To the Problem of the Transformation of the Party System of the Kingdom of Spain in the Late Xx

1 Epshteyn V.A., Ph.D in Sociology [email protected]

2 Menshikov P.V., Ph.D in History [email protected]

Russian presidential academy of national economy and public administration (RANEPA, Moscow) Institute of Business Studies (IBS-Moscow) International Relations department Moscow, Russia

Moscow state Institute of international relations (MGIMO University, Moscow) Department of Regional management and national policy Moscow, Russia DOI: 10.24153/2079-5912-2018-9-5-65-73

TO THE PROBLEM OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PARTY SYSTEM OF THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN IN THE LATE XX – EARLY XXI CENTURIES

The article deals with the In the XXI century the Kingdom of Spain entered the path of political instability. Firstly, formation and development failures in the creation of a coalition government due to the fact that a candidate for the of the party-political system in post of the head of government of Spain (in Spanish: el presidente del gobierno) did not Spain throughout the modern succeed in getting the necessary majority. Secondly, a motion of no confidence against history of the country. The authors identify three key the head of the Executive and the members of his party was tabled in the summer of 2017. periods of its evolution. And thirdly, corruption scandals involving the ruling party and as a consequence Particular attention is paid to summoning of the Prime Minister to court etc (The «Gürtel case” of conducting for many the political crisis that arose in years "double-entry bookkeeping" in the "People's Party", whose defendants were former the Kingdom in 2015, which officials and members of the PP). Most of those events were due to the transition from the influenced the existing party system and led to its radical actual bipartisan system, which was from 1977 to 2015 when the Spanish Parliament was modernization. dominated by two major political forces that received more than 60% of the votes to the Keywords: The party system of real multi-party system as well as the presence of numerous “problem nodes”[5] that are Spain, elections, the worth paying special attention to. government, the Prime The country's modern party system started its establishment after the death of Francisco Minister, the Cortes, Franco in 1975 and the adoption of a new integration policy enshrined in the Moncloa "Podemos", "Ciudadanos", the PSOE, the SDC (Unión de Pact.[8] Formally, there were two agreements in the Pact (the Covenant consists of two Centro Democrático, UCD), large parts): the People's Party, the • “Agreement on the programme of reforming and improving the economy”; Moncloa Pact. • “Agreement on the programme of legal and political action”

