 674+( !7,8( 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 !7,+;& !7,8& 674# gen. !7,+; !7,8& !7,+; !7,+4( !7,#4( !7,+4( !7,9( !7,9( !7,9( !7,< / !7,= / !7,< / dat. !7,+4( !7,#4( !7,+4( !7,+4& !7,#4& !7,+4& !7,94 !7,#4 !7,94 >?:9& 9( ‘propitious’ (‘Attic declension’) m.&f. n. m.&f. n. m.&f. n. nom. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# voc. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# acc. >?:9( >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:9& >?:# gen. >?:9 >?:9 >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<( / >?:94( >?:9( >?:9( dat. >?:< / >?:94 >?:< / >?:94 >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<& / >?:94& >?:<& / >?:94& N.B. similar adjectives @2& ‘safe’ (also @2+&) and A?-9& ‘full’; A?-9& has three endings: A?-9& A?-8 A?-9( BC?. DEF@+/& 0 +/( ‘golden’ (contract adjectives in –:+& and –++&; Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G voc. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G acc. DEF@+/( DEF@0( DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+/& DEF@G& DEF@G gen. DEF@+/ DEF@0& DEF@+/ DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@2( DEF@2( DEF@2( DEF@3 / DEF@5 / DEF@3 / dat. DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@+1& DEF@#1& DEF@+1& DEF@24 DEF@04 DEF@24 N.B. similar adjectives !E".E:+& ‘silver’, @4H'E:+& ‘iron’, :I(++& ‘well disposed’, and JA?%+& ‘simple’. !?K$'& -& ‘true’ (sigma stem with intervocalic @ disappearing; Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom. !?K$'& !?K$-& !?K$:1 (:@-:) !?K$:1& (:@-:&) !?K$0 (:@-#) voc. !?K$-& !?K$-& !?K$:1 !?K$:1& !?K$0 acc. !?K$0 (:@-#) !?K$-& !?K$:1 !?K$:1& !?K$0 gen. !?K$+/& (:@-+&) !?K$+/& !?K$+1( !?K$2( !?K$2( dat. !?K$:1 (:@-4) !?K$:1 !?K$+1( !?K$-@4(() !?K$-@4(() :I:?A4& 4 ‘hopeful’ nom. :I:?A4& :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# voc. :I:?A4 :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# acc. :I:?A4( :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H#& :L-?A4H# gen. :L-?A4H+& :L-?A4H+& :L:?A,H+4( :L:?A,H9( :L:?A,H9( dat. :L-?A4H4 :L-?A4H4 :L:?A,H+4( :L-?A4@4(() :L-?A4@4(() !"#$%&' (' ‘better’ nom. !"#$%&' !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('"+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& voc. !)#$*(' !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('"+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& acc. !"#$%('- / !"#$%& !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('-+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& gen. !"#$%('(+ !"#$%('(+ !"#$*.'(*' !"#$*.'&' !"#$*.'&' dat. !"#$%('* !"#$%('* !"#$*.'(*' !"#$%(/*(') !"#$%(/*(') 012+ "34 2 ‘pleasant’ nom. 012+ 01"3- 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- voc. 012 01"3- 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- acc. 012' 01"3-' 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"%5+ 01)- gen. 01)(+ 01"%5+ 01)(+ 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)&' 01"*6' 01)&' 01"%7 / dat. 01"3 01"3 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)/*(') 01"%-*+ 01)/*(') 01"%-* 8)#5+ -*'4 -' ‘black’ nom. 8)#5+ 8)#-*'- 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- voc. 8)#-' 8)#-*'- 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- acc. 8)#-'- 8)#-*'-' 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'-+ 8"#-%'5+ 8)#-'- gen. 8)#-'(+ 8"#-%'9+ 8)#-'(+ 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8"#:'&' 8"#-*'6' 8"#:'&' 8"#-%'; / dat. 8)#-'* 8)#-'* 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8)#-/*(') 8"#-%'-*+ 8)#-/*(') 8"#-%'9* N.B. adjectives in -9', -"*'4, -"' decline similarly (e.g. $)<9', $)<"*'-, $)<"' [gen. $)<"'(+, $"<"%'9+ =$#] ‘tender’). >-<%"*+ "//4 "' ‘graceful’ (stems in '$) nom. >-<%"*+ >-<%"//- >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$"+ >-<*)//-* >-<%"'$- voc. >-<%"' >-<%"//- >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$"+ >-<*)//-* >-<%"'$- acc. >-<%"'$- >-<%"//-' >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$-+ >-<*)//5+ >-<%"'$- gen. >-<%"'$(+ >-<*)//9+ >-<%"'$(+ >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)//-*' >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)'$&' >-<*"//6' >-<*)'$&' >-<*)//; / dat. >-<%"'$* >-<%"'$* >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)//-*' >-<*)'$(*' >-<%"/*(') >-<*)//-*+ >-<%"/*(') >-<*)//9* N.B. adjectives in -."*+ and -?"*+ decline similarly (e.g. 8"#*$."*+ ‘honied’ and @&'?"*+ ‘voiced’; they can contract: 8"#*$(A+). BC+ BC/4 BC' ‘all’ nom. BC+ BC/- BC' B:'$"+ BC/-* B:'$- voc. BC+ BC/- BC' B:'$"+ BC/-* B:'$- acc. B:'$- BC/-' BC' dual not attested in Classical Greek B:'$-+ B:/5+ B:'$- gen. B-'$.+ B:/9+ B-'$.+ B:'$&' B-/6' B:'$&' dat. B-'$% B:/; / B:/9* B-'$% BC/*(') B:/-*+ BC/*(') 8)D-+ 8"D:#9 8)D- nom. 8)D-+ 8"D:#9 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(* 8"D:#-* 8"D:#- voc. 8"D:#" 8"D:#9 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(* 8"D:#-* 8"D:#- acc. 8)D-' 8"D:#9' 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(,+ 8"D:#5+ 8"D:#- gen. 8"D:#(, 8"D:#9+ 8"D:#(, 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#-*' 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#&' 8"D:#&' 8"D:#&' 8"D:#E / 8"D:#; 8"D:#E / dat. 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#-*' 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#(*+ 8"D:#-*+ 8"D:#(*+ 8"D:#&* 8"D:#9* 8"D:#&* B(#2+ B(##? B(#2 nom. B(#2+ B(##? B(#2 B(##(% B(##-% B(##: voc. B(#2 B(##? B(#2 B(##(% B(##-% B(##: acc. B(#2' B(##?' B(#2 B(##(2+ B(##:+ B(##: dual not attested gen. B(##(A B(##F+ B(##(A B(##6' B(##6' B(##6' B(##G / B(##H / B(##G / dat. B(##(3+ B(##-3+ B(##(3+ B(##6* B(##F* B(##6* comparative adjectives regular comparative forms: positive comparative superlative e.g. -!" -#$%!" -#&#!" important irregular comparative forms: '(&)*" good '+$,-.- /%01#!" aptitude or worth 2$3#,.- 243#01#!" virtue 5%$,11.- 5%6#01#!" superiority 378.- (Att. 39.-) 3:1#!" desirability (3.;#$%!" poet.) 5&5*" bad 5&5,.- 56501#!" cowardice <$,%.- <$,%01#!" insufficiency =11.- =501#!" (can also go with +05%*" and >3,(!") (rare yet adv. =501#& common) 5&3*" beautiful 5&33,.- 563301#!" +4(&" great +$,?.- +4(01#!" +05%*" small +05%*#$%!" +05%*#&#!" @3611.- @36<01#!" size or quantity +$,.- (+$A1#!" rare) (can also go with >3,(!") >3,(!" little (>3$,?.- rare) >3,(01#!" >30(7#$%!" (late) B!3C" much B3$,.- B3$A1#!" also B34.- DEF0!" easy DE.- DG1#!" #& H,3!" dear (H,3#$%!" poet.) H,3#&#!" H03&,#$%!" H03&,#&#!" (H03,.- Hom.) the declension of 2$3#,.- (watch carefully for alternate forms): m./f. sing. neut. sing. m./f. pl. neut. pl. nom. 2$3#,.- 243#0!- 2$3#,!-$" 2$3#,!-& 2$3#,!I" 2$3#,. acc. 2$3#,!-& 243#0!- 2$3#,!-&" 2$3#,!-& 2$3#,. 2$3#,!I" 2$3#,. gen. 2$3#,!-!" 2$3#,!-!" 2$3#0*-.- 2$3#0*-.- dat. 2$3#,!-0 2$3#,!-0 2$3#,!10(-) 2$3#,!10(-) participles: 8 key paradigms !"#$, !"%&'(, !)%$: present active participle of !"# singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. !"#$ !"%&'* !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+,. !"%&'*/ !"%$+* voc. !"#$ !"%&'* !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+,. !"%&'*/ !"%$+* acc. !"%$+* !"%&'*$ !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+*. !&%"'*. !"%$+* gen. !"%$+%. !&%"'0. !"%$+%. !&1$+%/$ !&%"'*/$ !&1$+%/$ !&1$+#$ !&%&'2$ !&1$+#$ !&%"'3 / dat. !"%$+/ !"%$+/ !&1$+%/$ !&%"'*/$ !&1$+%/$ !"%&'/($) !&%"'*/. !"%&'/($) !&%"'0/ !"'*., !"'*'(, !)'*$: aorist active participle of !"# singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. !"'*. !"'*'* !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+,. !"'*'*/ !"'*$+* voc. !"'*. !"'*'* !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+,. !"'*'*/ !"'*$+* acc. !"'*$+* !"'*'*$ !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+*. !&'4'*. !"'*$+* gen. !"'*$+%. !&'4'0. !"'*$+%. !&'4$+%/$ !&'4'*/$ !&'4$+%/$ !&'4$+#$ !&'*'2$ !&'4$+#$ !&'4'3 / dat. !"'*$+/ !"'*$+/ !&'4$+%/$ !&'4'*/$ !&'4$+%/$ !"'*'/($) !&'4'*/. !"'*'/($) !&'4'0/ !&5,6., !&5,7'(, !&58$: aorist passive participle of !"# (so +/5,6., pres. act. ptcp. of +6509/) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. !&5,6. !&5,7'* !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+,. !&5,7'*/ !&58$+* voc. !&5,6. !&5,7'* !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+,. !&5,7'*/ !&58$+* acc. !&58$+* !&5,7'*$ !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+*. !&5,6'*. !&58$+* gen. !&58$+%. !&5,6'0. !&58$+%. !&58$+%/$ !&5,6'*/$ !&58$+%/$ !&58$+#$ !&5,/'2$ !&58$+#$ !&5,6'3 / dat. !&58$+/ !&58$+/ !&58$+%/$ !&5,6'*/$ !&58$+%/$ !&5,7'/($) !&5,6'*/. !&5,7'/($) !&5,6'0/ :/:%"., :/:%)'(, :/:1$: present active participle of :6:#9/ (so :%"., aor. act. ptcp. of :6:#9/) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+* voc. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+* acc. :/:1$+* :/:%)'*$ :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+*. :/:%"'*. :/:1$+* gen. :/:1$+%. :/:%"'0. :/:1$+%. :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:1$+#$ :/:%&'2$ :/:1$+#$ :/:%"'3 / dat. :/:1$+/ :/:1$+/ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%)'/($) :/:%"'*/. :/:%)'/($) :/:%"'0/ !"#$%&', !"#$%()*, !"#$%&%: present active participle of !"+$%,-# (so .&', 2nd aor. act. ptcp. of .&/) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. !"#$%&' !"#$%()0 !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%1"' !"#$%()0# !"#$%&%10 voc. !"#$%&' !"#$%()0 !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%1"' !"#$%()0# !"#$%&%10 acc. !"#$%&%10 !"#$%()0% !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%10' !"#$%&)0' !"#$%&%10 gen. !"#$%&%13' !"#$%&)4' !"#$%&%13' !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&)0#% !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&%1/% !"#$%,)5% !"#$%&%1/% !"#$%&)6 / dat. !"#$%&%1# !"#$%&%1# !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&)0#% !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%()#(%) !"#$%&)0#' !"#$%()#(%) !"#$%&)4# 7"7,$8', 7"7,$,9*, 7"7,$:': perfect active participle of 7&/ singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10 voc. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10 acc. 7"7,$:10 7"7,$,90% 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:10' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:10 gen. 