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Eurostat – Culture Statistics 2019 Edition Culture statistics 2019 edition STATISTICAL BOOKS Culture statistics 2019 edition Printed by Imprimerie Bietlot Manuscript completed in September 2019 Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of the following information. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019 Theme: Population and social conditions Collection: Statistical books © European Union, 2019 Reuse is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Copyright for photographs: cover: © toriru/Shutterstock.com; Chapter 1: © Dodokat/ Shutterstock.com; Chapter 2: © dmitro2009/Shutterstock.com; Chapter 3: © Stock-Asso/ Shutterstock.com; Chapter 4: © Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock.com; Chapter 5: © Elnur/Shutterstock. com; Chapter 6: © Kamira/Shutterstock.com; Chapter 7: © DisobeyArt/Shutterstock.com; Chapter 8: © Dusan Petkovic/Shutterstock.com; Chapter 9: © Anastasios71/Shutterstock.com. For any use or reproduction of material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. For more information, please consult: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about/policies/copyright Print: ISBN 978-92-76-09703-7 PDF: ISBN 978-92-76-09702-0 doi:10.2785/824495 doi:10.2785/118217 Cat. No: KS-01-19-712-EN-C Cat. No: KS-01-19-712-EN-N Abstract Abstract This fourth edition of publication Culture statistics — 2019 edition presents a selection of indicators on culture pertaining to cultural employment, international trade in cultural goods, cultural enterprises, cultural participation and the use of the internet for cultural purposes, as well as household and government cultural expenditure. It presents also data on tertiary students in cultural fields of study, learning foreign languages and international tertiary students’ mobility. In addition, one chapter is devoted to cultural heritage. Data cover the European Union (EU) and its Member States, and (subject to data availability) the European Free Trade Area (EFTA) and enlargement countries. Editors Editor-in-chief Marta Beck-Domżalska — Unit F1 (Social indicators; methodology and development; relations with users) Editorial team Marta Zimoląg, Roberto Lombardini and Tomasz Budek — Sogeti Luxembourg Production The publication was produced by Giovanni Albertone, Simon Allen, Andrew Redpath — INFORMA s.à r.l. Contact details Eurostat Statistical Office of the European Union Joseph Bech Building 5, rue Alphonse Weicker 2721 Luxembourg E-mail: [email protected] For more information please consult Eurostat’s website: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat Culture statistics — 2019 edition 3 Table of contents Introduction 7 1. Cultural heritage 9 2. Culture-related education 43 3. Cultural employment 61 4. Cultural enterprises 79 5. International trade in cultural goods 103 6. Cultural participation 123 7. Use of ICT for cultural purposes 151 8. Household expenditure on culture 175 9. Government expenditure on culture 191 Annex 199 Culture statistics — 2019 edition 5 Introduction Introduction The production of reliable, comparable and up-to-date culture statistics, which are the Europe is characterised by its wealth and basis for sound cultural policymaking, is also diversity of cultural heritage. Culture has the identified as a priority within both of these work potential to play an important role in making plans. Eurostat compiles statistics on culture the European Union (EU) stronger and more from several different data collection exercises. democratic, bonding European citizens by These may be used to provide policymakers providing a sense of identity, while contributing and other users with information on the main to individual well-being, social cohesion and developments for culture-related education, inclusion. Furthermore, the cultural and creative cultural employment, cultural enterprises, sectors are increasingly viewed as being drivers international trade in cultural goods, cultural of economic growth, especially as a source participation, the use of information and for job creation. These are just some of the communication technology (ICT) for cultural reasons why culture is increasingly seen as being purposes, as well as household and government important within the EU: in accordance with expenditure on culture. Article 167 of the Lisbon Treaty, the EU shall contribute to the flowering of the cultures of the The European framework for cultural statistics Member States, while respecting their national and (based on the 2009 UNESCO framework for regional diversity and at the same time bringing the cultural statistics) was developed by the common heritage to the fore. European statistical system (ESS) network on culture and presented in ESSnet-CULTURE final The EU supports these objectives through the report (2012). This network of national experts Creative Europe programme, as well as a number made methodological recommendations to of policy actions set out in successive work plans define and delineate the cultural sphere of for culture (the latest of which cover the periods influence taking account of various European/ 2015-2018 and 2019-2022): international statistical classifications. For • the Work Plan for Culture (2015-2018), example, within the domain of cultural adopted in November 2014, set out a range of employment the network proposed to develop priorities for European cooperation in cultural a new methodological approach to estimate policymaking — inclusive and accessible cultural employment by combining information culture, the promotion of cultural heritage, based on the statistical classification of support to the flowering of the cultural and economic activities in the European Community creative sectors, the promotion of cultural (NACE Rev. 2) with information based on diversity and culture in EU external relations; the international standard classification of occupations (ISCO-08). • the Work Plan for Culture (2019-2022), adopted in November 2018, set out five key priorities — sustainability and cultural heritage, cohesion and well-being, an ecosystem supporting artists, cultural and creative professionals and European content, gender equality, and international cultural relations. Culture statistics — 2019 edition 7 Introduction This 2019 edition of Culture statistics includes format via the internet. The website is updated the most recent data available from Eurostat’s daily and gives access to the latest and most online database, Eurobase. The basis is the comprehensive statistical information available. methodology of culture statistics elaborated by Online data codes, such as cult_emp_age the ESSnet-Culture, slightly modified in recent and ilc_scp03, allow users easy access to years by Eurostat’s working group on culture the most recent data. In the paper edition of statistics - as presented in the manual Guide to Culture statistics, these data codes are given Eurostat culture statistics — 2018 edition. as part of the source below each table, figure Culture statistics 2019 may be broadly split into or map. In the PDF version of Culture statistics, two parts: three chapters (on employment, readers are led directly to the freshest data when enterprises and international trade) concentrate clicking on the hyperlinks provided for each on the economic dimensions of culture, while code. Online data codes can also be fed into the the second half of the publication focuses more Search function on Eurostat’s website, which on cultural participation (from the perspective of is found in the upper-right corner of Eurostat’s individuals). homepage, from where users may access specific The vast majority of the data may be found in pages for each dataset. the culture domain of Eurobase. Culture statistics is made available on Statistics The simplest way to access Eurostat’s broad Explained as an online publication and is range of statistical information is through the also released as a PDF file. Some Eurostat Eurostat website (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat). publications, including this one, are also Eurostat provides users with free access to its printed; they may be ordered from the databases and all of its publications in PDF Publications Office of the European Union (https://publications.europa.eu). 8 Culture statistics — 2019 edition 1 Cultural heritage Cultural heritage 1 The concept of cultural heritage is often • the European Heritage Label (part of the associated with historic monuments and European Commission’s (EC’s) framework buildings, archaeological sites, paintings, programme titled ‘Creative Europe’); drawings or sculpture. It also brings to mind • the European Capitals of Culture (also part of various aspects of human creativity and artistic the Creative Europe programme); expression, such as photographs or books. • the European Group on Museum Statistics Cultural heritage is not, however, limited to (EGMUS); material objects, but also includes intangible • a special Eurobarometer survey on cultural aspects, such as traditions, music, dance, rituals, heritage that was conducted in September- knowledge and skills that are passed down from October 2017. generation to generation. All of these aspects of cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, UNESCO World Heritage List represent the systems of values, beliefs, traditions and lifestyles that characterise past In 1972, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and present societies.
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