CENSUS OF INDIA 1971
. SERIE_S 17
PllJNJAB
." 'Ml1!:IV,i
HOUSING R-EPORT.,~. " TABLES.
P. L. SONDHI H. S. KWATRA I _ ,. , of the Indian Administrative Service' of the';,. Punjab Ciyil, Service DIRECTOR OF·CENSUS OPERATIONS 'DEPUTY· DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNIAB PUNJAB , o PUNJAB 33 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS 1971
~ A M MU 16 0 16 32 M I LES & ~==~==~~~~ KILOM ETR ES 20 o 20 4 0 60 KASHM IR
BOU NDARY 1NTE R N ATI ONAL ., ST ATE! U T DISTRI CT U TAH SI L .. STATE CA PI TAL ..... DIST RICT H E A DGUARTRES o 32" TAHSIL " •o R POCKET FO R ROPAR DIST RICT 32" K" KAP URTH AL A JJ
o 31
o 31 " , .
<. I o P A J P U RA i """. , . , . ~ \ ~ \j ""
o 30 o 30
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"' . 8 . O IS TR ICT HEAOOU A RTER S • litE ALSO T . ... S I L .... ( ... DQ V. R T[R $ o N OT E .- .O~ I N I STR " T ' V E H EA DQU AR T E RS Of P U NJAB ST A TE IS. A T C H AN OICARH (UN I ON T E R. ITOR\, ) 2 9
74° EAST OF GREENWICH
BA" O U P ON S.V R.V f; Y O F 1NO I ~ MA P .- I TH THE Pt ~ I S $ I ON O F T H E. SUR V e Y OR GE NERA L. O F I ND'" o GO V ERNM~N T Qf I NO I ~ <;O~YR I C;~ ~ . • 910 CENS US OF INDiA. 1971 A--CBNTERAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS The 1971 Census Reports on Punjab will bear ulliJormly S"it's No. J7 and will be published In the following Parta :- PART I-A . General Report PART I-B General Report (Detailed analysis of the Demosraphic. Social, Cultural and Milra tion Patterns) PART I-C . Subsidiary Tables PART IJ-A General Population Tables PARTII-B Economic Tables PART II-C(i) Mothertongue,. Religion and Scheduled Caste. and Scheduled Tribes Table. PAllT. n-C(u) Social and Cultural Tables and Fertility Tablet :rAltTm Establishmerit Report and Tables PAllT IV Housing Report and Tables PARTV Special Tables and Ethnographic Notes on Sehcdulcd Cutes and Scheduled Tribes PART VI-A Town Directory ·PARTVI.. B Special Survey Reports on seJected Towns
PAR.T VI-C Survey Reports on selected Villa~8 PARTVU' Special Report on Graduates and Technical Personnal PART VUI-A . Administratioll Report-Enun:Letation (for ofticial use OAly) pART vnJ-IJ Administration Jteport-Tabulation (for official use only) PART J!C. Census Atlas PART IX-A Administrative Atlas
B-STA'F~ GOVERNMENT PUBLICJ\'l'IONi -,\, PAR.T X District Census Hand·Books f.or ~h district in three Partl- PART A-Village and. Town Directory
PART B-Village and Town-wise Primary C~DSU' Abstract PART C-Analytical Report, Administration Statisti.cl and District Census Tables
ND1 ••-Parts A and B of the Di.triCft Cemus Hanc:l·book. have been priJlted hl ODO volume.
u PREFACE The numbering and listing of houSes is a sine qua non for any.pop$tion_census. To ~nsure a correct count of-population, every individual has to be counted and no one bas to be counted ~or.e than once. In an extended de facto type of census con ducted in India, every individual is counted at his place of residence and not at the place of work. It, therefore, becomes imperative to know the. place where people reside. This is done by numbering and listing· all the structures where people reside or which can be used· for residential purposes. 2. At the 1971 Census, the houselisting operation was taken up in February-March, 1970, a .year in advance of the actual census count unlike at the 1961 Census when the house listing and censUs count operations were closely dovetailed. The underlying objective in haVing an interval of a year or so w~ (i) to gj.ve adequate time to the Directors of CensUS Opera tions to carve out census enumeration blocks on the basis of the hOUselist popula~ion for equitable distribution of workload mnongst the enumerators for completion of the enumeration in time; (ii) to work out the requirement of forms and stationery for enumeration rationally on the basis of the houselist popula tion; and (iii) to arrange for\completion of mechanical proces sing of the data collected in 'the Houselist and Establishment Schedules well before the gruelling rush of actual census count so that the Organisation could give undivided attention to the se.cond· and ~ost important phase of Oensus, viz., ~pulation count. 3. The 1971 Houselist larg~ly followed the pattern of 1961, except that the census houses. used as 'establishments' were covered in a separate Establishment Schedule in which partieulars of all types of establishments were collected. At the 1961 Census, a few particulars of only manufacturing, processing and servicing establishments were collected iIi the Houselist Schedule itself. The practice of canvassing ullifollll scbedul~, procedures and C9Ilcepts adopted for the. nrst time at the 1961 Census was continued in this Census also. :Pri.or to the 196i Census, differences in procedures. and concep~ l1ad led to non-comparability of data and it was not, -therefore, COllSidered worthwhile to analyse and pubUs.h the data as collected at the- houseiisting operations. C~nsequentlY9 at the planning stage of the 1961 Census, the then Registrar Genetal's proposal to utilise the opportunj.ty· Qf ___house-nwnbering and hQuselisting operations for conducting. virtually sort of a housing census, based on a uniform houselist and uniform set of definiUoll$ and concepts, was, wholly supported by various a~ hoc advisory groups and ultimately by the Government of India. The 1961 Census. experiment proved exceedingly pur poseful as the Houselist yielded. some valuable basic data on houaing which was not available hitherto on such an extensive iii scale. Of course, it is true that India· does not undertake a housing census as such. 4. Encouraged by the meaningful results of the experi ment made at the 1961 Census, it was suggested at the forma tive stages of the' 1971 Census that the scope of the .1961 House.. list _' Schedule should be enlarged so that additional data ~come available for implementing various housing pro- grammes envisaged for improving the housing conditions in the country. The additional questions sought to be incorporated in the 1971 Census Houselist Schedule related to 'age of house·, material of floor, size of rooms, availability of certain basic conveniences such as privy, water supply, electricity. Pretest.,. ing of the draft schedules revealed that the responses to some of these questions like 'age of house' were somewhat ambi guous and imprecise. Calculating the floor area w~s time consuming as the necessary expertise to accomplish tlie task was not available. The Planning Commission also advised that collection of data On amenities for rural housing may not be meaningful in the present stage of housing in the rural areas. It was also- eonsidered that in· the case of urban areas, the ~collection of such basic data could more profitably be left to the civic authorities. The end result· of these discussions was , the decision to canvass almost the same Houselist Schedule at the 1971 Census as was canvassed at the 1961 Census. It was felt' th~t it could at least show trends over the decade in the matter of use of houses, material of wall 'and roof" tenure statUs and the congestion of accommodation with refel\ence to the number of rooms .per hou~ehold. The introduction of a separate Establishment Schedule was an important innovatio:Q of the 1971 Census. ., 5. Some of. the improvements effected at this Census include the . application of a practical and rational defini tion of a 'census house' (discussed in Chapter I) and, tpe Pr:~_-· cessing of d~ta for the first time in th~ history of Indian Census by ElectronIc Data Processing DeVIce. The. Hous.~list. data were processed on 20 per cent sample basis and Establlshment Schedules on 100 per cent basis.
• • . I 6. The data collected at the 1971 Census Houselisling Operation reveal some interes~ing changes haVing taken place during the decade 1960-70 in· respect of use of census houses. c()llStruction, materials used in the walls and roofs of houses. tenure status of households and finally the person-room ratio. These are discussed at length in the subsequent chapters of this Report. Some of the salient, findings are listed belOw : (i) There has been anfncre:ase of about \i~ per cent in . the number of census houses during the decade 1960-70. Corresponding to' 21,82,586 census
IV houses returned at 1960, the 1970 ftrure stand. at 31,34,120. " (U) Vacant census houses which. constituted a pr()por tion of 87 per .1,000 census houses in 1980 ha\"e been returned in a considerably reduced proportion standing at 67 in 1970. The overall number of vacant census hOuses has slumped by about 13 per cent during the decade 1960-10.
(iii) The high tempo of industrialization witne~ in" the State during the last decade is reflected in the proportions of census houses used as workshop-cum-residence and factories, workshop and work-sheds returned at 11 and 23 in 19'70 corresponding to 1 and 12 respectively in 1960. (iv) Census houses used wholly or partly as resi.. dences have been returned almost in the same proportions at both the Censuses. Such c~nsus houses constituted 69.0 per cent·of '. all c~nsus houses in 1960 as against 69.9 per cent in 1970.
\ " (v) The proportion of census houses.used as shop-cum .residence has shot up from 5 per 11,000 eensus houses in 1960 to 8 in 1970. i I (vi) Restaurants, sweet-meat shops and "eating places have also doubled during the decade 196&-70, their proportion per 1,000 census houses has gone up from 2 in 1960 to 4 in 1970. i " " (vii) Though figures of 1961 and 11971 censuses. with . regard to" the material of wall and roof are not strictly comparable, it is still interesting to nQte that· the proportion of census houses with walls made of pucca material llke burnt bricks,' stone, G.I. sheets or other metal sheets and cement concr.ete is as high 8$ 610 per 1,000 census houses· according to 1970 housing data corresponding to ia proporti~D' of residential census houses only with walls made of pucca materials returned at -456 per 1,000 census houses as per returns of 1960 houselisttng operation.
(viii) As in the case of census houses with pucea walls, census houses with pucca roofs have also registered an ',appreciable increase during the decade. While the proportion of such census v 'hbuses has been returned at 404.5 per 1,000 census houses at tlie 197Q houselisting operation, the corresponding 1960 figure in respect of re- . sidential census houses stands at· 156:5.
(ix) Housing .congestion has become more grim during . the decade in that the average number of persons per room has shot up from 2.53 in :1960 to 2.72 in 1970. This is partly accounted for by the fact that the average size of the household has shot up from 5.65 in 1960 to 5.96 in 1970.
(x) Households living in 'owned' houses have regis tered a small increase during the decade. While according to 1960 housing data, the proportion -of households living in 'owned' houses stood at 85.9 per' cent the corresponding figurf returned
at 1970 is 86.5 per cent. I 7. - It was originally planned that the Report on housing together with the Housing Subsidiary Tables would be pub lished as Part IV-A and the Housing Tables themselves as Part IV-B. But as the Housing Tables and their fly-leaves have turned out to be small in volume, these did not merit being printed as a single volume: Hence this is being. brought out in a single volume (Part IV) incorporating both the analy tical part and the tables part (the main tables along with the :fly.. leaves and subsidiary tables). "8. . I shall be failing in my duty if I do not allude to the arduous and earnest efforts made by my colleague Mr. Kwatra in the implementation of the Permanent House Numbering Scheme in the State on the eve of the houselisting operation- an invaluable asset to the State. . We- also recall, with profound gratitude, the unstinted help and cooperation given by the District Census Officers In the compl~tion of the Houselisting Operation. They were: ~hri R.S. Sagar Chand, P .C.S. Amritsar .. ~hp T.C. Gupta, P.C.S. Jullundur Shri B.D.' Dhawan, P.C.S. Bhatinda Shft D.K~ Jain, P.C.S...... Sangrur Shri, H.S. Rakhra, P.C:S~ Sangrur Sh~ M.~. Seh~al, P.C.S. Hoshi~rpur Shn G11tdev SIngh Brar, P.C.S. Ludhlana Shri .M.R. Dhawan, P.C.S. ... Firozpur Shri Mohinder Singh, P .C.S. . Kapurthala Shri Shiv Singh, P:C.S. Gurdaspur Shri O. P. Garg, P.C.S. Gurdaspur ·Sbri Gulbahar Singh, P .C.S. Patiala Shri Manmohan Kalla, P.C.. S. &par
VI - Thousands of houselisting enumerators/supervisors and. Charge. Officers were put- on the houselisting- operation. It hi difticult -to express my feelings of gratitude to -eac.h one --of them individually. I am taking this opportunity to -express my appreciation of their gigantic effort and co-operation especially when it was only a labour of love. The small honorarium that was given to them was hardly commensu rate with the big job accomplished by them. - lowe my profound gratitude to the Census Commis':' sioner, Mr. A. Chandra Sekhar, for all the help, guidance and encouragement given by him in the completion of this colossal task. He shared our fears and anxieties from day to day with a smiling face and made special trips r'tO· our State whenever we were faced with any intricate problem. Sarvshri K. D. Ballal, Deputy· Registrar-General (Census) and K. K. Chakravorty, Central Tabulation Officer also gave us unbounded assistance and guidance from time to· time in the fulfilment of this task and our gratitude to- them i$ greater than can be expressed in words. 9. It was for the first time that houselisting data' were pro~essed mechanically on tpe key~punching machines at the State level. We made a suc<;ess of this venture with the help of experienced workers like Shri G. S. Pabla, Investigator and his team of workers like -Sarvshri R. L. Verma and Pars Ram under the overall guidance of Shri H. S. Kwatra, Deputy Director (Headquarters), who looked after this Cell in addition to his normal duties~ I am grateful to Shri G. S. Pabla, Inves tigator for his fine effort of producing the first d~aft of this Report. He had to work hard to complete this assignment. 10. It is my privilege to' place on record my appre ciation of the dedicated and unstinted efforts put in by my colleague Shri H. S. Kwatra, Deputy Director, Census Operations (Headquarters) in the preparation of this Report. He had also to supervise and gUide closely the various stages of work relating to the production of this book. As the reader will find, the Report amply reflects Shri Kwatra's deep insight into the economic problems of the Punjab State. He not only drafted this Report but also saw to the successful conclusion of the house-numbering and houselisting operations, pro cessing of raw data and preparation of various subsidiary· and inset tables embodied in this Report;------
~ile .the final draft of this Report was under prepara tion, Shri B. L. Bhan, joined us as Assistant Director, Census Operations. He read through the pages of this Report and made many valuable suggestions, which were incorporated, in the light of his earlier experience on a similar assignment. I also wish to acknowledge with gratitude the good work done by Shri Oharam Pal Jain, trabulation Olii.cer in compiling various subsidiary and inset Tables embodied in this Report. He was assisted by Sarvshri Vishwa Mitter and Pawan Kumar and a few other dedicated workers. Shri G. S. Gill, Tabulation Officer incharge of the Cartography Section and his team worked earnestly in pro ducing maps and graphs of this Report. Some of the photo graphs appearing in this Report were taken by Shri Vijay Kumar .Mehta, Assistant Compiler, who is not only a good amateur photographer but has also distinguished himself as a Key Punch Operator. Lastly, I wish to acknowledge the sincerity with which Sarvshri Krishan Chand and Madan Lal Stenographers have worked for the timely production of this Report. My thanks are also due to Sarvshri Kali Dass Sharma, Proof Reader and Harcharan Singh Sudan, Computor for printing supervision and careful proof reading. Shri Gurpartap Singh S1'ao, Deputy Controller, Printing and S~ationery, Chandigarh, has shown special zeal in the printing of this Report and we are grateful to him.
P. L. SONDHI.
viii CONTENTS
PU'ACf iii-vlll_
CRAP'l'n I GENERAL INTRODUCTORY 21-40 Numbering and listing of houses ; Houselist ; Establishment Schedule; Concepts and Definitions; Pelmanent House Numbering Scheme; Agency fOI carrying out House numbering and Houselisting ; Training Programme for House numbering and Hou selisting ; Difficulties; Common errors in filling in of Houselist and Establishment Schedules; Houselist Abstract; Census Act; Processing of Housing Data.
CHAPTBR II DISTRIBUTION OF CENSUS HOUSES BY USE 41-64 Comparison with the 1960 Housing Data; Distribution of Population and Census Houses-Districts; Vacant Census Houses; Deeadal Variations of Vacant Census Houses; Rural-Ulban distribution of Vacant Census Houses; Residential Units inter-district Comparisons; Residential Units per one thousand population; Shop eum-residence-Workshop-cum-residence; Rural-urban spread ofresidential houses; Hotels, Sarais, Dharamshalas, Tourist Homes and Inspection Houses; Shops exclu ding eating houses ; Business Houses and Offices ; Factories, Workshops and work-sheds; Restautants, Sweet-meat shops and Eating places; Places of Enter tainments and Community Gathering (Panch11yatghar) excluding places of worship; Places of worship; Census HQtlSes put to 'other' uses; Census Houses by use in 1960 and 1970. CHAPT'" nI MATERIAL OF WALL AND ROOF OF HOUSES 65-92 Definitions; Distribution of Census Houses by Predominant Material of Wall: Houses with burnt-brick Walls; Houses with walls made of Unburnt Bricks; Houses made of mud walls; Houses made of stone walls; Census Houses with walls made of Grass, Leaves, Reeds or Bamboo; Houses made of wood Walls; Census Houses made of Cement Concrete walls; Houses with walls made of 0.1. Sheets or other Metal Sheets ; Census Houses with walls made of all others materials and materials not stated. Material of Roof :-Houses with roofs made of grass. reeds, thatch etc; Houses with roofs made of tiles, Slates and Shingle; Houses with roof built of R.B.C./R.C.C.; Asbestos Cement Sheets; Houses with roofs made of bricks and lime; Census houses with corrugated iron. Zinc or other metal Sheet roofs; Census houses with Stone roofs; AU other materials and materials not stated. Distribution of residentiG I Census houses by predominant material of wall; Distribution of residential Census houses by predomin:' nt material of roof; Material of wall Cross Classified by material of roof; Rural-urban Differences
CHAP TEll IV HOUSEHOLDS AND NUMBERS OF ROOMS OCCUPIED 93-112 Definitions; Distribution of houselist population and households; Distribution of Census households by number of rooms occupied; Number of persons per room in the case of households occupying a different number of rooms; Number of\,ersons per room in Cities ; __ Number of persons per households according to category of households; Overcrowding; State Housing Schemes; Environmental ProbleIlli.