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:1/% 7"7,$,#5% 7"7,$:1/% 7"7,$,+; / dat. 7"7,$:1# 7"7,$:1# 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:)#(%) 7"7,$,+0#' 7"7,$:)#(%) 7"7,$,+0# 1#-5%, 1#-5)*, 1#-5%: present active participle of 1#- acc. 1#-5%10 1#-5)0% 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%10' 1#-8)0' 1#-5%10 gen. 1#-5%13' 1#-8)4' 1#-5%13' 1#-8%13#% 1#-8)0#% 1#-8%13#% 1#-8%1/% 1#-/)5% 1#-8%1/% 1#-8)6 / dat. 1#-5%1# 1#-5%1# 1#-8%13#% 1#-8)0#% 1#-8%13#% 1#-5)#(%) 1#-8)0#' 1#-5)#(%) 1#-8)4# =3#5%, =3#3()*, =3#3(%: present active participle of =3#>/ (so !475%, pres. act. ptcp. of !47:/) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. =3#5% =3#3()0 =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%1"' =3#3()0# =3#3(%10 voc. =3#5% =3#3()0 =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%1"' =3#3()0# =3#3(%10 acc. =3#3(%10 =3#3()0% =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%10' =3#3&)0' =3#3(%10 gen. =3#3(%13' =3#3&)4' =3#3(%13' =3#3&%13#% =3#3&)0#% =3#3&%13#% =3#3&%1/% =3#3,)5% =3#3&%1/% =3#3&)6 / dat. =3#3(%1# =3#3(%1# =3#3&%13#% =3#3&)0#% =3#3&%13#% =3#3()#(%) =3#3&)0#' =3#3()#(%) =3#3&)4# pronouns: 13 key paradigms personal pronoun !"# singular dual plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 nom. !"# $% ———— &# $'# $'() Hom. *+),- .+),- $'),- acc. !+/ / +) $/ / $) 0 / 1 &# $'# $'() Hom. *+2- .+2- $'2- gen. !+34 / +35 $34 / $35 36 / 3. &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+9& .+9& $'9& dat. !+3: / +3; $3: / $3; 3< / 3= &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+,& .+,& $',& N.B. The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic; the third singulars are rare in Attic prose. Att. >?@A& = Hom. +;& Trag. &;&. intensive pronoun >?@A- singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. >?@A- >?@B >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3: >?@>: >?@C acc. >?@A& >?@B& >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3%- >?@C- >?@C gen. >?@34 >?@D- >?@34 >?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@9& >?@9& >?@9& >?@7 / >?@E / >?@7 / dat. >?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@3,- >?@>,- >?@3,- >?@9; >?@D; >?@9; F.G. >?@A- as adjective (in predicate w.o. w/ def. art.) = ipse, in attributive w.o. w/ def. art. = idem, as an oblique pronoun = is. reflexive pronoun !+>5@A& (no dual) singular plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 $'2- >?@3%-, C- or acc. !+>5@A&, B& $)>5@A&, B& ($>5@A&) 1>5@A&, B&, A (>.@A&) *+2- >?@3%-, C- .+2- >?@3%-, C- 1>5@3%- (>.@3%-) $'9& >?@9& or gen. !+>5@34, D- $)>5@34, D- ($>5@34) 1>5@34, D-, 34 (>.@34) *+9& >?@9& .+9& >?@9& 1>5@9& (>.@9&) !+>5@7, E / $)>5@7, E ($>5@7) / 1>5@7, E, 7 / (>.@7) $':$;& >?@3,-, >,- or dat. *+,& >?@3,-, >,- .+,& >?@3,-, >,- !+>5@9;, D; $)>5@9;, D; ($>5@9;) 1>5@9;, D;, 9; (>.@9;) 1>5@3,- (>.@3,-) possessive pronoun !+A- (no dual), declines like H">IA- singular plural m. f. n. m. f. n. 1 !+A- !+B !+A& *+/@)J3- *+)@/JK *+/@)J3& 2 $A- $B $A& .+/@)J3- .+)@/JK .+/@)J3& 3 L- or 1A- Hom. M or 1B Hom. L& or 1A& Hom. $'/@)J3- $')@/JK $'/@)J3& F.G. L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer. reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular) dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. acc. HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBN>- ONNPN> gen. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& dat. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN3;- HNNBN>;- HNNBN3;- definite article Q singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. Q * @A @# @# @# 3= >= @C acc. @A& @B& @A @# @# @# @3%- @C- @C gen. @34 @D- @34 @3,& @3,& @3,& @9& @9& @9& dat. @7 / @9; @E / @D; @7 / @9; @3,& @3,& @3,& @3,- @>,- @3,- N.B. @C and @>,& are very rare in the feminine dual. demonstrative pronoun !"# (iste): can take deictic suffix -$: %"& singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. !"# '"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# +,"# -,"# (."# acc. ()/"# (0/"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# (+12"# (.2"# (."# gen. (+3"# (42"# (+3"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (6/"# (6/"# (6/"# (7"# / (9"# / (7"# / dat. (+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+52"# (-52"# (+52"# (68"# (48"# (68"# N.B. other demonstratives built on !"#: (+2)2"# ‘so much’ (tantus), (+8)2"# ‘such’ (talis), (:;8<)2"# ‘of such an age’. demonstrative pronoun +=(+> (hic): can take deictic suffix -$: +?(+2& singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. +=(+> -@(: (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc. (+3(+/ (-1(:/ (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+B> (-1(-> (-3(- gen. (+1(+B (-1(:> (+1(+B (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(A/ (+1(A/ (+1(A/ (+1(C / (-1(D / (+1(C / dat. (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8> (-1(-8> (+1(+8> (+1(A8 (-1(:8 (+1(A8 N.B. other demonstratives built on +=(+>: (+2+3(+> ‘so much’ (tantus), (+8+3(+> ‘such’ (talis), (:;8<+3(+> ‘of such an age’. demonstrative pronoun E<#5/+> (ille) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. E<#5/+> E<#&/: E<#5/+ E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#5/+8 E<#5/-8 E<#5/- acc. E<#5/+/ E<#&/:/ E<#5/+ E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/+B> E<#&/-> E<#5/- gen. E<#&/+B E<#&/:> E<#&/+B E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/A/ E<#&/A/ E<#&/A/ E<#&/C / E<#&/D / E<#&/C / dat. E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8> E<#&/-8> E<#&/+8> E<#&/A8 E<#&/:8 E<#&/A8 interrogative pronoun (&> (quis) singular dual plural m. & f. n. m. & f. & n. m. & f. n. nom. (&> (& (&/# (&/#> (&/- acc. (&/- (& (&/# (&/-> (&/- gen. (&/+> or (+3 (&/+> or (+3 (&/+8/ (&/A/ (&/A/ dat. (&/8 or (7 / (68 (&/8 or (7 / (68 (&/+8/ (&28(/) (&28(/) indefinite pronoun (8> ([ali]quis): an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentence—freq. it has none) singular dual plural m. & f. n. m. & f. & n. m. & f. n. nom. (F> (F (8/G (8/G> (8/. (sts H((-) acc. (8/. (F (8/G (8/.> (8/. (sts H((-) gen. (8/)> or (+3 (8/)> or (+3 (8/+5/ (8/6/ (8/6/ dat. (8/& or (7 / (68 (8/& or (7 / (68 (8/+5/ (82&(/) (82&(/) relative pronoun !> (qui) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. & f. & n. m. f. n. nom. !> ' ! I +, -, J acc. !/ '/ ! I +@> J> J gen. += K> += +L/ M/ M/ M/ dat. N / M8 O / K8 N / M8 +L/ +L> -L> +L> indefinite relative pronoun !2(8> (quicumque): o3/, "0, or "0P+(# may be added: e.g. %/(8/--":-P+(-+3/ singular dual plural m. f. n. m. & f. & n. m. f. n. nom. !2(8> '(8> ! (8 (sts !(8) I(8/# +,(8/#> -,(8/#> J(8/- (sts J((-) acc. !/(8/- '/(8/- ! (8 (sts !(8) I(8/# +@2(8/-> J2(8/-> J(8/- (sts J((-) gen. +=(8/+> or !(+B K2(8/+> +=(8/+> or !(+B +L/(8/+8/ M/(8/A/ or !(A/ M/(8/A/ M/(8/A/ or !(A/ N(8/8 / M8(8/8 O(8/8 / N(8/8 / M8(8/8 dat. +L/(8/+8/ +L2(828(/) or !(+8> -L2(828(/) +L2(828(/) or !(+8> or !(C / !(A8 K8(8/8 or !(C / !(A8 table of correlatives indefinite relative interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative or indirect interrogative % Homeric &# Homeric (is) &/!$# (quisquis or !"# (quis) !$# ([ali]quis) &'( (iste) &# (qui) quicumque) )*!)# (hic) +,(-.)# (ille) 01!(2)# also %01!(2)# 01!(2)# (uter) spelled 0)!(21# 3!(2)# (alter) %01!(2)# (uter[cumque]) (uter[cumque]) !1/)# Poet. %01/)# 01/)# (quantus) 0)/1# (aliquantus) !)/1/'( or &/)# (quantus) (quantuscumque) !)/)4!)# (tantus) !)-)# Poet. %0)-)# 0)-)# (qualis) 0)$1# (qualis) !)$1/'( or )5)# (qualis) (qualiscumque) !)$)4!)# (talis) !67",)# Poet. 067",)# 067",)# !67$,1/'( or 87",)# %067",)# !67$,)4!)# :.;< Poet. (e!) +.;='( (ist!, h"c) :.;< Poet. &0)9 0)4 (ubi) 0)9 (alicubi) +.!<4;< (h"c, ill"c, ibi) )* (qu!) (qu!cumque) +,(- (ill"c) :.;(. Poet. (hinc) +.;>.'( (hinc) :.;(. Poet. %01;(. 01;(. (unde) 0);(. (alicunde) +.!(4;(. (hinc, illinc) &;(. (unde) (undecumque) +,(-;(. (illinc) :.;< Poet. (ist#c, h#c) :.;< Poet. &0)$ 0)- (qu!) 0)$ (aliqu!) +.!<4;< (h#c, ill#c) )5 (qu!) (qu!cumque) +,(-/( (ill#c) %01!( 01!( (quando) 0)!( (aliquando) !1!( (tum, tunc) &!( (quando) (quandocumque) !6.",< Poet. 06.",< ———— !6.$,='( 8.",< %06.",< !6.$,<4!< !? Poet. (e$) !?'( (ist$, h$c) &0@ 0? (qu$) 0@ (aliqu$) B (qu$) ! 0)/=,$# 0)/=,$# !1/<,$# %/=,$# %0)/=,$# (quotie[n]s) (aliquotie[n]s) (totie[n]s) (quotie[n]s) (quotienscumque) 01/!)# (which in the 0)/!1# ———— ———— %01/!)# ordinal series?) adverbs (see Smyth §§341–345) 1. Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms, e.g.: nominative: !"#, $!%#, &'%()# accusative: (very common) !*+,-', !-.", (/0*1', ,2(3*-', !-..4 genitive: !-5, -6, %7,-5, 8#9:, ;0!-<=', ;(!-<=' dative: !>, ,><3, ,%",?, <@(-A)B, 0-/'>, .4C*B locative: -D0-/, !-E, FAC(-E, C"*%A/, GC2'@A/, !4.%/, ;03E, !%'<@(3E instrumental: H'I, 04,I, -J!I, K<3, 0*LM9, .4C*N ablative: O:, -P,I:, 8,Q*I: 2. Typical adverb endings: -I:: 3. Place-adverbs: place where place from place towards -/, -C/, -A/ or -oL -C3' -<3, -X3, -A3 -D0-/, -D0-C/ -D0-C3' -D0%<3, -Y01'<3 H..-C/, &..%R-5 H..-C3', &..%R1C3' H..-A3, &..%R1A3 &(M-,Q*IC/ &(M-,Q*IC3' &(M-,Q*IA3 !%',%R-E !%',%R1C3' !%',%R1A3 %7,-5 %7,1C3' %7,1A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3' Z(1A3 GC2'@A/ GC2'@C3' GC2'%X3 [.L(!)%A/ [.L(!)%C3' [.L(!)%X3 4. Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms, superlatives on neuter plurals: 0%.+: 04../-' 04../A,% (4.% (\..-' (4./A,% 3] H(3/'-' H*/A,% A-M+: A-M=,3*-' A-M=,%,% H'I &'I,Q*I &'I,4,I !1**I !-**I,Q*I !-**I,4,I prepositions accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases !"#$ round about, near concerning about (poetic) %&$ to, toward, for on on "'() after with among, in (Epic) &*+) to, contrary to from chez, apud &'+$ round about, concerning about, because of concerning &+,- to, toward on the side of at, besides, in addition to .&, under by, under under, by taking 2 cases !/) up along, through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2*() along, over, down from, against according to .&3+ over, beyond above, on behalf of taking 1 case !/($ opposite to, in return for !&, from, away from '4- (%-) into, to %2, %5 out, out of, from, from within %/ in &+, before, for 67/ (57/) with case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin: some major categories for the full accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy), if you have German (or even if you don’t) see Schwyzer vol. 2 and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr accusative can be said to fall into four major uses: 1. direct object 2. marking motion or extent (of time or place): Romam, quattor dies 3. cognate accusative: uitam uiuo, !"#$% !&#'()*$& (a.k.a. figura etymologica) 4. adverbial accusative (! accusative of respect): quid, +&: ‘somewhat’ genitive N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ABLATIVE 2. PARTITIVE 3. OF BELONGING (‘Pertinentiv’) 4. SYNCRETISTIC 1. ‘adnominal’: genitives that ‘qualify’ nouns: fratris mors = mors fraterna 2. genitive of the charge, memory (and forgetting), source of emotion: ADVERBIAL 3. possessive: +, -"-.&)/ $0+)1; N.B. hominis errare est, 2/!3,% 24$5)1 6738 +9/ *74":+;/ :<*-)<.7=7&/ 4. subjective: amor Dei 5. objective: amor Dei 6. partitive: tantum pecuniae, 7>% +):)1+)/ ?