Anexo Túmulo De Panehesy-TA 6.Pdf
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
A New Approach to the Interpretation As to the Function of the Elevated Beds Discovered at Deir El-Medina
A NEW APPROACH OF IDENTIFING THE FUNCTION OF THE ELEVATED BEDS AT DEIR EL-MEDINA by MICHELLE LESLEY BROOKER A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the Degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (B) Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity The University of Birmingham 11/06/09 June 2009 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This research consists of a different approach to the investigation of the elevated beds at Deir el-Medina. It identifies the underlining factors considered during their construction, where they were positioned, how they were orientated and what the surviving iconographies suggested about their original usage. It concludes with identifying the front rooms at Deir el-Medina as gardens. The frontal room is where the elevated beds were positioned and therefore link to the gardens symbolic meaning of resurrection and the afterlife. The elevated beds were orientated to symbolize the deceases’ connection with Re and Osiris. It also signifies a change after the Amarna period with an influx in Osiris worship. The iconographies surviving upon the elevated beds convey the deceased being reborn within the field of reeds signifying that the elevated beds were possibly used for altar purposes. -
THE CEREMONIAL CANOPIED CHARIOT of TUTANKHAMUN (JE61990 and JE60705): a TENTATIVE VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION*
1 THE CEREMONIAL CANOPIED CHARIOT OF TUTANKHAMUN (JE61990 and JE60705): A TENTATIVE VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION* BY NOZOMU KAWAI, YASUSHI OKADA, TAKESHI OISHI, MASATAKA KAGESAWA, AKIKO NISHISAKA, AND HUSSEIN KAMAL† The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Arab Republic of Egypt, have been conducting the Grand Egyptian Museum Joint Conservation Project (GEM-JC) since November 2016, after having completed two phases of cooperation to improve conservation techniques at the Grand Egyptian Museum Conservation Center (GEM-CC). The GEM- CC conservation specialists will have their skills enhanced through this experience and GEM-CC's capacity and efficiency as an important conservation centre will also be improved. It is expected that GEM-CC staff will ultimately complete all conservation activities and treatments. Among the 72 target objects for the GEM-JC Project, designated to be transferred from the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir Square to the Grand Egyptian Museum in Giza and jointly conserved by Egyptian and Japanese conservators, five chariots were selected. In particular, the ‘second state chariot’ (GEM 4940; JE61990; Carter no. 122; A1 of Littauer and Crouwel1) (fig.1) was chosen as the lead object, with Japanese and Egyptian experts working jointly on all aspects of the treatment, including remedial conservation, as a model for the conservation of the other chariots. In the course of the project, we confirmed that this particular chariot originally had a canopy (GEM 4539; JE60705; Carter no. 123) (fig. 2) attached to the chariot body, as first proposed by Edwin Brock in 2012.2 However, it is impossible to join these two artifacts together because of their fragile condition, and it has been decided to display them separately. -
The Symbolism and Function of the Window of Appearance in the Amarna Period*1
FOLIA PRAEHISTORICA POSNANIENSIA T. XXIV – 2019 WYDZIAŁ ARCHEOLOGII, UAM POZNAŃ – ISSN 0239-8524 http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2019.24.05 THE SYMBOLISM AND FUNCTION OF THE WINDOW OF APPEARANCE IN THE AMARNA PERIOD*1 SYMBOLIZM I FUNKCJA OKNA POJAWIEŃ W OKRESIE AMARNEŃSKIM Maria M. Kloska orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-8891 Wydział Historii, Uniwersytet im. A. Mickiewicza ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 7, 61-614 Poznań [email protected] ABSTRACT: During the reign of the Amarna spouses, giving gold necklaces to royal officials took place (almost always) from the so-called Window of Appearance. From them, Akhenaten and Nefertiti, often with princesses, honoured deserved and devoted dignitaries. The popularity of the Window of Appearance closely relates to the introduction of a new religious system introduced by Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Ac- cording to the new religion, Akhenaten and Nefertiti were a pair of divine twins like Shu and Tefnut, who in the Heliopolitan theology, were the children of the god Atum – replaced by Aten in Amarna. The royal couple prayed to the main solar god, while their subjects prayed to the king and queen. Since Akhenaten per- formed the role of a priest through whom ordinary people could pray to the god, it was necessary to create a construction that would allow the king to meet with his subjects publicly. The Window of Appearance was such architectural innovation. It was crucial because the king was an intermediator between the peo- ple and the only right sun god, Aten. The Windows of Appearance were probably located in various places in Akhetaten, including the Great Palace, the King’s House, the North Palace, the Small Aten Temple and in the temples of the Sunshades of Re in the Kom el-Nana and Maru-Aten. -
