Food Consumption Patterns of the Community in the Border Area Sangihe Islands Regency, North Sulawesi Province

Acta Scientific NUTRITIONAL HEALTH (ISSN:2582-1423) Volume 5 Issue 9 September 2021 Research Article

Agustinus N Kairupan* , Gabriel H Joseph, Conny N Manoppo, Ratri Received: July 05, 2021 Retno Ivada, Herlina N Salamba and Anggela T Tombuku Published: August 30, 2021 Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology of North Sulawesi, Manado, © All rights are reserved by Agustinus N Indonesia Kairupan., et al. *Corresponding Author: Agustinus N Kairupan, Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology of North Sulawesi, Manado, Indonesia.

Abstract

consumption patterns. The balance of the amount and type of food consumed is important to note because one type of food alone One of the main activities in realizing food security is the achievement of food diversification through improving people's food cannot provide optimal nutritional needs. The formation of healthy and quality human resources requires a variety of food consumption to achieve a balance of nutrients according to the standard of adequacy rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the energy/nutrient adequacy rate (AKE/G) and protein adequacy rate (AKP/G) along with the expected food pattern score (PPH) as a parameter of food security and to determine the proportion of energy contribution from each food group to total consumption. energy, especially for people in border areas. The research design used is a cross-sectional study from September to October 2017. The population is community households in border areas with a total of 90 households selected by non-probability sampling purposively. The research data is sourced from secondary and primary data covering socio-economic characteristics, and energy and protein food consumption. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that: 1) the average calorie and protein consumption of people in border areas is still within the ideal limit of the adequacy of calorie and protein consumption, which is 2015

Consumption of the grain food group contributed energy ranging from 57.80% oil and fat 12.60%, animal food 10.45%, vegetables kcal and 53.82 grams of protein, and the average consumption of energy and protein is classified as low. normal level deficit category. and fruit (8.41%), and tubers 3.34%). The oily fruit/seed food group and other food groups contributed at least 1.3-1.4% energy.

Keywords: Border Area; Food Consumption Pattern; Energy; Protein

Introduction The pattern of community food consumption in each region is Food is an important and strategic commodity, considering that different, depending on the potential of the region and the cultural food is a basic human need that needs to be available at any time in structure of the community. The border area is a manifestation of state sovereignty. As a frontier, the border area holds several com- affordable prices by the community. Food as a basic human need plex problems, both from security and socio-economic aspects. The sufficient quantities with decent quality, safe for consumption and border area is not only understood as a geographical concept of stated in Law No.7 of 1996. the area directly adjacent to other countries as described in Law whose fulfillment is a human right of every Indonesian people as

Citation: Agustinus N Kairupan., et al. “Food Consumption Patterns of the Community in the Border Area Sangihe Islands Regency, North Sulawesi Province". Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 5.9 (2021): 71-77. Food Consumption Patterns of the Community in the Border Area Sangihe Islands Regency, North Sulawesi Province