CJLutTiIl V T£NUU, STATUS OF CENSUS HOUSEHOLDS 113-12.1 Definition.; Houleholdl c:lusified by size and tenure StatUI; Distribution of HoUle holds by Tenure Status based on 1,000 Cenlus household.; Tenure Statu. aecord· ing to size of Households; Tenure Status of Households in the case of Distric:ts; Relationship between functional characteristics of Cities and Tenure Statu._
iX TA.:L_,SVB81DIARY TA.LU T.J/,1(•. Discription PilI'
11·1 CelllUI HOUiOll and tho ulle' to which thoy aro put 37-61 a·I.t Distribution of 1,000 Consul Housel by vacant and di1rorent types of ocoupied 62-6J Census Housel H·I.2 Distribution of 1,000 Census HOUSCI for lIelected types of ule among Rural and 64 Urban Areas H-Il Diltribution of Censuli Houses by predominant material of Wall and predominant 79-81 material of Roof Appendix tG Distribution of Residential Census Houses by material of Wall Cross·classified by 82-88 TableH-U material of Roof H-n.l Distribution of 1,000 Census Houses by predominant material of Wall in Rural and 89 Urban Areas, separately' H·n.1(/1) Distribution of 1,000 Residential Census Houses by predominant material 'of Wall 90 in Rural and Urban Areas, separately H·n.2 Distribution of 1,000 Census Houses by predominant material of Roof in Rural and 91 Urban Areas, separately H·n.2(A) Distribution of 1,000 Residential Census Houses by predominant ma.terialof Roof 92 in Rural and Urban Areas, separately H-m Households classified by number of members and by number of Rooms occupied 10S-107 H-m.l Distribution of 1,000 Census Households by number of Rooms occupied 108 H-m.2 Number of persons, Males and Fem::les per room and persons per Household 110-111 H·IV Households classified by Size and TenuIe Status 121-124 H-IV.I Distribution of 1,000 census Households living in Census Housei according to size 126·127 of the households in rural and urban areas, separately ANNEXUR.E Sample design and precision of Estimates 128-130
MAPS, GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS
1. Punjab: Administrative Divisions Frontispiece 2. Punjab: Loc&tion of Urban Centres 3. Census Houses and Population 4. Uses of Census, Houses in Punjab
5. Distribution of 1,000 O~nsus Houses according to use , 6. Distribution of 1,000 Census Houses by predominant Wall material I 7. Distribution of 1,000 Census Houses by predominant Roof material r 1"""':'20
8, Percentage of Households occupying one room, two rooms, three rOODli, four rooms and more than four rooms 9. Distribution of Census Households according to Tenure Status (by districts) 10. Distribution of Census HousOholds according to Tenure Status (State and Cities)
11. Faacimiles of the aluminium pJate affixed en houses in villaac. and towns 29 12. HQuseliitinj Blocks (Village BaariaD) 31 13. Houitlistina Blocks in Ward No.5 of Abobar Ton 32 x APPENDICES Page APPBNDIX I : HoUMlist 142-143 APPBNDIX n: Establishment Schedule 144 APPENDIX Ill: Definitions of Census House and Census Household since 1881 145-146
APPENDIX IV: Letter from the Registrar General of India (0 the Chief Secretary to Government of Punjab regarding scheme on permanent House numbering 147
APPENDIX V: Circular letter isslpd by the State GO'rernment to all the Deputy ('om:1'issioners in the State in c')nne;:tion with Permanent House numbering Scheme .. 148-149
APPENDIX VI: Letter from Secretary to Government, Punjab, Local Government Department to all the PresidentsjFxecutive Officers of the Municipal Committees in the State regarding Perm!lnent House Numbering Scheme ISO-lSI
ApPENDIX VII: Circular Letter regarding Permanent House NumberiM Scheme-from D~vuty Secrehry, Government, Punjab, Revenue Department II to all the Dep\
APPENDIX VIII: A ep.ffii-officiqll"!tL·c frail! the Chief Secretary to Government, Punjab to all the Deputy Commissbners in the State regarding Permanent House Numbering Scheme 154
APPENDIX IX: !\. letter ~f apprecia~ion from the Registrar General of India to the Secretary, Municipal Comrrittee, Jullundur . . 15S
APPENDIX X: Circular letter is<:ued by the State Government to all the Deputy Commissioners in the State reg".rding implementation of Permanent House Numbering Scheme in Punjab 156-157
APPENDIX XI : A demi-flfficialletter from the Director, Census Operations, Punjab to all the' Dep11ty Commissionels in the State highlighting tpe importance of House listing truining 158 APPENDIX XII: Trlining prJgramme for Houselisting Operations 160-161
APPENDIX XIII I Statement showing. places/venues where training classes were beld ot tbe time of HouselisTing Operations .. 162-165
APPENDIX XIV: A demi-officialletter from the Director, Census Cpenhions, Punjab to all the Deputy Commissioners in the State regarding training of Cl:ar~e Officers for HouseHsting Cperations 1(6
APPENDIX XV: A demi-officialletter from the Deputy Director, Census OrfIaticH, Fnjf b to all the District Census Officers in connection with training of enumera tion agency for Houselisting 167-168 APPENDIX XVI; Administrative instructions issued by the State Government regarding 1971 Census Operations 169 APPENDIX XVII: Houselist Abstract 170
APPENDIX XVIII: Edit instructions for the Scrutiny of the Houselist and Establishment Schedules 171-175 APPENDIX XIX: P(.)~~hr~ for selection of sample of houses from the H')uselist 176-181
APPENDIX Xi(; C)le :)tru';L.lr~ -l{Ju5elist and Establishment Schedule 182-189 CARD LAYOUT: Houselist and Establishment Schedule 190-191
Xl paJ:fl
PHOTOS
L Mr. A. Chandra Sekhar. Census Commissioner, India, ex~ 30 plainin~ to the Press at J-ulluno1,lT variolls jmprovexn~nt5 (Facing) made in the Housing Schedule 2. Houselisting staff receiving training in filling up of House 34 list and Establishn--ent Schedule at Abohar (Facing) 3. Key Punching Operators punching Houselist Data 37 (Facing) ) 4. A view of tiles and wood planks used in a roof
5. A Census House used as 1"- worK:<'hop I i I 6. Jhuggl-dwe!ling with thatched Toof I 1 7. A O!nsus House with mud walls , 8. A Census House with mud walll::i and Kacha Roof t I 9. Vie~ of Guru Gobind Singh Bhawan-a symbol of tnodern I architecture 10. Census Houses with burnt-brick waUs and tiled roofs II II. A Poultry shed with thatch roof J 12. A panoramic·view of Batala Town-Showing buildings with pLlcca roofs made of tiles I r 133-140 13. A view of Khanna Town-Pucca structures and undulating I lanes and by 1anes , 14. A l1\odern cement concrete house at Phagwara 15. Ramgarhia Gurudwara Saheb at Nak('dar Road. Pha&wara I I I 16. Gurudv. ara Saheb at Acbal-Batala J 17 . Te.Il~fl1e of Shiva at Achal-Batala 18. Gurudwara Kandh Saheb at Batala I 19. A view of the houses where Guru Nanak was married I
20. A view of Gurudwara Kandh Saheb sho~ng its high I dollles I 21. A panoramic view of Khan na T("wn as seen from water j tower
Xii MAPS, GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS
7 " PUNJAB LOCATION OF URBAN CENTRES 1971
16 o 16 32 MILES ~===*===T===T==~ KILOMETRES 20 o 20 ~O 60
"P' ("
o )1 31•
• o 30 :sO
INTERNATIONAL &OUNOA~,{ STATE • DISTRICT • • STATE CAPITAL • DISTR.ICT HEAOQUARTEP.S o LOCATION OF URBAN CENTP.ES • POCKET FOR KAPURTHALA OISTp.ICr' R POCKET FOR ROPAR DISTRICT TOTAL NUMBER OF URBAN CENTRES 1011
7~O AST OF GREENWICH CENSUS HOUSES I N THOUSAND
IV w :. () 000 o o o 0 o o rn DISTRICTS z (Jl GURDAS P UR c (Jl AMRITSAR
FIROZPUR I
() 0 LUD H IANA rn z C Ch (Jl "0 C JULLUNDUR 0 (/) "0 fTI C ::I: (Jl r 0 KAPURTHALA » c -t (/l 6 r'I » Z (1\ HOSHIARPUR Z ~ ~ :0 c: :0 c 0 OJ :0 OJ :0 ROPAR » » » ~ z r z r -0 PATIALA 0 "U C SAN GR UR r 8HATI NDJa, » -I
0 IV bo (1) 0 Z POPULATI ON IN LAC
J..-,______-_ , ~ ~~~~ . -,,='-______------USAGE OF CENSUS HOUSES IN PUNJAB (PER THOUSAND CENSUS HOUSES) 702 700
69} 690
686
680
670 200 RURAL URBAN 193 [ 90 90 l [ . . 80 69 ; ... l 70
6S
• 60 • • • tI • •
50 , 30 .
20 .. • " a • "'t
I)
10
6
N
RESIDENCE
~ SHOP - CUIV FAC fOR'ES. -~~~ RESIDENCE - WORKSHOPS (te .... ORKSHOP - CUM PLACES OF HOTELS. SARA.S Etc. ~ PL ACE 5 OF ~ RES I OENCE ~ WOR S HIP ENTERTAINMENTS Etc; - N - N(Gl..IG I8L j:. USAGE OF CENSUS HOUSES IN PUNJAB (PER THOUSAND CENSUS HOUSES) 702 700
690 689
680
RURAL
193
6 .. . ~ .
AESIDENCE.
SHOP-C\1t-.1- F ... C TOR'tS, []] WORKSHOPS Etc - RESIDENCE - WOR.K5HOP - CUM PLACE.S Of HOH_LS, ~A~AIS Etc. ~ PLACES OF ~ p_ (51 DENCE II1II ~ WORSHIP (NTE~TAIN"'fNTS €:H, - N -N[GUGt8"l&: DISTRIBUTION OF 1,000 CENSUS HOUSES ACCORDING TO USE
_ SHOPS, BUSINESS HOUSES RESIDENCE .SHOP /WORKSHOP c::J OTHERS CUM-RESlflENCE AND OFFICES
JII'7::3 HOTELS Etc.,RESTAURANTS Etc .• PLACES OF ~ FAC T ORIE S. WORKSHOPS c=:J VACANT ~ ENTERTAINMENT Etc & PLACES OF WORSHIP I..!...:..lJ:I AND WORKSHEOS 1,000 1,000
900 900
800 800
en ... en en 700 700 uJ :::> o '";:l ;r o :.
;:) cil '" ;:l en til Z 600 600 Z ... uJ (,) I.)
500 soo
100 100
0 0
en _ SHOPS,8USINESS HOUSES RESIDENCE .SHOP /WORKSHOP OTHERS CUM-RESIDENCE AND OFFICES o r7: 900 900 800 800 In In .... ! In 700 700 .... ::> 0 '"::> ;r 0 Z lin ::> cil In ::> : z 600 600 z w '" (.) .... (.) 500 500 0 0 to !I'I a: « <1 I- CIt ..J ::> a:. ~ ::> II: c( c( CIt (..) Q. CIt < ::::I a. <- ::> DISTRIBUTION OF f,OOO CENSUS HOUSES BY PREDOMINANT WALL MATERIAL iSB BURNT BRICKS ~ MUD III1lll1l STONE" CEMENT CONCRETEe GI.SHEETS Et<;. ~ UNBURNT BRICKS ~ GRASS, LEAVES~ [':~: ::1 WOOD LillllI[l]lli ALL OTHER MATERIALS & \ REEDS OR BAM800 .. ···.. . . MATERIALS NOT STATED 50 1 50 40 RURAL 40 "PPfj:l UNS,HAOHI 30 30 P<;)Rl'ION Of 1'1-1£ MAIN BAA IS 20 - 20 UAGNI~IED 10 10 0 0 (/) LIJ (/) 1,000 1,000 (/) LIJ ;:) (/) 900 900 ;:) 0 0 800 600 J: :I: 700 700 (J) (/) ::> ;:) 600 600 (/) (/) z 500 500 Z LIJ LIJ U "00 400 U 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 50 t Pi j 50 ~ r t~~,-_=[1]",,-:: _.m~n.!I_!!"""'i;;"'-; __.U"",,:·· ~~=;:._ ~ 1,000 l= r- ~ w:: - "! - r~ ~ ~ ~~ ~lI:'ooo (/) ;:) ') 00 ~: ~ ,:' ') 00 ;:) o 0 :r:: 800 800 :x:: 700 700 (/) &00 600 ;:) (/) 500 500 Z UJ 400 "00 (.) )00 300 200 200 fOO 100 o o 0: 0: ::> 0: ;:) cr « Cl. 0: -< CL « :::l (/) (/) z cr ::> o Cl. « I- « « ...J 0: Z « N C) o J:: J: « I 0: 0: o til - Z IX o I « ;:) ~ ;:) o « « ::I: C) « IJ.. ...J :x: Cl. (/) 10 DISTRfBUTION OF 1.000 CENSUS HOUSES BY PREDOMINANT ROOF MATERIAL ~ "I'olAlil!.,LE.AVES,RH.t>s, 'hUTC,", IlIlIlll!m BRICI< AND ~CORP'UGAtE.t> IRON ZINC E.t j:H1:::1 STONE ~ "'00l) MUD tic ~ llUf ~ • ,e, ...... ~ CONCRE. TE. _ ASBESTOS CEME.NT SHE.[TS _ ALL OTHER MATf.RIALS 8. ~ 1l8c:../~C(, MATERIALS NOT 5T... ,.£0 RURAL UPPE.III UNSWA"tO PORflON OF TIoI( Ir.oIA1'" &AR 11. ...4A_<;.atf l (O IIJ W en ;:) e ',000 :r ',000 ~ QOO 900 BOO 800 700 700 &00 600 ~oo t 500 400 300 ~oo 200 ~ 200 '00 roo o o uPPER UN'5.toIJ,Ct t) ~Oj:nIO"" or- "1011 MAIN eAQ IS '.UCNI-t"lfO 1,000 In ILl cJ't .,00 :;, o 800 .r 700 ~OO 500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 o o tl a ::. :l Q. o rt Z o 33 PUNJAB PU NJAB PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS OCCUPYING ON E ROOM,TWO ROOMS,THREE ROOMS ,FOUR ROOM S I AND MORE T HAN FOUR ROOMS : 197: CENSUS J AM M U MILES 16 o 16 32 KILOME T RES 20 o 20 40 60 2,230,625 ( N O T 'TO se A !.. E. ) BOUNDARV I NTERNATIONAL . S TA TE / U. T. .... " D ISTRI CT STAT E C A P1TAL • o 32 o 32 o u. r 3 1 OF o 31 0. o 30 o 3 0 NllM9ER OF HOUSEHOLDS HOU S EH O LDS OCCUPYING "00,000 o ONE ROOM 300,000 1--1-1-_ 200, 000 TWO ROOMS O · 1-4-4-+---- 100,000 THREE R OOMS ... % OJ: T HE T O TA L HOuSEHOL OS 50 .000 r:I GUR £ BE LOW TI-l E ~"OMe \J S INOICAT(S "O U P. ROOMS TOT.AL N UMBE R o ~ H O VSE H OLOS • POCKET FOR KAPU RTHALA DI STRICT K - MORE THAN F OUR R OOMS o PO CKET "OR ROPAR D ISTFUC T 2'> R - o • 20 L-----"--7L4 ~o~E-A-S-T--0-F---G-R-E-E-N--W-I -C-H------7L-5~o------7~~6°~------~----~ DIST RIBUTION OF CE NSUS HOUSEHOLDS A C CORDING TO T E N U RE STATUS (BY DISTRICTS) PER TH OUS AND CENSUS HOUS EHO LDS ,{~\\\ \1 OWNE D CENSUS Ho usEHOLDS I.: :: . ~ ..:.: . .\j PERCENTAGE OF RENTED RURAL/URBAN POPULATION TO TOTAL POP UL ATION RURAL URBAN 100 100 90 90 0 90 8 0 0 8 0 ~ oZ eo ....- ~ c ~ f- 70 5 ~ 70 700 Go ...o 60 600 ~ 60 : ..J o 0 o < a: ma: 0::...J ;::) a: a:: « ;::) < a. 0::< a:< . ~ «::> oI a:: ;::)0 ;::) 0 -, (J) z z l- oC( a:Z z < (J) o.. c( ;::)a: :!a:: ...J ex: :z C)- ~N :r ...J;::) :J:c(oC( C) I- z !;;( :J ~ 0::0 ...JQ.. (J)a. ;:: ZoC( < :r ~ ;::) ~ ~ g ;::) c( oo c( <(:r (J)G) C) DISTRIBUTION OF CENSUS HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO TENURE STATUS PUNJAB RURAL URBAN 560,685 I"IGURES BELOW THE CIRCLES ,"OleATE NuMBER OF CENSuS HOUSEHOLDS IN RuRAL AND URBAN AREAS Of PUNJAB HI_ OWNED DISTRIBUTION OF 1,000 CENSUS HOUSEHOLDS AMRITSAR C lTV 1111111111111\\1111111\\\1111\111\1\11111111\111\1111111111111\1\111 LUDHIANA CITY 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\1\\\\\II\\\ll\\\\\\\f JULLUN OUR CITY 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 PATIALA CITY ~ " ' ...... ' ...... :'.::::: .... : .... ~ ...... ~ •. :~~. 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111!llil:liliii! ...... " ...... " . 000000000 o o° 00 0 000 000 - '" ('I') 'o;f I.r) ..0 r-. IX) 0' 0, CENSUS HOUSEHOLDS - CHAPTER I General Introductory ClIAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTORY Numbering and listing of MUses ! Houselist 2 The tradition of canvassing a uniform Listin,l!' of houses is an essential prt:-requisite housejist throughout the country at the time of .1.1,) any population census. A ~omple!e ,Inventory 1961 census was carried faithfully to the 1971 of houses commonly known as housebst serves as census. The draft schedules fOr the 1971 C€J?-sus a very useful frame for the enumerator at the were finally evolved at the Conference of DIrec time of actual popula.tion count in .the field, It tors of Census Operations held in Delhi in May, helps him in identifyin,l!' houses whIch h~ has to 1969. An idea was mooted t? utilise the opP,or visit to count individuals in his block. tunity of houselisting operatIOns for obtammg Though the main objective d~ houselisting additional data about some other particulars about operations continues to be to proVlde a frame for houses such as 'age' of house, floor area and population count, a strong realisation _grew at the drinking water facilities and also the type Of planning stage of the 1961 Census that the op~r fuel or power used for domestic purposes. Some tunity of houselisting operations should be avrol of the items were proposed to be collected on an ed of to collect certain statistics about the hous area sample basis. Pretesting of the draft sche ing conditions in the country. For that matter the dules showed that the responses to some ques first housing census in the country was taken as tions were rather vague and imprecise. Further, great difficulty was experienced durin_g the pre an integral part of the 1961 population census. In testing in eliciting information on 'age' of the the earlier decennial censuses, occupied houses, houses more particularly in the case of rented used as dwellings, alone were listed to .serve as a houses since the tenants could hardly be e:xpect framework for the ultimate census count. Non ed to know the year in which the house was residential houses like schools, industrial estab constructed. In a'large number of cases, even the lishments, factories, temples etc. were not cover owners could not hazard the 'age' of the house ed in the houselist. The enumerators were re which had been built by their ancestors. Cal Quired to count people livin_g in residential houses culating the area of rooms was time-consuming only. Ibesides lack of expertise at the level of enumera With the ushering in of an era of planning tor to collect this kind of information. The Plan after independence in 19147, the housing program ning Commission advised that collection of data me also got its! place in the Five-Year Plans. The on amenities such as electrification, water supply United Nations also highlighted the' need 'for col connection, privy etc. for rural housin_g may not lection of base-line data on housing alongwith be meaningful in the present stage of housin_g in population censuses in view of the _importance of the country and that in urban areas. the civic housing in national development planning. In fact authorities should be able to maintain detailed it were they who recomtnended that Housing particulars of housin_g from which the National Buildings Organisa.tion should deriv:e the re Census should be taken up as an integral part of quisite data and, therefore, in a quick operation population census because houselisting was a like the census, no attempt need be made to col sine qua non for any population census. Ade lect any detailed data on housing on account of quate data on housing was just not available ex time and expense involved and unreliability of cept what was gathered at the population cen suses at the time of houselisting and the results response. Therefore, the houselist as adopted at of a few sample surveys. It was accordingly de the 1961 Census was repeated with minor changes cided bv the Government of India that the Na at the 1971 Census. The houselist finally adopted tional Buildings Organisation should arrange to for the 1971 Census gives information about the collect all the basic data on housing required for purposes for which census houses are used, the the Planning Commission in close cooperation materials of construction, the size of the house with the Registrar General, India durin~ the hold, the number of rooms occupied, the number 1961 population census. A uniform Houselisting of persons per rOom and if the household lived Schedule was evolved, pretested and canvassed in 'owned' or 'rented' houses. It also gives in throu.Q'hout the countrv for the first time at the formation about the head of household, house 1961 Census to collect and compile data on va holds belonging to Scheduled Castes and Sche duled tribes and about households engaged in rious facets of housing Without over-straining cutivation. the enumerator or affecting the Quality of data at a rapid operation like Census. The improvements made in the houselist were, in respect of vacant houses, the reasons for 23 24 vacancy were required to be ascertained and Predominant construction material of Cen noted under the 'remarks' column of the house sus House- list because at the 1961 census a number of dila pidated houses and sometimes even vacant sites (4) Material of Wall. were allotted house numbers and shown as 'vacant' whiC'h gave ,a 4istorted picture of the (5) Material of Roof. 