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The document, initiated by King Juan Carlos and the Demócrata Cristiano), liberals (Federación de Partidos government headed by Adolfo Suarez, recognized the Demócratas y Liberales), independent (Federación Social following main objectives: to stop the search for those Independiente) and others. It is worth being mentioned that responsible for the Civil war of 1936-1939, mutual rejection of the People's Party (Partido Popular), which was in power revenge and persecution, cooperation in order to achieve during the recent years and whose leader experienced 2 common national goals.[8] motions of no confidence in the past 2 years about which we The Agreements were signed in 1977 by the main political will talk further, was also a member of that coalition. At the forces of Spain - the francoists, communists and socialists, the time of the first elections, the overwhelming majority of the duration of "truce" was determined as 1 year. The Covenant population was rather moderate and was not eager to had received great support from various parts of society and support radical left- or right-wing forces, which predetermined had been easily adopted by the Parliament as a new law. the success of the Union of the Democratic Centre. However, King Juan Carlos I remained neutral reconciling opponents.[4] in the early 1980s in the UCD suffered from a severe crisis and According to the Agreement, the opposition forces gave the the conflict between the constituent parts of the Union began government a mandate to carry out tough economic to escalate which eventually led to the resignation of the measures, while the government itself took responsibility for leader Adolfo Suarez in 1981. At the same time, the PSOE social activities. The Treaty was properly implemented and gradually moved away from the ideology of Marxism and soon yielded results in all areas. The country began an active shifted from the left wing to the left centre. The situation in the formation of a democratic system, conditions for the creation country was not conducive to increase in popularity of the of a fundamentally new Constitution were established, which UCD, as the confidence in the ruling party was undermined later was adopted at a national referendum in 1978. It is worth amid rising inflation and unemployment rates, as well as the mentioning that the 6th article of the basic law recognized general economic crisis. It began to split, and parliamentary the party as "the main institution of the political elections of 1982, which were noticed as the ones with record participation".[10] Furthermore, in 1977 the activities of the high turnout (80% of the population eligible to vote took part), opposition parties were officially permitted, first elections were were by far won by the socialists, who gained support of 48.1% held, Catalonia and the Basque Country received the status of voters against only 6.8% earned by the SDC. What came as of autonomies. a surprise was the second place taken with 26.4% of the vote Such changes enabled Spain to open a new page of the by the People's Alliance (the current People's Party), which history and as a result in 1986 the state joined the European earlier was a part of the UCD, that finally collapsed in 1983.[22] Union. Therefore, the Moncloa Pact undoubtedly played a The second period (1982-1996) — passed under the flag of crucial role in the formation of the modern party-political the PSOE. The first victory in 1982 was followed by three system of the country, while the political compromise paved consecutive victories - in 1986 (44.1%), 1989 (39.6%) and 1993 the way to the establishment of the parliamentary (38.8%).[22] The decision to step back from the ideas of democracy according to the European model. Marxism, was undoubtedly the turning point in the From our point of view, the history of the development of development of the party and made it possible to gain the the Spanish two-party system during 1977-2015 can be support of the majority of the Spaniards. At that time, the divided into three fairly long periods. leader of the party, and, consequently, The Prime Minister, was The first period (1977-1982) was characterized by the Felipe Gonzalez Marquez (Was born in 1942. Spanish Prime confrontation between the Union of the Democratic Centre Minister from 1982 to 1996, member of the Spanish socialist (UCD), founded by Adolfo Suarez (Adolfo Suárez (1932-2014) - party), who became famous by his phrase: “Marxism or me” was a Spanish statesman, the first Prime Minister of Spain after which managed to persuade the socialists to change the Franco's death, who carried out numerous democratic strategy. Being in power for 4 consecutive terms and having reforms.) in 1977, and the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party received 3 consecutive absolute majority of seats, Gonzalez (PSOE). In two Congressional elections which took place in set a record of the Spanish democratically elected Prime 1977 and 1979 and were the first democratic political Minister. During those 14 years, many reforms were carried out procedures since 1936, the UCD won by a slight majority, that turned Spain into a highly developed European state. At outpacing the main rival in both cases by about 4%. Adolfo that time, the Kingdom joined NATO (1982), the EU (1986), and Suarez was seeking support of his democratic reforms, and achieved great success in the economy associated with the later on the new political force (UCD) succeeded in uniting expansion of the market, the development of the consumer several parties with different ideologies: Social Democrats and the service sectors. PSOE managed to build bridges with (Federación Social Demócrata), Christian Democrats (Partido different layers of the Spanish society: representatives of the

