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The Amarna Project and Amarna Trust Newsletter ISSN 2633-1101 horizon ISSUE 20 Autumn 2019 The Amarna Project and Amarna Trust newsletter A 15-metre length of foundation trench for the north wall of the Great Aten Temple, exposing the remains of the original gypsum-concrete foundation layer. Archaeologist Juan Friedrichs draws a scale plan. View to the east. Photo by B. Kemp. CONTENTS The Amarna Trust . 1 Wine for the Aten: Mud Jar-sealings The Aten at Coventry . 20 from the Great Aten Temple . 8–10 The Northern Cemeteries: News and Publications . 21 Community Ties at Ancient Amarna . 3–4 Distribution Maps . 11–13 Great Aten Temple Limestone Matching Statue Fragments Working with Fire: Block Scheme . 22 by means of 3D Printing . 5–7 Making Glass Beads at Amarna . 14–17 Donations and Giving Circles . 23 Photogrammetry at Amarna . 18–19 Great Aten Temple (in pictures) . 24 horizon page 2 A view across the excavations at the North Desert Cemetery, with the cliffs containing the North Tombs belonging to Akhenaten’s officials in the distance. The Amarna Trust is registered with the Charity Commission as no. 1161292 . Its registered address is The Amarna Trust The contact for The Amarna Trust is For donations and other financial matters Newton Hall Prof. Barry Kemp, CBE, FBA the contact is the Honorary Treasurer Town Street at the address to the left, or Susan Kelly Newton The Amarna Project 8 chemin Doctoresse-Champendal Cambridge CB22 7ZE 1, Midan El-Tahrir 1206 Geneva United Kingdom Floor 5, flat 17 Switzerland Downtown email: [email protected] The chairman of The Amarna Trust is Cairo Prof. Paul Nicholson (Cardiff University) Arab Republic of Egypt The Amarna Trust submits an annual Cairo office: +2022 795 5666 set of accounts to the UK Charities mobile: +20122 511 3357 Commission. None of its income is used email: [email protected] in the furtherance of raising funds. Its overheads are modest. The objectives of the Trust are: To advance public education and to promote the conservation, protection and improvement of the ancient city of Tell el-Amarna, Egypt and the surrounding area for the benefit of the public in particular but not exclusively by: i) creating a permanent facility for study iv) providing, and assisting in the vi) working in partnership with the (the research base – The Amarna provision of, lectures and publications Supreme Council of Antiquities of Centre); in furtherance of the stated objects; Egypt to maintain the ancient city for the benefit of the public. ii) undertaking and supporting field v) developing displays and exhibitions research (and publishing the at a site museum for the benefit of the useful results of such research); public and an educational outreach programme for the benefit of pupils iii) promoting training in archaeological at schools; and field skills; The Amarna Trust publishes Horizon on behalf of the Amarna Project and other interested parties. It is currently distributed free of charge. Should any recipient not wish to receive future issues please email [email protected] horizon page 3 The northern cemeteries: community ties at ancient Amarna Since 2005, the Amarna Project has been studying the non-elite cemeteries of ancient Amarna. 2018 was a busy year, with fieldwork at two previously unexcavated burial grounds at the northern end of the site. Anna Stevens (University of Cambridge/Monash University) and Gretchen Dabbs (Southern Illinois University) report on the work, which was funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. The non-elite cemeteries of Amarna were labourers’ community/ies, but it is not first identified by surveyor Helen Fenwick yet clear where they were living in the in the early 2000s, spurring a ancient city. multidisciplinary project to excavate and study the burials of Akhenaten’s people. In 2018, we shifted our focus to two From 2005 to 2017, fieldwork focussed much smaller, but no less interesting, on two very large burial grounds located cemeteries located on the desert floor in wadis (dried water channels) adjacent near the North Tombs. The North Cliffs to the tombs of Akhenaten’s officials: the Cemetery lies immediately below the North Tombs and South Tombs Tomb of the Chief Priest Panehesy and Cemeteries. These each contain a few the North Desert Cemetery is located a thousand individuals, most of whom few hundred metres to its west. Like all were buried simply in pits cut into the the Amarna cemeteries, both sites have sand. Study of the skeletal remains show been heavily looted, but still hold that many of the people buried here had remarkable research potential. We can poor diets and difficult working lives. We ask: Who was buried here? Where did think it likely that the South Tombs they live at Akhetaten ? Why were they Cemetery is the main burial ground for interred