'vacant houses.' If the head of household be longs to a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe, (6) Purpose for which Census House is it was specifically recorded. Further, households used, e.g. residence, shop, shop-cum engaged in cultivation were recorded so that residence, business, factory, workshop, the list may serve as a framework for any sample wOl'kshop-cum-residence, school, bank, surveys on agricultural houseiholds that a future commercial house, office, hospital, agricultural census may like to take up. hotel, etc. Or vacant. Establishment Scbedu1Je (7) Is it used wholly or partly as an estab 3. One important change by way of im lishment ? Yes or No. If yes, enter provement over the 1961 procedure was intro further details in the Establishment duction of a separate schedule for listing of Schedule and indicate the Serial No. of establishments to obtain a more vivid picture of that entry here. the industrial and commercial activities of people. The introduction of a separate E:stablishment If used wholly or partly as a residence Schedule is one of the highlights of the 1971 Census. It may be noted that at the 1961 CensuS :(8) Household No. some particulars of only the manufacturing, pro cessing and the servicing establishments were (9) Name of the Head of Household. collected on the Houselist Schedule itself but at the 1971 Census the coverage of the Establish (10) If S. C. Or S. T., write name of Castel ment Schedule was far more comprehensive in Tribe. encompassing all types of establishments. Be sides the manufacturmg establishments, it also (11) No. of living rooms in the occupation covered the trade and other establishments, pub of Census Household. lic and private offices, places of entertainment or where educational, religious, social Or entertain (12) Does the HOusehold live in owned or ment services are rendered and further covered rented House ? several detailed particulars of suQb establish ments. (i) Owned (0) The Schedule has yielded very useful data (ii) Rented (R). particularly in regard to the unorganised sector classifyin_g the establishments by the size of em No. of persons nOrmally residing- in Census ployment in the industrial trade Or other catego Household on day of visit of the enumerator. ries; correlating power used and size Q.f employ ment; indicating public, private or cooperative (13) Males. institutions by the si~e of employment. TIlis Sche dule will also serve as a good frame for any (14) Females. types of future sample surveys. It may, how ever, be noted that the Schedule-covers only (15) Total. such establishments run within the build ings, which were listed, and did not cover open (16) Does the household cultivate land. ? air establishments or itinerary establishments (Yes or No) with no regular building in which these could be located. (17) Remarks. 4. A copy each of the Houselist and Estab Establishment Schedule lishment Schedule, as finally canvassed at the (1) Serial No. 1971 Census is given at Appendices I and II res pectively. The column headin~s of the two Sche (2) Census House No. dules are reproduced below for convenience : Houselist (3) Name of the Establishment or of the (1) Line No. proprietor. (2) Building- No. (MuniCipal or Local (4) Is the establishment . Authority Or Census No.) (3) Census House No. (a) Govt./Quasi Govt. 25 (b) Private. entrances. At the 1971 Census, however, the definition was further enlarged so as to cover the (c) Cooperative Institution. 'use or recognition as a separate unit' of a census household occupying different rooms or structures (5) Average number of persons working with separate entrances but havi-r:g a daily last week or in the last working Singleness of purpose, e.g., a flat m the season, incJud;ing propmetors and/or occupation of one household as reSidence may family workers. be made up of four rooms or so and all the rooms may have direct entrance from a common If any manufacturing, processing or ser court-yard, or a stair-case. In terms of the defini vicing is done, tion of a 'census house' each of these rooms may qualify to be treatea as a 'census (6) Is it- house'. But it does not truly reflect the situation of the number of 'census houses'. In such a (a) Household Industry. situation it is the singleness of use or purpose of these rooms by a single household that has (b) Registered Factory. been reckoned at the 1971 Census and entire flat treated as one census house. If on the other (c) Unregistered Workshop. hand, each one of these rooms is occupied by different households then each room has bem (7) Description of the products, processing considered as a separate census house. The Or serviCing done. definition of a 'census house' is thus sometimes difficult of application in its literal sense in the (8) Type of fuel Or power used. context of varying patterns of structures and their usage. If used as a trading establishment. The definition of a 'census house' was (9) Description of goods bought/sold. finalised in the light of the observations made by the Directors of Census Operations at their (10) Whether- First' Confer~nce in May, 1969 (in New Delhi) (a) Wholesale Or after they had pretested the draft census schedules On two different points of time. The (b) Retail. definition as finally adopted runs as follows : (11) If used as any other establishment, "A 'Census house' is building or part of a describe e.g., Govt. Office, School, Hos building having a separate main entrance from pital, Railway Station, Barber's Saloon, the road Or common CouIt-yard Or stair Cinema theatre, Hotel, Tea shop, etc. caSe etc. used Or recognised as a separate unit. It Concepts and Definitions may be used for a residential or non-residential purpose or both." 5. Census Rome.-It has not been pos ~ible in a country 0"£ the size of India It cannot be claimed that the definition is with diverse local conditions to evolve a fool-proof. It has been aptly remarked by the fool-proof definition of a 'census house'. Census Commissioner at various census confer The dennitions of a 'cf!nsus house' and a ences that 'census house' defies definition not 'census household or family' adopted at withstanding all the efforts to pin-point it frOm census to census. Difficulties arise mostly when various decennial censuses since 1881 are the enumerators in the field have to applv this given in Appendix III. It will be noticed that definition in practical situations. there has been emphasis either on structural aspect i.e. building or house or the social aspect The term 'buildinl1:' establishes the structural i.e. family or household from census to census. entity and the term 'census house' pin-points a A clear distinction was drawn between a 'census structure or part of a structure having an inde house' and a 'census household' at the 1951 pendent entrance and used for a single purpose. Census. which gave more or less a uniform A 'census house' mav be a room or a number of meaning to these terms. The census house was rooms or else it may be just a shed or even a defined as Va dwelling with a separate main tent. All the same. the SCOpe and definition of a entrance" and the 'census household' as "all 'census house' COuld not be of a strictly uniform persons who live together in the same house character. For example, if a single room or a ahd have a commOn mess". At the 1961 Census, number of inter-connected rooms were used part the definition of 'census house' was made sliJ!htly Iv as an establishment and partly as residence, mote comvI'ehemdve to include non-dwellings the room or suite of roOms were treated as' a also so as to have a housir1$! census of both ~ ~enl'Jus house. On the other hand two dw€llin,g and non-dwelling- houses with separa1:e :~l?'t!ons--))f a house. one used as residence 26 and the other as an establishment were treated There may be 'one member household, as two separate census houses. Garages, ser two-member household or multi-mem vant quarters and annexes were all treated as ber household'. For census purposes separate census houses, if these satisfied other each one of these types is regarded as a wise the other characteristics of a census house. 'household'. Again there may be a Institutional buildings, like the school or hos household of persons related by blood pital or a factory were recognised as one 'census or household of unrelated persons; the house' if the various structures/rooms were latter are boarding houses, hostels, resi inter-connected and there was 'singleness of dential hotels, orphanages, rescue purpose'. Offices and residential quarters which homes, Ashrams, etc. These are called form part of such big establishments were, how 'institutional households'. ever, treated as separate census houses. 6. Other important concepts and definitions Building . -The definition runs: "a 'building' used in the Houselist Schedule relate to 'material is generally a single structure but sometimes' of wall and roof", 'vacant house', 'establishment', made up of more than one component unit, which 'living rooms', 'tenure status of the household" are used or likely to be used as dwellings (resi and 'cultivating household'. The materials out o:tl dences) or establishments such as shops, work which the major portion of the walls of the house shops, factories, etc., or as godowns, stores, cattle are made, as for example, grass, leaves, reeds, sheds, etc., or in combination with any of these bamboo, unburnt bricks, mud, burnt bricks, stone, such as shop-cum-residence, or workshop-cum cement concrete, timber, etc., had to be written residence, etc.". This definition was further ela by the enumerators in column 4 of the Houselist. borated for its practical application by issue of Where the house consisted of separate structures the following instructions to the enumeration c.9ch r..:!".'ing walls made Celt of different materials, agency: the material out of which the walls of the main portion of the house mostly used for living or "Sometimes a series of different buildings sleeping are made, were to be recorded. As re-t may be found along a street which are gards the 'material of roof', the material out of joined with one another by common which most of the outer roofs, exposed to the walls on either side looking like a weather and not the ceiling is made, i.e., tiles, continuous structure. These differenll thatch, corrugated iron, zinc or asbestos cement units are practica11y independent of sheets or concrete, slate, tiles, etc., had to be one another and likely to have been written. In the case of a multi-storeyed build built at different times and owned by ing, the intermediate flOor or floors were to be different persons. In such cases, recognised as the roof of the lower floor. though the whole structure with all the adjoining units apparently appears Living Room.-"A room should have four to be one building, each portion should walls with a doorway with a roof over head and be treated as a separate building ancr should be wide and long enough for a person to given separate number. If there are sleep in i.e., it should have a length of not less more than one structures within an en than 2 metres and a breadth of at least It metres, closed or open compound belonging to and 2 metres in height". It was further clarified the same person, e.g., the main house, that an enclosed room, however, which is used in the servant's quarters, the garage, etc., common for sleeping, sitting, dining, storing and only one building number should be cooking, etc., should be regarded as a room. An given for this group and each of the unenclosed verandah, kitchen, store, garage, constituent separate structures assign cattle-shed and latrine and rooms in -'which a ed a sub-number like 1 (1), 1 (2), 1 (3) household industry, such as handloom, is locatect and so on, provided these structures which are not used for living or sleeping, etc., satisfy the definition of a 'census were excluded from the definition of a room. house'." Cultivating households.-"It was laid down for Household.-The concept oil household has the guidance of the enumeration agency that for been defined:- determining whether a household is cultivating or not, it should be necessary to ascertain if one or "A household is a group of persons who more persons in the household are engaged in commonly live together and would take cultivation of land or supervision or direction of their meals from a common kitchen cultivation of land owned or held from Govern... unless the exigencies of work prevent ment or from private persons or institutions fori ed anyone of them from doing so". payment in money, kind or share." Encroachers 27 who cultivate land encroached upon were reckon "Instructions to Enumerators for tilling up the ed as cultivating households for the purpose of, Houselist and Establishment Schedule" will help the houselist. the reader to appreciate the data discussed in this Report. Vacant House.-'The concept of a 'vacant house' covers 'dilapidated', 'under repair', 'incom Registered Factory. -A factory registered plete construction', 'want of tenant', etc. under the Indian Factories Act, 1948, was reckon Household Industry.-A household industry ed as a 'registered factory' in the Houselisting was defined "as an industry conducted by the Operation. head of the household himself/herself and or mainly by the members' of the household at home Un-registerecf Workshop. -"Workshop is a or within the village in rural areas, and only with place where some kind of production, processing, in the premises of the house where the household servicing, repairing or making of goods for sale lives in urban areas. The industry should not be is going on. The workshop which is registered run on the scale of a registered factory." This under the Indian Factories Act should be treated definition had stood the test at the 1961 Census as a registered factory and others as unregistered and was adopted .~at the 1971 Census without any workshops. Workshops which are run as house change. hold industry should be treated as household industry and entered as such." Establishment.-An "establishment" is a place where goods are produced or manu This definition implied that unregistered factured not solely for domestic consumption workshops were such which were neither regis or where servicing and/or repairing is done such tered as factories under the Indian Factories Act as factory. workshop or household industry or nor as household inc.ll;:;t:::C:3. Workshops merely servicing and/or repair workshop or a place where licensed or entered in the registers of a local retail or wholesale business is carried on or com authority were not considered as ;'registered' un mercial services are rendered or an office, public less 'registered' under the Indian Factories Act. or private or a place of entertainment or where educational, religious, social or entertainment Permanent House Numbering Scheme services are rendered. It is necessary that in all these places one or more persons should be actual 9. House numbering is an essential pre-re ly working. Thus an establishment will cover quisite of the operation of houselisting. A scheme manufacturing, trade and other establishments of permanent house-numbering was sought to be where people work." It was further clarified to introduced during the inter-censal period, i.e., be the enumeration agency that an establishment may occupy a census house or a group of census fore actually embarking on the first phase of houses or a part of a census house. house numbering and houselisting operation of 1971 Census. The Registrar-General, India had in 7. If there was more than one activity with this connection issued a circular letter to all the in the same premises, the establishment was iden Chief Secretaries of State Governments as early tified having regard to the major activity and re-I as April, 1967-reproduced at Appendix IV-so corded as such hut if different activities were that the Scheme could be implemented before undertaken in different census houses quite far launching on the first phase of the 1971 Census. off from one another though under the same title For that matter, an attempt was made even on the or ownership each such census house was treated eve of the 1961 Census to implement the Scheme as a separate establishment and recorded as such on Permanent House-numbering but this coulcl against that census house in the Schedule. Where not be accomplished for want of funds required processing for the· production of an article was for purchase of a staggering number of metallic carried on, in separate adjoining census houses, house-numbering plates for all towns and vil- all the census houses were treated as a single lages. . establishment and recorded as such. if on the other hand, the activities of a large firm or an The Deputy Director (HQs.), Shri H. S. office. were carried on in buildings located far Kwatra, who came on the scene in June, 1968, away in different localities each of the census for initiating action on preparatory measures for houses in different localities were treated as a the 1971 Census, took up this Scheme with zeal separate establispment and the particulars of the and energy with the Punjab Government. He establishment relating to that particular census pleaded with the State Government that there house were listed in the Schedule. was no systematic numbering of houses anywhere in the State and that a number of State and Cen 8. .. The following definitions of non-residen tral Government Departments, who were requir tial census houses reproduced from the booklet ed to utilize house numbers for various purposes, 28 put their own numbers in a haphazard manner (iv) All State Government Departments on houses on an ad-hoc basis. Obviously, the concerned with the Scheme should be utility of such a system of house numbering was required to make financial contribution of doubtful value. He was able to convince the towards implementation of the Scheme. State Government that it was necessary to have The Government of India should a1so a unifottn system of house numbering on a per be requested, through the Registrar manent basis so that there may be only one per General, India, to make matching fin manent number allotted to each house and that ancial contribution. On the basis of the the practice of putting multiple numbers on total estimated cost, the following houses could be abolished. The Punjab Govern apportionment was recommended by ment agreed to constitute a State Co-ordination the Committee. Committee for implementation of this S (iii) Electricity Department. Department (Punjab) V 3.2'0 (iv) Food and Supplies Department. (d) Elections Department (Pun (v) Excise and Taxation Department. jab) 3.68 (vi) Development and Panchayats Depart (e) Excise and Taxation Depart tnent. ment (Punjab) 0.32 (vii) Elections Department. (vHi) Defence Department (Government Total 10.00 of India). (ix) Posts and Telegraphs Department (Government of India). The Director, Census Operations, Punjab, who as convener, steered and co-ordinated the Scheme, was requested to organise purchase of metallic This Committee had four sittings on August house-numbering plates by inviting tenders at the 13, September 16, October 16 and December 16 State level so that benefit of competitive rates in the year 1968. The following important deci could be passed on to various prospective sions were taken by this Committee:- indentors. (i) The State Government should follow 10. The State Finance Department was the all-India policy in this important approached by all the departments concerned matter and render all necessary assist for allocation of funds for the Scheme on the ance for its implementation; ground that it would be economical in the long run to have metallic plates once for all instend (ii) The Manual on Permanent House of having to provide funds to these departments numbering, as circulated by the Regis from time to time to have temporary numbers trar-General, India to various State painted in colour on ad-hoc basis. The effort to Governments, should be got printed in secure funds dragged on for about a year but the regional languages and sent to all ultimately funds could not be sanctioned by the the Deputy Commissioners, Presidents, State Government for this Scheme. In the in Municipal Committees, Block Develop tervening period, however, the State Census ment and Panchayats Officers, Tahsil Org-anisation was able to persuade the local dars, etc., for implementation of the authorities (Municipal Committees and Pan Scheme on a uniform pattern; chayats) to raise necessary funds for this Scheme out of their own resources. It is gratifying to (iii) Metallic house-numbering plates record that by and large, we received good res should be got affixed on every struc ponse from the local authorities with the active ture after evolving a systematic house assistance of the Deputy Commissioners. We numbering plan for each town and vil were MSO lucky in that a token subsidy of lage; Rs. 35,000 was given to the Punjab Government Facsimile of the aluminium plate affixed on houses in villages under the Permanent House~Nu."llbering Scheme. 