72 (UU) no. 43 of 2008, but it is also a strategic area that nationally quality and quantity of the diversity of community food consump- concerns the livelihoods of many people. tion becomes the basis for identifying the characteristics and patterns of community food consumption which is then followed by calculating the quality of food consumption using the concept of has not been optimal, presumably due to the lack of implemen- The program for achieving food consumption diversification the Expected Food Pattern (PPH). Based on this description, the purpose of this study is to identify and determine (1) the socioeco- diversifying food consumption and relatively low consumer ac- tation in the field in marketing and promoting the importance of nomic characteristics of the household, (2) the energy/nutrition ceptance of products. This condition concerns the image, socio- adequacy rate (AKE/G) and the protein adequacy rate (AKP/G) economic value, and nutritional quality of non-rice carbohydrate along with the expected food pattern score (PPH). as a parameter of food security (3) the proportion of energy contribution from is one of the quantitative indicators that can describe household sources, which have been considered inferior. Food diversification each food group to the total energy consumption of border com- food security [1]. One of the important pillars of food security is munities. number of different foods or food groups consumed in a certain Methods access/affordability to food. |2| defines food diversification as the period of time [2]. This concept shows that to achieve a balanced The research design used is a cross-sectional study from Sep- nutritional life, households must consume a variety of foods and tember to October 2017. The population is community households should not rely on only one source. in border areas, namely members of the Women Farmers Group (KWT) with a total of 90 households selected by non-probability [3] reported that the average quality of food consumption in sampling purposively [7] table 1. sources of carbohydrates, especially from grains. Furthermore ([4] Indonesia is still low and less diversified, still dominated by food Number of reported the results of his study on the Sustainable Food House District households Density(Km2) Respondens Area Model (MKRPL) activities in 4 districts/cities in North Su- (people) lawesi province, namely Bitung, North Minahasa, South Minahasa, Tahuna 18.073 717,39 30 and Southeast Minahasa, which showed that in general, the people Tahuna Timur 13.491 544,33 30 who consumed the highest energy sources came from the grain Tabukan Selatan 5.953 86,63 30 group is 2021 kcal/capita/day, this value is above the ideal energy Amount 90 adequacy rate (AKE) of 2000 kcal/capita/day [5]. Table 1: Population and sample of community respondents in Humans need more than 40 types of nutrients to live an active border areas. and healthy life and no type of food can meet all of these nutritional Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Sangihe Islands Regency, 2016. and society, namely in the form of health costs and negative im- needs. Micronutrient deficiency places a huge burden on sufferers pacts on human resources and reduces economic productivity. This The data used in this study include primary data and secondary learning, limit productivity, and ultimately perpetuate poverty in a is because micronutrient deficiencies impair physical growth and continuous cycle. and direct interviews using questionnaires covering 1) household data. Primary data collection was carried out by field observations socioeconomic characteristics, 2) household food consumption The balance of the amount and type of food consumed is im- patterns, 3) food consumption including energy and protein con- portant to note because one type of food alone cannot provide sumption. adequate nutritional needs. Therefore, the community is advised to consume a variety of foods to achieve a balance of nutrients ac- Data analysis was carried out quantitatively and qualitatively. cording to the standard of adequacy required for the formation of The data on the socio-economic characteristics and the food con- healthy and quality human resources [6]. The assessment of the

73 sumption characteristics of the respondents were processed de- Characteristics Category Percentage scriptively. Data analysis of household food consumption patterns Elementary School 10.8 was carried out quantitatively, namely to calculate: (1) the amount Junior High School 26.2 of consumption and the level of consumption of nutrients; (2) the Education Level of Head contribution of food groups to the total recommended nutrients (% of Household High School 46.8 Nutritional Adequacy Rate); and (3) the quality of food consumption according to the Expected Food Pattern (PPH) score. Assess- College 16.2 ment of household food consumption using the food recall method Elementary School 15.2 with the following stages: (a) Conversion of food ingredients in Junior High School 28,2 grams; (b) Summing up uniform foodstuffs so that the total con- Housewife Education Level sumption of foodstuffs is obtained in one day; (c) Grouping food High School 40,8 ingredients into nine food groups of the Hope Food Pattern (PPH), namely grains, tubers, animal foods, vegetables and fruit, oils and College 15,8 fats, oily fruits and seeds, and others [9]; and (d) Calculate the aver- 4 family members (small) 95.8 age household consumption of nutrients per capita per day, based Number of Family Mem- on the type of food, the type of food group, and the total. Based on bers (Persons) 5 - 7 family members 4,2 the average total nutrient consumption, the level of nutrient con- (medium) sumption is then calculated using the formula formulation; Nutri- Not working ent Consumption Rate = (Nutrient Consumption/Nutrient Adequa- 1,5 cy Rate) x 100%. TNI/Polri/PNS/ Employees 19,5 Results and Discussion Self-employed/service/ Household socio-economic characteristics Head of Household Job 62,2 trade The characteristics of the household include the education level 12,3 of the head of the family, the occupation of the head of the house- labor hold, the household, the number of family members, and house- Farmer/fisherman/ 4,2 hold expenses. The socioeconomic characteristics of the family are Others presented in table 2. Not working

The education level of the respondents indicated that the ma- TNI/Polri/PNS/Em- 10,1 jority (46.8%) of the education level of the head of the family (KK) ployees 5,8 were high school (SMA), as was the education level of housewives Self-employed/service/ (40.8%). The level of parental education is one of the factors that Housewife Job 77,8 trade 2,1 of education is related to the economic situation, educational fa- influence the child's upbringing including feeding. The high level cilities and infrastructure in the area as well as the motivation and labor Farmer/fisherman/ 4,2 desire of respondents to take higher education levels. The high Others level of education will increase consumption expenditure and af- Food expenditure 426.278 fect consumption patterns [10] Household expenditure (Rp/cap/month) . Mother's educational background Non-food expenditure 394.149 especially in the choice of daily food which plays an important role also influences the mother's behavior in managing the household, Characteristics of community households in border in determining the nutritional status of toddlers and families [11]. Table 2: areas. Household food security and good nutritional status are indicators Source: Primary data analysis, 2016.