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Church, the army, the financial community, and what was thing was that the Spanish government and personally H. M. more important, maintained the support of workers. By such Aznar immediately after the incident accused the Basque actions the socialists showed their consistency and reliability, separatists of organizing the explosions, however, further first of all, in domestic politics, which corresponded to the investigation showed that the attacks had been organized by philosophy of social democracy. For many other political Islamic terrorists.[19] The Prime Minister and his party forces around Europe, the PSOE became a role model of the immediately lost the confidence of the population, which “classical” European leftist party.[6] again preferred the PSOE during the 2004 elections. Another However, in the early 1990s, pan-European problems, such reason for the political defeat of H. M. Asnar was support and as the flood of migrants from Africa and Latin America approval by the PP of the controversial invasion in Iraq in 2003 alongside the Basque and Catalan separatism triggered the with the aim to demolish the government of Saddam Hussein. weakening of the political stability of Spain, and, moreover, After the elections in 2004 and 2008, which were won by PSOE was involved in corruption scandals, which sharply the socialists, who gained 42.6% and 43.9%[22] respectively, undermined its credibility as well. As a result of the 1993 their leader, the youngest Prime Minister in the history of elections, the socialists failed to gain an absolute majority and modern Spain, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (José Luis established a minority government, such fact forced them to Rodriguez Zapatero (1960 -...) was a Spanish politician. The seek the support of the nationalists, which further weakened Prime Minister of Spain from 2004 to 2011. Left the office on the political rating of PSOE. The final blow to the party December 21, 2011, after the party's defeat in early elections) reputation was the publication in the media about the secret formed a one-party government. The withdrawal of the and illegal struggle against the Basque separatists. The fact Spanish troops from Iraq took place, illegal migrants were was that in many cases, the defendants were able to prove granted amnesty, etc. On the international arena Zapatero that they were persecuted not for their actions and deeds, but became famous for his idea of the "Alliance of Civilizations", for their beliefs and ideological sympathies.[12] which was put forward at the UN General Assembly in 2004. The third period (1996-2015) is the longest one, during However, the global economic crisis has declined the which the specifics of the pendulum system, inherent in the popularity of socialists who failed to find the proper solution of States with two large political parties competing one against the problem. Spanish construction market which is of vital the other (PSOE and the People's Party in Spain), became truly importance for the country fell by a quarter, which was the apparent. The elections of 1996, were for the first time won by largest drop in the whole EU, the national debt began to grow, the center-right People's Party (PP) by a slight majority with an and inflation started its increase.[15] As a result, in 2011 the advantage of only 1.6% over a runner-up.[22] The Parliament was dissolved and snap elections were held, which government, led by José María Aznar (José María Aznar (1953 were won by the People's Party led by Mariano Rajoy -...) – Prime Minister of Spain from 1996 to 2004, member of the (Mariano Rajoy (1955 - ... years) - Spanish politician, the head People's Party), was formed by the cooperation with the of the Government since 2011 to 2018, leader of the "People's regional parties of the Basque Country, the Canary Islands Party" since 2004). and the Convergence and Union party. At the elections of The formation of a stable two-party system in Spain can be 2000, the party managed to obtain a parliamentary majority explained by looking at the history of the party and political (44.5% of all votes).[22] The direction of Asnar’s politics was development of the state. In the XIX – early XX century there aimed at maintaining stability in the economy, modernization were various political forces in the Spanish Kingdom, which of the country as a whole as well as fighting against sometimes led antagonistic ideology. During the period of separatism, corruption and terrorism. However, at the elections Franco there was only one political force according to the law of 2004 the People’s Party suffered a significant defeat. In — the Spanish Phalanx (The Spanish Phalanx – the far-right many respects it was a consequence of the terrorist attacks in political party, founded in 1933. Broke up after the death of Madrid on 11 March 2004.( On March 11, 2004, three days Franco and the beginning of the democratic processes in the before the parliamentary elections in Spain, a series of terrorist country.) while all others were officially forbidden and forced attacks took place in the suburbs of Madrid. In total, there to maintain its activities underground. The processes of were 10 activated explosive devices: 3 explosions occurred at democratization that took place immediately after Caudillo's the Atocha train station, 4 in the streets Tellez, 1 - at the railway death were aimed at finishing the political enmity. No doubt, station of Santa Eugenia, 2 - at the railway station of El Pozo but for the legalization of other political forces such a Del Tío Raimundo, and 3 explosive devices were discovered transformation of the political life of the country would not and detonated by police. In the aftermath of the terrorist have been realized. Nevertheless, the real multi-party system in attacks there were 191 people and 2050 injured.)[26] The key the country failed to develop due to the fact that the major