610 stands for the number of the house in a single-Mock "mage. Facsimile of the aluminium plate affixed on houses in towns under the Permanent House-Numbering Scheme. I. B. V stands for the block No. in the town and 252 is the number 01 the house in that block. 29 30 in December, 1969 toward implementation of this would consider it a fit charge under section Scheme, by the National Buildings Organisation, 92(G) of the Punjab Gram Panchayat Act, 1952. Ministry of Works, Housing and Urban Develop The Chief Secretary to the Government, Punjab ment, Government of India. This amount was also addressed a demi -official letter to all the De disbursed by the State Government, on our puty Commissioners and Commissioners of Divi advice, before the close of the year ending March, sions to ensure speedy implementation of the 1970 to 65 of the Municipal Committees on the: Scheme-letter reproduced at Appendix VIII. pre-condition that the amount of subsidy to any With the help of such purposeful directives from local body shall not exceed 25 per cent of the the State Government, we were able to persuade cost on numbering plates actually taffixed on the the local authorities to spare funds 'for the pur houses out of their own funds. chase of metallic house numbering plates, There were, of course, initially many hurdles in the pro 11. The Secretary to Government, Punjab, vision of funds by the local authorities but ulti Local Department was requested by us to issue mately we were able to win them over one by a letter to all the Deputy Commissioners in the one. The dogged and whole hearted dedication State regarding implementation of the Scheme of my Deputy Director (Hqrs.) to this Scheme (copy of the letter at Appendix V). The Deputy merits a special word of commendation. I am Commissioners were requested to form District also happy to place on record my great apprecia Coordination Committees for the .implementation of the Scheme. They were further advised to tion 0'£ the assistance tha~ we received from some ask the Sub-Divisional Officers (Civil) to form of the Deputy Commissioners and Presidents of similar Coordination Committees at the Sub Municipal Committees toward implementation of divisional leveL The Executive Officers/Secre this Scheme. The caSe which deserves special men taries, Municipal Committees were made respon tion is that of the Municipal Committee, Jullun sible for the introduction and maintenance of the dur who sanctioned Rs. 40,000 for a complete proposed permanent system of house numbering survey of the town for formulating a scheme for in their own areas. In the case of rural areas, permanent house numbering and the purchase of village Panchayats were made responsible for metallic plates. The Registrar General happened this work. The patwaris were instructed to first to visit Jullundur city when work on this Scheme draw a notional map in respect of each village was in progress and he was pleased to appreciate and to allot numbers to the structures indicated the initiative, drive and zeal that had gone into on the maps according to th~ pattern given in the the successful implementation of the Scheme. In Manual of Instructions. After this was done, particular, he was much impressed with the the number-plates were fixed on the houses jn efforts made by the Secretary of the Municipal accordance with the lay-out given in the notional Committee, Jullundur and a letter of appreciation maps. , was sent to him-reproduced at Appendix IX. Another circular letter reproduced at 12. All-out efforts were made with the ma Appendix VI was issued by the State Government nufacturers of plates and local officers to ensure (Local Department) to all the Presidents/ that the plates were affixed on houses before we Executive Officers of the Municipal Committees launched the houselisting operation in February advising them to implement the Scheme speedily. March, 1970. I might Say in passing that we Also a suggestion was made that where the Com were successful in a large measure in mittees would decide to bear the cost on the this objective. In a few cases where purchase of metallic plates,. etc. the· Governm.ent the plates were either not received or could not would consider it a £it charge under section be got affixed on houses even after their receipt 32 (L) of the Punjab Municipal Act, 1911. A from manufacturers, numbers had to 1)0 painted similar circular letter was issued by the State on houses in Geru colour. In other cases, where Revenue Department to all the Deputy Com the plates were received after the Houselisting missioners-reproduced at Appendix VII-to Operation was over and where the plates were make available services of the revenue agency to not affixed according to the numbers allotted to the Census Directorate for the implementation of houses before houselisting, the plates had to be this Scheme in the villages. They were specifi removed and reaffixed or the nlate numbers were cally told that success of the Scheme would ignored and numbers in Geru, according to the depend on the initiative and leadership of the Houselist, wer.e painted afresh for the purpose of local officers. The Director of Panchayats and Census Count. Fortunately, there were only a Community Department, Punjab also issued in few such cases where the local officials had shown structions to his Block Development and Pan jnadequate interest in the Scheme. The s.tate chayat Officers advising the panchayats to spare Census Organisation was able to implement the necessary funds for the purpose and further Permanent House-numbering Scheme in the State clarified to them that the State Government by affixation of metallic housenumbering plates Mr. A Chand1'a Sekhar. Census Commissioner. India, explainina to the Press at JuHundur v arious improvements made in the HouseList Schedule at 1971 Census. ~ a> 0< .... :z: VILLAGE BAG R IAN II : I DI STRIC T SANGRUR I TAHSIL MALERKOTLA I i -. HOUSE LISTING BLOCKS I, I ; ~ I HOUSE- NUMBERS) I I i I, i , , !' , I b I / GJ BLOCK BOUND ..\RY Ie j NUMBER OF BLOCKS ..... 5 i ~ I I MALERKOTLATO J ABOHAR TOWN HOUSELISTING BLOCKS , \ IN WARD NO.5 1\1 (~HOWING HOUSE· NUMBERS) WARD NO 3 ~~ ss til/ lie I I7to +'''1Q 2)"· , ' .. I "0 . '751 [eo ! !:I 50 I~· I,,. .. ' 2>3 1 • i o10 +.,., 'Oq ,"'? +7) Ie' ~~2 I J -----' - - ~ '06 ~-=t~ , 1 ~~ i.. J ,07 F-I I., "'I [ 106 I". 1172 220/ .. ., Ij ;';, I Ie. 1 0 \ ' : 8• . :oo~ ,"0 I I I~ ". "1'21 . 'IS ".' l__j t · "1- .,' 103 ~2 12) J '1'__ J _ !,I' 0':.::: r"~::: ,:~~,. i;~+' .. ';'JI! r- J. o. J .. ,,~L !L__ -, ! J.--~ f ••.;;,-t---oo .[ '" "oo';-l r-- WARD NO. 4 Ii I,: "I .7 ,::: I'·~i r"'j!". I { ! j::'" L ., I I 90 I'" ,.,., Ii , 8 DC K D. I j ::: ':.:, ,,' , Ji ' ., ~ •• IS ", 1,.2 ~. _'" .____ I~- --1 17~- -:'~"-l -"ry.: -, f,.. ,,,: !I". ",' 'I:: I "1 ". I ::0]1 '90 "0 Ii WARD NO. ~ ! 40 I J 1"·" !L' 1, I" 1 1'3 _j'_" 1,,'40 __I_'_" ,::', ,o.! J . L_ _ ~~4_1~~ __J! -I' rf'---'-OI ,.,-! I - --1'[ NO. CENSIJ,S ~.I i:: :~ :,:: ··1 ::: : "S,:] ,.. ,oe j ~LDCK T:OUS~3NO~ , TO i j! 'I : 2 7.01 '49 I ,. ,. i.ll" •• j ,.. 1 'S"" '3 I SO TO 225 - - i l.....----')~_ 207 ! -II:, ','u I..,r 17' 1--I'" 10.. : 1 " I' "'lr->AS DI[I I i I e. I ',:: L' 20. I !i :~ " ( 'CO" • , 1"" ... i --~I~_~IL_- t._._, , --- -ll ~ ---::::l'r--~79 C ~_ ll:~ "1 !1 ., I"·---li .. i 200 205l' j LOUS'ELISTING BLOCK BOUNDARY __ _ 11I I I I·'I .I . :.1 WAIID !lOUNDARY.. ,.... _ .. " ...... _ .. _ I 1 i " . .0 . 204 • I ,."Ii 1 ,I,181 ~"I 1"'1 1"'6 I1201 I,'j I - L':_~:: :'_'_ ~:::"~~;;;;;~::;;~;:~_~:;_"'--~~_':O! 33 in Ill.t tbe.:108 towns: and 12,559 .villages. It is·· village sitea; road5i. cart .tracks, hills, rivers; nQ.w iM. tbe.,.S.1;ate: Government to. take adequate nullahas, school buildingS; temples, etc. A .. Ill9del. step~ to e~J.l.re that all Departments make use of of such 'a notional map. is .giv.en on· page No. 31. these permanent numbers and no Department is After preparation of. the village map, each block permitted to affix any other numbers on houses. of the village, as demarcated on the village map At our request, the State Government have issued was taken up for a detailed sketching of the lay.. a letter t6 all the Departments concerned for the out. In this detailed sketch, the emphasis wa~ maintenance of permanent numbers allotted by mainly on the lay-out of the houses in the village us to houses in the State-letter reproduced at site. All topographical' details,. important Appendix X. features and public buildings were reqUired to be shown prominently on this sketch. Every house 13. The system of house-numbering as was then located on this sketch by the Patwari. recommencled in the Manual of Instruc After fixing the location of every building and tions on the Scheme of Permanent Housenum house on the plan, the method of numbering the beting was followed by an large. Each urban area houses in one series following certain order, was was treated as a unit for working out a house adopted. No hard and fast rules as to the direc~ numbering plan. Similarly, each revenue village tion in which the house numbers should run was treated as a unit. It was decided that house were laid down. It was left to th:e discretion numbering in urban areas should not be done on of the revenue agency to adoPt any the basis of municipal wards as these are liable convenient method in allotting the numbers. The to aerial changes from time to time on multiple . numbers thus allotted to houses were marked on considerations. Each town was accordingly the sketch and with the help of arrow markings divided into convenient municipal blocks, ~ block intervals, the direction( was shown in which the consisting of a group of adjoining streets or otlier house numbers ran. A model sketch showing compact local areas with well defined boundaries. house numbers is given on page No. 32. Each municipal block so formed was further 14. The local authorities were required to divided into a multiple of compa~t house-num bering blocks. In each block, the houses were prodoce six copies of notional maps of each unit as numbered in a logical way, each number being per instructions contained in the manual. But this indicated by Bilock No. and the house No. Thus objective could not be achieved ,because of a number bearing 2-30 indicated house No. 30 in shortage of draWing paper. It was, therefore, con Block No.2 of the town. In bigger towns, the sidered that if they produced only four copies of houses were numbered in the following order : such notional maps to begin with, it should be all right. They were asked to keep No. of block-No. of street( one copy each at the Tahsil office and with the 'Batwad and to send one ~opy No. of road-No. of house. each to the District Census Officer and Dir:ector, Census Operations, Punjab. As r~ards The Municipal Committees were asked to give a the town maps, one copy was to be kept in the definite name or number to every road and1 municipal Oiffree, one at the tahsil office and one street in every town if it had not been done each was to be sent to the District Census Officer already. and the Director, Census Operations. These notional maps were utilized by the pat The Patwaris were asked to prepare a rougl\ waris and municipal staff for affixation of notional map of the entire village and thereafter metallic plates. Later, for the purpose of the the Tahsildar decided whether the village should Houselisting Operation these very notional be sub-divided into blocks and if so, how. It was maps proved very helpful but we had laid down that a small village of less than 125 to recarve Census Enumerators Blocks at houses should not be divided into blocks but if a the time of Census Count so that the blocks (i) . village had one or more hamlets, irrespective of did not cut across the boundaries of the municipal the size, it was stipulated that the area of the wards and (ii) were based on the houselisting village should be divided into blocks so that each population to ensure equitable distribution of hamlet with the adjoining areas was recognised work load. The maps, tahsilwise/tbwnwise have as a separate block of the village. It was stressed been preserved in separate bundles. that the dividing line between one block or an oth~r should be clearly demarcated. Again, the Agtency for· carrying out Housenumbering and notlOnal map showing topographical details of a Houselistiug who~ reve~1,le. v:illage was drB.W'll up for each 15. The Census hierarchy in the State was vill$~~ . Thes~ n.otional maps- show the im portant features and landmarks such as the created on the pattern of. the 1961 Census. At the !3istrict level. Deputy Commissioner was 34 4fed at tile principal Census Officer, exer Sub-:divisional Officers, Chal'ge Officers, District CJ6mg overall control over the entire census Census Officers, block Development and Pancha· Iut:!rarc.uY Jll the district. He was assisted at his, yaL umcers and D1S~flct ~.a~!stlCal Officers who ht:ad-t llci! ~ers by a District Census Officer nom were to act later as trainers. These training Ule ;:,~ate Clvil Service. Sub-divisional Officers classes were conducted by the Director, Census (Clvil) were made responsible in their respective Operations, Deputy Director, Census Operations Sub-dlvisions for the Census Operations. All (hQs) and Tabulation Uiticers from the 1st to 8th Tahslldars and Secretaries/Executive Officers, December, 1969. Municipal Co_mmittees were appointed as Charge Officers in their respective jUrlsdictions. Special 17. A demi-official letter was issued to all Census Charge Officers were appointed for mili Deputy CommiSSioners to highllght the import tary areas and special establishments like rail· ance of training-reproduced at Appendix XI. ways, hospitals and other big institutions. Under Programme fixed for training in the Houselisting the Charge Officer, Supervisors were appointed operation for the Enumerators/Supervlsors is to look after a Circle' comprising 4 to 5' house- ' given in Appendix XIl. It was stipulated that listing blocks. ' The smallest unit for the purpose four training classes should be held at suitable of houselisting .was a Houselisting Block compri places in each district irom December 16, 1969 to sing 150 houses in' villages and 120 in urban January 31, 19'70. A statement showing the places areas. In -the rural, areas, Patwaris and school and number of classes held 18 reproduced in teachers constituted -the' bulk of the houselisting Appendix XIIl. In order to ensure proper com agency. In urban areas, municipal staff, 'and munication between the trz.iner and the trainees, officials of -various government departments like strength of a training class was restricted to 40 Education, Excise and Taxation, ,P.W;D and only; Trainers were required to ensure hundred Food and Supplies, 'were deployed for House per cent attendance at the classes. A census li~ting. A conference of District Census Officers staff training register was prescribed and supplied to' review the progress of permanent house to all the Charge Officers for the purpose. To numbering scheme and other preparatory begin with, we were not quite satisfied with the measures was held at Cpandigarh . on April, 28, standard of training and had to issue supplemen 1969. . tary instructions to all the District Census Offi cers-:-reproduced in Appendix XIV-followed by Training Programtne f.or Housenumbering and a demi-official letter to all the Deputy Commis ',,'Ho~iStiDg sioners, a copy of which is reproduced at Appen ( , dix XV. Meetings of District Census Officers at 16. The quality of census' data, is to a consi Divisional Headquarters at Jullundur and Patiala derable degree' determined by: the, quality of were also convened on the 27th and 28th January, training imparted to' the 'field agericy." Th~re 1970, to review the progress of training, etc, on fore, great care was"taken to 'ensu're that all the eve of the Houselisting Operation scheduled individualS comprising the hierarchy of census to commetlce on February 1, 1970, in the State. task force grasped the various procedures' and The general consensus was that training in certain concepts relating to house numbering and house pockets of almost all the districts had suffered a listing. Training classes were organised at a setback owing to political tension on the issue of number of places in each district for impartinj:! award of Chandigarh by the Prime Minister to one trainin~ in the filling up of the Houselist and of the three contending States of Punjab, Haryana Estab1i~hment Schedules according to a and Himachal Pradesh. Despite the fact that the schpduled prol(ramme. It was considerpd standard of training was generally found to be essllntial that before actual training was imparb'd satisfactory, it was noticed that some of the bv tho District Census Officers, they them~elves TahsHdars had not been able to delivcr !;wods should have the complete backltround of the properly as they had not fully grasped the cpnsu~ work and acauire necessary skill in the orocpdures and concepts. It was accordingly de camrq~s;nQ' of Census Schedules. A conferencf" of dned +h::tt actual houselisting should be started the District Census Officers was accordinIYlv he'd from February 8, 1970, but if in some districts it at Ch~ndi!:!,arh from November 5 to 7, 1969. This was not possible to do so the enumeration agency was addl'Pssed by Shri Gurnam Sin I!h , the then WllS nermitted to start from a subseouent date Chillf Minister of Puniab. Shri K. D. Ballal, with the pre-condition that the ooeration must be Denutv RePistrar-GeneraL also addrpssed this con comnletE"d bv the 15th March. 