-37;% 7. of definition (‘appositional’): uirtus iustitiae (Eng. ‘the city of London’ but Lat. urbs Roma) 8. of description: homo eius modi 9. of price and value: magni facio, 6)..)1 @/ +)1+) 6)&A:$"*A/ 10. ‘time within which’: anni, B/&$<+)1 or C+)<% 11. of the sphere or ‘respect’: D !<:+'.$&/$ +E% B*E% $05$!"$% Eur. Med. 1028 12. Gk only: of separation (Lat. abl.) (normally with prepositions or prep. prefixes) dative (= Eng. ‘to’ and ‘for’) N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ‘TRUE’ DATIVE 2. LOCATIVE 3. INSTRUMENTAL 4. SYNCRETISTIC 1. of the indirect object: librum mihi da 2. of reference or advantage (or disadvantage): me tibi exorno 3. of agent: mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or 676)"A+$" *)& (Gk perfects only) 4. ethic: quid mihi Celsus agit? ‘Tell me, what is Celsus up to?’ (cf. Gk +)& ‘I tell you’—freq. in Homer and Plato) 5. of possession: est mihi liber: we normally find esse or 7F/$& here (or implied), but not always 6. predicative or purpose + reference: LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN: saluti urbi fuit, praesidio mihi es 7. Gk only: of instrument (Lat. abl.) 8. Gk only: of degree of difference: 6)..G *7"(;/ (Lat. abl.) 9. Gk only: of time and place (Lat. abl.) 10. Gk only: comitative: H3I/J ‘with time’ (Lat. abl.) (n.b. special idiom w/ dat. $0+I%) 11. Gk only: of manner: :6) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr. 1965/1972. Lateinische Grammatik. Schwyzer, E. 1988. Griechische Grammatik5. Woodcock, E. 1959. A new Latin syntax. conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms A B C D E F G H I J key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form 1 !"#$ sum pres. !"#$ !%&'( )& * !+,& +-.( / 2 fut. 0-1#'( 0-!-.'( 2-3#!&14 2-1$#,& 3 !%#( ibo pres. !%#( "5&'( "6& +7 +1(#( +.( 8' 4 1%9' pres. 1%9' !"95&'( !"964 !"9: !"9!$,& +-.( ;9, 5 fut. !+-1#'( !+-!-.'( !"-3#!&14 !"-1$#,& 6 thematic verbs pres. act. <=7 <=!(& <=7& <=7 <=1(#( <>! 0-'( <=-'4 <=-7 <=-'(#( <>-1& 9 aor. mid. 2-'( 10 aor. pass. 2<=.,& 2J1(1=#,& 24 omicron contracts pres. act. 9,<37 9,<1>& 9,<:& 9,<: 9,<1$,& 9F<1? 29,<1>& 25 pres. mid./pass. 9,<31#'( 9,<1>-.'( 9,<1=#!&14 9,<:#'( 9,<1$#,& 9,<1> 29,<1=#,& 26 irregular contracts KB7, LMB1#'(, N(O37, J<57, 951#'( 27 thematic root aorists aor. act. 0<(J1& <(J!D& <(J6& <$J7 <$J1(#( <$J! 28 aor. mid. 2<(J3#,& <(J5-.'( <(J3#!&14 <$J7#'( <(J1$#,& <(J1> 29 athematic root aorists aor. act. 0P,& PC&'( PB4 P: P'$,& PC.( 30 aor. act. 09?& 9>&'( 9=4 9=7 *9?$,& 9>.( 31 aor. act. 0O&7& O&:&'( O&1=4 O&: O&1$,& O&:.( 32 2nd perfects perf. act. 959(' 9!9(5&'( 9!9(64 *9!9$7 *9!9(!$,& 959(.( 29!9$, 33 consonant stems m./p. <5&'( 91=4 9: 91$,& 934 36 A$.,#( pres. act. A$.,#( A(.5&'( A(.!$4 A(.: A(.!$,& A$.!( 2A$.,& 37 0.,@' aor. act. 0.,@' .!D&'( .!$4 .: .!$,& .54 38 R-A,#( pres. act. R-A,#( S-AB&'( S-AB4 S-A: S-A'$,& R-A, R-A,& 39 0-A,-' 1st aor. act. 0-A,-' -AC-'( -AF-'4 -AF-7 -AF-'(#( -AC-1& 40 0-A,& 2nd aor. act. 0-A,& -AC&'( -AB4 -A: -A'$,& -AC.( 41 R,#( pres. act. R,#( S5&'( S!$4 S: S!$,& R!( R,& 42 !T@' aor. act. !T@' !T&'( !R4 U !R,& V4 43 9!$@&?#( pres. act. 9!$@&?#( 9!(@&=&'( 9!(@&=4 9!(@&=7 9!(@&=1(#( 9!$@&? 29!$@&?& 44 irregular athematics W#'(, @B.,#'(, @!D#'(, E,#$ & X#$ forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic, e.g. 2 !0 %&24( %&2' 2 53 / 6/3 62.( 62! 2 !,-3 !,-2.( !,-2! prose 3 *&2+ *&2+( *&2+( %&&$ Hom. *73 Hom. *./3 Hom. *&2+&8( Pl., Dem. !03 Ion. !02.( !02! poet., Pl. 9(2+( Pl., inscrr. Pl. 3 %&2$(() %&24( !"&$(() 3 5 / 6/ 62.( )&/(() 3 !,- !";2-( !,-&8( prose *8&/(() Hom. *7 Hom. *+&/(() Ion. *./ Hom. prose & poet., Pl. *7&/(() Hom. !,2-( !0!( 5&/(() Hom. Pl. :2+ late INFINITIVE !0(8/ *##!(8/, *##!(, *#!(8/, *#!( Hom. PARTICIPLE <(, .=&>, 9( %?(, %.@&8, *.( Ion. imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 1 not attested not attested 6 — 6#!( *&.#8/ %&4#!18 %&.$#-( %&.$#!18 6( later :#!18 late *&&.#8/ Hom. 68, *.(, *&A.( Hom. *8 Ion. :#-( late 2 2 6&18 6&2.( 62! *&!/ *&!&1.( *&!&1! *&./. *&./&1.( *&./&1! 63 rare 6&2! rare 6&183 rare *82! Hdt. *&7 / *-&18 Ion. *&-/ *&A!3 Ep. *83 Hdt. 6&. late 3 3 6( :&2-( 6&8( *&28/ *&!&1.( *&.(28/ *&./2. %&.$&1-( *&./(2. 6!(, *-(, :-(, *&A!(() Hom. *&A.( Ion. *&!28/ Hom. 6&2. late *&8( Hom. *&&!28/ Hom. %&&!B28/ Hom. INFINITIVE *&!&18/ *&&!&18/ Hom. PARTICIPLE %&4#!(.3, --, -.( %&&4#!(.3 Hom. !"#$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ — %#!& 1 %' — %'#!& 1 %($#$ — %($#!& 2 %,$ %-(& %-! %(#!& Hom. )(*+& 2 !" %-(& %-! 2 %10 / %+$0 %+-(& %+-! 2 %($0 %($-(& %($-! 3 %-' %-'& )2&-'& !".,/ Hom. %1.,/ Hom. %-'./& Xen. Pl. !"0 Hesiod 3 !".$(&) %-(& %/.$(&) 3 %1 / %+$ %+-(& %'.$(&) 3 %($ )(*-+& %($!& %1.$(&) Hom. INFINITIVE )3&/$ %#!&/$ %#!& Hom. PARTICIPLE )4& )(5.6 )2& imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7/ / 8$/ older — 7#!& / 8$#!& later 9!$#!& v. late 9!$& / :$!$& 9(#!& Hom. :;/ Ion. 2 9!$.,/ / :$!$.,/ older 7-(& / 8$-(& 7-! / 8$-! 9!$0 / :$!$0 later 9!$-! v. late :;!0 Hom. 3 9!$(&) / :$!$(&) older 9-+& / :$-+& 7./& / 8$./& 9!$ / :$!$ later %-+& Hom. 9!./& / :$!./& prose :;!(&), 7!(&), %!(&) Hom. :;./&, %./&, :;(& Hom. !"#$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 1 1 2 !"#$ — %&'() (*#+ — (*#+'() (*#(./) — (*#(0'() %&12 %&3!) %&3( !%#$'() Ion. (*#,- Ion. (*#,-'() Ion. poetry & prose %#'() Ion. *#,- Hom. (%#!'() Hom. (*#(./'() prose (%#- Hom. only 2 2 2 3 !"&1$ %&3!) %&3( (*#54 / (*#63!) (*#63( (*#(./4 (*#(03!) (*#(03( %&3- %&3-) %&3-) !"#$4 Ion. and !%#$3!) Ion. and !%#$3( Ion. (%#(3( Hom. %&3-&$) (*#624 poetry & prose late late and late (*#(./3( prose only late !"&1$4 Comedy 3 3 3 !"#(()) %&3!) %&$&2()) (*#5 / (*#63!) (*#+&2()) (*#(./ (*#(.3/) (*#(0() !%#$3!) Ion. and !%#$&2()) Ion. (*#,-&2()) Ion. (*#62 poetry & prose late and late (*#(./&$) prose only INFINITIVE (*#,)$2 %#'()$2, %#'() Hom. PARTICIPLE (*#74, (*#809, (*#:4 *#80$ Hom. imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ;#/ — =&'() 1 (%&!'$2 not attested (*&:'(1$ (*&!.'/) not attested (*&!.'(1$ ;#(2'() late (*#>&- Ion. (*#>&!'() Ion. ;#(2) later ;#('() rare ;#($ Ion. <(.#(2) Ep. 2 ;#/&1$ =&3!) =&3( 2 (%&(2 (%&(&1!) (%&(&1( (%&!2! (%&!2&1!) (%&!2&1( ;#(23( late (*#>&(3( Ion. ;#(24 later ;#(3( rare (%&@ / ;#(2&1$ Attic? ?#,$3( Ion. <(.#/4 Hom. (%&/2 (*#>&(24 Ion. 3 3 ;#(2()) ;&3/) =&$) (%&(3$2 (%&(&1!) (%&!)3$2 (%&!23! (*&!.&1/) (%&!2)3! ;#((()) Ion. (*#>&(2 Ion. (*#>&!8&2()) Ion. <(.#/ Hom. ;#(&$) ;#(2&$) late %&$) Ep. INFINITIVE (%&(&1$2 (*#>&(2) Ion., (*#>&('() Hom. PARTICIPLE (*&:'()!4, -/, -!) !"# present stem forms active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"# — !"$%&' 1 !"# — !"#%&' 1 !"$(%( — !"$(%&' 2 !)& !"&*$' !"&*& 1 +!,$' — -!"$%&' 2 !"&(. !"&*$' !"&*& 2 !"/. / !"0*$' !"0*& 2 !"$(. !"$(*$' !"$(*& 3 !,1*# !,1*#' !,2'*#' / 2 +!,&. -!"&*$' -!"&*& !"0(. !,1*#34' 3 !"&( !"&*$' !"$,3((') 3 !"/ / !"0*$' !"#3((') 3 !"$( !,$5*0' !"$(&' 3 +!,&(') -!,1*0' +!,$' !"0( INFINITIVE !"&(' PARTICIPLE !"#', !"$,36, !)$' middle/passive INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"$%4( !,2%&7$' !,2%&74 1 !"#%4( !,8%&7$' !,8%&74 1 !,$5%0' !,$5%&7$' !,$5%&74 2 !"$, !"&37$' !"&37& 1 -!,2%0' -!,2%&7$' -!,2%&74 2 !"&( / !"&37$' !"&37& 2 !"/ / !"037$' !"037& 2 !"$($ !"$(37$' !"$(37& 3 !,137# !,137#' !,137#' / 2 -!"$, -!"&37$' -!"&37& !"/ / !"0( !,137#34' !"0( 3 !"&*4( !"&37$' !"$'*4( 3 !"0*4( !"037$' !"#'*4( 3 !"$(*$ !,$5370' !"$('*$ 3 -!"&*$ -!,1370' -!"$'*$ INFINITIVE !"&374( PARTICIPLE !,2%&'$. 0 $' !"# aorist stem forms active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $!%&' — (!"&')*+ 1 !"&# — !"&#)*+ 1 !"&',), — !"&',)*+ 2 !-&.+ !"&'/.+ !"&'/* INFINITIVE !-&', 2 $!%&'0 (!"&'/.+ (!"&'/* 2 !"&10 / !"&2/.+ !"&2/* 2 !"&',0 / !"&',/.+ !"&',/* 3 !%&3/# !%&3/#+ !%&3+/#+ PARTICIPLE !"&'0 !"&2,0 !"&*,'0 !"&4&5 !-&5+ 3 $!%&*(+) (!%&3/2+ $!%&'+ 3 !"&1 / !"&2/.+ !"&#&,(+) 3 !"&', / !%&'6/2+ !"&',*+ / !"&2, !"&*,*(+) !"&*,'+ middle INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (!%&3)2+ (!%&3)*7.+ (!%&3)*7' 1 !"&#)', !%&8)*7.+ !%&8)*7' 1 !%&'6)2+ !%&'6)*7.+ !%&'6)*7' 2 !-&', !"&'&7.+ !"&'&7* INF. !"&'&7', 2 (!"&# (!"&'&7.+ (!"&'&7* 2 !"&1 / !"&2&7.+ !"&2&7* 2 !"&',. !"&',&7.+ !"&',&7* 3 !%&3&7# !%&3&7#+ !%&3&7#+ PT. !%&3)*+.0 !"&2, 2 .+ 3 (!"&'/. (!%&3&72+ (!"&'+/. 3 !"&2/', !"&2&7.+ !"&#+/', 3 !"&',/. !%&'6&72+ !"&',+/. passive INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 1 1 2 (!"72+ — (!"72)*+ !%79 — !%79)*+ !%7*62+ — !%7*:)*+ / !"72/, !"72/.+ !"72/* INF. !%7;+', !%7*62)*+ 2 (!"720 (!"72/.+ (!"72/* 2 !%7<0 / !%7;/.+ !%7;/* 2 !%7*620 !%7*:/.+ / !%7*:/* / 3 !%7=/# !%7=/#+ !%7>+/#+ PT. !%7*60 !%7;,0 !%7*62/.+ !%7*62/* !%7*:&5 !%7>+ 3 (!"72 (!%7=/2+ (!"72&'+ 3 !%7< / !%7;/.+ !%79&,(+) 3 !%7*62 !%7*6/2+ / !%7*:*+ / !%7;, !%7*,=/2+ !%7*62&'+ !"# perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (N.B. These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms; second perfect forms [e.g. $%$&'( < $)$'&*(+] do not show the ,; otherwise they are identical to first perfects.) active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !%!-,( — !.!",(*.' 1 !.!",# — !.!",#*.' 1 !.!",&+*+ / — !.!",&+*.' 2 !%!-,. !.!",.0&' !.!",.0. !.!-,&)/' 2 !%!-,(1 !.!",(0&' !.!",(0. 2 !.!",21 / !.!",/0&' !.!",/0. 2 !.!",&+1 / !.!",&+0&' !.!",&+0. 3 !.!-,%0# !.!-,%0#' !.!-,3'0#' / !.!",/+1 !.!-,&)/1 !.!-,%0#4(' 3 !%!-,.(') !.!",(0&' !.!",54+(') 3 !.!",2 / !.!",/0&' !.!",#4+(') 3 !.!",&+ / !.!-,&)0/' !.!",&+.' !.!",/+ !.!-,&)/ periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic !.!-,61 .7*+ ,0! !.!-,81 9 ,0! !.!-,81 .:/' ,0! !.!-,81 :4;+ ,0! INFINITIVE !.!-,%'(+ PARTICIPLE !.!-,61, !.!-,-<(, !.!-,31 PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 =!.!",/ / — =!.!",.*.' / 1 !.!"># — !.!">&*.' 1 !.!">&+*+ — !.!">&+*.' =!.!",.+' =!.!",.+*.' 2 =!.!",/1 / =!.!",.0&' / =!.!",.0. / 2 !.!">.+1 !.!">.0&' !.!">.0. 2 !.!">&+1 !.!">&+0&' !.!">&+0. =!.!",.+1 =!.!",.+0&' =!.!",.+0. 3 =!.!",.+ =!.!-,%0/' / =!.!",.4(' / 3 !.!">.+ !.!">.0&' !.!">&-4+(') 3 !.!">&+ !.!->&)0/' !.!">&+.' =!.!-,.)0/' =!.!",.+4(' periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic !.!-,81 ? ,0! !.!-,81 @4&*(+ ,0! !.!-,81 =4&)*/' INFINITIVE !.!">.+', !.!-,81 @4.4;(+ PARTICIPLE !.!">#' !"# perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middle/passive INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly OPTATIVE very rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple for $%$&'()* and (%(+'()*) (mainly for $%$&'()* and (%(+'()*) singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !%!,()* !-!"(-./+ !-!"(-.) 1 !-!"#()* !-!,0(-./+ !-!,0(-.) 1 !-!,/1('+ / !-!,/1(-./+ / !-!,/1(-.) / 2 !%!,2/ !%!,2./+ !%!,2.- !-!,1('+ !-!,1(-./+ !-!,1(-.) 2 !%!,2)* !%!,2./+ !%!,2.- 2 !-!"3 / !-!"'2./+ !-!"'2.- 2 !-!"/*/ / !-!"/*2./+ / !-!"/*2.- / 3 !-!"2.# !-!"2.#+ !-!"2.#+ / !-!"'* !