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parties (UCD and PSOE) incorporated small political groups in the necessary support of the members of the Parliament. order to attract more voters. It is worth mentioning that the Moreover, the bid to create a coalition government failed, current principle of consensus which was established by the which marked the beginning of the Spanish political crisis. In Moncloa Pact, to some extent integrated different political June 2016 repeat elections were held, in which the PP forces, contributing to the formation of coalition governments. improved its results, having received 33%, but once again For example, after the elections within the period of 1977-2011 failed to get the amount which would have been enough to the coalition minority government was not uncommon at all. form a government. Opposition parties failed to create a Cooperation and interaction with the regional parties, which single coalition either, therefore, none of the forces was able have a great influence in their respective autonomous to achieve victory. The temporary technical government, territories, is believed to carry great importance in the political headed by Mariano Rajoy continued its existence in Spain. life of modern Spain. The fact that the vast majority of the However, the third elections for the year, which were planned Spanish people support the democratic principles, stability and for the Christmas eve, were avoided due to the changes in the consistency of development as well as the rejection of position of the PSOE and the agreement between the PP and extremism and terrorism leads us to the conclusion that the the “Citizens”. Eventually, the candidacy of Rajoy as the Head principle of consensus has been developed in the electoral of the Government was approved. After long internal disputes, corps as well.[1] the socialists decided to abstain from voting in the Cortes, and The Parliamentary elections of 2015 became the turning their leader Pedro Sánchez (Pedro Sánchez - born in 1972, point in the development of the party system in Spain. They Spanish politician, leader of the PSOE.), who was against this ended up with the victory of the People's Party, which idea, was forced to resign. However, in 2017 he was elected as accounted for the support of only 28.7%[22] of voters, showing the head of the party again. The success of the new leftist a record low number for the winning party. The main force in the face of “We can” marked weakening and crisis competitor PSOE fell not far behind gaining 22.0%,[22] showing within the PSOE. its worst result in the elections ever. More than that, the PP and From our perspective, the main problems that led to such a socialists together even failed to receive 50% of the votes of situation are: the electorate, which is uncommon for a two-party system. No Firstly, the objective economic reasons which lie in the fact doubt, such unprecedented results revealed the fact that a that after a period of rapid growth in the second half of the XX large part of the population preferred new political forces over century, the Spanish economy slowed down. A high level of the established ones. This point should be marked as a shift in unemployment rate - 23.2% (February 2015) was being the party system of the Kingdom of Spain towards a real multi- recorded in the Kingdom.[14] The rate was high especially party system, which is characterized by the political science as among young people, which leads to an outflow of personnel, the struggle for power between three or more political forces. an increase in the shadow economy activities, a decrease in Until 2015, some researchers had characterized the Spanish tax revenues and capital flight. As a consequence, budget political system as “imperfect bipartism”[17] or “moderate expenditures are reduced, and the social crisis is escalating. multipartism”,[9] due to the fact that some regions (Navarra, Corruption in the highest echelons of power became a factor Catalonia and the Basque Country) are dominated by “third of special irritation for the society. One of the most important forces” which often have to be reckoned with. Nevertheless, promises of the People's Party before the elections in 2011 was currently, the term "bipartism" has almost lost its meaning in the to stabilize the economic situation. However, the government political life of the Kingdom of Spain. was unable to entirely meet the expectations of the Two new parties – “Citizens” (Ciudadanos), led by Catalan population. politician Albert Rivera (Albert Rivera (1979 – ... gg). - born in Secondly, the objective political reasons played a Barcelona, Spanish politician. Leader of the Citizens party.) significant role in the crisis, for example, the Basque and and “We can” (Podemos), headed by Pablo Iglesias (Pablo Catalan issues that still remain unresolved. The terrorist attacks Iglesias (1978 -...) - born in Madrid, Spanish politician, political in Barcelona and other cities of Catalonia in August 2017 (On scientist, Member of the European Parliament after the 2014 August 17, 2017, there was a series number of terrorist attacks elections, leader of the party “We can”.), who appeared in in the Catalan cities of Barcelona, Alcanar and Cambrils. 2006 and 2014, respectively, managed to undermine the long- Firstly, in Barcelona at Paseo de Las Ramblas at about 5 PM a term hegemony of the People's Party and the PSOE. At the van hit a crowd, killing 15 people, including two children aged elections in 2015, “Citizens” gained 13.9%,[22] while “We can” three to seven years, and making 131 people injured. Then, a accounted for 20.7%.[22] A significant loss of a large few hours later, an explosion occurred in Alcanar, resulting in 1 percentage of votes prevented Mariano Rajoy from gaining dead and 10 wounded people. And during the night on the