The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art Image and Meaning
Uppsala Studies in Egyptology - 6 - Department of Archaeology and Ancient History Uppsala University For my parents Dorrit and Hindrik Åsa Strandberg The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art Image and Meaning Uppsala 2009 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in the Auditorium Minus of the Museum Gustavianum, Uppsala, Friday, October 2, 2009 at 09:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Strandberg, Åsa. 2009. The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art. Image and Meaning. Uppsala Studies in Egyptology 6. 262 pages, 83 figures. Published by the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University. xviii +262 pp. ISSN 1650-9838, ISBN 978-91-506-2091-7. This thesis establishes the basic images of the gazelle in ancient Egyptian art and their meaning. A chronological overview of the categories of material featuring gazelle images is presented as a background to an interpretation. An introduction and review of the characteristics of the gazelle in the wild are presented in Chapters 1-2. The images of gazelle in the Predynastic material are reviewed in Chapter 3, identifying the desert hunt as the main setting for gazelle imagery. Chapter 4 reviews the images of the gazelle in the desert hunt scenes from tombs and temples. The majority of the motifs characteristic for the gazelle are found in this context. Chapter 5 gives a typological analysis of the images of the gazelle from offering processions scenes. In this material the image of the nursing gazelle is given particular importance. Similar images are also found on objects, where symbolic connotations can be discerned (Chapter 6). -
The Stela of the Viceroy Usersatet (Boston MFA 25.632), His Shrine at Qasr Ibrim, and the Festival of Nubian Tribute Under Amenhotep II
The Stela of the Viceroy Usersatet (Boston MFA 25.632), his Shrine at Qasr Ibrim, and the Festival of Nubian Tribute under Amenhotep II John Coleman Darnell Yale University N SPITE OF the surviving epigraphic and archaeological evidence concerning the Egyptian administration of Nubia during the New Kingdom, the personal aspects of colonial rule I are at best shadows behind the more prosaic evidence of prosopography and titles, architectural history and burial practices, that force etic analysis to march ahead of emic understanding of Egyptian and Nubian interactions.1 When any archaeological or epigraphic light shines on personal relationships within the administration, at least suggesting, if not revealing, the attitudes of various members of the colonial administration, and hinting at interactions between social strata in Nubia and Egypt, those who would understand Egyptian and Nubian culture may be expected to show interest. The stela of the Viceroy Usersatet from Semna,2 recording Amenhotep II’s personal transcription of his own royal decree to Usersatet, offering advice regarding interactions of Egyptians and Nubians within the viceregal administration, indeed casts some light on the interactions of king, viceroy, and Nubian members of the Egyptian bureaucracy in the south [fig. 1]. The seeming obscurity of the king’s advice, and the lack of transparency regarding the situation about which Amenhotep II offers that advice, have resulted in considerable modern attention to the text, but a certain looseness of interpretation has bedeviled many examinations of the inscription. Defining exactly what the Usersatet stela illuminates has proved to be elusive. Several Egyptological discussions of the inscription have fostered florid descriptions of the personality and character of Amenhotep II, in spite of the remaining uncertainties in properly 1 So S.T. -
1 Luiza Osorio G. Da Silva ARCH1635 Professor Bestock the Price of Gold and Loyalty
