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YOUTH STUDY SOUTHEAST EUROPE 2018 / 2019 THE FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) is the oldest political foundation in Germany, with a rich tradition in social democracy dating back to 1925. The work of our political foundation revolves around the core ideas and values of social democracy – freedom, justice and solidarity. This is what binds us to the principles of social democ- racy and free trade unions. With our international network of offices in more than 100 countries, we support a policy for peaceful cooperation and human rights, promote the establishment and consolidation of democratic, social and constitutional structures and work as pioneers for free trade unions and a strong civil society. We are actively involved in promoting a social, democratic and competitive Europe in the process of European integration. YOUTH STUDIES SOUTHEAST EUROPE 2018/2019: “FES Youth Studies Southeast Europe 2018/2019” is an interna- tional youth research project carried out simultaneously in ten countries in Southeast Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. The main objective of the surveys has been to identify, describe and analyse attitudes of young people and patterns of behaviour in contemporary society. The data was collected in early 2018 from more than 10,000 respondents aged 14–29 in the above-mentioned countries who participated in the survey. A broad range of issues were ad- dressed, including young peoples’ experiences and aspirations in different realms of life, such as education, employment, political participation, family relationships, leisure and use of information and communications technology, but also their values, attitudes and beliefs. Findings are presented in ten national and one regional study and its accompanying policy papers, which have been published in both English and the respective national languages. YOUTH STUDY SOUTHEAST EUROPE 2018/2019 Miran Lavrič, Smiljka Tomanović and Mirna Jusić 1 Preface ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 7 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 11 4 Education ................................................................................................................................. 15 5 Employment ............................................................................................................................ 25 6 Basic worldviews of young people ............................................................................. 37 7 Socio-Political values and attitudes ........................................................................... 45 8 Political and civic participation ..................................................................................... 61 9 Mobility and migration ..................................................................................................... 73 10 Families and the transition to adulthood ................................................................ 85 11 Leisure and ICT use ............................................................................................................. 99 12 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 107 About the Authors .................................................................................................................................... 110 Annex 2: Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 110 Annex 2: References .................................................................................................................................. 112 Annex 3: Endnotes ..................................................................................................................................... 115 Table of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... 120 3 1 PREFACE The challenges confronting youth in Southeast Europe have been with greater economic prosperity. A vast majority are in favour of, receiving increased international attention in the past few years. in particular, solidarity-based Europeanisation. At the same time, The Sofia EU-Western Balkans Summit that took place in May youth describe how they employ informal practices as strategies 2018, for instance, adopted a decision to increase youth mobility of surviving in malfunctioning states. Young people’s seemingly by doubling Erasmus+ funding alongside efforts to support gen- laissez-faire attitudes towards corruption and informalism point eral socio-economic development in the region. The establish- to how poorly the transition to liberal democracy has fared in the ment of the Regional Youth Cooperation Office (RYCO) in 2016 past two decades. was a specific measure aiming at increasing youth exchange. A Youth are responding to this state of affairs in different ways. number of conferences, including in the framework of the Berlin While some choose to emigrate, others report low engagement process, have raised awareness about difficulties young people with politics and society and a sense that they are not represent- are facing in the region, with unemployment and the ensuing ed in the political sphere. A third group could be described as brain drain leading the list. At the same time, youth continue to those who take political action to contest nationalism, political be among those worst affected by precarious working condi- violence, impunity, and corruption including the ‘colourful’ Mac- tions, inadequate state support, normalised corruption, and edonian protests of 2015 and the ‘Justice for David’ protests in non-inclusive political and educational systems, which reproduce Bosnia and Herzegovina among others. inequality. All these are of course merely subcomponents of the It has become a truism for everyone engaging with the region region’s broader crisis of governance. that youth are apathetic when it comes to traditional politics. How- Addressing the evident lack of channels giving young people ever, a lack of political activity at a political party level might not a say in policy-making, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) commis- necessarily mean disengagement. Many young people are involved sioned representative surveys canvassing more than 10,000 re- in their local communities and volunteering. The study shows that spondents aged 14 – 29 in ten countries of Southeast Europe in young people have a strong ideological and moral stance about early 2018. Modelled after the German Shell Youth Studies1, the what their societies ought to look like. Coupled with frustration surveys cover a broad range of issues relating to young peoples’ over the ongoing stasis in the region, political views express them- experiences and aspirations in different realms of life. Among these selves in a variety of diverging ways. Some exhibit a conservative are education, employment, political participation, family relation- stance and even voice nationalist sentiments. Others appear ready ships, leisure, and use of information and communications tech- to tap into the global trend of ‘millennial socialism’, though few nology (ICT), but also their values, attitudes, and beliefs. This report persons in the region seem to articulate their views using this is ground-breaking in that it allows for longitudinal juxtaposition, language. The values reported by youth, however, demonstrate combining comparable data from earlier FES surveys covering that many young people have left-leaning views. Rejuvenating a Southeast Europe at the national and regional levels (www.fes.de/ social-democratic option would seem to be a means of bringing youth-studies/). Above and beyond interpreting and analysing the these views into the political realm. data, the authors deduce actionable recommendations with a To exemplify the wealth of the analysed data, consider the particular relevance for policy. following examples of what may perhaps be counter-intuitive The actual findings are cause for both optimism and concern. findings: Youth across the region strongly identify with being European and place relatively great trust in the EU, which is strongly associated 4 YOUTH STUDY SOUTHEAST EUROPE 2018/2019 — While trust in family members is very high, trust in state insti- Together with my colleagues from our offices in the region and at tutions and political leaders is extremely low. At the same our headquarters, I would like to take this opportunity to express time, support for ‘a political leader ruling the country with a my appreciation to the outstanding scholars we have had the strong hand for the public good’ has risen sharply since 2008. pleasure of cooperating with in preparing this research. I would — Socio-political values of youth are focused on economic and like to commend the authors Mirna Jusić, Miran Lavrič, and Smil- social security. What pushes youth towards both political ex- jka Tomanović for this report and also express my gratitude to tremes on the left-right spectrum is the perceived lack of a Marius Harring,
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