1970, af!ainst the f~T'Ilnre and oarticipated in its dilliberations on earHer tare-etpd date Februarv 28. 1970. The NmrolT\h"',.. () 19R9. ' It ,f"es decidod at this con n~drict, ("!"'!'I~u~ Officers Wf're fllrther directed to fe:rpnt"~ that traininl1 class"s for HOllC!elil:t'nl1 c~~r 1Y'ck .. ts whf"re proper training had not been should Arst be held at all the district headnuarlers imparted, As a last measure to ~n!;l1re perfection tor the benefit of aU the Deputy CommissionerS, in quality of work. it was decided thaf another Houselisting staff 1'eceiving training in filling up of Houselist and E stabli::;hment Schedule at Abohar. In the backgr ound, Census Schedules on rolling black-boards. lS round of training sbbuld. be arranged. for 1J:l.e should nat be given to the staff put on cens.us Supervisors. This special round of training duty unless there were any compelling circum was arranged at all the 38 tahsil headquarters stances. We had to take a hard look at poor from 11th to 13th February, 1970 and their classes attendance at the training classes. It was observ were addressed only by seasoned . departmental ed at some classes th'at the trainees did not pay trainers, like Deputy Directors, Tabulation Officers, proper attention to the grasping of various census etc. It was also observed in a few cases that· the definitions and concepts and the manner in which Tahsildars had disposed of the training classes in various questions had to be put across to the less than half an hour or so without even trying respondents. to explain the basic census concepts. In fact, some of them quipped that C€nsus had become a Difficulties complicated affair, I that whole-time staff should be deployed for canvassing of Census Schedules. 20. The field workers were required to carve The Registrar-General was kind enough to take out blocks for the Permanent Housenumbering up this matter with the Chief Secretary to the Scheme toward the end of 1968. They were Govt., Punjab and the latter sent another direc again asked to carve out the houselisting blocks tive reproduced at Appendix XVI to all Deputy according to the norms fixed for a houselisting Commissioners, Heads of Departments, etc .. advi'l block. For the third time we had to ask them to ing them to take keen interest in the t'"'aining of carve out blocks for the actual Census Count on the enumeration agency and to take concerted ac the basis of population recorded in the house tion in the organisation of various measures to lists. This was essential for another reason complete the Census Count successfully. also, houselisting blocks criss-crossed over the ward boundaries and the enumerators' blocks 18. It was originally planned to start the house had to be contained within the municipal ward numbering and houselisting operation in the State \ boundaries. The field agency freely raised eye from February 1, 1970. The first week ending the brows on their having been required to carve out 7th February, 1970, was to be devoted bv the enu blocks three times before the actual Census merators to painting of census housenumbers Count. Despite our earnest efforts we could not below the metallic plate num.bers already affixed convince them about the utility of such a repeti on buildings under the PerlT!anent Housenumber tive operation. ing Scheme and where metallic plates had not already been affixed both the building and Census 21. The School and Higher Secondary Exami house numbers were painted in Geru or tarcoal. nations were held in the State toward the end of Actual Houselistinj! was to be~in on Febrl.!.ary 8, March, 1970. These examinations, to some 1970, to be comuleted by the 28th February. 1970. extent, affected quantitatively and qualitatively For the reasons already stated, the date for the work of the enumeration agency. It was comnletion of houselisting was extended up to originally planned to complete the Houselisting March 15, 1970. HouselistinJ:t for all practical Operation by February 28, 1970, so that the purposes was, therefore, done in the Punjab State teachers might be free to devote the month of between February 15, 1970 and March 15, 1970. March to examinations, but we could not adhere to our time schedule owing to the political ten 19. Almost every District Head of Depart sion in the State and for other compelling ment resisted our demand for staff and in a reasons. sizeable number of cases the District Education Officers made available services of such teachers 22. It was noticed at the training classes that who had been apnoinif'd bv them on ad hoc basis some of the enumerators/supervisors were not for six months. In fact we had reauesteo them to able to grasp fully the census definitions and spare services of such personnel who had comnlet concents that went with various questions in the ed at least two veal'S in ~overnment service. Census Schedules. It was observed that even a Several lettl"rs had, therefore, to be addressed by large number of Charge Officers did not grasp the Stat!" Government. at om instance. to the adequatelv these con cents and definitions. We Distl'ict H"ads of Departments to make available accord1nt!ly distributpd ·se-oarate'v brler ~'Vc'ostv' the reauisite stRff to us. This was not all. Thou_gh ed notes on thesA definitions and concel")ts for the the staff was made available. ~ large number of benefit "f th€> trainers and. train(>es. b1lt ~tm at them outwitted the District Census Officers bv the time of. their annlication in the field some of aonlying for long' leave on one pretext or the them were found fumbling. Printf'd conIes of other to avoid census duty. We had, there-Fore. to Housellst and Establishment Schpdul"'s with aooroach tnt> State (",.overnment once> Main and ilJustl'ativt> entries and exnlanatorv l1nt"~. 'XTf'te the), were kind enou~h to iSSue another circular also smroUe-d to the enumf'ration aIJel1 CV to farili letter to the Heads of Departments that long leave tate thei~work in the field. A letter Was also issued to all the Charge Officers in the State to Column 7.~A number of cases w~re observ bring home to the enumeration ageney "the cbln. ed where the number allotted alongwtth the mon types of errors they had coinmitted during word 'yes' in this column was incompati'bile with their practical training so that they could· avoid that for which entries were given in the Estab these at the time of actual houselisting. lishment Schedule separately. Sometimes, there was 'yes' in column 7 of the Houselist but the 23. Common errors in filling in of Houselist and corresponding entry was missing in the Estab Establishment Schedules lishment Schedule. I t was also observed in cer tain cases from column 6 of Houselist that there HOUSELIST was an establishment in a certain census house Column I.-In several cases, more than one' but its entry had neither been indicated in entry had been made in one line. Some of the column 7 of the Houselist nor it had been enter enumerators had serialised even those lines which ed in the Establishment Schedule. Entries in column 3 of Houselist and column 2 of Establish were ineffective or blank despite instructions to ment Schedule in certain cases were found in the contrary. Even the supervisors had not compatible for a certain type of establishment corrected such patent mistakes. These were, however, corrected at a later stage. as revealed from column 7 of the Houselist and it was difficult to reconcne such discrepant en Column 2.-Building numbers had not been tries. given in a continuous serial order and in -several cases, the column had been left blank. Some Column 8: -Some enumerators had record enumerators had used (a), (b), (c), etc., alongwith ed household number even though the census the previous building numbers to indicate the house was fully utilized as an establishment or number of newly erected structures. it was clear from column 6 of the Houselist that it was not a residential census house. In a good Column 3.-Separate census houses in a number of cases, the entry in this column was building had not been shown within brackets, as found discrepant with that in column 3 of the required. In several cases, these had not been Houselist. In quite a few other cases, the enu recorded in Column 3. In quite a large number merators instead of recording households in a of cases, it was noticed that there was no corre census house by adding (a), (b), (c), etc., with lation between house number and household the census house, gave numerals (1), (2), (3), number in column Nos. 3 and 8. etc. Columns 4 & 5.-Instead of giving the name Column 9.-Some enumerators had recorded of the material used in a specific way, vague en the name of the head of the househoid in this tries like pucca or katcha were made by the column against those census houses which were enumerators. IP i cerlain case~, enumerators being fully utilized as establishments or which had shown multiple materials such as cement, were not in use partly or wholly as establish burnt bricks, girders, rafters, reed, mud, etc., in ments or which were not used partly or wholly column 5. Some enumerators had written word as residential. 'vacant' in this column and had given the reasons Column 10.-Some of the enumerators had for its vacancy in this very column instead of I:e recorded entries like Harijans or had simply re- cording it in column 17. corded ))ttf. without giving the specific name of Column 6.-The word 'residence' had been the Scheduled Caste while some of them had given written but the columns from 8 onwards had not names of some castes which were not included been filled in. In several cases, cattle-sheds, in the list of Scheduled Castes given ta the enu godowns, stores, religious shrines, baithaks, etc., merators for guidance. Some enumerators had had been recorded and the remark 'vacant' had left this column b1ank while others had merely been noted in the last column or. vice versa. In recorded dashes instead of putting 'X' as requir a number of cases, enumerators, after putting ed under the instructions. the word 'residence' in column 6 had left the . remaining columns blank:; and given a reference Column n.-Some enumerators had record ed in the remarks column that this house was a in this column the number of rooms even if part of some other house. In some cases, nature the census house was neither partly nor wholly of entries in colJlmn 6 indicated its use as an used as residential establishment but it was not recorded as such in Column 16.-Some enumerators had describ column 7 and no Establishment Schedule was ed name of the job being done by the head of filled in. This happened because some of the the household while others had filled up 'yes' or enUlnerators could not determine if it " was an 'no' in case of such census houses which were . establishment as pel' census .definition. neither partly nor wholly residential. Key Punching an d Verifying Operators punching Houselist dat.a on card::; fo r drawing out tables on Computer, an innovation of 1971 Census. ·17 ESTABLISHMENT SCHEDULE the mistake of conducting this phase of the Cen sus Operation also under the . purview of the Common errors in respect of the Establish Census Act. Fortunately. there was no incident ment Schedule are listed in the separate report which necessitated going to a court of law and on Establishments. our purpose was thus well served inasmuch as HOUSELIST ABSTRACT the entire houselisting agency was under the constant fear lest the provisions of the Census 24. As the Houselist data were to be tabu Act might be invoked. It would, however, be a lated on a sample basis, a Houselist Abstract was good thing if housenumbering and houselisting devised and the houselisting staff was required is also brought under the purview of the Census to compile it in duplicate with a view obtain to Act for the conduct of future censuses. It is, in ing control figures of the number of census deed, very necessary that the houselisting staff houses and households. The Houselist Abstract going to the respon:dents is fully armed with Form I is reproduced at Appendix XVII. Each legal provisions for conducting this operation. Charge Officer was required to post and consoli date the figures furnished by the enumerators in Processing of Housing Data _ his CharJ{e and to furnish the grand totals under each column for his Charge in Form III of the Houselist Abstract in duplicate to the District 26. Mechanical processing of census data Census Officer. Thereafter, the District Census was introduced. for the first time at the 1971 Officer· was required to consolidate the informa Census. The data on housing and establishments tion for each Charge in Form II of the House w~re coded manually and punched mechanically list Abstract. At the Census Directorate this in- WIth the help of hand operated punching and verify~ng machines in the cell specially set up . formation was consolidated in Form II and sub~ mit ted to the Registrar General. Notwithstand for thIS purpose at the Census Directorate ;:)t ing all the care taken at various levels, the Chandigarh-one of the 18 cells in the country. Houselist Abstract, particularly columns 2', 3 and The houseli~t data were proce.ssed on 20 per cent 4 and columns 8 and 9 were not correctly posted. sample basls. Nevertheless each line of the Number of occupied residential census houses Houselist was closely scrutinised before 20 per shown in column 4 were found larger than the cent sample drawing so as to remove any incon number of households shown in column 8 and' sistency in data and to preserve inter-line compati this was obviously due to incorrect entries. In bility. Editing of'the Houselist was done in two a number of villages, the enumerators had count· stages, viz., pre-sampling and post-sampling ed baithak as a residential census house on the stages. Entries relating to location code and ground that it was used by the people to sit and columns 1, 2, 3; 6, 7, 8 and 9 were scrutinised in thereby increased the number of residential· cen all lines of the Houselist before the sample was sus houses. Occupied residential census houses drawn and scrutiny of entries in columns 4, 5, 10, are intended to cover only those census houses 11,12,13,14,15 and 16 was done only in respect of in which people live and against which there the sampled census houses and all the households will invariably be a household and entries would that were located in such houses. It was decided have been made from column 8 onwards in the that since the census house was the unit for. ~ouselis~. Some enumerators instead of giving sampling, the information relating to all house mformatIon .for each page of the Houselist in the holds located in a sampled census house should Abstract, mentioned totals of all pages collec be coded and punched on cards. tively and the rest of the details were omitted. The information compiled for institutional house The tabulation of establishment schedules holds also did not in certain cases tally with the :vas done on full count and, therefore, all entries details given in the Houselist Form. Some inter m the establishment schedules had to be scrutinis nal inconsistencies were also detected in hori ed and edited. zontal and vertical totals. It became apparent that some of the enumerators did not take ade Pre-sa~pling and post-sampling scrutiny of Quate care in understanding these intricacies in the Househst was done as per the instructions filling the Houselist .A:b6tract at the time they given i~ "Edit instr~ctions for the scrutiny of the were imparted training by the Charge Officers. Househst and Estabhshment Schedules" circulated It may, however, be mentioned that by and large b~ the Registrar General's office,-vide census the quality of the Houselist Abstract was satis CIrcular No. 14 dated March 26, 1970. A copy of factory. these instructions is reproduced at Appendix CENSUS ACT XVIII. 