-!"4/ !-!"42./+ !-!"42.- !-!"2.#2)+ 3 !%!,&)* !%!,2./+ !%!,+&)* 3 !-!"'&)* !-!"'2./+ !-!"#+&)* 3 !-!"/*&/ / !-!,/12.'+ / !-!"/*+&/ / !-!"4&/ !-!,12.'+ !-!"4+&/ periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic !-!,(%+/5 -6(1, $&! !-!,(%+/5 7, $&! !-!,(%+/5 -8'+, $&! !-!,(%+/5 82.*, $&! INFINITIVE !-!"2.)* PARTICIPLE !-!,(%+/5 ' /+ PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 9!-!"('+ 9!-!"(-./+ 9!-!"(-.) 1 !-!"2/()* !-!,2:(-./+ !-!,2:(-.) 1 !-!,2/1('+ !-!,2/1(-./+ !-!,2/1(-.) 2 9!%!,2/ 9!%!,2./+ 9!%!,2.- 2 !-!"2-* / !-!"2-2./+ !-!"2-2.- 2 !-!"2/*/ !-!"2/*2./+ !-!"2/*2.- !-!"23 / !-!"2'* 3 9!%!,&/ 9!-!"2.'+ 9!%!,+&/ 3 !-!"2-&)* !-!"2-2./+ !-!"2/+&)* 3 !-!"2/*&/ !-!,2/12.'+ !-!"2/*+&)* periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic !-!,(%+/5 ;, $&! !-!,(%+/5 <2/()*, $&! !-!,(%+/5 92/1('+ INFINITIVE !-!"2-2.)*, !-!,(%+/5 <2-2.)* PARTICIPLE !-!,2:(-+/5 ' /+ !"# future tense forms active INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"$# — !"$%&'( 1 !"$%)&) — !"$%)&'( INFINITIVE !"$')( 2 !"$')* !"$'+%( !"$'+' 2 !"$%)* !"$%)+%( !"$%)+' PARTICIPLE !"$#( !"$%,$- !.$%( 3 !"$') !"$'+%( !"$%,$)(() 3 !"$%) !,$%/+0( !"$%)'( middle INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"$%&1) !,$2&'3%( !,$2&'31 1 !,$%/&0( !,$%/&'3%( !,$%/&'31 INFINITIVE !"$'$31) 2 !"$') / !"$'$3%( !"$'$3' 2 !"$%)% !"$%)$3%( !"$%)$3' PARTICIPLE !,$2&'(%* 0 %( !"$4 / !"$0) 3 !"$'+1) !"$'$3%( !"$%(+1) 3 !"$%)+% !,$%/$30( !"$%)(+% passive INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !,35$%&1) !,30$2&'3%( !,30$2&'3%( 1 !,30$%/&0( !,30$%/&'3%( !,30$%/&'31 INFINITIVE !,35$'$31) 2 !,35$') / !,35$'$3%( !,35$'$3' 2 !,35$%)% !,35$%)$3%( !,35$%)$3' PARTICIPLE !,30$2&'(%* 0 %( !,35$4 / !,35$0) 3 !,35$'+1) !,35$'$3%( !,35$%(+1) 3 !,35$%)+% !,30$%/$30( !,35$%)(+% !"#$% present stem forms active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#& — !"#&#() 1 !"#& — !"#&#() 1 !"#+,) / — !"#+,#() / 2 !/#0 !"#1!*) !"#1!( 1 2!/#%) — 2!"#&#() ('-%) ('-*#()) ('-%) ('-%#()) !"#-",) !"#-",#() ('-() ('-(!*)) ('-(!() ('-*)) ('-*#()) ('-*",)) ('-*",#()) or or !"#.#" / !"#.#() / !"#&"#" !"#&"#() ('-*"#") ('-*"#()) 2 !"#34 / !"#1!*) !"#1!( 2 !"#34 / !"#1!*) !"#1!( 2 !"#+,4 / !"#+,!*) / !"#+,!( / 3 !"#$!% !"#$!%) !"#-)!%) 2 2!/#04 2!"#1!*) 2!"#1!( !"#1"4 ('-(!*)) ('-(!() !"#1"4 ('-,!*)) ('-,!() !"#-",4 !"#-",!*) !"#-",!( ('-(!%) ('-(!%)) ('-*)!%)) / ('-(4) ('-(!*)) ('-(!() ('-("4) ('-54) ('-*",4) ('-*",!*)) ('-*",!() !"#$!%6') or or or ('-(!%6')) !"#.4 / !"#.!*) / !"#.!( / !"#&"4 !"#&"!*) !"#&"!( ('-*"4) ('-*"!*)) ('-*"!() 3 !"#3 / !"#1!*) !"#&6"()) 3 !"#3 / !"#1!*) !"#&6"()) 3 !"#+, / !"#89!,) / !"#+,6') / 3 2!/#0 2!"#$!,) 2!/#%) !"#1" ('-(!*)) ('-*76") !"#1" ('-,!*)) ('-%6") !"#-", !"#%"9!,) !"#-",6') ('-() ('-(!,)) ('-*)) ('-(") ('-5) ('-*",) ('-*",!,)) ('-*",6')) or or or INFINITIVE !"#1) ('-(")) !"#. / !"#+!,) / !"#.() / !"#&" !"#-"!,) !"#&"() PARTICIPLE !"#&) ('-%)), !"#&6: ('-*76:), !"#&) ('-*)) ('-*") ('-*"!,)) ('-*"()) middle/passive INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural !"#&#'" !"#-#(;*) !"#-#(;' 1 !"#&#'" !"#-#(;*) !"#-#(;' 1 !"#+#,)/ !"#+#(;*)/ !"#+#(;'/ 2 !"#& !"#16;*) !"#16;( 1 2!"#-#,) 2!"#-#(;*) 2!"#-#(;' ('-*#'") ('-*#(;*)) ('-*#(;') ('-%#'") ('-%#(;*)) ('-%#(;') !"#-"#,) !"#-"#(;*) !"#-"#(;' ('-*7) ('-(6;*)) ('-(6;() ('-*#,)) ('-*#(;*)) ('-o#(;') ('-o"#,)) ('-*"#(;*)) ('-*"#(;') !"#3 / !"#16;*) !"#16;( 2 !"#3 / !"#16;*) !"#16;( 2 !"#.* / !"#.6;*) / !"#.6;( / 3 !"#$6;% !"#$6;%) !"#$6;%) 2 2!"#& 2!"#16;*) 2!"#16;( !"#1" ('-(6;*)) ('-(6;() !"#1" ('-,6;*)) ('-,6;() !"#&"* !"#&"6;*) !"#&"6;( ('-(6;%) ('-(6;%)) ('-(6;%)) / ('-*7) ('-(6;*)) ('-(6;() ('-("/5) ('-5) ('-*"*) ('-*"6;*)) ('-*"6;() !"#$6;%6') ('-(6;%6')) !"#1!'" !"#16;*) !"#&)!'" 3 !"#1!'" !"#16;*) !"#&)!'" 3 !"#.!* / !"#+6;,)/ !"#.)!* / 3 2!"#1!* 2!"#$6;,) 2!"#&)!* ('-(!'") ('-(6;*)) ('-*)!'") ('-,!'") ('-,6;*)) ('-%)!'") !"#&"!* !"#-"6;,) !"#&")!* ('-(!*) ('-(6;,)) ('-*)!*) ('-*"!*) ('-*"6;,)) ('-*")!*) INFINITIVE !"#16;'" ('-(6;'") PARTICIPLE !"#-#()*4 , *) ('-*#()*4) !"#$% present stem forms active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#& — !"#"()'* 1 !"#& — !"#&)'* 1 !"#"+,* — !"#"+,)'* 2 !"+'# !"#'-."* !"#'-.' 1 /!"+"0* — /!"#"()'* ('-%) ('-")'*) ('-%) ('-%)'*) ('-"#,*) ('-"#,)'*) ('-') ('-'."*) ('-'.') ('-"*) ('-")'*) or or !"#"-)# !"#"-)'* ('-"#)#) ('-"#)'*) 2 !"#'-1 !"#'-."* !"#'-.' 2 !"#21 / !"#3."* !"#3.' 2 !"#"+,1 !"#"+,."* !"#"+,.' 3 !"#'+.% !"#'+.%* !"#"5*.%* 2 /!"+'#1 /!"#'-."* /!"#'-.' ('-'#1) ('-'."*) ('-'.') !"#3#1 ('-,."*) ('-,.') ('-"#,1) ('-"#,."*) ('-"#,.') ('-'.%) ('-'.%*) ('-"*.%*) / ('-'1) ('-'."*) ('-'.') ('-41) or or or !"#'+.%67* !"#"-1 !"#"-."* !"#"-.' ('-'.%67*) ('-"#1) ('-"#."*) ('-"#.') 3 !"#'- !"#'-."* !"#"(6#(*) 3 !"#2 / !"#3."* !"#&6#(*) 3 !"#"+, !"#"#8.,* !"#"+,67* 3 /!"+'# /!"#'+.,* /!"+"0* ('-'#) ('-'."*) ('-"06#) !"#3# ('-,."*) ('-%6#) ('-"#,) ('-"#,.,*) ('-"#,67*) ('-') ('-'.,*) ('-"*) ('-4) or or or !"#"- !"#"+.,* !"#"-'* INFINITIVE !"#'-* ('-'#*) ('-"#) ('-"#.,*) ('-"#'*) PARTICIPLE !"#&* ('-%*), !"#"(69 ('-"069), !"#"(* ('-"*) middle/passive INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural !"#"()7# !"#"5)':"* !"#"5)':7 1 !"#&)7# !"#;)':"* !"#;)':7 1 !"#"+),* !"#"+)':"* !"#"+)':7 2 !"#"( !"#'-6:"* !"#'-6:' 1 /!"#"5),* /!"#"5)':"* /!"#"5)':7 ('-")7#) ('-")':"*) ('-")':7) ('-%)7#) ('-%)':"*) ('-%)':7) ('-o#),*) ('-"#)':"*) ('-"#)':7) ('-"0) ('-'6:"*) ('-'6:') ('-"),*) ('-")':"*) ('-o)':7) !"#'- / !"#'-6:"* !"#'-6:' 2 !"#2 / !"#36:"* !"#36:' 2 !"#"-" !"#"-6:"* !"#"-6:' 3 !"#'+6:% !"#'+6:%* !"#'+6:%* 2 /!"#"( /!"#'-6:"* /!"#'-6:' !"#2 / ('-'6:"*) ('-'6:') !"#3# ('-,6:"*) ('-,6:') ('-"#") ('-"#6:"*) ('-"#6:') ('-'6:%) ('-'6:%*) ('-'6:%*) / ('-"0) ('-'6:"*) ('-'6:') !"#3# ('-4) !"#'+6:%67* ('-'#/4) ('-'6:%67*) !"#'-.7# !"#'-6:"* !"#"(*.7# 3 !"#3.7# !"#36:"* !"#&*.7# 3 !"#"-." !"#"+6:,* !"#"-*." 3 /!"#'-." /!"#'+6:,* /!"#"(*." ('-'.7#) ('-'6:"*) ('-"*.7#) ('-,.7#) ('-,6:"*) ('-%*.7#) ('-"#.") ('-"#6:,*) ('-"#*.") ('-'.") ('-'6:,*) ('-"*.") INFINITIVE !"#'-6:7# ('-'6:7#) PARTICIPLE !"#"5)'*"1 , "* ('-")'*"1) !"#$% present stem forms active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#& — !"#'()*+ 1 !"#& — !"#&)*+ 1 !"#',"+ — !"#',")*+ 2 !/#'0 !"#'(1'+ !"#'(1* 1 2!/#'0+ — 2!"#'()*+ ('-%) ('-')*+) ('-%) ('-%)*+) ('-'-"+) ('-'-")*+) ('-*) ('-*1'+) ('-*1*) ('-'+) ('-')*+) or or !"#'.)- !"#'.)*+ ('-'-)-) ('-'-)*+) 2 !"#'.3 !"#'(1'+ !"#'(1* 2 !"#'.3 !"#&1'+ !"#&1* 2 !"#',"3 !"#',"1'+ !"#',"1* 3 !"#'51% !"#'51%+ !"#'5+1%+ 2 2!/#'03 2!"#'(1'+ 2!"#'(1* ('-*-3) ('-*1'+) ('-*1*) ('-43) ('-"1'+) ('-"1*) ('-'-"3) ('-'-"1'+) ('-'-"1*) ('-*1%) ('-*1%+) ('-'+1%+) / ('-*3) ('-*1'+) ('-*1*) or or or !"#'51%67+ !"#'.3 !"#'.1'+ !"#'.1* ('-*1%67+) ('-'-3) ('-'-1'+) ('-'-1*) 3 !"#'. !"#'(1'+ !"#'(6-(+) 3 !"#'. !"#&1'+ !"#&6-(+) 3 !"#'," !"#'-/1"+ !"#',"67+ 3 2!/#'0 2!"#'51"+ 2!/#'0+ ('-*-) ('-*1'+) ('-'06-) ('-43) ('-"1'+) ('-%6-) ('-'-") ('-'-"1"+) ('-'-"67+) ('-*) ('-*1"+) ('-'+) or or or !"#'. !"#',1"+ !"#'.*+ !"#'(+ ('-*-+) INFINITIVE ('-'-) ('-'-1"+) ('-'-*+) PARTICIPLE !"#&+ ('-%+), !"#'(68 ('-'068), !"#'(+ ('-'+) middle/passive INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural !"#'()7- !"#'5)*9'+ !"#'5)*97 1 !"#&)7- !"#:)*9'+ !"#:)*97 1 !"#',)"+ !"#',)*9'+ !"#',)*97 2 !"#'( !"#'(69'+ !"#'(69* 1 2!"#'5)"+ 2!"#'5)*9'+ 2!"#'5)*97 ('-')7-) ('-')*9'+) ('-')*97) ('-%)7-) ('-%)*9'+) ('-%)*97) ('-o-)"+) ('-'-)*9'+) ('-'-)*97) ('-'0) ('-*69'+) ('-*69*) ('-')"+) ('-')*9'+) ('-o)*97) !"#'. !"#'(69'+ !"#'(69* 2 !"#'. !"#&69'+ !"#&69* 2 !"#'.' !"#'.69'+ !"#'.69* 3 !"#'569% !"#'569%+ !"#'569%+ 2 2!"#'( 2!"#'(69'+ 2!"#'(69* ('-*-/4) ('-*69'+) ('-*69*) ('-4) ('-"69'+) ('-"69*) ('-'-') ('-'-69'+) ('-'-69*) ('-*69%) ('-*69%+) ('-*69%+) / ('-'0) ('-*69'+) ('-*69*) !"#'569%67+ ('-*69%67+) !"#'(17- !"#'(69'+ !"#'(+17- 3 !"#&17- !"#&69'+ !"#&+17- 3 !"#'.1' !"#',69"+ !"#'.+1' 3 2!"#'(1' 2!"#'569"+ 2!"#'(+1' ('-*17-) ('-*69'+) ('-'+17-) ('-"17-) ('-"69'+) ('-%+17-) ('-'-1') ('-'-69"+) ('-'-+1') ('-*1') ('-*69"+) ('-'+1') INFINITIVE !"#'(697- ('-*697-) PARTICIPLE !"#'5)*+'3 " '+ ('-')*+'3) irregular contract verbs 1: long vowel stems !"# (similarly $%&"#, '("#, ("#, )*%("#, +,"#, -."#, &"#) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !/ — !/,*( 1 !/ — !/,*( 1 !0,% / !/%,% — !0,*( / !/%,*( 2 !4 !467( !46* 1 8!#( / — 9!/,*( or or !45% late 8!2( !12( / !3%2( !12,*( / !3%2,*( v. rare 2 !:; / !467( !46* 2 !:; / !467( !46* 2 !0; / !/%; !067( / !/%67( !06* / !/%6* 3 !<6# !<6#( !3(6#( / 2 8!2; 8!267( 9!46* !4%; !4%; or or or !<6#+=( !12; / !3%2; !1267( / !3%267( !126* / !3%26* 3 !: / !467( !/+%(() 3 !: / !467( !/+%(() 3 !0 / !/% !162( / !162( !0*( / !/%*( 3 8!2 9!<62( 8!#( !4% !4% or or or !12 / !3%2 !><62( / !#%<62( !12+=( / !3%2+=( INFINITIVE !4( PARTICIPLE !/(, !/+?, !/( -."7,=% INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural -./,=% -.3,*57( -.3,*5= 1 -./,=% -.3,*57( -.3,*5= 1 -.1,2( / -.1,*57( / -.1,*5= / 2 -./ -.4+57( -.4+5* 1 9-.3,2( 9-.3,*57( 9-.3,*5= -.3%,2( -.3%,*57( -.3%,*5= -.: / -.4+57( -.4+5* 2 -.: / -.4+57( -.4+5* 2 -.07 / -.0+57( / -.0+5* / 3 -.<+5# -.<+5#( -.<+5#( / 2 9-./ 9-.4+57( 9-.4+5* -.4% -.4% -./%7 -./%+57( -./%+5* -.<+5#+=( -.46=% -.4+57( -./(6=% 3 -.46=% -.4+57( -./(6=% 3 -.067 / -.1+52( / -.0(67 / 3 9-.467 9-.<+52( 9-./(67 -./%67 -.3%+52( -./%(67 INFINITIVE -.4+5=% PARTICIPLE -.3,*(7; 2 7( @%AB# (can conjugate as @%A#- or @%A7- [i.e. like $2C7-]; similarly D$.B#) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural @%A/ — @%A/,*( / 1 @%A/ — @%A/,*( 1 @%A0,% / @%A12( — @%A0,*( / @%A12,*( 2 @%A/ / @%A/67( / @%A/6* / 1 9..GA#( / — 9..%A/,*( / @%A7E,*( or or @%A7E @%A7E67( @%A7E6* 9..GA7H( 9..%A7E,*( @%A7F,% / @%A7G2( @%A7F,*( / @%A7G2,*( @%A0; / @%A/67( / @%A/6* / 2 @%A0; / @%A/67( @%A/6* 2 @%A0; / @%A02; @%A067( / @%A1267( @%A06* / @%A126* 3 @%A36# / @%A36#( / @%A3(6#( / 2 9..GA#; / 9..%A/67( / 9..%A/6* / @%A7F; @%A7E67( @%A7E6* @%A7F; or or or @%A7I6# @%A7I6#( @%A36#+=( 9..GA7H; 9..%A7E67( 9..%A7E6* @%A7F; / @%A7G2; @%A7F67( / @%A7G267( @%A7F6* / @%A7G26* or @%A7I(6#( / @%A7I6#+=( @%A0 / @%A/67( / @%A/+%(() / 3 @%A0 / @%A/67( @%A/+%(() 3 @%A0 / @%A02 @%A162( / @%A><62( @%A0*( / @%A12+=( 3 9..GA# / 9..%A362( / 9..%A/+=( / @%A7F @%A7E67( @%A7E+%(() @%A7F or or or 9..GA7H 9..%A7I62( 9..%A7E+=( @%A7F / @%A7G2 @%A7G62( / @%A7%<62( @%A7F*( / @%A7G2+=( INFINITIVE @%A/( / @%A7E( PARTICIPLE @%A/(, @%A/+?, @%A/( / @%A/(, @%A7E+=, @%A7E( irregular contract verbs 2: monosyllabic -! stems (no contraction with " or #) $%&# (so '(&#, (&# 2 [‘need’, not ‘bind’], )&#, *&#, +&#, ,&#, -.&#, /&#) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $%&# — $%&"1!+ 1 $%&# — $%!+ 1 $%&"212 — $%&"21!+ 2 $%!0 $%!0-"+ $%!0-! INF. $%!0+ 2 $%!03 $%!0-"+ $%!0-! 2 $%&43 / $%&5-"+ $%&5-! 2 $%&"23 $%&"2-"+ $%&"2-! 