74 of the high level of nutritional knowledge and education of family Food consumption pattern members [12]. Food consumption patterns in the people of North Sulawesi, especially in the border areas of the Sangihe Islands Regency, shift Berdasarkan jumlah anggota keluarga, mayoritas responden berada pada kategori keluarga kecil dengan jumlah anggota kelu- economic conditions, preferences and availability. Every commod- arga maksimal 4 orang. Peningkatan jumlah anggota rumah tangga dynamically, influenced by many factors such as social, cultural, ity in each food group is strived to always be present in every daily tanpa diimbangi dengan peningkatan sumberdaya dan sumber food menu, so that the energy adequacy of each individual can be mata pencaharian penunjang ekonomi akan menyebabkan alokasi pemenuhan pangan per anggota rumah tangga menjadi rendah value which is expected to continue to increase in magnitude. Nu- [19]. Lebihlanjut dinyatakan bahwa ukuran jumlah anggota kelu- fulfilled. Energy sufficiency in each individual is seen in the PPH tritional norms indicate that there is a minimum standard of the arga menentukan tingkat ketahanan pangan [13]. amount of food an individual needs to live a healthy and active life. Mayoritas pekerjaan kepala keluarga adalah wiraswasta yaitu One measure of the quantity of food consumption is the amount of 62.2% namun masih terdapat 1.5% kepala keluarga yang tidak energy consumption or protein consumption. berkerja, sedangkan untuk ibu rumah tangga terdapat 77.8% ber- Consumption of calories and protein by households in border profesi sebagai wiraswasta namun sebagian besar (10.1%) tidak areas based on food groups is presented in table 3. The total value bekerja. Ada kecenderungan bahwa jenis pekerjaan yang dilakukan of calorie consumption is 2015 kcal/capita/day and protein con- mempengaruhi besar pendapatan yang diterima individu. Seba- sumption is 53.82 grams/cap/day. The total energy adequacy rate gian besar rumah tangga contoh (95.8%) termasuk keluarga kecil, above 2000 kcal/capita/day has reached the average national ideal hanya 4.2% keluarga sedang. Jumlah anggota keluarga mempenga- energy adequacy rate of 2,000 kcal [5], or is already above the re- ruhi kebiasan makan dan gizi rumah tangga [14]. gional needs standard of North Sulawesi Province (BPS, 2016), so The average household expenditure per capita per month is Rp.810,427, where the average expenditure for food is Rp.426,278 that when viewed from the classification food consumption level much more realistic than the 2 regions in Java, namely Central Java of the total expenditure and the average expenditure for non-food is classified as normal category (90-<120% AKE/G). This result is is Rp.394,149. Based on the proportion of household food expendi- [23]. House- hold size is a determinant in energy consumption. The larger the ture, most households have a proportion of food expenditure <60% and DKI Jakarta, which are below the 2000 kcal figure so that they are included in the "food insecure" category of house- household size, the less food is available that can be distributed holds. Household food expenditure is positively related to the avail- to household members [24]. The Protein Adequacy Rate (AKP) ability of food as a source of energy for household consumption is quite ideal compared to the regional needs of North Sulawesi [15]. Families with small incomes will spend most or all of their Province, which is 50 grams [8]. When compared with the Protein income for food consumption needs [16]. The vulnerability of a - sumption is still above the national average of 50.1 grams/capita / - Sufficiency Rate of 52.0 grams/capita/day, the level of protein con ing to buy food. [17,18] stated that households with low incomes day [23,25,26]. household to access to food is reflected in the proportion of spend will only consume certain food products, especially rice commodi- The results of the study (Table 3) also show that the highest ties. In addition, the food price factor affects household demand for contribution of calories and protein is in the food groups of grains, certain types of food, which will then affect the effective demand/ oils and fats, animal foods and vegetables and fruit. This shows that household food consumption. A household is said to have good the consumption of people in border areas is still dominant in the food affordability if its per capita income is above the poverty line cereals and animal protein group, so it is still necessary to diversify and the proportion of food expenditure is less than 60% of real ex- food consumption, especially for non-rice food consumption and penditure [19] vegetable protein. household income [20-22]. The higher the household income, the . One that affects household food diversification is more diversified the food consumed by the household is.