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17th-18th of August in the city of Cambrils, a group of people Parliament was estimated twice as high (3.8 points) and the tried to repeat the Barcelona terrorist attack and drove a van authority of the UN almost three times higher — 4.7 points.[28] into a crowd of people, resulting in 7 people injured, Such date showed once again how catastrophically fast eventually all the attackers were killed. To commemorate the the government of the People's Party was losing the trust of the events a three-day mourning was declared by the Spanish voters. In July 2017 Mariano Rajoy became the first ruling Head authorities)[24] could have become an impulse for another of the Government in the Spanish history to have been political consolidation and the solution of the complex issue of summoned to court to testify. The major reason for that was ethnic separatism as well. However, nowadays, there is a lack the corruption scandal, so called “Gurthel”, during which the of clearly defined strategy in the relations between Madrid fact of having double-entry bookkeeping for 18 years (1990- and the regions. The Senate could have become a link and 2008.) by the People's Party was revealed.[20] Nevertheless, in deal with the situation of autonomies, nevertheless, at the the court of Spain Mariano Rajoy stated that he had focused present conditions of high decentralization it proved to be exclusively on policy-making, not on any kind of financial unable to perform the functions of the “chamber of the issues. representation of the provinces”.[9] Such scandals (the Barcenas case, the Gurthel case) are Thirdly, a set of subjective reasons also takes place. The actively used by the political opposition and supporters of political crisis was possible to be predicted already in 2013, as separatism, for whom the events of such kind are another the studies of public opinion revealed the discontent of the evidence of illiterate governance led by the existing political population with the government and with the behaviour of the party. In addition, the PP and PSOE do not have a common Royal family. [2] The first scandals broke out in 2012 when Juan view on the key Spanish issues and often use populist slogans, Carlos (Juan Carlos I de Bourbon (1938 -...) - former King of which significantly undermine the confidence of the Spain, the head of the Spanish state and the head electorate. As a result, according to various estimates, in commander from 1975 to 2014.) was severely condemned for recent years more than 80% of the Spaniards do not support hunting elephants in Botswana. According to the data any of the political forces.[11] It does not come as a surprise provided by the newspaper El Pais, that activity cost the family that in such circumstances, the new forces have every near €44 thousand [16] which sparked a high level of chance to quickly enlist the support of a disillusioned frustration in Spain, drowning in the economic crisis. Moreover, electorate and succeed in their struggle with the established in the same year, a criminal investigation was launched parties. against the King's daughter and her husband, who were It was corruption that led to the vote of no confidence accused of corruption and embezzlement of the state against the government of Rajoy in June 2017. The left property. After a series of scandals, the King was forced to coalition “United, we can” (consists of “We can” and “United publish a declaration of income for the first time in the left”) was the initiator. The leader of "We can" Pablo Iglesias history.[18] was nominated as an alternative candidate for the post of the More than that, according to a survey published in the Head of the Government. It became the third case of such newspaper El Mundo (El Mundo - the largest Spanish socio- type in the history of democratic Spain. Before that, the vote political newspaper, the third most popular in the country.), in had been passed in 1980 against Adolfo Suarez and in 1987 2005 78% of voters expressed their support for the King, in 2012 against Felipe Gonzalez, but eventually both of them failed. the King's actions were approved by 76%, while in January This referendum did not become an exception. It was essential 2014 the number of supporters of the king decreased to 41%. In to gain the support of 176 congressmen (out of 350) to make this sense, it is worth mentioning that 62% of the respondents the motion successful, however, only 82 voted in favour. Even were not against the potential abdication of Juan Carlos.[3] before the vote, the largest opposition parties such as the The situation was exploited by "We can" and "Citizens", PSOE and the “Citizens” announced that they would not parties that can be described as the pioneers of the protest. In support the initiative. “The government of Iglesias would be a addition, a survey conducted by the Gallup Institute in 2013 punishment for Spain,” - said Rajoy during the debate.[27] The showed that only 14% of the Spanish population trust the result of the vote showed that at the present moment very few government. The data provided by the European Social members of the Parliament are ready to support the radical Survey (ESS), which was published by El Pais (3. El Pais - Spanish ideas of the new political force. The success of the vote of no daily socio-political newspaper, the second most popular after confidence would have most likely led to a new phase of the Marca.) in 2014, confirmed that the average Spaniard gives to crisis, as “We can” did not have the necessary support either the parties and the entire political system 2 out of 10 points, from the population or the Cortes. and not even solid (1.9). The legitimacy of the European