3 $%!7-# $%!7-#+ $%!8+-#+ / PT. $%&#+ $%&523 $%!7-#9:+ $%&";9< ($%63 rare) $%&"+ 3 $%!0 $%!0-"+ $%&";92(+) 3 $%&4 / $%&5-"+ $%\(+) 3 $%&"2 $%!"7-5+ $%&"2!+ $%&52 ($%6 rare) IMPERFECT singular dual plural 1 =$%!"+ — >$%&"1!+ 2 =$%!23 >$%!0-"+ >$%!0-! 3 =$%!2 >$%!7-5+ =$%!"+ (&"1:2 2 (‘need’, ‘request’, so +&"1:2) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural (&"1:2 (!81!*"+ (!81!*: 1 (:2 (!?1!*"+ (!?1!*: 1 (!"715+ (!"71!*"+ (!"71!*: 2 (&"; (!09*"+ (!09*! INF. (!09*:2 (&!2 or (!09*"+ (!09*! 2 (&4 / (&59*"+ (&59*! 2 (&"2" (&"29*"+ (&"29*! 3 (!79*# (!79*#+ (!79*#+ / PT. (!81!+"3 5 (&4 / (&52 ((@9*! Com.) (&52 (!79*#9:+ "+ (!0-:2 (!09*"+ (&"+-:2 3 (&5-:2 (&59*"+ (&#+-:2 3 (&"2-" (!"79*5+ (&"2+-" IMPERFECT singular dual plural 1 >(!815+ >(!81!*"+ >(!81!*: 2 >(&"; >(!0*9"+ >(!09*! 3 >(!0-" >(!79*5+ >(&"+-" !"#$%& (< "'($)): thematic root aorist stem forms (so !*+"%&, !,+-%&, !,+./%&, !,.+-%&, !,.+0%&, !/+&%&, '1,%&, '2"%&, '1$%&, !-+0%&, !-#3%&, !"+*%&, !"+/%&, !"+3%&, !0+/%&, !0%"%&, !$+/%&, !$'4%&, !$#/%&, !$#%&, !$%.%&, !$.+/%&, !43%&, !5+0%&, !5'-%&, !5'0%&, !5.+6%&, !5.+$%&, !573%&, '8.%& [also 98.%&], !:+6%&, !:76%&, ;6+6%& [dupl. root], <"/%&, ;&'6-%&, =0+.5%&, ;0$"+-%&, ;.+.%&, ;.#$%&, >:'"%&, ?:"%& -5": these forms conjugate just as !"7%& < "@) but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle) active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$%& — A"($%0'& 1 "($) — "($)0'& 1 "($%#0# — "($%#0'& 2 "($' "($'5%& "($'5' 2 !"#$'B A"($'5%& A"($'5' 2 "($CB / "($95%& "($95' 2 "($%#B "($%#5%& "($%#5' 3 "#$D5) "#$D5)& "#$E&5)& / "($9#B "#$D5)4+& 3 !"#$'(&) A"#$D59& !"#$%& 3 "($C / "($95%& "($)4#(&) 3 "($%# "#$%(59& "($%#'& "($9# INFINITIVE "#$'F& PARTICIPLE "#$G&, "#$%H4I, "#$E& middle (so A6'&E09&, A$5E09&, A$7/E09&, J4$E09&, K6.E09&, L4/E09&, K.E09&, M-E09&, N$'43E09&, O"E09& -5") INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 A"#$E09& A"#$E0'/%& A"#$E0'/+ 1 "($)0+# "#$G0'/%& "($)0'/+ 1 "#$%(09& "#$%(0'/%& "($%#0'/+ 2 "#$%H "($'4/%& "($'4/' 2 A"($%7 A"($'4/%& A"($'4/' 2 "($C / "($94/%& "($94/' 2 "($%#% "($%#4/%& "($%#4/' 3 "#$D4/) "#$D4/)& "#$D4/)& / "($9# "#$D4/)4+& 3 A"($'5% A"#$D4/9& A"($%&5% 3 "($95+# "($94/%& "($)&5+# 3 "($%#5% "#$%(4/9& "($%#&5% INFINITIVE "#$D4/+# PARTICIPLE "#$E0'&%B + %& !"#$, !%&$, and !'$($: three key root aorist athematic stem forms !"#$ < ")*$( (so !+,#$ < +,-$( & !./#$ < 0./#12 3/4) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2# forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ — !"#15$ 1 "6 — "615$ 1 ")*#$ — ")715$ / 2 "8,2 "8/:$ "8/5 INFINITIVE "8$)2 ")*#15$ -"9 Poet. 2 !"#; !"#/:$ !"#/5 2 "<; / "8/:$ "8/5 2 ")*#; ")7/:$ / ")7/5 / 3 "=/( "=/($ "-$/($ / PARTICIPLE "-; "82; ")*#/:$ ")*#/5 "=/(.)$ ">.? "-$ 3 !"# @"=/#$ !"#.)$ 3 "< / "8/:$ "6.2($) 3 ")*# ")*/#$ / ")75$ / "82 ")2=/#$ ")*#.)$ A.B. Homer shows short-stem forms, N.B. Homer shows forms such as e.g. "-/#$ (3 d.) and !")$ (3 pl.). "=C (uncontracted) and "5*:15$. !%&$ < %D( (so !+&$ < +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !%E$ — !%E15$ 1 %D( — %D(15$ 1 %D#$ — %F15$ 2 %F,2 %F/:$ %F/5 INFINITIVE %F$)2 [%E*#$] [%D215$] 2 !%E; !%E/:$ !%E/5 2 %DC; / %D#/:$ %D#/5 2 %D#; %F/:$ %F/5 3 %D/( %D/($ %D$/($ / PARTICIPLE %D; %D#2; [%E*#;] [%D2/:$] [%D2/5] %D/(.)$ %F.? %D$ 3 !%E @%D/#$ !%E.)$ 3 %DC / %D#/:$ %D(.2($) 3 %D# %D/#$ %F5$ !%E$ Poet. %D#2 [%E*#] [%E*/#$] [%D25$] !'$($ < '2'$G.3( (so H-4($ < I4*.3:1)2 and @"*($ < "2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2# forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !'$($ — !'$(15$ 1 '$6 — '$615$ 1 '$:*#$ — '$:715$ / 2 '$6,2 '$6/:$ '$6/5 INFINITIVE '$6$)2 '$:*#15$ 2 !'$(; !'$(/:$ !'$(/5 2 '$K; / '$6/:$ '$6/5 2 '$:*#; '$:7/:$ / '$:7/5 / 3 '$G/( '$G/($ '$J$/($ / PARTICIPLE '$:D; '$62; '$:*#/:$ '$:*#/5 '$G/(.)$ '$:F.? '$J$ 3 !'$( @'$G/#$ !'$(.)$ 3 '$K / '$6/:$ '$6.2($) 3 '$:*# '$:*/#$ / '$:75$ / '$62 '$:2=/#$ '$:*#.)$ N.B. Homer shows forms such as '$GL (uncontracted) and '$G:15$. 2nd perfect stem forms !"#$%& (1st perfect '"#$() (#* used in singular; +,"#-($ (#* in pluperfect singular) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 — — '"#)%+. 1 /"#0 — /"#0%+. 1 /"#)1$. — /"#)2%+. / 2 '"#)3& '"#)#4. '"#)#+ 1 — — '"#)%+. /"#)1$%+. 2 — '"#)#4. '"#)#+ 2 /"#56 / /"#7#4. /"#7#+ 2 /"#)1$6 /"#)2#4. / /"#)2#+ / 3 /"#8#9 /"#8#9. /"#8.#9. / 2 — '"#)#4. '"#)#+ /"#7&6 /"#)1$#4. /"#)1$#+ /"#8#9"). 3 — '"#)#4. '"#:"&(.) 3 /"#5 / /"#7#4. /"#0"&(.) 3 /"#)1$ /"#)1#$. / /"#)2+. / 3 — /"#8#$. '"#)"). /"#7& /"#)&-#$. /"#)1$"). INFINITIVE /"#8.)& PARTICIPLE /"#;6, /"#0"<, /"#=6 >?>&) (1st perfect >?>4&() (#* freq. in singular; @>+>41($ (#* in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A.9B), C&CD;"(9, C)1.9, B1B.4%)&, >89, @B+1D9, EDF4%)&, 3.G"(9, E4&(), (D8H9, %?%4.), I8"F9, I+139, I1I#9, #*89 (#*) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically >+>&+1$. (#*) singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 >?>&) — >?>&%+. 1 >+>19 — >+>19%+. 2 >?>&3& — >?>&#+ 1 @>+>1$ / — @>?>&%+. / @>+>1+&. @>?>+&%+. 2 >?>&)6 >?>. >?>&#+ 2 >+>1J6 / >+>1$#4. >+>1$#+ 3 >+>1#9 — — 2 @>+>1$6 / @>?>. / @>?>&#+ / >+>1$&6 @>+>1+&6 @>?>+. @>?>+&#+ 3 >?>&+(.) >?>. >+>1)"&(.) 3 >+>1J / >+>1$#4. >+>19"&(.) 3 @>+>1+& @>+>1#$. / @>?>&"). / >+>1$& @>+>+1#$. @>?>+&"). INFINITIVE >+>&?.)& PARTICIPLE >+>&;6, >+>&K2<, >+>&=6 consonant stem perfect middle/passives !"!#$%&$ < !#'(): stems ending ( * + (‘labials’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so ,(-), *.(-), *!.(-), /0.+), 1.(-), 2!"(-), 23(-), 204(-), ("%(), 5.(-), 5'(-), 62"(-7%&$, 628(-), 629(-), -0"(), -0'*), -4(-) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"!#$%%&$ !#!#'%%#17: !#!#'%%#1& 2 !"!#$;7 !"!#$+17: !"!#$+1# INFINITIVE !#!#<+1&$ 2 !"!#$;&$ !"!#$+17: !"!#$+1# 3 !#!#'+1) !#!#'+1): !#!#'+1): / PARTICIPLE !#!#$%%":7= > 7: !#!#'+1)6&: 3 !"!#$(-&$ !"!#$+17: *!#!#'+&-&$ ("(#$6%&$ < (#'1): stems ending - ? 1 (‘dentals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so 6(":?), +0.@), ;#4?) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ("(#$6%&$ (#(#'6%#17: (#(#'6%#1& 2 ("(#$67 ("(#$617: ("(#$61# INFINITIVE (#(#<61&$ 2 ("(#$6&$ ("(#$617: ("(#$61# 3 (#(#'61) (#(#'61): (#(#'61): / PARTICIPLE (#(#$6%":7= > 7: (#(#'61)6&: 3 ("(#$6-&$ ("(#$617: *(#(#'6&-&$ ("(0&/%&$ < (0.--): stems ending / 2 A (‘palatals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so B/), C!!.--), D2:"7%&$, (!"2), -&0.--), -.--), +#4/), +E!.--) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ("(0&/%&$ (#(0./%#17: (#(0./%#1& 2 ("(0&F7 ("(0&A17: ("(0&A1# INFINITIVE (#(0GA1&$ 2 ("(0&F&$ ("(0&A17: ("(0&A1# 3 (#(0.A1) (#(0.A1): (#(0.A1): / PARTICIPLE (#(0&/%":7= > 7: (#(0.A1)6&: 3 ("(0&2-&$ ("(0&A17: *(#(0.A&-&$ H!8!#/%&$ < H!"/A): stem ending /A (subj. and opt. always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H!8!#/%&$ H!>!"/%#17: H!>!"/%#1& 2 H!8!#/F7 H!8!#/A17: H!8!#/A1# INFINITIVE H!>!"/A1&$ 2 H!8!#/F&$ H!8!#/A17: H!8!#/A1# 3 H!>!"/A1) H!>!"/A1): H!>!"/A1): / PARTICIPLE H!>!#/%":7= > 7: H!>!"/A1)6&: 3 H!8!#/2-&$ H!8!#/A17: *H!>!"/&-&$ I//#!%&$ < C//"!!): stems ending ! 0 (‘liquids’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so &J0), H/#'0), (7$2'!!), 6-"!!), 6+.!!), -'!!) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 I//#!%&$ K//"!%#17: K//"!%#1& 2 I//#!67 I//#!17: I//#!1# INFINITIVE K//"!1&$ 2 I//#!6&$ I//#!17: I//#!1# 3 K//"!1) K//"!1): K//"!1): / PARTICIPLE K//#!%":7= > 7: K//"!1)6&: 3 I//#!-&$ I//#!17: *K//"!&-&$ ("+&6%&$ < +&':): stems ending % : (‘nasals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so 1#0%&':), !#&':), !E%&':7%&$, %&0&':), %$&':), %)0&':), F&':), F>0&':), (#0&':), (7$%&':), 5E(&':), 6>%&':), L+&':) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ("+&6%&$ (#+.6%#17: (#+.6%#1& 2 ("+&:67 ("+&:17: ("+&:1# INFINITIVE (#+.:1&$ 2 ("+&:6&$ ("+&:17: ("+&:1# 3 (#+.:1) (#+.:1): (#+.:1): / PARTICIPLE (#+&6%":7= > 7: (#+.:1)6&: 3 ("+&:-&$ ("+&:17: *(#+.:&-&$ * These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words, e.g. -#-.A&-&$ 3 pl. < -.--). !"!#$% present stem forms active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%& forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"!#$% — !"!'$() 1 !%!* — !%!*$() 1 !%!'"&) — !%!'+$() / 2 !"!', !"!'-') !"!'-( 1 .!"!',) — .!"!'$() !%!'"&$() 2 !"!#/ !"!'-') !"!'-( 2 !%!0/ / !%!*-') !%!*-( 2 !%!'"&/ !%!'+-') / !%!'+-( / 3 !%!1-# !%!1-#) !%!1)-#) / 2 .!"!',/ .!"!'-') .!"!'-( !%!*%/ !%!'"&-') !%!'"&-( !%!1-#23) 3 !"!#2%()) !"!'-') !%!142%()) 3 !%!0 / !%!*-') !%!*2%()) 3 !%!'"& !%!'"-&) / !%!'+() / 3 .!"!', .!%!1-&) .!"!'23) !%!*% !%!'%5-&) !%!'"&23) INFINITIVE !%!1)3% PARTICIPLE !%!'6/, !%!'728, !%!1) middle/passive INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural !"!'$3% !%!1$(9') !%!1$(93 1 !%!*$3% !%!:$(9') !%!:$(93 1 !%!'"$&) !%!'"$(9') !%!'"$(93 2 !"!'2' !"!'29') !"!'29( 1 .!%!1$&) .!%!1$(9') .!%!1$(93 !"!'23% !"!'29') !"!'29( 2 !%!0 / !%!*29') !%!*29( 2 !%!'+' !%!'+29') !%!'+29( 3 !%!129# !%!129#) !%!129#) / 2 .!"!'2' .!"!'29') .!"!'29( !%!*% !%!129#23) !"!'-3% !"!'29') !"!')-3% 3 !%!*-3% !%!*29') !%!*)-3% 3 !%!'+-' !%!'"29&) !%!'+)-' 3 .!"!'-' .!%!129&) .!"!')-' INFINITIVE !"!'293% PARTICIPLE !%!1$()'/ & ') !"!#$% aorist stem forms active (2nd aorist: stem !&-) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%' forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (!#)* — (!&$+, 1 !- — !-$+, 1 !&"', — !&.$+, / 2 !/0 !/1&, !/1+ INFINITIVE !&2,*% !&"'$+, 2 (!#)*0 (!&1&, (!&1+ 2 !30 / !-1&, !-1+ 2 !&"'0 !&.1&, / !&.1+ / 3 !/1# !/1#, !/,1#, / PARTICIPLE !&50 !-%0 !&"'1&, !&"'1+ !/1#4*, !&246 !/, 3 (!#)+(,) 7!/1', (!&4*, 3 !3 / !-1&, !-4%(,) 3 !&"' !&"1', / !&.+, / !-% !&%81', !&"'4*, middle (2nd aorist: stem !&-) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 7!/$', 7!/$+9&, 7!/$+9* 1 !-$*% !:$+9&, !:$+9* 1 !&"$', !&"$+9&, !&"$+9* 2 !&2 !/49&, !/49+ INF. !/49*% 2 (!&; (!&49&, (!&49+ 2 !3 / !-49&, !-49+ 2 !&.& !&.49&, !&.49+ 3 !/49# !/49#, !/49#, / PT. !/$+,&0 ' !-% !/49#4*, &, 3 (!&1& 7!/49', (!&,1& 3 !-1*% !-49&, !-,1*% 3 !&.1& !&"49', !&.,1& passive (1st aorist: stem + 9': !& + 9', like 7-<5-9'-,) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%' forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 1 2 7!/9', — 7!/9'$+, !&9- — !&9-$+, !&9+"', — !&9+.$+, / !/9'1% !/9'1&, !/9'1+ INF. !&9=,*% !&9+"'$+, 7!/9'0 7!/9'1&, 7!/9'1+ 2 !&9>0 / !&9=1&, !&9=1+ 2 !&9+"'0 !&9+.1&, / !&9+.1+ / 3 !&981# !&981#, !&9?,1#, / PT. !&9+"0 !&9=%0 !&9+"'1&, !&9+"'1+ !&981#4*, !&9+.46 !&9?, 7!/9' 7!&981', 7!/9'4*, 3 !&9> / !&9=1&, !&9-4%(,) 3 !&9+"' !&9+"1', / !&9+.+, / !&9=% !&9+%81', !&9+"'4*, !"#$%& present stem forms active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$%& — !"#'%'( 1 !&#) — !&#)%'( 1 !&#'"$( — !&#'*%'( / 2 !"#'& !"#'!+( !"#'!' 1 ,!"#$( — ,!"#'%'( !&#'"$%'( 2 !"#$- !"#'!+( !"#'!' 