Luiza Osorio G. da Silva ARCH1635 Professor Bestock The Price of Gold and Loyalty: Parallels and Disparities in the Roles of Royal Women of the Late Bronze Age Say to Kadashman-Enlil, the king of Karaduniše, my brother: Thus Nibmuarea, Great King, the king of Egypt, your brother. For me all goes well. For you may all go well. For your household, for your wives, for your sons, for your magnates, your horses, your chariots, for your countries, may all go very well. For me all goes well (EA 1).1 Those words, while antiquated, are probably eerily reminiscent of typical pleasantries exchanged by leaders in contemporary diplomatic contexts. It might come as a surprise, therefore, that they are actually a set of traditional greetings extracted from a corpus of ancient correspondence known as the Amarna Letters. These forms of written communication were utilized in the Late Bronze Age, particularly in the era denominated Amarna Period in Egypt, by the great powers of the time (Egypt, Mittani, Babylonia, Hatti, and Assyria), as well as a few minor states.2 The Letters are evidence that international diplomacy was already remarkably significant at this point. Perhaps as expected, it was shaped by interactions between the Egyptian pharaoh and foreign kings. However, the fact that royal women were not only relevant, but also essential might not be as obvious. Just how significant were they, and how did their status differ in accordance to their respective states’ influence and reach? The Amarna Letters and other forms of material evidence provide clues that allow the modern scholar to identify patterns of how royal women were treated in the context of diplomacy. -
UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title Amarna Period Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/77s6r0zr Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Williamson, Jacquelyn Publication Date 2015-06-24 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California AMARNA PERIOD ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرﻧﺔ Jacquelyn Williamson EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford WOLFRAM GRAJETZKI Area Editor Time and History University College London JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Williamson, 2015, Amarna Period. UEE. Full Citation: Williamson, Jacquelyn, 2015, Amarna Period. In Wolfram Grajetzki and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002k2h3t 8768 Version 1, June 2015 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002k2h3t AMARNA PERIOD ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرﻧﺔ Jacquelyn Williamson Amarna Zeit Période d’Amarna The reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten/Amenhotep IV is controversial. Although substantial evidence for this period has been preserved, it is inconclusive on many important details. Nonetheless, the revolutionary nature of Akhenaten’s rule is salient to the modern student of ancient Egypt. The king’s devotion to and promotion of only one deity, the sun disk Aten, is a break from traditional Egyptian religion. Many theories developed about this era are often influenced by the history of its rediscovery and by recognition that Akhenaten’s immediate successors rejected his rule. ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﺘﺮة ﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﻤﻠ��ﻚ اﺧﻨ��ﺎﺗﻮن / أﻣﻨﺤﻮﺗ��ﺐ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺘﺮات اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮة ﻟﻠﺠ��ﺪل ، وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮد أدﻟﺔ ﻗﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮظﺔ ﺗﺸ���ﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺔ ، إﻻ اﻧﮭﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺣﺎﺳ���ﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻ���ﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ ، وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ، ﻓﺈن اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﺜﻮرﯾﺔ ﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ اﺧﻨﺎﺗﻮن ھﻲ اﻟﺸ������ﺊ اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮظ واﻟﺒﺎرز ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼ����ﺮ اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ. -
Digital Reconstruction of the Akhenaten Torso in the Brooklyn Museum