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1011

According to the results of the elections of 2015 and 2016, it parliamentary elections in December 2015.[30] can be assumed that Spain will maintain a real multi-party Without any doubts it now seems logical to expect the system, which is confirmed by a study of the public opinion appearance of new vision and ideas about Spanish internal conducted by the Center for Sociology Research (CIS) in May development and the solution of existing problems, as well as 2017. It once again showed the complete destruction of the the foreign policy directions, including the strengthening and two-party system in Spain. Having gained 31.5% of the evolution of the European integration, about which there is a potential vote, the People's Party retained its leadership, clear consensus among all existing political forces. “We need despite losing 1.5% compared to February, the PSOE was able to work, act responsibly, not only the government, but to return to the second place with 19.9% against 19.7 by “We everyone. We must — regardless of who governs — the PP or can”. While 14.9% of the respondents would vote for “Citizens”, someone else, keep our promises and commitments. which is 2.7% higher in comparison with the opinion poll issued Obligations to Europe are not obligations of the PP personally, in February 2017.[23] but of the whole country”,[21] said Mariano Rajoy after his Never before in the modern history have the political approval as the Head of the Government in the Congress of preferences of the Spaniards been split into 4 parties. The Deputies on the 29th of October, 2016. specific feature of the present situation is that it is difficult for However, the completion of the transformation of the parties to unite in coalitions due to fundamental ideological Spanish political system has not taken place yet. In June 2018, differences. Firstly, the center-right coalition of the People's an unprecedented situation occurred, which once again Party and the “Citizens” cannot get the necessary confirmed the collapse of the two-party system after the parliamentary majority while the block of socialists and death of Franco, as well as the lack of consensus in the conservatives is impossible because of the long tradition of Congress of Deputies. The fourth in the modern history of Spain political rivalry. The coalition the PSOE – “We can” could be vote of no confidence, initiated by the socialist party against successful as the total number of votes would be enough to M. Rajoy, was successful for its organizers. PSOE leader Pedro outperform the People's Party and the “Citizens” together. For Sánchez managed to enlist the support of the main the socialists, this Union would be undoubtedly beneficial, opponents of the PP – “We can”, which led to an early however, the leader of the new left party Pablo Iglesias does dismissal of the Head of the Government.[31] not want to be lost in the shadow of a large party with great In conclusion, it is worth noting that in modern conditions political influence, and to allow the possibility of further of multi-party system in the Congress of Deputies the role of absorption of "We can" by a larger political ally. Nevertheless, multi-party unions is increasing, which was clearly proved by between the representatives of both political forces was two motions of no confidence against M. Rajoy. The first bid organized a meeting, at which a political Memorandum led to failure due to the poor cooperation of the opposition entitled “20 proposals to unblock the political situation and around the issue, while the second attempt it was already the make possible the formation of a government of change”[13] People's Party which failed to secure the necessary support was handed over to the socialists by “We can”. Having and find allies. It has become obvious that the inability of the analyzed the document thoroughly, the representatives of the major parties such as the PP and PSOE to pursue a flexible PSOE found in it the items with which they could not agree at strategy to attract political partner in the Parliament and the all. Such event put an end to the bids of creating a leftist willingness to achieve everything by themselves, which was block. possible during the bipartisan system, can eventually lead to a The Spanish internal political crisis did not not end with the new lap of political instability. new left party coming to power but marked an irrevocable The victory of democracy often depends on the results of transition to a real multi-party system. The new parties have economic transformation. If economic reforms are developing seriously changed the balance of power in the political system in a negative direction (high unemployment, lower living of the country. In the conditions of a multi-party system the standards, etc.), these factors will work against the stabilization People's Party is forced to seek and join possible coalitions in of democracy, which was confirmed by the example of Spain. order to maintain its the majority in Parliament. The current It was the crisis of 2008 and the subsequent decline in the political situation has brought representatives of the new social level that led to the emergence and quick political forces to the legislative power and, therefore, can be popularization of new political forces. beneficial for the country. However, the activation of political forces did not last long especially among the society which was proved during the repeat election in 2016 when at 6 p.m. the turnout rate was 51%, which was 7% less than in the