2 !&#.- / !&#/!+( !&#/!' 2 !&#'"$- !&#'*!+( / !&#'*!' / 3 !�!1 !�!1( !�(!1( / 2 ,!"#'&- ,!"#'!+( ,!"#'!' !&#/&- !&#'"$!+( !&#'"$!' !�!123( 3 !"#$2&(() !"#'!+( !*&(() 3 !&#. / !&#/!+( !&#)2&(() 3 !&#'"$ !&#'"!$( / !&#'*'( / 3 ,!"#'& ,!�!$( ,!"#'23( !&#/& !&#'&5!$( !&#'"$23( N.B. +& for '& here is rare but Classical. INFINITIVE !�(3& PARTICIPLE !&#'"-, !&#'*26, !�( middle/passive INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural !"#'%3& !�%'#+( !�%'#3 1 !&#)%3& !%'#+( !%'#3 1 !&#'"%$( !&#'"%'#+( !&#'"%'#3 2 !"#'2+ !"#'2#+( !"#'2#' 1 ,!�%$( ,!�%'#+( ,!�%'#3 !"#'23& !"#'2#+( !"#'2#' 2 !&#. / !&#/2#+( !&#/2#' 2 !&#'*+ !&#'*2#+( !&#'*2#' 3 !#1 !#1( !#1( / 2 ,!"#'2+ ,!"#'2#+( ,!"#'2#' !&#/& !#123( !"#'!3& !"#'2#+( !"#'(!3& 3 !&#/!3& !&#/2#+( !&#)(!3& 3 !&#'*!+ !&#'"2#$( !&#'*(!+ 3 ,!"#'!+ ,!#$( ,!"#'(!+ N.B. +& for '& here is rare but Classical. INFINITIVE !"#'2#3& PARTICIPLE !�%'(+- $ +( !"#$%& aorist stem forms active (2nd aorist: stem #'-) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (#$)* — (#'%'+ 1 #, — #,%'+ 1 #'"$+ — #'-%'+ / 2 #./ #.!0+ #.!' INFINITIVE #'-+*& #'"$%'+ 2 (#$)*/ (#'!0+ (#'!' 2 #1/ / #2!0+ #2!' 2 #'"$/ #'-!0+ / #'-!' / 3 #.!3 #.!3+ #.+!3+ / PARTICIPLE #'"/ #2&/ #'"$!0+ #'"$!' #.!34*+ #'-45 #.+ 3 (#$)'(+) 6#.!$+ (#'4*+ 3 #1 / #2!0+ #,4&(+) 3 #'"$ #'"!$+ / #'-'+ / #2& #'&7!$+ #'"$4*+ middle (2nd aorist: stem #'-) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 6#.%$+ 6#.%'#0+ 6#.%'#* 1 #,%*& #8%'#0+ #8%'#* 1 #'"%$+ #'"%'#0+ #'"%'#* 2 #09 #.4#0+ #.4#' INF. #.4#*& 2 (#0: (#'4#0+ (#'4#' 2 #1 / #24#0+ #24#' 2 #'-0 #'-4#0+ #'-4#' 3 #.4#3 #.4#3+ #.4#3+ / PT. #.%'+0/ $ #2& #.4#34*+ 0+ 3 (#'!0 6#.4#$+ (#'+!0 3 #2!*& #24#0+ #,+!*& 3 #'-!0 #'"4#$+ #'-+!0 N.B. 0& for '& here is rare but Classical. passive (1st aorist: stem + #$: #' + #$, like 6-;<-#$-+; #' deaspirates to !' before #$ by Grassmann’s law) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 1 1 2 6!.#$+ — 6!.#$%'+ !'#, — !'#,%'+ !'#'"$+ — !'#'-%'+ / !.#$!& !.#$!0+ !.#$!' INF. !'#2+*& !'#'"$%'+ 2 6!.#$/ 6!.#$!0+ 6!.#$!' 2 !'#1/ / !'#2!0+ !'#2!' 2 !'#'"$/ !'#'-!0+ / !'#'-!' / 3 !'#7!3 !'#7!3+ !'#.+!3+ / PT. !'#'"/ !'#2&/ !'#'"$!0+ !'#'"$!' !'#7!34*+ !'#'-45 !'#.+ 3 6!.#$ 6!'#7!$+ 6!.#$4*+ 3 !'#1 / !'#2!0+ !'#,4&(+) 3 !'#'"$ !'#'"!$+ / !'#'-'+ / !'#2& !'#'&7!$+ !'#'"$4*+ !"#$%& present stem forms active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$%& — !"#'%() 1 *"#+ — *"#+%() 1 *"#',$) — *"#'-%() / 2 !"#$ !"#'#.) !"#'#( 1 !"#$) — !"#'%() *"#',$%() 2 !"#$/ !"#'#.) !"#'#( 2 *"#0/ / *"#1#.) *"#1#( 2 *"#',$/ *"#'-#.) / *"#'-#( / 3 *"#2#3 *"#2#3) *"#2)#3) / 2 !"#$/ !"#'#.) !"#'#( *"#1&/ *"#',$#.) *"#',$#( *"#2#3"') 3 !"#$"&()) !"#'#.) *"#4"&()) 3 *"#0 / *"#1#.) *"#+"&()) 3 *"#',$ *"#',#$) / *"#'-() / 3 !"#$ *"#2#$) !"#'"') *"#1& *"#'&5#$) *"#',$"') INFINITIVE *"#2)'& PARTICIPLE *"#2/, *"#4"6, *"#2) middle/passive (so 78'%'&, 9:)'%'&, ;<,"#'%'&, =>'%'&, ?>@%'%'&, <>,'%'& ?#A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural !"#'%'& *"#2%(B.) *"#2%(B' 1 *"#+%'& *"#C%(B.) *"#C%(B' 1 *"#',%$) *"#',%(B.) *"#',%(B' 2 !"#'". !"#'"B.) !"#'"B( 1 *"#2%$) *"#2%(B.) !"#'%(B' !"#'"'& !"#'"B.) !"#'"B( 2 *"#0 / *"#1"B.) *"#1"B( 2 *"#'-. *"#'-"B.) *"#'-"B( 3 *"#2"B3 *"#2"B3) *"#2"B3) / 2 !"#'". !"#'"B.) !"#'"B( *"#1& *"#2"B3"') !"#'#'& !"#'"B.) !"#')#'& 3 *"#1#'& *"#1"B.) *"#+)#'& 3 *"#'-#. *"#',"B$) *"#'-)#. 3 !"#'#. *"#2"B$) !"#')#. INFINITIVE !"#'"B'& PARTICIPLE *"#2%()./ $ .) !"#$%& aorist stem forms 1st aorist active (stem "#$"'-, like ()"'- in *()"' < (+,, transitive: ‘make to stand’) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 *"#$"' — -"#."'%/0 1 "#.", — "#.",%/0 1 "#."'&%& — "#."'&%/0 2 "#1"20 "#."'#20 "#."'#/ INFINITIVE "#1"'& 2 *"#$"'3 -"#."'#20 -"#."'#/ 2 "#."43 / "#."$#20 "#."$#/ 2 "#."'&3 / "#."' "#."'&#/ 3 "#$"5#, "#$"5#,0 "#$"50#,0 / PARTICIPLE "#."'3 "#."$&3 "#."/&'3 "#$"5#,"'0 "#."'"6 "#1"'0 3 *"#$"/(0) -"#$"5#$0 *"#$"'0 3 "#."4 / "#."$#20 "#.","&(0) 3 "#."'& / "#$"'7#$0 "#."'&/0 / "#."$& "#."/&/(0) "#."/&'0 2nd aorist active (stem "#$-/"#'-, intransitive: ‘stand’) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 *"#$0 — *"#$%/0 1 "#8 — "#8%/0 1 "#'7$0 — "#'9%/0 / 2 "#1:& "#1#20 "#1#/ INFINITIVE "#10'& "#'7$%/0 2 *"#$3 *"#$#20 *"#$#/ 2 "#;3 / "#1#20 "#1#/ 2 "#'7$3 "#'9#20 / "#'9#/ / 3 "#.#, "#.#,0 "#50#,0 / PARTICIPLE "#53 "#1&3 "#'7$#20 "#'7$#/ "#5#,"'0 "#<"6 "#50 3 *"#$ -"#.#$0 *"#$"'0 3 "#; / "#1#20 "#8"&(0) 3 "#'7$ "#'7#$0 / "#'9/0 / "#1& "#'&.#$0 "#'7$"'0 middle (1st aorist, like -()"5%$0, transitive: ‘make to stand’) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 -"#$"5%$0 -"#$"5%/:20 -"#$"5%/:' 1 "#.",%'& "#$"=%/:20 "#$"=%/:' 1 "#$"'7%$0 "#$"'7%/:20 "#$"'7%/:' 2 "#1"'& "#."'":20 "#."'":/ INF. "#."'":'& 2 -"#.", -"#."'":20 -"#."'":/ 2 "#."4 / "#."$":20 "#."$":/ 2 "#."'&2 "#."'&":20 "#."'&":/ 3 "#$"5":, "#$"5":,0 "#$"5":,0 / PT. "#$"5%/023 "#."$& "#$"5":,"'0 $ 20 3 -"#."'#2 -"#$"5":$0 -"#."'0#2 3 "#."$#'& "#."$":20 "#.",0#'& 3 "#."' "#$"'7":$0 "#."'&0#2 passive (1st aorist: stem + :$: "#' + :$, like --(+-:$-0) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 -"#5:$0 — -"#5:$%/0 1 "#':8 — "#':8%/0 1 "#':/7$0 — "#':/9%/0 / 2 "#5:$#& "#5:$#20 "#5:$#/ INF. "#':10'& "#':/7$%/0 2 -"#5:$3 -"#5:$#20 -"#5:$#/ 2 "#':;3 / "#':1#20 "#':1#/ 2 "#':/7$3 "#':/9#20 / "#':/9#/ / 3 "#':.#, "#':.#,0 "#':>0#,0 / PT. "#':/73 "#':1&3 "#':/7$#20 "#':/7$#/ "#':.#,"'0 "#':/9"6 "#':>0 3 -"#5:$ -"#':.#$0 -"#5:$"'0 3 "#':; / "#':1#20 "#':8"&(0) 3 "#':/7$ "#':/7#$0 / "#':/9/0 / "#':1& "#':/&.#$0 "#':/7$"'0 !"#$ present stem forms active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ — !%#%& 1 '( — '(#%& 1 '%)"& — '%*#%& / 2 !%$ !%+,& !%+% 1 !"& — !%#%& '%)"#%& 2 !"- / !%+,& !%+% 2 '.- / '/+,& '/+% 2 '%)"- '%*+,& / '%*+% / 3 '0+1 '0+1& '0&+1& / 2 !%$- !%+,& !%+% !%$- '/$- '%)"+,& '%)"+% '0+123& 3 !"2$(&) !%+,& '42$(&) 3 '. / '/+,& '(2$(&) 3 '%)" '%)+"& / '%*%& / 3 !%$ '0+"& !%23& '/$ '%$5+"& '%)"23& N.B. ,$ for %$ here is rare but Classical. INFINITIVE '0&3$ PARTICIPLE '%)-, '%*26, '0& middle/passive INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural !%#3$ '0#%7,& '0#%73 1 '(#3$ '8#%7,& '8#%73 1 '%)#"& '%)#%7,& '%)#%73 2 !%2, !%27,& !%27% 1 '0#"& '0#%7,& !%#%73 !%23$ !%27,& !%27% 2 '. / '/27,& '/27% 2 '%*, '%*27,& '%*27% 3 '0271 '0271& '0271& / 2 !%2, !%27,& !%27% '/$ '027123& !%+3$ !%27,& !%&+3$ 3 '/+3$ '/27,& '(&+3$ 3 '%*+, '%)27"& '%*&+, 3 !%+, '027"& !%&+, N.B. ,$ for %$ here is rare but Classical. INFINITIVE !%273$ PARTICIPLE '0#%&,- " ,& !"#$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes) active (2nd aorist: stem %-) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 &'( — )*#)+ 1 , — ,#)+ 1 )!"+ — )*#)+ / 2 -. -/0+ -/) INFINITIVE )*+($ )!"#)+ 2 &'(. )*/0+ )*/) 2 1. / &/0+ &/) 2 )!". )*/0+ / )*/) / 3 -/2 -/2+ -+/2+ / PARTICIPLE )!. &$. )!"/0+ )!"/) -/23(+ )*34 -+ 3 &')(+) )!/"+ )*3(+ 3 1 / &/0+ ,3$(+) 3 )!" )!/"+ / )*)+ / &$ )56/"+ )!"3(+ middle (2nd aorist: stem %-) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 )!#"+ )!#)70+ )!#)7( 1 ,#($ 8#)70+ 8#)7( 1 )!#"+ )!#)70+ )!#)7( 2 09 -370+ -37) INF. -37($ 2 )*30 )*370+ )*37) 2 1 / &370+ &37) 2 )*0 )*370+ )*37) 3 -372 -372+ -372+ / PT. -#)+0. " &$ -3723(+ 0+ 3 )*/0 )!37"+ )*+/0 3 &/($ &370+ ,+/($ 3 )*/0 )!37"+ )*+/0 passive (1st aorist: stem + 7": % + 7", like :-;<-7"-+) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 1 1 2 )!7"+ — )!7"#)+ %7> — %7>#)+ %7)?"+ — %7)@#)+ / -7"/$ -7"/0+ -7"/) INF. %7=+($ %7)?"#)+ 2 )!7". )!7"/0+ )!7"/) 2 %7A. / %7=/0+ %7=/) 2 %7)?". %7)@/0+ / %7)@/) / 3 %76/2 %76/2+ %7B+/2+ / PT. %7)?. %7=$. %7)?"/0+ %7)?"/) %76/23(+ %7)@34 %7B+ 3 )!7" )576/"+ )!7"3(+ 3 %7A / %7=/0+ %7>3$(+) 3 %7)?" %7)?/"+ / %7)@)+ / %7=$ %7)$6/"+ %7)?"3(+ !"#$%&'( present stem forms (so )*%+'(, !,#%+'(, "-.*%+'(, /%%+'(, 0"1*%+'(, 02%%+'(, $".3%%+'(, $4.5%%+'(, $."'3%%+'(, $6#%%+'(, '#*%+'(, 47*%+'(, 899+'(, 8'%+'(, :';.*%+'(, <"63%%+'(, <=*%+'(, >=*%+'(, >2%%+'(, ?@5%%+'(, ?$"!3%%+'(, ?6;.%+'(, ?6.2%%+'(, A2%%+'( $69) active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$%+'( — !"#$%+'"% 1 !"($%1B — !"($%1B'"% 1 !"($%14('( — !"($%14('"% 2 !"#$%& !"#$%+64% !"#$%+6" INF. !"($%1%,( 2 !"#$%+C !"#$%+64% !"#$%+6" 2 !"($%1DC / !"($%1E64% !"($%1E6" 2 !"($%14(C !"($%14(64% !"($%14(6" 3 !"($%16B !"($%16B% !"($%1%6B% / PT. !"($%1C !"($%1E(C !"($%16B?,% !"($%F?G !"($%1% 3 !"#$%+?((%) !"#$%+64% !"($%1,?((%) 3 !"($%1D / !"($%1E64% !"($%1B?((%) 3 !"($%14( !"($%+4#6E% !"($%14("% !"($%1E( IMPERFECT singular dual plural 1 H!"#$%+% — H!"#$%+'"% 2 H!"#$%+C H!"#$%+64% H!"#$%+6" 3 H!"#$%+ H!"($%16E% H!"#$%+?,% middle/passive (so ,7%+',(, ).%+',(, *3%+',(, 63%+',( $69) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural !"#$%+',( !"($%1'"I4% !"($%1'"I, 1 !"($%1B',( !"($%+2'"I4% !"($%+2'"I, 1 !"($%+4#'E% !"($%+4#'"I4% !"($%+4#'"I, 2 !"#$%+?4 !"#$%+?I4% !"#$%+?I" INF. !"#$%+?I,( !"#$%+?,( !"#$%+?I4% !"#$%+?I" 2 !"($%1D / !"($%1E?I4% !"($%1E?I" 2 !"($%14(4 !"($%14(?I4% !"($%14(?I" 3 !"($%1?IB !"($%1?IB% !"($%1?IB% / PT. !"($%1'"%4C !"($%1E( !"($%1?IB?,% E 4% !"#$%+6,( !"#$%+?I4% !"#$%+%6,( 3 !"($%1E6,( !"($%1E?I4% !"($%1B%6,( 3 !"($%14(64 !"($%+4#?IE% !"($%14(%64 IMPERFECT singular dual plural 1 H!"($%1'E% H!"($%1'"I4% H!"($%1'"I, 2 H!"#$%+?4 H!"#$%+I?4% H!"#$%+?I" 3 H!"#$%+64 H!"($%1?IE% H!"#$%+%64 !"#$ (poetic) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ %"&'() %"&'# 2 !*( !*'() !*'& 1 %"+) %"&'() %"&'# 2 !*#$ !*'() !*'& 3 %*', %*',) %*',) 2 !*( !*'() !*'& 3 !*-#$ !*'() !)-#$ 3 !*-( %*'+) !)-( INFINITIVE !*'#$ PARTICIPLE %"&)(. + () /0'+"#$ (prose) present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural /0'+"#$ /#'1"&'() /#'1"&'# 1 /#'2"#$ /#'3"&'() /#'3"&'# 1 /#'(4"+) /#'(4"&'() /#'(4"&'# 2 /0'+*( /0'+*'() /0'+*'& 1 5/#'1"+) 5/#'1"&'() 5/#'1"&'# or or or /#'1"+) /#'1"&'() /#'1"&'# /0'+*#$ /0'+*'() /0'+*'& 2 /#'6 / /#'7*'() /#'7*'& 2 /#'(8( /#'(8*'() /#'(8*'& 3 /#'1*', /#'1*',) /#'1*',) 2 5/0'+*( 5/0'+*'() 5/0'+*'& /#'7$ or (r or /#'7*( /#'7*'() /#'7*'& /0'+-#$ /0'+*'() /0'+)-#$ 3 /#'7-#$ /#'7*'() /#'2)-#$ 3 /#'(8-( /#'(4*'+) /#'(8)-( 3 5/0'+-( 5/#'1*'+) 5/0'+)-( or or or INFINITIVE /#'7*'#$ /#'7*-( /#'1*'+) /#'7)-( PARTICIPLE /#'1"&)(. + () or /#'7-( /&8"#$ present stem forms INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 /&8"#$ /&4"&'() /&4"&'# 1 /9,"#$ /&3"&'() /&3"&'# 1 /&(4"+) /&(4"&'() /&(4"&'# 2 /&8*( /&8*'() /&8*'& 1 5/&4"+) 5/&4"&'() 5/&4"&'# 2 /&8*#$ /&8*'() /&8*'& 2 /9: / /9+*'() /9+*'& 2 /9($( /9($*'() /9($*'& 3 /&4*', /&4*',) /&4*',) 2 ;/&$*( ;/&$*'() ;/&$*'& /9+$ 3 /&8-#$ /&8*'() /&8)-#$ 3 /9+-#$ /9+*'() /9,)-#$ 3 /9($-( /&(4*'+) /9($)-( 3 ;/&$-( 5/&4*'+) ;/&$)-( INFINITIVE /&8*'#$ PARTICIPLE /&4"&)(. + () !"#$ present stem forms (principal parts !"#$, !%&', (!"&) [(!"* also 2 aor.], —, +,!)#)-, —) active (so verbs in -*"-#-: ./#*"#-, 0$1*"#-, 2*$*"#-, +,1*"#-, +$3*"#-, &0$.