25. House numbering and Houselisting does not come within the purview of the Indian Cen , ~7. The use of sampling procedures in the sus Act. But in the Punjab Statf' we had made Hl71 Census was confined to the tabulation of data col.le.ded in the Hou,s;elist and Individ:l.1.al Slip and parts A & B is reproduced in Appendi,x XX. A to the Post Eriumeration Check. A 20 per' cen.t Deputy Director and a Tabulation Officer were sample of census houses was drawn from .the imparted three-week training in the . Mechani houselist by ticking off the sample houses from cal Tabulation Unit of the Registrar General's the houselist of operational units. Generally, for Office which included practical exercises. On purposes of sample selection, operational units return from Delhi they trained the newly were: appointed staff in the Coding & Punching Cell. It was realised that utmost care and vigilance was (i) Tahsil in the case of rural areas. required to be taken with regard to the codin,g in the earlier stages of the work. One code checker (ii) City. (computor) was provided to cheek the wOrk of every two coders, and one coding supervisor (iii) Non-City urban areas of a district. (Statistical Assistant) was provided to supervise the work of every three code checkers to en Houselists were arranged in the serial order sure progress of work on the rif1ht Hn€s. Teams of of the enumeration blocks within each of the three workers thus formed w2re given int"nsive practi operation~l units mentioned. above separately and cal training before they were P')t On the actual sample selection was one continuous operation operation. Control "heets were prescribed flowing from one block to another within the with a view to maintaininf! smooth movement operational unit. Each 'census house' was num of Houselist and Establishment Schedules s~nt bered serially in each block in red pencil along to the coders for coding. Each coder was re the line dividing- columns 2 and 3 in the House quired to maintain a daily/wee'klv/fortnie:htly list. For selecting 20 per cent sample of the progress report in the prescrib"'d form to ev8- census houses, a random number (a number luate his performance. The fo1lowin a s1)ecific between 1 and 5 selected for each operational instructions were given to the coders for main unit with the help of a table of random num taining quality of work bers) was prOvided to the samuler before he started the sampling work. SuPervisory staff (i) Coding should be in proper column/box. was required to keep effective sunervision over (U) No over-writing or double coding. the sampler's during the sample·selection. To begin with hundered per cent checking of (iii) Codes not to over-ride descriptive sample ~lection was done by the supervisory cells. staff so that the sampler developed complete confidence and made no . mistakes. After the (iv) Coder must consult his supervisor in sampling process was over for the entire opera. case there if; any doubt about appli cation of appropriate COd2. tion~l unit the size of the sample actually obtamed was checked with reference to the ex (v) Checkers should encircle the mistakes pect~d ~O per cent sample size, determined by and correct code should be assigned apphcatlOn of the formula given below: . to the incorrect code applied. Expected sample size: Serial number of the last The coded data was punched on 80 column selected house-seria! number I.eM cards manually on punching machines. of first selected house Four lines of the Houselist form were punched +1 on one card. The punched cards were arrang 5 ed in ascending order i.e. blockwise, village The procedure for samole selection is ex wise in case of a rural operational unit and plained in detail in Appendix XIX which has block/ward/townwise in caSe of. a non-city two parts: urbani city operational unit. The Kev Punch Operators were by and large, raw hands and Part A-Instructions to the sampler as such needed to be given thorough training. With experience and practice, quality and Part B-Instructions to the supervisin~ officer speed were improved and some of the Key Punch Operators actually showed better re Section 3 of Part A -gives a summary of the sults than the prescribed norms. The punched steps involved in sample selection. . cards were got verified by the Key Punch Operators on the manuallry operated verifying 28. Next stage was to code sampled lines in the machines. In our cell at the Directorate, Houselist and all entries in the Establishment mechanical processin.g was limited to the stage Schedules. The code structure was evolved of coding and punching. Punched cards were in the data Processing Division in the Registrar sent to the Mechanical Tabulation Unit of General's office. A copy of the code structure Registrar Gen~l's Office for ,further process adopted. for coding entries in the housellst with ing on the electronic computer. The data were 39 transferred frol'l1 punch cards t~_ rnapetic Muses used as places of entertainmeni tapes ru:st then processed with a view to and community aatherini excludini preserving. the results for further use and places of worship will be found under reference. A few editing checks were also ap column 13. Column 14 relates to plied at the computer level to detect incom places of worship. The educational patibilities, if any, which remained undetected institutions, public health and medical at the .punching and verification stages. Suit institutions, etc. have not· been shown able imputations were made in the cards which separately but have been grouped to were rejected by the computer at the stage of gether under 'Others' in column 15. This information will be available in first scrutiny. Table E-I (1971 Census) which has 29. Coding of Houselist and Establishment been prepared on full count basis. Schedules was taken up in the first week of September, 1970 and completed in the last This table more or less corresponds to Table week of February, 1971 with the help of 38 E-I of the 1961 Census. However, the data in coders and some supporting staff. Punching / Table E-I of 1961 census were presented down to verification of Houselist/Establishment Sche t~hsi1 level but at the 1971 Census it has been dule cards was started in the second week of gIVen only at the district level. Data have also September, 1970 and completed in the second been presented separately for each city this time. week of March, 1971. There were 16 Key Punch Operators/Verifiers upto January 19, 1971 and (ii) Table H-Il: Distribution of Census 22 Key Punch Operators/Verifiers from Houses by predominant material of January 20, 1971- to March, 1971. The House wall and predominant material of list data, after having been processed at roof. the computer, was received at the Census Directorate and was further processed for pre . This. table has been prepared for the same paration of the H-Series Tables relating to ~mts as m Table H-I. It gives structural condi t~on of the houses according to the type of mate- Housing. In addition, a number of Subsidiary nal used for wall and roof. . Tables "Ye,z'e prepared at the Census Directo rate in accordance with the Tabulation Plan devised by the Registrar General's Office. . This ta?le corresponds to Table E-IV of 1961 WIth the dIfference that in 1971 this table has 30, The data presented in the fuur main .been prepared for census houses while, in 1961 tables are briefly touched upon in the follow- Census, households living in Census Houses were ing sub-paras : . cross classified by material of wall and roof. (i) The data given in Tables H-I relate to (iii) Table H-Ill : Households classified by Census Houses and the uses to which number of members and by number of they are put separately for rural and rooms occupied. . . urban areas. Total number of census houses is given in Column 3. Vacant This. table. has also been prepared for the houses have been recorded separately same umts as III Table H-I. This table is an indi in column 4. In column 5, occupied cator of housing congestion and overcrowdinn in households. n census houses used exclusively as residence have been shown, Entries in columns 6 relate to such census . This table corresponds with Table E-'V' of houses which are used as shop-cum 1961! exciept that additional information for residence. Census houses used as household wit.h unspec~fied number of rooms and househ?lds WIth detaIls unspecified has been workshop~cum-residence including household industry have been entered shown 1U 19;71. Institutional households have not b.een take~ mto account for purposes of compila in column 7. Hotels, SaTais, DhaTam tIon of thIS table, shalas, tourist houses and inspection houses, have been shown in column 8. (iv) Table H-IV : Households classified by Entries in column 9 pertain to census size and tenure status : houses used as shops excluding eating houses. Census houses used as busi The ,data presented in this table is for the ness houses and offices have been en san:e. umts as In Table H-I. This table gives com- tered in column 10 and others used as . pOSItIon of households, e.g., one-person house factOries, worksho!)1 and worksheds in holds, two-pe~son households; etc. and by their eolurrm* 11. Restaurants, sweet-meat tenure status I'.e., whether they are living in owned shops and eatinJl places fi~re under or rented houses. The institutional households column 12. Data regarding Census have been exclUded from this table. 40 'I'his table somewhat correspOnds to Table census houses by predomin~.ti.~ tn.a,te.. EoIl' of- 1961 Census; In 1961 Cen~us; households rial of wall il:l rural and urban areas living in census houses used wholly or partly as separately for State/District/City. dwellings were classified by tenure status where~ as in 1971 Census households with number of Subsidiary Table H-II.2-This Table gives members have been cross classified by tenure distribution of 1,000 census houses by status. predominant material of roof in rural and urban areas separately for State/ Data contained in subsidiary tables which District/City. al{)ngwith the data given in main tables form the basis of the analySis given in Chapters II to V. SubSidiary Table H-II~2(A)L-This Table gives distribution of 1,000 residential 31. A brief idea as to the SubSidiary Tables census houses by predominant mate is given below : rial of roof in rural and urban areas separateJy for State/Disttiict/City. Subsidiary TabZe H-I.1.-This gives distri bution of 1,000 census houses by vacant Subsidiary Table H-IIl.1-This Table gives and different types of occupied census distribution of 1,000 census households houses for the State/District/City. by number Of rooms occupied for State/ District I City. Subsidiary Table H-I.2-This Table gives distribution of 1,000 census houses for Su:bsidiary Table H-III.2-This Table selected types of uses among rural and gives number of persons, males and urban areas upto the District level. females per room arid persons per household for State/District/City. Subsidiary Table H-II. 1-This Tabl.e gives distribution of 1,000 census houses by predominant material of wall in rural Subsidiary Table H-JV.1-This Table and urban areas separately for State / gives distribution of 1,000 census District / City. households living in census houses according to size of the household in Subsidiary Table H-II.l(A)-This Table rural and urban areas separately for gives distribution of 1,000 residential State/District/City. -:0:- CHAPTER II Distribution of Census Houses by use CHAPTER II DISTRIllUTION OF CENSUS HOUSES BY USE The following statement gives the distribution figures and percentages separately for the State of census houses by use in terms of al:lsolute and for rural and urban areas : STATEMENT DiCf erent cat,egories of Census H Ollses, 1970 Category of Census Houses Total Rural Urban -----_._------' 3 4 ,-_._--_._,------_._--2 1. Total No. of Census Houses 3,134,120 2,360,2$5 173,835 (7S%) (25%) 46,135 2. Census Houses vacant at the time of HOllselisling 209,725 163,590 .~. . (78%) (22%) 3, Occupied Census Houses used as 530,455 (i) Residence 2,132,495 1,602,040 (7S%) (25%) 5,010 (ii) Shop·cum-residence 25,630 20,620 (80%) (20YJ 8,005 (iii) Workshop-cum-residence including Household Industry 32,920 24,9)5 (76%) (24%) 1.480 (iv) Hotels, Sarais, Dharamshalas, tourist homes and inspection houses 7,805 (i,325 (81%) (19%) 64,230 (v) Shops excluding eating houses 101,410 37,180 (31%) (63%) (vi) Business houses and offices 14,650 3,960 10,690 (27%) (73%) 44,460 (vii) Factories, workshops and worksheds 71,070 26,610 (37%) (63%) 9,805 (viii) Restaurants, sweetmeat shops and eating places 13,425 3,620 (27%) (13%) (Ix) Places of entertainments and community gathering (Panchayat Ghats) excluding 1,225 975 250 places of worship (80%) (20%) (x) Places of Worship (e.g. temples, church, J11osque, Gurudwara, etc.) 17,560 14,295 3,265 (81%) (l9YJ 50,050 (xi) Others 506,20$ 456,155 (OO%) (10%) [Source: Table H·ll 43 44 According to the information collected at the dential census houses have been returned houselisting operation in February-March, 1970, in rural areas and 530,4551 in urban areas. the total number of census houses stands at In the case of non-residential census houses, 3,134,120 for the, Punjab State as a whole- as many as 594,6551 have been accounted 2,360,285 census houses in rural areas (75 per cent) for by rural areas and 197,245 by urban areas. and 773,835 census h9uses in urban areas (25 per The non-residential census houses include 7,805 cent). The pattern of distribution of population units used as hotels, sarais, dharamshalas, tourist between rural and urban areas follows closely, homes, inspection houses. Of this number, the pattern of distribution of houses; 76 per cent 6,325 units hav;1e been returned in the ,'rural of the population has been returned in the rural areas and 1,480 units in urban areas. Amongst areas and 24 per cent has been returned in urban the remaining non-residential census houses, the areas according to the final population figures of largest number, 506,205, is claimed by 'Others' 1971 Census. category; 90 per cent of this number are account Out of the total number of occupied census ed for by the rural areas and 10 per cent by the houses standing at 2,924,395, 2,132,495 or 73 per urban areas. The break·up of non-residential cent are used for residential purposes and 791,900 categories, other than those discussed above, is or 27 per cent for non-residential purposes given in the follOWing statement : .' including partly residential. 1,602,040 resi- STATEMENT ------Total Rural Urban Q) Shop-cum-residence 25,630 20,620 5,010 (il) Workshop-cum-residence 32,920 24,915 8,005 (iii) Shops excluding eating houses 101,410 37,180 64,230 (iv) Factories, workshops and worksheds (exclusive of workshop-cum-residence category) 71,070 26,610 44,460 (v) Business houses and offices 14,650 3,960 10,690 (vi) Restaurants, sweetmeat shops and eating places 13,425 3,620 9,805 (vii) Places of entertainment and community gathering (Panchayatghars) excluding places of worship . 1,225 975 250 (viii) Places of worship 17,560 14,295 3,265 Because of a hi~her concentration of indus houses, offices, factories and workshops, restau trial and commercial activities in the urban rants, sweetmeat shops and eating houses have areas (0£ Punjab State) than in its rural areas been returned in the former than in the latter. more census houses such as shops, business 45 Comparison with the 1960 Housing Data figures of census houses returned at the 1960 and 2. The following statement gives comparative 1970 houselisting operations : STATEMENT Distribution of Census Houses at the 1960 and 1970 Houselisting Operations by Districts and Cities ill Punjab _,---- ._------.... State/District/City Total No. of Total No. of Dccadal Census houses Census houses percentage in 1960 in 1970 variation ._----_.-... _ 1 2 3 4 ---.... ~--- PUNJAB 2,782,586 3,134,120 + 12 '63 Gurdaspur District 226,661 261,220 +15 ,25 Amritsar District 359,335 354,850 -(,25 Firozpur District 340,078 385,925 + 13 ·48 Ludhiana District 262,030 324,960 +24·02 lulundur District 327,633 374,000 +]<1-15 Kapurthaia District 72,743 93,080 +27'96 Hoshiarpur District 275,918 324,250 + 17 ,52 Ropar District 160,310 181,260 + 13 '07 Patiala District 274,186 286,970 +4'66 Sangrur District 243,406 279,220 +14'71 Bhatinda District 240,286 268,385 +11'69 Amritsar City 96,180 95,455 -0-75 Ludhiana City 62,254 84,870 +36'33 lullundur City 51,721 65,580 +26'80 Patiala City 29,790 32,230 -1·8 ,19 _~.w.~ __ .. ,_~ __ It will be seen f~om the statement above census houses for the decade 1960-70. that there has been an increase of 12.63 per cent 3. It might spring a surprise to the l'eader in the number of census houses during the decade to observe from this statement. that the districts 1960-70, from 2,782,586 Census houses in 1960 to 6f Amritsar and Patiala have registered either 3,134,120 in 1970. (The figures of 1960 have been a very insignificant growth or a negative growth adjusted to the reorganised State of Punjab as on in the number of census houses during the last November 1, 1966). Kapurtha1a and L.udhiafia decade. This means that the number of census Ilistricts have recorded the highest jump-27.96 houses has increased either only marginally or a per cent and 24.02 per cent respectively. This can lower number has been recorded at the house~ be ascribed to the economic prosperity in these listing operation in 1970 than in 1960. Even in districts emanating from the growth of small the case of other districts of the State, a uniform industry. This is particularly so of the urban pattern of growth is not discernible. While areas of these districts. Ludhiana city has Kapurthala District has registered a growth rate witnessed phenomenal housin~ expansion in the of 27.96 per cent, Patiala District has returned a past decade-an increase of 36.33 per cent in growth rate of 4.66 per cent only. 45 4. Considering that there has ~n phenome the 1970 houselisting operation by the application nal expansion in trade and indusfry during the of the guideline of Isingleness of use under the last decade necessitating increased tempo in sa~e management'. Evidently the· procedure house constructing activity, the position revep.led adopted during the 1960 house listing operation at the 1970 houselisting operation may look some in recording the number and usage of census what anamolous, particularly in the case of houses resulted in an inflated size of housing stock Patiala and Amritsar Districts. The explanation being drawn up in which usage became a matter for this apparent inconsistency is provided by of imputation. It may well be claimed, therefore, the fact that while according to the definition of that both in regard to the number of census a 'census house' in use at the time of house houses as well as their usage for various pur listing in 1960, any independent structure or part poses, the figures returned at the 1970 house of a structure having an independent approach or listing operation give a more rational and realis· exit was treated as a separate census house; at tic picture of the housing stock in the State. the 1970 houselisting operation parts of the same structure normally entitled to be returned as Distribution of Population and Census Houses- independent census houses were treated as only Districts one 'census house' ·if used for a single purpose under a single management. Thus at the 1960 5. The following statement gives the distribu houselisting operation a hotel comprising 50 rooms tion of population, census houses and number of each room accessible independently was returned census houses per 1,000 persons between rural as 50 census houses used as 50 hotels. The same and urban areas for the State and for: each of the hotel was returned as only one census house at districts: STATEMENT Distribution or Population anti Census Houses and Number of Censas Houses per 1,000 persons Percentage distribution Percentage distribu· Number of Census of population tlon of Census houses houses per thousand persons State/District Population No. of census (1971) houses Rural Urban Rural t:lban Rural Urban ------I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ------PUNJAB 13,551,060 3,134.120 76'3 23'7 75'3 24'7 228 241 Gurdaspur 1,229,249 261,220 79'7 20'3 76-7 23'3 204 245 Amritsar 1,835,SOO 354,850 70'S 29'2 66'0 34·0 180 225 Firozpur 1,905,833 385,925 80'2 19'8 77'9 22·1 191 226 Ludhiana 1,419,421 324,960 65'2 34'8 65'8 34'2 231 225 Jullundur 1,454,501 374,000 69,9 30·1 70'9 29'1 261 249 Kapurthala 429,514 93,080 76'8 23'2 75'2 24'8 212 232 Hosbiarpur 1,052,153 324,250 87'9 12 '1 81'6 12·4 307 316 Ropar .. 