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Resume. The modern party system of the Kingdom of Spain started its establishment with the launching of the policy of democratic transformation in 1975 and the adoption of the Moncloa Pact, which formally included 2 documents - the “Agreement on the programme of reforming the economy” and the “Agreement on the programme of legal and political action”. The agreement was signed by all main political forces of the country and its main goals were recognized as the following: to stop the search for those responsible for the Civil war of 1936-1939, mutual rejection of revenge and persecution, cooperation in order to achieve national goals. As a result of the agreements reached, the country developed a stable party system, in which from 1977 to 2015 the Spanish Parliament was dominated by two political forces, the People's party (PP) and the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), which together received more than 60% of the vote. In the XXI century the Spanish Kingdom entered a period of political instability: failures in the creation of a coalition government, due to the fact that the potential Head of the Government could not get the necessary majority, a vote of no confidence against the head of the Executive (June 2017, June 2018) and his visit to the court in the summer of 2017, corruption scandals involving the leaders of the ruling party, etc. Most of that events were reflecting the creation of new political parties (“we can”, “Citizens”) and the transition to a real multi-party system. In the Spanish Parliament, the role of coalitions and flexible partnership is now growing. That was proved by the vote of no confidence against the government of M. Rajoy, in one of which the opposition managed to unite the majority around itself and achieve the resignation of the Prime Minister of the country.

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КАЗАНСКИЙ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ ВЕСТНИК. #5 2018 (34)

23. New poll: Spain’s PP retains lead as Socialists climb to second place. // El País. 10.05.2017. URL: https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/05/09/inenglish/1494338706_428153.html (Accessed 28.08.2018) 24. Pipps. C. Spain terror attacks: 13 killed and 100 injured – as it happened. 18.08.2018. The Guardian. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/aug/17/barcelona-attack-van-driven-into-crowd-in-las-ramblas- district (Accessed: 02.10.2018) 25. Religious, Economic Factors Critical to Spain's Election // Gallup Institute // URL: https://news.gallup.com/poll/103849/religious-economic-factors-critical-spains-election.aspx (Accessed: 10.09.2018) 26. Romero J.M. Cuatro atentados simultáneos causan una matanza en trenes de Madrid. 12.03.2004. El Pais. URL: https://elpais.com/diario/2004/03/12/espana/1079046001_850215.html (Accessed 05.09.2018) 27. Ortega L.M. Rajoy: “Un gobierno de Iglesias sería un castigo para España”. // La Vanguardia. 13.06.2017. URL: https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20170613/423373711154/mocion-de-censura-rajoy-gobierno-iglesias- castigo.html (Accessed: 17.03.2018) 28. Spanish solitaire // Kommersant // URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3037425 (Accessed 15.07.2018) 29. Euro area unemployment rate at 11.3% // Eurostat // URL: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/ 6764147/3-31032015-AP-EN.pdf/6e77d229-9c87-4671-9a52-b6450099597a (Accessed: 15.05.2018) 30. Turnout in the elections in Spain is the lowest in history // URL: https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/ 2016/06/26/646808-yavka (Accessed: 09.09.2018) 31. Víctor Ruiz de Almirón. El PSOE apostará por una moción de censura contra Rajoy. 25.05.2018 // URL: https://www.abc.es/espana/abci-psoe-apostara-mocion-censura-contra-rajoy-201805242315_noticia.html (Accessed: 22.09.2018)

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