*"#- 034; middle forms #/1*)#)-, +$4*)#)- 034 N.B. middle forms of !"#$ appear in Homer: 5!/#"* (!)&6 (!)36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ — !)#,* 1 !7 — !7#8* 1 !)$"* — !)9#8* / 2 !):$ / !/36* !/38 1 (!"* — (!)#8* !)$"#8* !/:- (rare) 2 !;< / !)3=* !)3, 2 !>< / !?36* !?38 2 !)$"< not attested !)$"38 3 !/3' !/3'* !/*3'* 2 (!"&:) / (!)36* (!)38 !%-< !?-< (!"< sts !%< 3 !"&$(*) !)3=* !@&$(*) 3 !> / !?36* !7&-(*) 3 !)$" not attested !)98* / 3 (!" 5!/3"* (!)&)* !?- !)$"&)* (rare) A.B. With the exception of the 2nd s., all pres. ind. forms are enclitic, like 8C#$ sum. INFINITIVE !/*)- PARTICIPLE !/<, !D&E, !/* F#$ (Lat. a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F#$ 1 G* 2 — 2 — 3 F&$(*) 3 G conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth §2189 and Kennedy §410) classified in three ways: 1. substantival clauses behave like nouns 2. adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (i.e. predicate) to the action at hand 3. adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (i.e. attributive) to the agent or item at hand This classification is based on an analogy: clauses are being compared to words. Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns, adverbs, and adjectives: 1a. Jim annoys me. 1b. The fact that Jim does that annoys me. 1c. I can't stand Jim. 1d. I can't stand the fact that Jim does that. 2a. Jim ran quickly. 2b. Jim ran when he realized he was late. 2c. Jim ran because he realized he was late. 2d. Jim ran although he didn't need to. 3a. I've made an unforgivable mistake. 3b. I've made a mistake which is unforgivable. In each of these examples, a clause underlined in a (b), (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence. Each kind of clause has further subclasses: 1. substantival clauses a. relative clauses (best treated as adjectival—see below) b. indirect speech c. indirect question d. indirect command 2. adverbial clauses a. purpose (a.k.a. "final") clauses b. object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) —with verbs of effort —with verbs of fear c. causal clauses d. result (a.k.a. "consecutive") clauses e. proviso clauses f. conditional clauses g. concessive clauses h. temporal clauses i. comparison 3. adjectival clauses: relative clauses a. definite b. indefinite [c. "conditional" relative clauses in Gk] Reading Greek sections 1–10 principal parts present future aorist English definition !"# !$# %"&"'( lead )*+,-# )*+,./# 0*1,2/& do wrong 3*# / )41*# 3/'5&+ 6/& sing &78-# &78./# 49:'( take &;<-# &;<./# =<2/& ask ),'># ),'>/'5&+ %,'?/& hear )(&",@A# )(&",@/# 0(@",&/& compel )B&<@# )B&<./# 0B@<2/& deceive )B':'"-'5&+ )B':'"./'5&+ )B4:'"2/@52( speak in self-defence )B'8-# )B'8./# 0BC82/& be at a loss DB<# DE# FE& fasten !8G# !8$# H8$& rule )<+5@A# )<+5@/# 0<152/& dishonour )I+,(-'5&+ )I1$'5&+ )I+,C52( arrive J&*1A# J&*+-'5&+ 0J@*+/& walk J&1(# J./'5&+ KJ2( go J@::# J&:-# KJ&:'( throw J+@A'5&+ J+@/'5&+ LJ+&/@52( use force J:-B# J:-E'5&+ KJ:4E& look (at) J'@# J'./'5&+ LJC2/& shout (for) J'2M-# J'2M./# LJ'.M2/& aid J'>:'5&+ J'?:./'5&+ LJ'?:.M2( wish "4:@# "4:@/'5&+ L"-:&/& laugh !"!#$%&' !#$%()*" +!#'# recognise !,-.' !,-/' +!,*/* write 0-&#' 012()*" +0*&(# bite 034()*" 032()*" 5062-)7# receive 03' 061%' 5037%* want 0789' 078$%' 5018'%* show 0"*83!()*" 0"*832()*" 50"*862-)7# converse 0"0-%&' 0"0-2' 50:0*2* teach 0:0')" 0$%' +0'&* give 0"&-;' 0"&-%' 50:&*%* be a juror 0"$&' 0"$2' 50:'2* pursue 0(&3' 092' +0(2* think 0(<89' 0(<8$%' 50(=8'%* enslave 0,-' 0,-%' +0,*%* do 0=#*)*" 0<#1%()*" 50<#1>7# be able 1. +0<%* transitive 0=' 0=%' sink 2. +0<# intransitive 5-' 5-%' 6?*%* allow 5>38' 5>681%' @>387%* wish 6A): +%()*" B# (impf.) be 6C)" ——— D* (impf.) go 586<>6,9' 586<>6,$%' @86<>3,'%* set free E8&' E82' 6F8&<%* drag 58G:;' 58G"3' H8G"%* hope 526I-;' 526I-%' 521I*%* question closely 5G*"#3' 5G*"#3%' 5GJ#6%* praise !"#$%&'&( !"($%)$*'&( +"($%),-. understand /"*'&( /0*'&( 1$"2'-. follow 345*'&( 67'( 89,*. go 1. !4:%)$: 1. +4<%-$& !4:%;: ask 2. !4)$*'&( 2. +42'-. !$,#: 3=*'&( 3>&?*. eat 6@4#$A: 6@4)$: -B4*. find 6C5*'&( 6CD*'&( -ED;'-. pray 1. /D: 35: 3$5*. have 2. $5)$: F-%G: F-%)$: !F)%-$& seek H?G*'&( H?)$*'&( H?-$;'-. lead I=*'&( H$,)$*'&( I$,-. enjoy H$J5;F: H$J5;$: H$K5&$& be quiet ,&J';F: ,&J';$*'&( !,&K'&$& wonder at ,6;*'&( ,6;$*'&( !,6&$;'-. watch ,.L$A: ,&.G*'&( 3,&.*. die ,K: ,K$: 3,J$& sacrifice 1. 3$%-$& transitive M$%-'( $%)$: stand 2. 3$%-. intransitive A&,6K=: A&,6J=)$: !A&,6K=-$& sleep A&,#F: A&,(G: !A;,($& sit A&9G: A&9G: !A;96$& call A&%-?*4G: A&%-?*4)$: A&%-?24-$& accuse A696K: A696K$: !AG96J$& order A96#$: 3A96($& A96#: shut A9L$: 3A9N$& A9G"%: A9G0: 3A960& steal A9#.: A9(.G: 3A9(.& bend !"#$%& !"#$'& (!)#*'* punish !)+,& !)-& .!"-* hit !/*,0& !/*,1'& (!/$,2'* hold sway !/34& !/540& .!/54* judge !,634& !,640& .!,654* kill !& !'& (!8#9'* prevent #*:;$4& #1-":*5 .#*;"4 take #*4<$4& #1'& .#*<"4 escape notice of 1. #0>& 1. .#6>* #0=& say 2. (/0& 2. 6?+"4 #"=3%":*5 #"=50":*5 (#"=5'$:24 reckon #7& #7'& .#9'* loose :*4<$4& :*<1'":*5 .:*<"4 learn :*@0":*5 :$@":*5 (:*@6'$:24 fight :*@0'":*5 :0##& :6##1'& (:0##2'* intend :0:A":*5 :0:-":*5 (:6:-$:24 blame :04& :640& .:654* remain :5'0& :5'1'& (:3'2'* hate 45!$& 45!1'& (43!2'* win 4"0& 4"1'& (4)2'* think 4":3%& 4":50& (4):5'* think "?B* 6C'":*5 DB2 (impf.) know "E!0& "E!1'& F!2'* dwell (in) "E!,3/& "E!,5/0& F!,5/* pity "?:*5 "E1'":*5 G1<24 think "?":*5 1. J#6'* transitive H##9:5 I#0& destroy 2. K#):24 intransitive !"#$%&#'() !"#$*&+#'() ,"#$*&-'./ bewail 0'#"#1+2 0'#"#1342 5'#"61.4( agree 0&-2 78#'() 9:;#/ see 1. ,$9<".4( !$9<"2 !$9)"342 owe 2. =$9"#/ >((<4#'() @>()4( play >-4A2 >9<4#'() @>(B#/ suffer >(%2 >(%42 @>(*4( stop >9 >9)&-#'() >9)&-4#'() C>9)&(4-'./ try >+'>2 >+'82 @>9'8( send >.;-2 >.;34#'() C>3;.4( leap ><>D2 >94+#'() @>94#/ fall >"+2 >"9%4#'() @>"9*4( sail >#)+2 >#)342 C>#<.4( make >#&9%#'() >#&9%4#'() C>#&9*4-'./ march >(1#&9%2 >1&+2 >1E>#/ address C>F".4( >2"+2 >2"342 sell G>9;6'./ H<>D2 H<82 @&&)8( throw 4)2>-2 4)2>34#'() C4)F>.4( be silent 4I#>+2 4I+8#'() C4I98-'./ view 4>+/;2 4>9<42 @4>9)4( pour a libation 4>9%;2 4>9%42 @4>9*4( hurry 4J?2 4F42 @424( save D D)'-2 D)'342 CD<'.4( honour !"#$%& !"#$'(& )!*#$+(, dare 1. 1!-20, !-./& !-.0& turn 2. 1!-2/"3 !-.4& 5-,$."$,6 15-,$"3 run !784%3& !29:"$,6 1!74"3 happen !9/!& !7/!'(& )!9/!+(, strike ;/6(43."$,6 ;/"(4'("$,6 ;/2(4*$+3 promise <,=3& <,3.& 1<+3, reveal ?328@"3 <.-& ">(& bear ?328@, <298& <29:"$,6 1<78"3 flee <+$= <'(& 1<+(, say <6#.& <6#'(& )<=#+(, love <"B."$,6 <"B'("$,6 )<"B'A+3 fear <-"3!=C& <-"3!6.& )<-*3!6(, think <7#%!!& <7#%:& )<9#,:, guard <&3.& <&3'(& ) 4-%"$,6 4-'("$,6 )4-+(%$+3 use 4&-.& 4&-'(& )4D-+(, go 0+<=C"$,6 0+<6."$,6 )0+<6(%$+3 vote Reading Greek sections 1–10 vocabulary !(2,*<+& # +( brave / manly !(', (=) man !"#$%& ' %( good / noble / courageous )($,1B+& (=) man / fellow )"* come! !(7J5#F#/ get up / emigrate !"+,- (.) market-place / agora !(+F7# (.) lawlessness )",+/0+& +( from the country / boorish )(1 up / above )"1 lead / bring )K/+& # +( worthy / worthy of (+ gen.) !2/031 be unjust / commit a crime / do wrong !B-"1 lead away / take away )2/0+& unjust EB#& EB#J# EB#( all / the whole !24(#5+& +( impossible !B3,M+F#/ depart / go away 621 / !*721 sing !B3M+F#/ refrain / keep away (from) (+ gen.) !*7 always !B% (+ gen.) away from 8$9(#/ (#:) Athens !B+@#7(1 leave / depart 8$;(#<+& (=) Athenian !B+$(NJ01 die #:,31 take / capture / convict !B+0,7(+F#/ answer #>531 ask (for) !B+05*7(1 kill #>57# (.) reason / cause !B+C31 I shall kill / destroy #?5/+& # +( responsible (for) / guilty (of) defend oneself / make a speech in one’s !B+C+"3+F#/ !0+41 hear / listen to (+ gen. of person/thing) own defence !B+C+"7# (.) speech in one’s own defence !0,/@A& accurately / closely !B+C41 acquit / release !0,%B+C/& (.) acropolis !B+,31 be at a loss / have no resources !C'$*/# (.) truth !B+,7# perplexity / lack of provisions !C;$9 the truth !B+5,3M1 run away !CC- but / alternatively !B+G#7(1 reveal / show !CC'C+D& each other / one another !B+G*4"1 escape / run off )CC+& ; + other / the rest of !B+M1,31 go away / depart EF# at the same time EB51 light / fasten / fix !F#$'& 3& ignorant O,# (indicates a question) !F*7(1( +( better ),# then / in that case (inferring) !F*C'& 3& uncaring !,*5' (.) virtue / excellence !FG%5*,+/ #/ # both ),/J5+& ; +( best / very good !(#@#7(1 go up ),5/ just now / recently !(#"0-H1 force / compel ),M+F#/ begin (+ gen.) / begin to (+ ptcp. or inf.) !(-"0; (.) necessity it is obligatory (for X [acc. or dat.] to — !J3@*/# (.) irreverence to the gods !(-"0; IJ57 [inf.]) )J5D (5%) city (of Athens) !(#/,31 pick up !5-, but !(#F3(1 wait / hold on !5/F-H1 dishonour / hold in dishonour )(#K (=) prince / lord / king #P again / moreover !(#B*7$1 persuade over to oneLs side #P$/& again !(#M1,31 retreat #Q,/+( tomorrow !"#$% &% $ him / her / it /them A<9)/0!. indict / charge !"#$' & $ self AF%& (D) woman / wife ()*+,- drag off 2!30-% (=) god / daimon ().,%*/0!. arrive / come 29,%- bite / worry 1!234- walk / go (fut. 1!2.*/0!.) 2* and / but it is necessary (for X [acc. or dat.] to — 1!5*-' deeply 278 [inf.]) 1!56' 78! 6 deep 27.%$' & $% clever at (+ inf.) / dire / terrible 1!3%- I come / go / walk 27I.9 (D) right hand 19++: 7;' ,$@$#?' (=) master 1!<6' 78! 6 heavy 27G.+76' (=) king 2*J/0!. receive 1*1!./' ! /% secure 2& then / indeed 1*+#.>#/' ? /% best 2C+/' ? /% clear / obvious 17+#3-% /% better 2?+$- show / reveal 1.94/0!. use force 2C0/' (=) people / deme 13/' (=) life / means /livelihood 2&@/F of course / surely 1+*@- look (at) 2C#! then 1/9- shout (for) 2.9 + acc. because of 1/?5*- help / run to help 2.9 + gen. through 1/6+/0!. wish / want 2.B #3; why? 1,!+/' (=) teacher A*<-% (=) old man 2.29>,- teach A7- =*,5"71 61 6 ?.G(3/"8 (5() market-place themselves (pronoun) (*>5"71 61 6) ?8 (+ dat.) in ?6' allow ?8 8N C:' intend / have in mind ?@@71 (preposition) (+ gen.) near / nearby ?8 5"75O meanwhile ?@#-$A' shut in / lock in ?8*85A"8 (+ gen.) opposite / in front of ?@B I (sometimes emphatic) C8!"8 inside C@'@$ I at least / I at any rate C8$/./ be in ?D&-' wish / want (to) (+ gen.) because / for the sake of (usually P8$#* $E if placed after noun) ?8D6!$ here $E!B1 $E!,%* $E!(1 knowing ?85*0D* here / at this point $E.A I am (= verb ‘to be’) ?85$0D$8 from then / from there $F./ I shall go ?85,@:68' I meet with (+ dat.) $EG& speak! / tell me! ?)6@' lead out / bring out $E3;8H (+) peace ?)*AK8H1 suddenly $E3;8H8 I@' live in/be at peace ?)*G*56' deceive / trick $E1 (+ acc.) to / into / onto ?)&3:".*/ go out / come out $E9J*A8' enter / board ?)$56M' question closely $E9&3:".*/ enter ?)$,3A9#' find out $E9K&3' bring in / carry in ?G*/8&' praise $F5* then / next ?G*8&3:".*/ return ?# / ?) (+ gen.) out of ?G$A when / since ?