545,005 181,260 84'8 15'2 85'2 14'8 334 326 Patiala 1,215,100 286,970 74·0 26·0 74'1 25'9 236 235 Sangrur 1.146.650 279,220 79'7 20'3 78·4 21'6 240 259 Bhatinda 1,318,134 268,385 80,0 20·0 76'9 23-1 196 235 It will be observed from the statement above having returned 385,925 census houses. Jullundur that Firozpur District leads all the districts by District takes second position with 374,000 census 47 houses followed closely by Amritsar District with shops and worksheds; 4. as restaurants, sweet 354,850 census houses. Kapurthala District is at meat shops and eating places; 6 as plac.es of wor the bottom. It will further be observed that ship and 162 used for purposes categonsed u,nder the pattern of distribution of census houses ·Others'. Under 'Others' category educatlOnal between rural and urban areas in districts and medical institutions, hospital.s, health centres, follows closely the pattern of distribution of clinics and residuary umts like cattlesh~ds, population between rural and urban areas. gaushalas, grain stores, garages, bull-bree.d~ng centres, laundry, passengers shelters or waItmg 6. The State average of number Of census halls poultry breeding centres, power su b houses per 1,000 persons works out to 231-228 stati~ns, etc., are included. for rural areas and 241 for urban areas. There are significant variations in the person-house Census houses used for places of entertain ratio among various districts of the State. ment and community gathering have been shown Against the State figure of 228 houses per 1,000 as 'N' (Negligible) because these work out to persons in rural areas, the corresponding figures only 0.39 per 1,000 census houses. for Ropar and Hoshiarpur Districts stand at 334 and 307 respectively-indicating thereby that the Vacant Census Houses incidence. of rural housing is relatively better in these districts. The rural housing in the three 8. A sizable number of vacant censys border districts. The Firozpur, Gurdaspur and houses, particularly in rural are~s, c~mpnse Amritsar does not appear to be very satisfactory. dilapidated and unserviceable housmg umts. In Amritsar District has only 180 houses per 1,000 towns construction of a modern house normally persons in its rural areas. In urban areas also, takes about six months or so and all houses under house-person ratio is comparatively better in construction (awaiting occupation) were recorded Ropar and, Hoshiarpur.Districts with 326 and 316 as 'vacant' by the houselisting st~ff. Incr~~sed houses respectively against the State average of mobility caused by better .economl~ ..con:iItlOns 241. Average number of houses per 1,000 persons and improved transportatlOn faCIlitIes IS also is more in urban areas compared to rural areas a factor accounting for a high incidence of vacant in all the districts except Ropar, Ludhiana, census houses. Out of the total number of Jullundur and Patiala Districts. 3 134 120 census houses in the Punjab State, 209725 houses were recorded as 'vacant'-163,590 Distribution of CensUs Houses by Districts ho~ses in· rural and 46,135 houses in urban areas. . A glance at the following statement will show 7. Subsidiary Table H-U giving distribution that the proportion of vacant houses per 1,000 of 1,000 census houses by 'vacant' and different census houses is the highest in Jullundur District types of occupied census houses for the State and (88) followed by Hoshiarpur District (80). A districts will be found at pages 62·63. For every unique feature of these districts is a sizable tradi 1,000 occupied census houses in Punjab, 67 have tional out-migration to various countries in the been returned as 'vacant' against 933 which are West in search of gainful employment. The occupied. To be more eloquent one in every 15 emigrants generally leave their houses locked houses was recorded as vacant in the State. Out which in course of time even become un . of 933 Occupied census houses 699 are wholly or inhabitable. All such houses were recorded as partly residential; 2 are used as hotels, sarais, 'vacant'. For districts of Ropar, Kapurthala, dharamsalas, tourist homes and inspection Ludhiana also vacancy rates are higher than the houses; 32 as shops excluding eating houses; 5 as State figure (67). Other districts, however, re . business houses and offices; 23 as factories work- flect a lower incidence of vacancy than thaf . , observed for the State as a whole. STATEMENT Number of Vacant Census Houses per 1,000 oj Census Houses State / District ~tatel1>iStr;ct Amritsar 52 Gurdaspur Punjab State 67 57 Ludhiana Firozpur 60 69 Patiala Kapurthala 71 60 Ropar Bhatinda 713 61 Hoshiarpur Sangrur 30 62 Jullundur 3~ 48 Decadal variations of vacant Census Houses vacancy at the 1960 and 1970 houselisting opera tions in the State as a whole, its districts and 9. A comparative picture of the incidence of cities is shown in the following statement STATEMENT State!District/City Total No. of Total No. of Percentage vacant census vacant c:nsu· variation houses homes (l96().-70) (1960) (1970) 2 3 4 PUNJAB 241,020 209,725 -12 '98 13,760 14,950 +8'65 Amritsar 28,515 18,445 -35'31 Firozpur 22,740 22,995 +1-12 Ludhiana 25,801 22,500 -12'79 'ullundur 33,663 33,065 -1'78 Kapurthala 6,636 6.580 -0·84 Hoshiarpur 34,031 26,080 -23'36 Ropar 14,689 14,065 -4'25 Patiala 20,001 17,320 -13'40 Sangrur 21,995 17,265 -21'50 Bhatinda 19,189 16,460 -14'22 Amritsar City 4,944 3,610 -26'98 Ludhiana City 2.862 2,780 -2'87 J ullundur City 2,908 2,575 -11'45 Patiala City 3,000 1,765 -41-17 It is heartening to record that the proportion tion of having registered the highest drop in the of vacant houses in the Punjab State has slumped number of vacant houses-41.17 per cent. Drop in by 12.98 per cent between 1960 and 1970, which the incidence of vacancy is least pronounced in incidentally reflects on increasing use of census Jullundur and Kapurthala Districts. It may also houses for various purposes. There is a pheno be pertinent to point out that Gurdaspur and menal fall in the number of vacant census houses Firozpur Districts have registered an increase in in the districts of Amritsar (35.31 per cent), the number of vacant houses by 8.65 and 1.12 per Hoshiarpur (23.36 per cent) and Sangrur (21.50 cent respectively. This is accountable to the tense per cent). This trend can be explained partly by situation obta,ining in the districts bordering increased economic activity and pressure of popu Pakistan resulting in a large number of houses lation in these districts and partly by errors of being recorded as 'vacant'-these districts have omission and commission by the houselisting already fought two wars against Pakistan. staff. In the case of cities, Patiala has the distinc- 49 fl,Ul'al .. ur'ban distribution of VaeQt Bouses b4ti.Oll of vacant census houses between the rural 10. The following statement shows the distri- and urban areas of the State and its districts : STATEMENT Vacant Census Houses Vacant Censns houses expressed as Percentage dlstributioD of total perceatage of total ceosus houses vacant census houses Stat:/District Total Rural Urban Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 PUN.JAB 6'7 6'9 6'0 78'0 Gurdaspur 22'0 5'7 5'6 6'1 75'2 Amritsar 24'8 S'2 5'5 4'6 69'S 30'2 Firozpur 6·0 6'0 S'8 78·6 Ludhiana 21-4 6'9 8'2 4'4 78'3 21'7 Jullundur 8-S 10-0 6-0 80'3 19'7 Kapurthala 7'1 7'4 6'1 78-7 21'3 Hoshiarpur g·O 8'3 6'2 90'4 Ropar 9'6 7'8 6'9 12'4 76'2 23'8 Patiala 6'0 5-8 6'8 71'0 Sangrur 29'0 6-2 5-9 7'3 74-6 Bhatinda 25'4 6'1 6'1 6'3 76'4 23'6 It will be seen that 78 per cent of vacant census houses in the State have been returned in Ropar District (6.9 per cent) is just at par with its rural areas and 22 per cent in urban areas. the State average. As already stated, the incidence Against the State average of 6.7 per cent of vacant of vacant houses is higher in Jullundur, Hoshiar houses, the districts of Jullundur (8.8 per cent) pur and other districts because a large number Hoshiarpur (8.0 per cent), Ropar (7.8 per cent): of emigrants from these districts leave their Kapurthala (7.1 per cent) and Ludhiana (6.9 per houses locked instead of renting them out. These cent) reflect a higher incidence of vacant census districts have the reputation of sending largest houses while the remaining 6 districts have return number of out-migrants from rural areas to the ed a lower average than the State average. Western countries for gainful employment. 11. In So far as 'vacancy' in urban areas is concerned, Ropar District shows the highest In the rural areas 6.9 per cent of census houses have been returned as vacant. Jullundur incidence (12.4 per cent) compared to the State as (6.0 (10.0 per cent), Hoshiarpur (8.3 per cent), Lu~ana a whole per cent). This can be explained (8.2 per cent) a~d Kapurthala (7.4 per cent) rank partly by the fact. that a large number of families above the State average in the incidence of ha ve shifted from Ropar District to Chandigarh vacant census houses while all other districts and have left their houses 'vacant' for their own USe from time to time for a change from. eX.cept Ropsr rank below the State average. Chandigarh and to look after their other interests so il) the '1lla,... 'l'hey do not .Iem to be either jft: rent. t}!eir nurnb~!YllJ.,,1~~.l~9; c~nst~tute 68 ~ ~t of ij?e iittere..tea _~~ :l\~UIEII~~P~ tot!! .. houses in th.. State.' 75 it'is"notthat easy to evict. tenant tla_ d~ ~~ -(lr·~~~sus. especially in sub-urban areas, Ludhiana (4.4 per per cent of these have been returned in the cent) and Amritsar (4.6 per cent) nave the lowest rural areas and about 25 per cent in urban areas. vacancy rate because there is much pressure of Residential units in urban areas have registered an increase of 15 per cent during the decade working population in th~ cities that hm;dly any 1960--70. ' owner thinks it worthwhIle to keep his house vacant as the rents are generally very attractive. 14. The proportion of residential census houses 1~. Some of the districts of the State which works qut to 680 per thousand census houses in have· returned higher proportions of vac,ant the State according to Table H-L1. Alnritsar census houses m the rural areas than the State District ranks highest by having returned 786 rural proportion; 78 per cent, inclUde Hoshiarpur residential census houses per one thousand num (90.4 per cent), Jullundur (80.3 per cent), Kapur ber of census houses followed by Firozpur thala (78.7%), Firozpur (78.6 %) aI?-d ~udhlana ('18.3 per cent) while the other dlstrlcts rank District with a proportion of 771 residential below the State average. This has already been houses and Gurdaspur District with 729. The attributed to the out-migration of a large number high incidence of residential census houses in of· families from Hoshiarpur and Jullundur these districts is accountable more or less to stagnating industrial, commercial and trade acti Districts to the Western hemisphere. ~n the abSence of any independent socio-economIc sur vities caused by border tensions prevailing at the time of the houselisting operation because vey which could throw some light ?n the factors Pakistan :was suffering >from a war hysteria. caysing high incidence of vacancy m some ar~as Ludhiana, Jullundur, Hoshiarpur, Ropar, Patiala o£-.\the Punjab state, the data collected at t?e and Sangrur Districts reflect a lower incidence hous.c:listing operation gives at best a superficlal of residential census houses than that obtaining ide..a {lbout this phenomenon. We are, t~erefore, content in making a few general observations bas fOr the State as a whole. There is an increased ed on these data collected at a rapid operation like tempo of economic activity in Jullundur and the C·ensus where the houselisting staff could Ludhiana Districts which in a way explains the not'dO more thari merely recording the responses lower incidence of residential units. Patiala and Sangrur Districts which continue to be the strong in 'yes' or 'no' s.tyle. It i~ left to .expert~ . in holds of the practiCe of joint-family system have the field to make further SOClo-econorruc mqulrleS returned lower proportions of residential Units on...:the basis of the frame provided by the C~n~us. than that of the state. Because of sizeable out It !%lay, however, b~ pointed out that the va~lat1on migrations from Ropar and Hoshiarpur Districts a in the proportion of vacant census houses m ~he number of residential houses are rendered vacant. distriCts is no indicator of the extent to whICh Bhatinda and Kapurthala Districts where the the hQuses are surplus from the po~nt of view of housing requirements of populatIon. '!n fact, tempo in the progress of industrial activity has there is such a colossal shortage of hOUSIng that not really been remarkable, the inCidence of one' is likely to be misled by the incidence of residential units is relatively on the higher side. It is thus established that the category of residen vacant· houses, revealed by the' cen.sus figures. tial census houses predominates over all other 'l'hesei:oouses -haVe cont!n\led ~o remain vacant categories as an over-whelming majority of not: because they are surplus in any particular p.eople continue to depend on agriculture in this town .Qf_ cUstrict. ~q:t m~inly beca\lBe of th.~ pro State, thus rendering it unnecessary to' have a blem fa~ed' by landlorgs in ,ejectip._g tenants, etc. separ.aie census house for day to day working . .Aaatller .f~on is th~t the outmigrants from On the other hand everyone aims a,t having a roof vUl~. leav~ t}leir village abo~s vacallt so to live under. PreCisely for this reason the pro t~: they cap. m41nt~~~ l~s. With their past portion of dwellings is the highest compared to village l~{e, They particularly prefer ~ retqrn the census houses comprised in any other category. to'lheir village abodes to celebrate marrages. In It is a characteristic common to almost all the t~ s~~a..Us$ig· ~ttern of s()ciety-tQ which yve developtDg countries in the third world where are,~~lDtnit~ tulder OUf GQnstitu~ioIl-an~ With non~agricultural activities still do not play a ~~IDg pr~$§llres on bQusing, it may perh~ps significant role in the national economy. be- ~9le to lay ~rtm.~ ~rtct~.cms on keepJng , a :bQlMe. ya~ for 100000dust UlJe that, 1 uul. per one thousaud population BetlcteIl_- ~ .. , -WflMa!' \m~n.ter~et ~~. 15. The following statement gives the distri~ i3. Residential census houses in Punjab buti~n 9f residential units per one thousand Jl population in tihe State, district jnd cities accor4ing to the :Qouaelis;ing operation in 1970 . .sTATEMENT -----_._- ._- State/District/City No. of Population Residential residential (1971) houses per houees 1,000 perIODS 1 2 3 4 PUNJiAB l,132,495 13,551.060 157 Gurdaspur 1510,535 1.229,249 m AmritIar 278,985 1,835,500 152 FirozPW' 297,510 1.905.833 156 Ludhf,lna 218,885 1,419,421 1!14 Jullundur 239,430 1,454,501 165 Kapurtbala 67.240 429,514 157 Hoehiarpur 187,230 l,052,lS3 178 Ropar 95,425 545,005 175 Pallala' 185,350 1,215,100 1Sl Sansrur .. 117,865 1,146,650 155 Bhadnda . 193,880 1,318,134 147 Amritsar City 68,185 458,029 149 Ludbiana City 62,460 401,176 156 Jullundur City 47,755 296,106 161 PaUalaCity 23,685 m.. 041 157 It emerges from the data given in the state residence, and about 1.1 per cent as workshop-cum me~t ab~ve that one thousand persons share 157 residence, including household industries. In reSIdential units . for the State as a whole. absolute terms, 20,620 rural and 5.010 urban cen Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Firozpur Sangrur sus houses are used as residence-cum-shops. Lud~iana, PaHala and Bhat1n.da DistriCts and Similarly 24,915 rural and 8,005 urban census AmI'ltsar and Ludhiana cities have retl,lrned a houses ar.e used as residence-cum-workshops, lowe! average than the State average of !57 resi including household industry. If partly residential dentIal units per 1,000 person~. Variatioll& in houses are added to the category of wholly resi figureS' pertai~ng to various districts are, how dential houses, the- incidence of r.esidential houses ever, not significant except, in the case of Boshiar increases from 68 per cent t(l 70 per cent for the pur ~d Ropar Distr1~ts which have returned pro State. The proportion of shop-cum-residence portIOn. of 178 and 175 respective-Iy. It is not units is higher than the corresponding State pro so easy to explain this phenomenon simply on the portion in the case of Bhatinda, Firozpur .lnd basis of data collected in the wake of a mammoth Amritsar Districts. Against this, Kapurthala, o~a~ion like the census. Perhaps our social Sangrur and Ludhiana Districts occupy the lead ~C1entIsts will ftnd .it useful to go into this subject ing position in so far as residence-cum-shop units In . depth and present penetrating analyses of are concerned. It has not been possible to make theSe trends. penetrating analysis of these variations at a rapid Shop.cum.res.idence-workshop.cum.Nslclenee opel'ation like the census. In so far as proportion of worksbop-cum-residence units is concerned. 16. In the State as a whole ·O.S- per eent 'of Firozpur (12), Ludhiana (14) Sangr\lr (17) and 'r:ensus ·houses are used 'ointly as ahopocUm- BhaUnda (19) districts claim a hi&her proportion paratively larger. number of sarais and dharam of such. units compared to the OOTresponcbng shalas in these Districts. Patiala, Ropar, Ludhiana State avera,e of 11 per 1,000 census houses. and Firo.zpur Districts also exceed the State average in this category. Hoshiarpur DIstrict and Rural-urban spread of residential houses Ludhiaria and Jullundur cities are exceedingly close to the State average. 