©2003, John C. Beckman. Nonprofit copying encouraged! Koine Morphology Summary, v2003.08.11 Page 1 of 1

Table 1: Parsing Codes Table 5: Verb Tenses. (Tenses with *asterisks* occur outside of the indicative mood) Tense Voice Mood Person Gender Number Case Past Present Future P=Present A=Active I=Indicative 1=1st M=Masculine S=Singular N=Nominative Undefined Aspect *Aorist Tense* Present Tense *Future Tense* I=Imperfect M=Middle S=Subjunctive 2=2nd F=Feminine P=Plural G=Genitive Continuous Aspect Imperfect Tense *Present Tense* Future Tense? F=Future P=Passive M=Imperative 3=3rd N=Neuter D=Dative Perfect Aspect Pluperfect Tense *Perfect Tense* Future Perfect Tense A=Aorist Mp=M or P O=Optative Mn=M or N A=Accusative T=Perfect Md=M Deponent P=Participle V=Vocative Table 6: Vowel Changes L=Pluperfect Pd=P Deponent N=Infinitive Na=N or A • Forms ending in c_T* g_T* or p_T could be FPA or FSG. All others ending in _T are FPA. R=Future Perfect Mpd=Mp Deponent Nv=N or V • Because f at stem’s end in singular Ï _ in plural (e.g., ep_df8T is FSG, ep_e_tT is FPA). • Because _ at stem’s end in SN Ï f in SG & SD unless preceded by c, g, or p. Table 2: Table of Stops • A vowel usually lengthens when consonants after it drop out. Unvoiced Voiced Aspirate + q + o • Except NSNa and TAPMnPD participles don’t lengthen when consonants drop out. • c lengthens to the spurious diphthong cg* Labial n ` d w do • m lengthens to the spurious diphthong ms* except that m Ï u in MSN participles. Velar i e a v ao Dental r b o q qo Table 7: Contraction – Start at end of word and work right to left. • Reduplicated aspirate is unvoiced. (e.g., d Ï ncd, a Ï ica, o Ï rco). This applies to iota reduplication too. Short Vowel Spurious Diphthong Long Vowel • Tau drops off if it is the last letter of a word. (e.g., mhl_k_r Ï mhl_k_). A-Type Short _ N/A Long _ • Nu drops out before sigma. (e.g., n_lT Ï n_T). E-Type c cg* f O-Type m ms* u Table 3: Personal Endings (P.E.) • A spurious diphthong is cg or ms that was created by contraction or lengthening. P# Primary Active Secondary Active Imperative Active kg Verbs PAI • Spurious diphthongs are marked cg* and ms* l • Step 1: Delete the 2nd letter of the diphthong if it is sg, cg*, or ms*. 1S – [– for 1AAI] kg • Step 2: Contract the 1st two letters. Use the table above to find the result: [kg for some Optative] • Row of the letter that came first, except O-Type if either starting vowel is O-Type. – • Long vowel column, except that spurious diphthong column if (cc, mm, cm, or mc). [ml for 1AAM] gT • Step 3: If end up with three letters, delete the middle letter. 2S T [og or rg for APM] T [T for TAI] • Exception to contraction: m + f - Ï u - by the rules, but often m + f - Ï mg instead. [c for some kgPAM] • The tense stems of kg verbs always end in a vowel that only contracts in 2AAN. [og or T for kgAAM] g –(l) Table 8: Case Endings (C.E.) 3S ru qg(l) [–(l) for TAI] [– for API] 1st Declension 2nd Declension 3rd Declension 1P kcl kcl kcl – T T SN rc rc rc rc [T for M] [l or – for N] [– for N or if stem ends in l, p, q, or mlr] 2P l T lqg(l) SG s mT 3P [q_l for API] ruq_l _qg(l) [ms for M] [l for some TAI] [q_l or cl for Optative] SD g g g _ l SA l [– for N] [l or – for N] P# Primary Middle Secondary Middle Imperative Middle [l if stem ends in ä* Ä , or some rg, bg, or og] 1S k_g kfl c SV – – qm [l or – for N] 2S q_g qm [g 1AMM] g cT PNv g 3S r_g rm qou [_ for N] [_ for N]

1P kco_ kco_ PG ul ul ul 2P qoc qoc qoc PD gT gT qg(l) 3P lr_g lrm qouq_l _T sT PA T [cT if stem ends in Ä] [_ for N] Table 4: Connecting Vowels (C.V.) [_ for N] st Mood Indicative (I) Participle (P) Subjunctive (S) Infinitive (N) Imperative (M) Optative (O) 1 Declension: Stem ends in alpha or eta. rd nd 3 Declension: Stem ends in a consonant. C.V. m* c* c* m* c* m m u* f* f* u* f* u c c m 2 Declension: Stem ends in omicron. ©2003, John C. Beckman. Nonprofit copying encouraged! Koine Morphology Summary, v2003.08.11 Page 2 of 2