Digital Reconstruction of the Akhenaten Torso in the Brooklyn Museum MATEI TICHINDELEAN, Indiana University, USA The Torso of Akhenaten in the Brooklyn Museum is an excellent example of Amarna style sculpture—an artistic technique employed during the reign of the “heretic” pharaoh Akhenaten. This study uses photogrammetry to render an accurate 3D state model and a subsequent reconstruction model intended to help address questions regarding the nature of worship centered on the Aten. The reconstruction is based on theological and royal iconography specific to the Amarna period. It sheds light on the religious reorganization of the New Solar Theology and aims to facilitate a better understanding of the role of royal statuary in the context of an Egyptian temple. Key words: Photogrammetry, Egyptology, Amarna, Akhenaten, Royal Statuary. SDH Reference: Matei Tichindelean. 2019. Digital Reconstruction of the Akhenaten Torso in the Brooklyn Museum. SDH, 3, 1, 16-39. DOI: 10.14434/sdh.v3i1.27179 1. INTRODUCTION The Torso of Akhenaten (inv. No. 58.2) in the Brooklyn Museum is displayed in the section of the museum dedicated to the art of the Amarna Period. It stands somewhat larger than life at 21 x 13 x 16 in. (53.3 x 33 x 40.6 cm). As with many statues typical of Akhenaten’s reign, the collarbones are accentuated and meet up symmetrically, joining with the sternocleidomastoid muscles. On his chest are three inscribed cartouches. Another less legible one is found on the lower left side of the back. This incomplete cartouche allows us to date the sculpture to Akhenaten’s first nine regnal years (i.e., ca. -
The Focus of This Chapter Is the Terms That Were Used Throughout the New Kingdom for the Royal Structures Used by the Sovereign in His Daily Life
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Art and Architecture Ceremonial and Economical Life in the Royal Palace of New Kingdom, Egypt A Dissertation in Art History by Reham Aly Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2015 The dissertation of Reham Aly was reviewed and approved* by the following: Elizabeth Walters Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Associate Professor of Art History Brian Curran Professor of Art History Madhuri Desai Associate Professor of Art History/Asian Art Donald Redford Professor of Classics and Mediterranean Studies Craig Zabel Associate Professor of Art History Head, Department of Art History *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. ii Abstract It is significant that in the New kingdom, the last and greatest Empire Age of Ancient Egypt, the architecture and illustration of the Royal Palace provide new insight into royal life and vast wealth aggrandized the ruler and honored some members of his family and court. In this study, I have investigated three terms used for royal structures associated with king since the Old kingdom including Cḥ, stp-s3, and pr-nsw and defined their meaning and use during the New Kingdom. Although these three terms were in general used as designations of the “Royal Palace,” each one has specific reference to a particular type of royal structure with its own structure and purpose. This study concentrated in detail context and significance on these terms as they use during this period. Evidences were drawn from a variety of texts including commemorative autobiographical, narrative, and religious texts, besides pictured scenes from tombs, temples, etc. -
Tell El-Amarna Site Management Plan 2020 DRAFT
Tell el-Amarna Site Management Plan 2020 DRAFT - Submitted to the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities January 2020 Tully, G., Stevens, A., Kellawy, H., Spence, K., Kemp, B. and Reyad, F.A. 1 CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 5 FOREWORD 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 PART 1. THE MANAGEMENT PLAN AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AMARNA 11 A Vision for Amarna 11 Amarna in Context – History and Management 11 Preparing the Site Management Plan: An Overview 13 Egyptian Law, Site Management and the World Heritage Convention 15 The Status of the Plan 15 The Purpose of the Plan 16 The Process of Developing the Plan 16 Data Sources and Methodology 17 Management Priorities for 2020–25 18 The Structure of the Plan 19 Equal Opportunities Statement 20 PART 2. DESCRIPTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SITE 22 Location 22 Description of the Site and its boundaries 23 The Boundaries of Amarna 23 The Cultural Heritage of Amarna 33 • I) The Riverside City 34 • ii) The Desert Hinterland 41 • iii) The Cliffs 44 Earlier and Later Histories 47 Archaeological Research 49 The Modern Settlement 50 The Relationship between Amarna and the Landscape 50 Amarna’s Broader Landscape Context 51 Summary of the Historic Environment and its Values 52 Modern Features of the Landscapes 52 Significance of the Site: Statement of Value 59 Historic Landscape Value 61 Research, Educational, Social, Artistic and Spiritual Value 62 Tourist and Economic Value 62 2 PART 3. EVALUATION OF THE SITE: PREVIOUS WORK, CURRENT THREATS AND ISSUES, 63 AND FORWARD PLANNING Historical Excavation 63 • i) The Central City -
The Burial of Nefertiti?