here? How do these graves and people living in the Main City, although skeletons compare to others so far the North Tombs Cemetery is more excavated at Amarna? And what were their individual lives like? difficult to interpret. It is a particularly Sarah Ricketts excavates the burial of an infant unusual burial ground, containing Preliminary results from 2018 show that at the North Desert Cemetery. The interior of individuals aged mostly between 11-18 the grave was partly lined with stones, these two cemeteries are similar to years, who were often buried together. presumably to protect the body. those previously excavated in terms of We suggest that they represent general approach to burial. Most people horizon page 4 Excavation underway at the North Cliffs Cemetery, as Gretchen Dabbs, Waleed Mohamed Omar and Ahmed Sayed Nasser define the outline of an ancient grave. were wrapped in textile and then rolled in a mat made of The northern setting of these burial grounds suggests plant material, or very occasionally placed in a wooden they likely served populations living in the northern coffin. A few people had burial goods, including pottery areas of the ancient city – the North Suburb and/or vessels that may once have contained food and drink, North City – although it is less obvious why two separate pieces of jewellery and cosmetic items like combs and cemeteries developed here. Perhaps the people buried hairpins. Graves usually took the form of a simple pit cut in the North Cliffs Cemetery worked directly for the into the desert surface, although the North Desert officials buried in the cliffs above, including Panehesy Cemetery also incorporated a small number of shaft- himself. Panehesy was responsible for overseeing the and-chamber tombs, located on a low rise of soft clay- preparation of offerings for the Aten in the city’s vast like rock. These more elaborate tombs seem to have open-air temples, a role that must have seen him in been thoroughly emptied of their contents by looters, but charge of large numbers of personnel. The North Desert investigations of one tomb in 2018 showed that it had Cemetery, which contains far fewer interments, has contained at least one individual, who had been buried more of the feel of a small ‘community’ burial ground, in a painted wooden coffin. The only other places where like those at the workers’ villages. It seems to focus on tombs of this kind have been identified so far at Amarna the chamber tomb/s, as though these belonged to are the two desert workers’ villages: the Workmen’s people who held elevated positions within this particular Village and Stone Village. community, although their status was likely nowhere near that of the city and state officials who owned rock- While analysis of the human remains from the North cut tombs in the cliffs proper. Cliffs and North Desert Cemeteries awaits, a preliminary impression is that they contain mixed populations of As the study of Amarna’s cemeteries continues, it is adults and children, males and females, more similar to becoming increasingly clear that these are places that the South Tombs Cemetery than the North Tombs contain multi-faceted layers of information not just about Cemetery. An initial size estimate of c. 900–1400 life and death at Amarna, but about the community ties individuals can be suggested for the North Cliffs that helped shape experiences of living at this ancient Cemetery, and there are perhaps a few hundred people city. We hope to continue work at the northern interred at the North Desert Cemetery. cemeteries in a future excavation season. Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed here do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities. horizon page 5 Matching statue fragments by means of 3D printing The haphazard discovery and dispersal of Egyptian antiquities in the past has left pieces that once were Figure 1. The simple photographic parts of a single object in widely separated rig of camera and turntable used at Amarna for taking the multiple locations. There is already a long history of photographs. attempts at making joins and reconstructions using Photo by Andreas Mesli. photographs and plaster casts. The rapid development in recent years of computer software able to create 3D images from multiple digital photographs and of 3D printers able to print from the results has added a further means of achieving the same end. Figure 2. Fragment S-5120 (from the head of a princess) on the turntable, set between After the end of the Amarna Period the statues of the royal Lego bricks. These both kept the piece upright and family, often laboriously fashioned in hard stones, were broken provided a scale. See Figure 9 into thousands of pieces. Many now belong to museum for its match with a Berlin collections across the world.
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