Table 9: Elements of an inflected word. See Table Noun Adjective Finite Verb Participle Infinitive Comments • When? Absolute past time only, so (Indicative mood) AND (Aorist, Imperfect, or Pluperfect Tense). • When? Pluperfect often doesn’t augment, because it already has one change at the front of the word (i.e., reduplication). Augment 10 X • Where? Compound verbs Ï Augment between preposition and tense stem. • How? Consonant Ï Prepend epsilon. Vowel Ï Lengthen (see table 10). Some diphthongs don’t augment. • When? Perfect aspect only. • Where? Compound verbs Ï Augment between preposition and tense stem. Reduplication 2, 10 X X X • How? Vowel Ï Like augment. Consonant Ï Epsilon reduplication (e.g., j Ï jcj). • How? Reduplicated aspirate becomes unvoiced (e.g., d Ï ncd) as described in the table of stops (table 2). • How? Consonant cluster Ï Prepend epsilon (e.g., el Ï cel), except stop + j or p Ï reduplicate stop (e.g., ep Ï ecep). 6 Tense 6 Tense 6 Tense • What? Stem depends on gender for words that have multiple genders (e.g., adjectives and pronouns). Stem 11 1 3 Genders Stems Stems Stems • What? Verb stem depends on tense and voice. Independent of mood. (“TS”) (“TS”) (“TS”) • What? Principle parts indicate the tense stems: PAI1S, FAI1S, AAI1S, TAI1S, TMpI1S, API1S • TF depends on tense and voice. • 1st and 2nd: If indicative TF has ≥2 letters (i.e., AA, AM, TA, LA, AP, FP), 2nd form exists that drops initial TF consonant. Tense Formative st nd st nd 11 X X X • 1 and 2 : Exceptions to the rule for 1 and 2 forms are 2AA and 2AM, which completely eliminate the TF. (“TF”) • Liquid verbs have stems ending in j, k, l, or p (“Liquids May Not Run”). Ï Different TF if TF begins with sigma. • Always drop final vowel of TF in the subjunctive mood. • When? U Verbs: Always unless (1) Tense formative ends in a vowel, (2) TMp tense, or (3) LMp tense. Connecting • When? kg Verbs: Never unless TF ends in a consonant. Vowel 4 X X X • When? Always use a CV in the subjunctive mood. (No exceptions!). (“C.V.”) • What? Depends on mood, as described in table 4. Mood Formative X • Optative mood uses iota or gf as mood formative immediately before the personal ending. Morpheme 12 X X • Non-Finite verbs use a morpheme. Use middle morpheme except (1) active voice, or (2) aorist passive. • Primary PE except (1) Imperative mood Ï Imperative PE, (2) Optative mood or absolute past time Ï Secondary PE. Personal Ending 3 X (“PE”) • Active endings are used in the active voice and the aorist passive. Otherwise, use middle endings. Case Ending 8 X X X • Anything with case uses a case ending.

Table 10: Augment / Reduplicate Vowel Table 11: Tense Stems (“TS”) and Tense Formatives (“TF”). Table 12: Morphemes _ Ï f Tense Formative

c Ï f T&V TS Exceptions to Tense Formative for Various Moods • Active participles (M&N/F): lr / lq_ Default TF g Ï g I P S N M O • Except for TA: r / sg_ m Ï u PA P – s Ï s PMp P – • Middle participles (M&N/F): kclm / kclf IA P – • No exceptions. Sources used throughout: IMp P – • W.D. Mounce, Basics of Biblical FA FA q [cq for liquid] • Active infinitives: cl Greek, Zondervan 1993. FM FA q [cq for liquid] • Except for TA & AP: l_g • W.D. Mounce, The Morphology of i_ for some kg verbs, • Except for 1AA: g Biblical Greek, Zondervan 1994. 1AA AA q_ [_ for liquid] q [none for liquid] _ Ï c for 3S • Except for kg verbs PA: l_g • H.W. Smyth, Greek Grammar, rev. AA q_ [_ for liquid] q [none for liquid] kg cl_g G.M. Messing, Harvard 1984. 1AM • Except for verbs 2AA: 2AA AA – Sources limited to specific tables: 2AM AA – • Middle infinitives: qo_g • D.A. Black, It’s Still Greek to Me, TA TA i i_, except ic for 3S • No exceptions Baker 1998. Idea of table 5. LA TA icg • L.M. Fields, “Those Pesky Contract RA TA q [cq for liquid] Verbs,” Paper at ETS National Meeting TMp TMp – 2001. Parts of tables 6&7. LMp TMp – Font “Teknia Greek” used by permission. RMp TMp q [cq for liquid] AP AP of oc o oc See review slides for explanations. FP AP ofT