AMARNA ROYAL TOMBS PROJECT VALLEY OF THE KINGS Occasional Paper No. 1 THE BURIAL OF NEFERTITI? By Nicholas Reeves, FSA THE BURIAL OF NEFERTITI? ABSTRACT Recently published, high-resolution scans of the walls of room J (the Burial Chamber) of Valley of the Kings tomb KV 62 (Tutankhamun) reveal, beneath the plastered surfaces of the painted scenes, distinct linear traces. These are here mapped, discussed, and tentatively identified as the “ghosts” of two hitherto unrecognized doorways. It is argued that these doorways give access to: (1) a still unexplored storage chamber on the west of room J, seemingly contemporary with the stocking of Tutankhamun’s burial; and (2) a pre-Tutankhamun continuation of KV 62 towards the north, containing the undisturbed burial of the tomb’s original owner – Nefertiti. “Now, about the tomb of Nefertiti,” [Omm Sety] continued, sounding a bit hesitant. “I did once ask His Majesty where it was, and he told me. He said, ‘Why do you want to know?’ I said I would like to have it excavated, and he said, ‘No, you must not. We don’t want anything more of this family known.’ But he did tell me where it was, and I can tell you this much. It’s in the Valley of the Kings, and it’s quite near to the Tutankhamun tomb. But it’s in a place where nobody would ever think of looking for it,” she laughed. “And apparently it is still intact …” – el Zeini and Dees 2007, 265-266 Frontispiece. The Tomb of Tutankhamun (KV 62): (x) proposed new chamber behind the decorated west wall of the Burial Chamber (J); (y) potential continuation of the tomb beyond the Burial Chamber’s decorated north wall (Weeks 2003, sheet 69/70 / http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/, with additions, copyright © Theban Mapping Project) AMARNA ROYAL TOMBS PROJECT VALLEY OF THE KINGS Occasional Paper No. -
Coping with the Army: the Military and the State in the New Kingdom
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by edoc Coping with the army: the military and the state in the New Kingdom Andrea M. Gnirs § 1 Introduction § 2 Political power of the army § 3 State bureaucracy and “navy” § 3.1 Military functions and ranks in the “navy” § 3.2 Naval administration § 4 State bureaucracy and army § 4.1 The Royal Guard § 4.2 Abuse of military authority § 4.3 Military management, workforces, and army logistics § 4.4 Military administration abroad § 4.4.1. Nubian provincial administration and the military § 4.4.2. Foreign administration and the military in Asia § 4.4.3 Supplies of troops, fortresses and garrisons § 4.5. Soldiers’ civil careers: Aspects of a loyalistic model of the state § 5 Conclusions § 1 Introduction In ancient Egypt, centralized power was always connected with a (sanctioned) use of violence and the control of armed forces. Historical evidence shows that at least from the Middle Kingdom, the mastery of specialized weapons, the organization of manpower, leadership, and battle experience were basic features of any claim to the throne. An efficient bureaucracy and military organization guaranteed political stability and success in Egypt and aborad. Both sectors flourished particularly during the earlier New Kingdom until the beginning of the 19th Dynasty, when Egypt made her appearance on the political stage in Syria and the Levant and became one of the leading super-powers of the ancient Near East.1 One major achievement of the New Kingdom–with possible roots in the Late Middle Kingdom–was the change from a rather heterogeneous economic administration controlled by municipal or provincial governments towards a more tightened bureaucracy centralized in the royal residence.