#J6--' throw out ?G$/!; when / since / because ?#!&:".*/ receive in turn CG$/5* then / next ?#!7".*/ undress ?G&3:".*/ go against / attack ?#$%8"1 H " that ?GA + acc. at / against ?#$%9$ (to) there ?GA + gen. on ?##-H9A* (+) assembly / ekklesia ?G/#*-&".*/ call upon (to witness) !"#$%&'&( know how to (+ inf.) / understand N$S0*6 < quiet / peaceful )"*'&( follow N%%1. *. lesser / weaker +,-*. (%/) task / work / job / duty 32O&%%& (D) sea +,0*'&( go / come 32.&%*6 (F) death !,1%21 ask 3&S'2G1 wonder at / be amazed at !$3#1 eat (fut. +4*'&() 352 (D) goddess )%5,*6 & *. one (or the other) of two 352*'&( observe / watch +%( still / yet 35&%C6 (F) spectator / member of audience +%( 7&8 .9. even now / still now 35/6 (F/D) god(-dess) :%*;'*6 < *. ready (to) (+ inf.) 3.<%/6 C /. mortal 5= well 3/,ST*6 (F) noise / din / hustle and bustle 5>4&#'1. *. happy / rich / blessed by the gods 3?,& (D) door 5>3?6 (adv.) at once / straightaway 3S$#& (D) a sacrifice 5@,#$71 find / come upon 3?1 sacrifice 5AB,1. *. well-disposed U4*? look! / here! / hey! 5>0C (D) prayer V5,/. (%/) sanctuary 5A0*'&( pray V7H%<6 (F) suppliant +01 have / hold W""*6 (F) horse E5?6 (F) Zeus X$16 perhaps G<%H1 look for / seek 7&35?41 sleep I or 7&3#G*'&( sit down (intransitive) I (with comparatives) than 7&3#G1 sit down (transitive) J 4K L6 he said 7&3*,21 see / look down on D-5'M. (F) leader 7&# and / also D-H*'&( think / consider / lead (+ dat.) 7&8 4Y 7&# moreover D4H16 with pleasure / happily 7&#"5, although (+ ptcp.) I4< by now / now / already 7&#%*( and yet N4*'&( enjoy / be pleased 7&7Z/7&7[6 "*(H1 treat badly / do harm to D4*.C (D) pleasure 7&7*4&#'1. *. unlucky / dogged by an evil daimon D4?6 5;& ? sweet / pleasant 7&7/6 C /. bad / evil / cowardly / lowly / mean NO(*6 (F) sun 7&7[6 badly / evilly D'P6 &>%*?6 26 ourselves (pronoun) 7&OH1 call / summon D'5;6 we 72OO($%*6 < *. most/very fine/beautiful/good D'H,& (D) day 7&O/6 C /. beautiful / fine / good D'H%5,*6 our(s) 7&O[6 finely / beautifully D'#*.*6 (F) mule 7&%2 + acc. in / on / by / according to J. 4K !-M I said 7&%&T&#.1 go down / come down condemn / convict (X [gen.] on a charge Q,&7OR6 (F) Herakles 7&%&4(72G1 of Y [acc.]) D$S02G1 be quiet / keep quiet 7&%&7O#.*'&( lie down D$S0#& (D) quiet / peace 7&%&O&'T2.1 come across / overtake !"#"$%& bring to an end / finish =+$"2 =+$"@7" =+$"7 black be about to (+ fut. inf.) / intend / hesitate !"#'()*+& prosecute X (gen.) on a charge of Y (acc.) =+$$& (+ pres. inf.) !"#'()*," (-) speech for the prosecution blame / criticise / find fault with (+ acc. =+=4)="@ or dat.) !.$./0#12 (3) boatswain =+7…8+… on the one hand…on the other !.$.%& order =+7#)@ however / but !.4"$1 (-) head =+7& remain / wait for !5*/6 (3) herald =+*)2 (#<) share / part !,78/7)2 (3) danger =.#: + acc. after !$+9#'2 (3) thief =.#: + gen. with !$+9#& steal =1 not / don’t! (with imperative) !)$:;& punish =1 (with imperative) don’t! !<9#& knock (on) / cut ='8"=C2 not at all / in no way !*"#+& hold sway / hold power (over) ='8.,2 ='8.=," ='8+7 no / no one !*.,##&7 )7 stronger / greater ='!+#@ no longer !#5=" (#<) possession =1#'* (-) mother !/>.*71#'2 (3) captain / helmsman ='B"71 (-) device / plan !%&7 (3) dog =@"*<2 : <7 foul / polluted !&$%& prevent / stop =@0+& hate ?"!.8"@=<7@)2 (3) Spartan =<7)2 ' )7 alone $"=>:7)="@ take hold of (+ gen.) =C7; surely not? $"=>:7& take / capture =C*)2 " )7 stupid / foolish $"=9:2 (-) torch 7", yes escape notice of X (acc.) in -ing (+ nom. $"7A:7& ptcp.) 7"/="B," (-) naval battle $+(& say 7"D2 (-) ship $+=>)2 (3) boat / life-boat 7"%#'2 (3) sailor $@=17 (3) harbour 7"/#@!<2 1 <7 naval $)(,;)="@ reckon / calculate / consider 7."7,"2 (3) young man argument / word / speech / story / tale $<()2 (3) / reason 7."7,0!)2 (3) young man $%& release 7.!*<2 (3) corpse =: (+ acc.) by…! 7+)2 " )7 young ="A'#12 (3) student 7.E*@)7 (#<) dockyard =:$@0#" especially / particularly / yes 71 (+ acc.) by…! ="7A:7& learn / understand 750)2 (-) island =:*#/2 (3) witness 7@!:& win / defeat =:B' (-) fight / battle 7,!' (-) victory / conquest =:B)="@ fight 7)+& think / notice / mean / intend =+("2 =.(:$' =+(" big / great 7)=,;& think / acknowledge =+(@0#)2 ' )7 greatest (superlative of =+("2) 7<=)2 (3) law / convention =.,;&7 )7 greater (comparative of =+("2) 7<0)2 (-) plague / disease !"#$ (%) mind / sense 5/6 that / because !#! now ". / ".; / ".J no / not !&! then (cf. !#! now) ".2-1K$ in no way / not at all !'( ()) night ".2* and not / not even (*!"$ / (+,!"$ (%) foreigner / guest / host ".2+7$ ".2+17- ".2*! no / no one / nothing % -./0$ the same ".2*! nothing % ) /0 the ".2*3"/+ never % 1*!…% 2* one…another ".2*3> / "L3> not yet % 34$ the whole of ".;*/6 no longer 5 /6; what? (in reply to /7;) ".;"#! therefore 52+ 82+ /02+ this here "L;"&! not…therefore "92- know "M! so / then / really / therefore ":;-2+ homewards ".@-!0$ (%) sky / heavens "<;*/=$ (%) house-slave "L/+…"L/+ neither…nor "<;*> dwell (in) / live "N/"$ hey there! hey you! ":;=?6$ ()) dwelling "N/"$ -O/= /"#/" this "<;7- ()) house "P/"?7 -P/=7 /"&/7 this here ":;"6 at home "O/>($) thus / so / in this way "<;/7@> pity BE+7C> owe "91-6 think 3GH"$ (/0) experience / suffering o:1"6 alas! Oh dear! 3-627"! (/0) child / slave "A"$ - "! what a! what sort of a! 3-7Q> (3@0$ + acc.) play / joke at (exclamatory) BC7D"$ = "! small / few 3-,$ (%) child / slave 5C"$ = "! whole of 3GC6! back / again BC"E'@"1-6 lament / mourn for 3-!/-J"# everywhere 51"6"$ - "! like / similar to (+ dat.) 3G!& very (much); at all %1"C"D*> agree 3-@G + dat. with / beside / in the presence of %10!"6- ()) agreement / harmony 3-@G + acc. along / alongside 51>$ nevertheless / however 3-@G + gen. from F!"1- (/0) name 3G@+616 be present / be at hand 53C- (/G) weapons / arms 3-@*J> give to / provide %30?"$ = "! how much/many R-@H+!S! (%) the Parthenon 53"& where? / where 34$ 34?- 34! all %@G> see 3G?J> suffer / experience / undergo B@H0$ I 0! straight / correct / right 3-/I@ (%) father 5$ 8 5 who / what / which 3-/@7$ ()) fatherland 5?"$ = "! 3-'"1-6 stop (+ nom. ptcp.) / cease from (+ gen.) how great! (exclamatory) 3-'> stop 5?3+@ 83+@ 53+@ who/which indeed 3+7H"1-6 trust / obey (+ dat.) 5/+ when 3+7H> persuade !"#$%&'(# try / test !$"6D"E.50 (8) ambassador !)'!* send !$40 + acc. towards !"$+ + acc. about !$40 + dat. near / in addition to (+ dat.) !"$+ + gen. about !$40 + gen. in the name of / under the protection of !,-%* leap / jump !$&6(B&$"<* address / speak to !+!.* fall / die !$&6)$C&'(# advance / go/come towards !/)* sail !$&6.$)C* run towards !/)*0 ( *1 full of (+ gen.) !$&.$)!* urge on / impel !/23&0 (.4) number / crowd / the people !$>.&1 (adverbial) first / at first !/51 (+ gen.) except !$>.&0 , &1 first !/,6+&1 nearby / (+ gen.) near !@$ (.4) fire !/&7&1 (.4) vessel / ship !E$% (:) funeral pyre !43"1; from where? !E$% (.%) fire-signal !&7; to where? !*/)* sell !&#)&'(# make !*0 somehow !&#)* make / do !>0 BF$ &G; of course !.,0 (8) poet HI-#&0 ( &1 easy !&7&0 ( &1; what sort of? HJ-+*0 easily !&/)'#&# (&9) the enemy H(K*-40 (8) rhapsode !&/)'#&0 ( &1 hostile / enemy H5.*$ (8) orator / politician !4/"'&0 (8) war H+!.* throw / hurl !4/#0 (:) city (state) 6(")(E.41 51 yourself (s.) (pronoun) !&/+.,0 (8) citizen 6(L>0 clearly !&//% many things 6"/51, (:) moon !&//%;#0 often 6,'"7&1 (.4) sign / signal !&/< (adverbial) much 67.&0 (8) food (pl. .F 67.() !&/<0 !&//5 !&/< many / much 6#*!%* be silent !&1,$40 % 41 wicked / wretched 6;"<, (.%) gear / furniture !&$"<&'(# march / journey / go 6;&!)* look at / consider !4$$* far / far off 640 5 41 your(s) (singular) =&6"#->1 (8) Poseidon (god of sea) 6&L+( (:) wisdom !&.('40 (8) river 6&L40 5 41 wise / clever !&." once / ever 6!)1-* pour a libation !4."$&1…? whether…or 6!"<-* hurry !4."$&0 ( &1 which (of two) 6!&1-(+ ((9) treaty / truce !&@; where (at)? 6!&1-5 (:) libation !&<0 (8) foot 6!&E-5 (:) haste / zeal / seriousness !$AB'( (.4) thing / matter / affair / (pl.) troubles 6.)1* groan !$%B'(.( !($)C* cause trouble 6.$(.,B40 (8) general !$)6D"#0 (&9) ambassadors 6.$(.#% (:) army !" you (s.) hit / chance on / happen on / be subject ;#$.:&/ to (+ gen.) / happen (to) / be actually (+ !#$$%&'( ()) relation ptcp.) !#$$&*+,& -./ forgive / pardon (+ dat.) ;"G;/ strike / hit !"& with (the help of) (+ dat.) HI91( (?) aggression / violence !#&0123/ live with / live together #J5( ()) son !.%45& near / nearly / almost K+B( =L;0"( :( yourselves (pronoun) !67/ save / keep safe K+%D( you (pl.) 8/29:;,( ()) Socrates K+3;%90( = 0& your(s) !<0( = 0& safe KG39 + gen. for / on behalf of !/;'9 ()) saviour KG,93;,( ()) servant / slave !/;,9>= (?) safety / salvation KG1!.&30+=1 (+ fut. inf.) I promise ;@ &=#;12: lit. ‘the naval-things’ / naval matters KG5 + gen. by / at the hands of lit. ‘the leader's-things’ / leadership / H!;%90& (adverbial) later / further ;@ !;9=;,$12: generalship lit. ‘the soldier's-things’ / military H!;%90( = 0& later / last (of two) ;@ !;9=;1/;12: matters KM=1930+=1 steal / take for oneself by stealth ;:A=( ;:A=1&= ;:A=& wretched / unhappy M=>&0+=1 seem to be / appear to be (+ nom. ptcp.) ;B& my dear chap (condescendingly) M39% come! ;:C1( (?) battle-array / order / rank M39/ carry / bear ;=.3/( quickly M%"$/ flee / be a defendant / be on trial ;%…2=>… A and B / both A and B M,+> / -M,& I say / I said ;%D.0( (;5) wall (of a city) M'( you (s.) say ;3A0( (adverbial) in the end / finally ME:&/ anticipate X (acc.) in -ing (+ nom. ptcp.) ;3.&, (?) skill / art / expertise M1A3/ love / kiss ;'+%90& today M>A0( ()) friend ;1 a / something M>A0( , 0& dear / friendly / one's own ;>; (pronominal) what? M1A0!0M>= (?) philosophy ;>; (adverbial) why? M1A5!0M0( ()) philosopher ;>E,+1 put / place M>A;=;0( , 0& most dear (superlative of M>A0() ;1+:/ honour M0I30+=1 fear / be afraid (of) ;>( what? who? M5I0( ()) fear ;1( ;1 a / a certain / someone M90&;>7/ think / worry ;>(; ;>; who? what? M90&;>( (?) thought / care / concern ;01 then (inference) M"A=C ()/?) guard ;010F;0( ;01=";, of this kind / of such a kind ;010F;0(&) M#A:;;/ guard ;5A+= (?) daring M/&3/ speak / utter ;0A+:/ dare / be daring / undertake M/&' (?) voice / language / speech ;5;% then .=D9% hello! / farewell! ;93G0+=1 turn / turn in flight .=A%G5( ' 5& difficult / hard ;93./ run .%>9 (?) hand ;91'9=9.0( ()) trierarch .%>9/& 0& worse !"#$%&' use / employ (+ dat.) !"(& ()#) debts !"* it is necessary (for X [acc.] to — [inf.]) !"*%&)& ()#) money !"*+'%$, - $. useful / profitable !"-+)/, * /. good / fine / serviceable !"/.$, (0) time !1"(1 go / come !1"2$. ()/) place / space / region 34567, falsely 3-829$%&' vote (fut. 3-8'($%&') 3:8$, (;) vote / voting-pebble < O (addressing someone) = what…! (+ gen.) >, (conjunction) that >, (exclamatory) how! >, (relative adverb) as ?+@4" like / as