Sangihe Islands Regency Sangihe Islands Food Group No Food Group No Energy Protein Regency kcal % gram % 1 Grains 25,0 1 Grains 1165,2 57,80 26,39 49,03 2 Tubers 1,7 2 Tubers 67,4 3,34 0,43 0,80 3 Animal Food 20,4 3 Animal Food 210,7 10,45 20,43 37,96 4 Oils and Fats 4,0 4 Oils and Fats 254,1 12,60 0,15 0,28 5 Oily Fruits/Seeds 0,6 Oily Fruits/ 6 Nuts 5,0 5 27,9 1,38 3,0 5,57 Seeds 7 Sugar 1,0 6 Nuts 51,9 2,57 0,48 0,89 8 Vegetables and Fruits 30,0 7 Sugar 41,7 2,07 0,02 0,01 9 Others Vegetables and Total 87,7 8 169,5 8,41 2,92 5,43 Fruits Table 4: Scores of expected food patterns (PPH) per group of 9 Others 27,5 1,36 foodstuffs in border areas Sangihe Islands district. Total 2015 100,00 53,82 100,00 Primary data analysis, 2016. Table 3: Energy and protein consumption by food group in border areas Sangihe Islands Regency, 2017. food availability. Furthermore, the scenario of achieving the ideal Primary data analysis, 2016. Expected Food Pattern (PPH) score will be realized more quickly

The indicator to measure the level of diversity and balance of score, the more diverse the food situation and the better the com- by accelerating food diversification. The higher the food quality food consumption, which is also an indicator of the quality of food position and nutritional quality [30]. consumption is the Expected Food Pattern (PPH) score. Accord- ing to [27]. the PPH approach can be assessed for the quality of Conclusion quality level of food consumption patterns in border areas is indi- Ideal Energy Adequacy Rate of 2,000 kcal/capita/day and is in- the population's food based on the food score (dietary score). The People's food consumption in the border areas is above the cated to be not diverse, nutritious and balanced. This is indicated cluded in the normal category (90-<120% AKE/G). The total value by the PPH score ranging from 0.6 to 87.7 or less than the ideal PPH of food consumption is above the energy adequacy rate, which is score of 100 (Table 4). 2,015 kcal per capita per day. While protein consumption is 53.82 grams/capita/day. When compared with the Protein Adequacy The total score of the Hope Food Pattern (PPH) in the Regency Rate of 52.0 grams/capita/day, the level of protein consumption is around 87.7, still not reaching the target of obtaining the North has reached 110.5% of the RDA. Food consumption patterns are Sulawesi provincial government plan above 90 grams [8]. The low still not diverse, nutritious and balanced. This is indicated by the value of the Hope Food Pattern (PPH) is related to the collection of PPH score of 87.7 or less than the ideal PPH score of 100. Con- several sub-districts in the border area that are included in the cat- sumption of the grain food group contributes 57.80% of energy, oil egory of food insecurity and high risk nutrition. The food consump- and fat 12.60%, animal food 10.45%, vegetables and fruit (8.41%) tion patterns of the people of the border areas are not yet diverse and tubers 3.34%. The oily fruit/seed food group and other food in terms of both quality and quantity, so it is necessary to develop groups contributed at least 1.3-1.4% energy. quality of consumption is relatively low, if it does not meet nutri- Bibliography food diversification to achieve nutritional adequacy standards. The tional needs in the long term, it will have an impact on decreas- 1. Alexandri C., et al. “Subsistence economy and food security – ing nutritional status and increasing morbidity rates. Efforts to the case of rural households from Romania”. Procedia Econom- increase the value of the Hope Food Pattern (PPH) are to ensure ics and Finance 22.1 (2015): 672-680.

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