17. A little over 75 per cent of wholly residential houses in the State are in rural areas Shops excluding eating houses and about 25 per cent in urban areas-distribution of population between rural and urban areas in 19. In Census parlance "a shop is a housed the State also follows the same pattern. Hoshiar trading establishment where articles are bought pur, Ropar, Gurdaspur, Sangrur, Firozpur, and/ or sold for cash or on credit." Sale or pur Kapurathala and Bhatinda Districts have returned chase of goods outside roofed accommodation has higher averages than the State average in so not been netted and included in the category of far as. the incidence of dwellings in rural areas is shops. Similarly if a person manufacturing any concerned. Ludhiana District has the lowest per article also sells the same at the site of manu centage of dwellings in rural areas and Hoshiar facture, such a site has been reckoned as a work pur Dj.strict has the highest. In the case of total shop or worksnecl and not as a 'shop'. Eating number of dwellings in urban areas, Amritsar; places like restaurants, sweet-meat shops and tea Jullundur, Ludhiana and Patiala Districts occupy stalls have also been excluded from the c~tegory a place of vantage because each one of these of shops and have been recorded under a separate enfolds a city with a population of over one lac. category. However, petrol pumps, studios, hair cutting saloons, laundries, etc. have been enfold Dwellings used as shop-cum-residence are ed in this category-'shops'. largely to be found in rural areas-80.5 per cent in \rural and 19.5 per cent in urban areas-because In the light of the preceding observations, mUltiple use of census houses is mostly a feature 101,410 census houses have been categorised tlS of the rural areas. This phenomenon fits in with shops, accounting for 3.2 per cent of the total the rural psyche. In urban areas this kind of a census houses in the State and occupying a place combination is not Common because the municipal second in importance only to 'dwellings'. For bye-laws in some towns prohibit carrying on of obvious reasons shops returned overwhelmingly industry, trade and business in residential houses. in urban areas out.number those returned in The pattern of use of housin~ units for more than rural areas. Amritsar city has, for instance, 95 one purpose is ~enerally found in developing shops per 1,000 census houses followed by agricultural countries. Similarly, units used as Patiala city with a proportion of 79. The extent workshon--cum-~dence are largely to be found of urbanisation and pursuit of non-agricultural in rural areas, 75.7 per cent of these are in rural activities largely determine the number of shops areas a~ainst 24.3 per cent in urban areas. in a particular area. Amritsar, Ludhiana and These v~rla,t;ons rpvpal the differences in the Jullundur Districts precisely for this reason d~ln'ee to' whi·ch vill~lte craftsmen and artisans, account for a larger proportion of 'shops'. like ca~nte~. blaeksmitns. weavers, etc. pl'ac fiSe~ th~ir h~~dital"V avocations in certain parts Business Houses and' OftlCies of-th~ir-'nvinl! hous~s. Furthermore the mark ed exist~nce of household industries in some 20. In this category, offices of Government, distticf:s acC'()unts for th".ir higher incidence of semi-Government offices and local bodies and m'Ulti-purpose housing units...... - " ,--- business houses like banks, post offices,. clearance Hotels, Sa1'Dis, Dlta1'9m"h,.IAs. Tourist Homes ana houses commercial and industrial houses, stock .. ' Inspection Houses ' exchan'ges, police stations and share bidding centres, including chit fund scheme offices, etc. - - etc., are included. All told, there are 14,650 18. Numerically, next in importance to dwellings are hotels, sarais, dharamshalas, census houses in this cate~ory in the State-5 per 1.000 census houses. In Jullundur and Kapurthala tourist. homes and inspection houses which are Districts, the proportion of census houses in this casually and temporarily used. for dwellin~ pur IX.>S~S. Total. nUmber of such units is 7,805 in catellorv is hi~her than the State aver aile of 5 the State-:..s;325 in rural areas and 1,480 in urban ner 1.000 census houses. Amritsar, Firozpur, areas: Hotels, tourist homes and inspection houses Ludhiana and Bhatinda Districts are at pal' with are generally loc~ted in urban areas. Sangrur thp State average of 1) per 1.000 census houses. and Bhatinda Distrlcts aCCount for maximum of Tnl1llT'lr111t' t"itv ;q at thp top with 1 fl upr 1.000 census hOuseS in· this category ~cause of a com~ houses, fol1ow('d 'by PatiRla city with 15. For JJ obvious reaaOlli, census. ho~.ses . in this, ~\eio,ry are largely concentrated Ul urbafl areas. . Faciories, Worksho'_· bd Worksheds 22. TotaPnumbet' of . census hoUses in this category stands· at 13,425 in. the State-3,620 21. In this categorY, all census houses where , census houses having been returned in rural areas some ,kind of production, processing•. repair or and 9,805 in urban . areas. .' There is intense servicing is undertaken or where goods or articles de1l¥ln~t for such 'catering shops in the urban areas are manufactured and sold, are included." 'All under the unpact of urbanization and technologiw regi~tered factories and unregistered workshops cal civilization. Small tea shops have also mushw and worksheds are coverePunjabis; places of worship continue to be census houses. 66 census houses have been patronized by religious enthusiasts and more and recorded in this category in Amritsar city. more of places of God are coming up. PaUala cltv 'has, however, only 45 census houses Census Rouses ,put to 'Other' uses for every 1,000 census houses in fliis cate~ry. ,25. Census houses, not classifiable according In terms of districts, LudMana has 36 census to use to which they are put under any of the houses. Jullundur 29 and Amritsar 28 for every categories discussed heretofore, have been lump 1.000 census houses in this category. Bhatinda. ed together under the category; 'other uses'. 162 Firoz-pur and Hoshiarpur Districts account for a houses out of every 1,000 census houses have been small proportion of hQuses in this category classified in the cate~ory 'Other' in the State, the because of relatively inadequate industrial pro highest beill~ 323 in Ropar otstrl~ end the lowest gress made in these districts for a variety of 55 in Arnritsar l>istrict. These include a wide reasons. variety of structures such as cowsheds, lamp 14 ag@ of dry" fodder, grQSS, etc., and sheda for keeping house~, engine rooms, store rooms, tube~ well rooms, water rooms, grass sheds, cattle. Baithaks (sitting places for households in -rural aJ;:eas) with separate entrances have also fuel rooms, tombs, grave yard, urinal, been included in this category provided these do privy~ rooms at brick kiln sites, etc. There is a preponderance of such type of houses in rural not form a part of the structure ~sed as a resi areas. This can be explained partly by the extra dence. This cat~gory also covers some. .specific residential facility the people avail of in the rural uses of census houses such as educational and areas consisting of separate census houses for stor- medical institutions ipcluding training ..classes, STA1'E Distribution of 1,000 Census House s OCCUPIED Tota} occul'ied - .....------State/District/City I Census houses census houses Residence, .hop-ellm.r~ldence, workshop-c:um-resldence Intludlng _ vacant at the time of house- household industry ~ lis'iDS ------~------~------Residence Shop-cum- Workshop-cum- I Total{wholl)' residence residence '0 or partly 1'C8t (including dential houses) household ~ industry) ] {!. ------_._--1960 1970 1960 1970 1960 1970 _...:.---1960 1970 ------1960 1970 --,_.....--1960 1970 5 8 1 11 PUNJA.B 1,000 87 67 913 933 690 699 684 680 4 6 N 6 Ourdaspur District .. 1,000 61 57 939 943 732 741 728 729 786 5 10 7 Amritsar District 1,000 79 52 921 948 736 803 730 711 5 11 2 12 F!rozl'ur District.. 1,000 67 60 933 940 805 794 798 674 6 8 3 14 Ludhiana District .. 1,000 98 69 902 931 682 696 673 640 5 7 2 9 Jullundur District 1.000 103 88 897 912 646 656 639 722 3 8 1 4 Kapurthala District 1,000 91 71 909 929 739 734 735 577 4 4 1 "'I Hoshiarpur District 1,000 123 80 877 920 602 588 597 5 6 3 8 Ropar pistrict 1,000- 92 78 908 922 564 540 556 526 646 5 6 2 8 Patiala Ofsttict 1,000 73 60 927 940 652 660 645 637 4 8 2 17 Sangrur District. " 1,000 90 62 910 938 662 662 656 722 7 16 1 19 Bhatinda District .. 1,000 80 61 920 939 734 157 726 714 6 8 1 10 Amritsar City 1,000 51 38 949 962 710 732 703 8 7 7 16 "Ludhiana City 1,000 46 33 954 967 753 759 138 736 728 9 7 3 8 lullundur City 1,000 56 39 ~4 961 747 743 735 726 735 4 4 8 Patiala..City 1.000 101 55 899 945 731 747 N =Negligible. 5S hRspjt9J~.1 bealt4- £~e§, Q.o~§ ~t!i, dispen itt tla ~tate. ~ a~~apy st~.t~d, a,lip'ge llmnber of saries, shorth~ 8;1d ~~ intti~ll. llUrsini homes, matermty homes, veterinary hospitals, the~ is loea~ ~ !'ural- 9\t~. lep~rs' asyJ1.W}. etc. Census !louses by use in 1960 an.d 1970 Total number. of ho.uses.. classified. as 'Other' is 506,205-456,165. in rural areas and 50,050 in 26. The statement given below compares the urban areas. Over 16' per cept.. of all census usage of occupied census houses at the 1960 and houses have been classified under this category 1970 Houselisting Operations : MlINT by use in. 1960 a_nd 197Q CBNSUS HOUSES - Hotels,-~rais,"--SilOPS exclPding Bqsjness houses Factories, workshops Restaurants, Places of enter Others dharamshalas, eating houses and offices and worksbeds sweet-meat shop tainments and tourist homes and and eating places community gath. inspection houses ering (Panchayal. ghar etc.) excluding places of worship) ------~ ___.._-- .,.. 1960 1970 ------1960 1970 ------1960 1970 -----1960 1970 ----1960 1970 -----1960 1970 ----_1960 1970 3 2 41 32 4 S 12 13 2 4 N N 161 168 1 1 54 '37 5 4 8 23 3 .5 N N 136 132 4 :59 45 4 .5 12 28 3 .5 N N 103 61 3 3 35 31 5 5 10 16 2 3 N N 73 88 4 4 41 36 4 5 20 36 3 5 N N 148 149 1 49 34 4 6 14 29 2 6 180 179 42 35 4 6 17 19 3 4 2 N 101 130 2 2 30 28 2 4 9 18 2 3 N N 230 277 4 3 31 22 3 ·3 7 19 .5 N N 298 330 4 3 37 31 3 4 13 22 2 5 N N 216 215 3 5 35 28 3 3 11 19 1 3 N 1 195 217 5 4 34 26 3 .5 8 14 1 4 N N 136 128 10 1 110 95 8 10 24 66 8 12 N 78 46 4 2 94 72 7 9 47 78 8 12 N N 41 35 3 2 127 77 to 16 24 67 4 14 N 29 41 .5 1 92 79 5 15 18 45 8 12 N 39 46 56 A.. tew ·ob$&:rVa.tions, on the data, given in . collUtlercial and industrial activity in this statement, are reeorde~ : the State. (i) Proportion of occupied census houses (vi) Factories, workshops and worksheds per 1,000 census houses of all types has have increased from 12 in 1960 to 23 in increased from 913 in 1960 to 933 in 1970. This is an important landmark 1970, i.e., an increased of 2.2 per cent indicating the progress of small industry registered during the decade. in the last decade. (ii) Proportion of vacant census houses has (vii) Restaurants and sweet-meat shops have dropped to 67 in 1970 from 87 in 1960. doubled from 2 in 1960 to 4 in 1970 This drop partly explains the increase reflecting on the tempo of urbaniza in the number of occupied census tion and changes in life styles. houses in (i) above. (viii) Census houses clubbed in the category (iii) There is a drop from 684 in 1960 to 680 of 'Other' have also increased from 161 in 1970 in the category of wholly resi in 1960 to 168 in 1970. This can dential census houses. But there is an partly be explained by the growth of increase from 5 in 1960 to 8 in 1970 in educational and medical institutions the category of shop-cum-residence in .the past decade. The phenomenal and from 1 in 1960 to 11 in 1970 in the increase in the number of tubewell category of workshop-cum-residence houses, poultry breeding centres, wait (including household industry.) This ing halls and passengers' waiting sheds increase in multiple residential houses on road junctions has contributed to reflects on the progress of small indus this significant increase. try in the State. This trend is indi cative of the socio-economic changes (ix) There has been a fall in the proportion that have taken place in the past of vacant houses in the State, districts decade. and cities alike. (iv) Shops, excluding eating houses, have (x) Wholly residential census houses have gropped to 32 in 1970 compared to 41 in decreased in Firozpur, Kapurthala, 1960 per 1,000 census houses. Hoshiarpur, Ropar, Sangrur and Bhatinda Districts and also in Jullun (v) Business houses and offices have increas dur and Ludhiana cities. This decrease ed trom 4 in 1960 to 5 in 1970. This is offset by the increase in the number reflects on the increased tempo of of multiple residential houses. --: 0 :- H-I CENSUS HOUSES AND THE USES TO WHICH THEY ARE PUT The ta.ble gives the distribution of census houses by usage for all areas and separately 'for rural and urban areas of the State and its districts, The data have also b€€n presented sepa rately for eaeh city. For purpose of comparison of data given in table H-I with' 1961 census data regarding distribution of census houses by usage, reference has to be made to table E-I published in part IV-B of 1961 Census Publications-Tables on Housing and Esta blishments. One important difference between the two tables is that Table E-I of 1961 Census gives the data not only for the State as a whole and its districts but also separately f The following adjustment is necessary to make the two sets of figures comparable :'- (1) Figures given in eols. 12, 15 and 16 of table E-I of 1961 and cols. 14 and 15 of 1971 have to be separately lumped together to make the two sets of figures com parable. The figures given in" the tables of the 'H' Series are un biased estimates of the various characteristics based on 20 per cent sample of census houses. These estimates have been ob tained by multiplying the sample figures by 5. , The following statement indicates the broad level or pre cision of the estimated frequency of any cell directly from the size of the Universe (i.e., District/State). " Statement District/State size (N), value of proportion :(P) and the related size of cell estimate (NP) at 20 per cent relative standard error (p.r.s.e.). N <16567 4900 Note: 1. This statement has been derived :from the detailed state ment shown on page 129-130 setting the acceptable level of preci sion at 20 per cent. For any 'N~ falling between 900 and 4,900 read off the value of 'NP' corresponding to the nearest value of 'N' tabulated above. For example if N=1352, NP=9:3 corres ponding to N = 1327 in the statement. For N < 900 and other levels of precision the detailed statement may be consulted. 57 2. Wh.atever the universe size there is a maximum value of the estimated cell frequency associated with a specific level of precision as shown below :- p. r. s. e. 1 2.5 5 10 20 30 50 NP 40,000 6,400 1,600 400 100 45 16 These values read along with those in the statement will provide a better appreciation of the level.of precision of the estimate in any cell of the table. For example for a district size N=1352 (vide note 1 above) cell frequencies between 93 and 400 will have a relative standard error of 10-20 per cent, while those equal to or greater than 400, will have a relative standard error of 10 per cent or less, etc. 58 H-I CENSUS HOUSES AND THE USES TO WHICH THEY ARE PUT 60 H·1 CENSUS HOUSES AND 'mlE Occupied State/DistrktjCity Total Tot3.1 Number Census Houses Rural of Census vacant at Residence Shop -cum. Urban Houses tbe time of Residence House1isting 2 3 4 5 6 PUNJAB .. Total 3,134,120 209,725 2,132,495 25630 Rural 2,360,285 163,590 1,602,040 10.610 Urban 773,835 46,135 530,455 5,010 Gurdaspur District .. Total 261,220 14,950 190,535 1,510 Rural 200,300 11,245 148825 1,345 Urban 60,920 3,705 41,710 165 Amritsar District .. Total 354,850 18,445 278,985 3,610 Rural 234,325 12,870 194,200 2,805 Urban 120,525 5,575 84,785 805 Firozpur District .. Total 385,925 22,995 297,670 4,210 Rural 300,515 18,075 237,040 3,665 Urban 85,410 4,920 60,630 545 Ludhiana District " Total 324,960 22,500 218,885 2,555 Rural 213,810 17,625 141,015 1,775 Urban 111,150 4.875 77,870 780 Jullundur District .. Total 374,000 33,065 239,430 2,450 Rural 265,065 26,555 165,770 1,810 Urban 108,935 6,510 73,660 640 Kapurthala District .. Total 93,080 6,580 67,240 745 Rural 69,975 5,180 51,140 485 Urban 23,105 1,400 16,100 260 Hoshiarpur District " Total 324,250 26,080 187,230 1,230 Rural 284,015 23,570 161,640 1,085 Urban 40,235 2,510 25,590 145 Ropar District .. Total 181,260 14,065 95,425 1,015 Rural 154,355 10,720 78,035 695 Urban 26,905 3,345 17,390 320 Patiala District .. Total 286,970 17,320 135,350 1,850 Rural 212,530 12,290 133,125 1,S4S Urban 74,440 5,030 52,225 30S Sangrur District .. Total 279,220 17,265 177,865 2,315 Rural 218,935 12,885 139,570 1,965 Urban 60,285 4,380 38,295 350 Bhatinda District .. Tota) 268,385 16,460 193,880 4,140 Rural 206,460 12,575 151,680 3,445 Urban 61,925 3,885 42,200 695 Arnritsar City (Amritsar District) .. Urban 95,455 3,610 68,185 725 Ludhiana City (Ludhiana District) Urban 84,870 2,780 62,460 585 Jullundur City (Jullundur District) .. Urban 65,580 2,575 47,755 465 Patjala City (PaHala District) Urban 32,230 1,765 23,685 120 61 USES TO WHICH THEY ARE PUT Census Houses used as ~_"'__"_"'_""~_10000.001 ______...... _... __.. _._ - _____,__,...... ~ _____ Workshop Hotels, Sar- Shops excluding Business Factories, Restaurants, Places of En- Places of Wor- Others cum-Resi- ais, Dharam- Eating Houses Houses and Workshops Sweetmeat tertainments ship (e.g. dence shalas, Tou- Offices and Shops and and Communi- Temple, Church, including rist Worksheds Eating Places ty Gathering Mosque, Household Homes and (Panchayat-ghar) Gurud- Industry Inspection excluding wara etc.) Houses Places of Worship __.._...... -....___,------.. _------7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ]4 15 .... ------..._---_._------.. _------3%,920 7,805 101,410 14,650 71,Q70 13,425 1,225 17,560 506,205 24,915 6,325 37,180 r3,960 26,610 3,620 975 14,295 456,155 8,005 1,480 .64,230 10,690 44,460 9,805 250 3,265 50,050 1,565 275 . 9,535 975 5,925 l,t&5 95 1,905 32,765 1,200 145 - 4,285 225 1,780 455 75 1,650 29,070 365 130 5,250 750 4,145 730 20 255 3,695 2,525 230 16,035 1,765 9,835 1,825 85 1,950 19,560 1,315 125 4,785 465 2,200 355 60 1,600 13,545 1,210 105 11,250 1,300 7,635 ],470 25 350 6,015 4,595 1,000 11,985 1,920 6,115 1,280 190 1,715 32,250 3,755 795 4,855 410 2,570 310 170 1,300 27,570 840 205 7,130 1,510 3,545 970 20 415 4,680 4,715 : 1,240 11,550 1,700 11,540 1,580 165 1,440 47,090 2,865 975 2,715 540 [' 3,]20 265 135 1,135 41,645 1,850 265 8,835 1,160 8,420 1,315 30 305 5,445 3,335 325 12,635 2,405 10,990 2,100 205 2,560 64,500 2,625 200 4,155 470 3,&45 450 125 1,980 57,080 710 125 8,480 1,935 7,145 1,650 80 580 7,420 345 50 3,285 525 1,765 395 45 725 11,380 250 30 1,100 115 560 120 25 595 10,375 95 20 2,185 410 1,205 275 20 130 1,005 2,285 625 8,890 1,295 5,935 930 125 2,535 87,090 2,145 550 4,815 630 3,630 505 110 2,285 83,050 140 75 4,075 665 2,305 425 15 250 4,040 1,455 590 4,065 610 3,420 850 45 1,225 58,495 1,245 510 2,035 265 2,270 555 35 1,100 56,890 210 80 2,030 345 1,150 295 10 125 1,605 2,245 820 8,750 1,280 6,350 1,320 85 1,855 59,745 1,575 710 2,595 335 2,825 300 75 1,425 55,730 670 110 6,155 945 3,525 1,020 JO 430 4,015 4,735 1,380 7,685 940 5,390 905 130 1,040 59,570 3,895 1",155 3,160 225 2,470 160 120 765 52,565 840 225 4,525 715 2,920 745 10 275 7,005 5,120 1,270 6,995 1,235 3,805 1,055 55 610 33,760 4,045 1,130 2,680 280 1,340 145 45 460 28,635 1,075 140 4,315 955 2,465 910 10 150 5,125 955 85 9,110 925 6,265 1,115 20 220 4,240 1,380 175 6,085 790 6,600 1,000 25 235 2,755 530 9S 5,050 1,065 4,355 925 30 285 2,450 270 35 2,545 470 1,460 385 5 240 1,250 62 H-I.l DISTRIBUTION OF 1,000 CENSUS HOUSES BY VACANT Occupied Census Total Residen'ce, shop-cum-residence, worhhop- Houses Occupied resi#ence including household "- State/District/City vacant at the Census ------time of Houses Houselisting Total Residence Shop-cum (Wholly Residence or partly residential houses) ------2 3 4 5 6 ------~------PUNJAB 67 933 699 680 8 Gurdaspur District 57 943 741 729 6 Amritsar District 52 948 803 786 10 Firozpur District 60 940 794 771 11 Ludhiana District 69 931 696 674 8 lullundur District 88 912 656 640 7 Kapurthala District 71 929 734 722 8 Hoshiarpur District 80 920 588 577 4 Ropar District 78 922 540 526 6 Patiala District 60 940 660 646 6 Sangrur District 62 938 662 637 8 Bhatinda District 61 939 757 722 16 Amritsar City (Amritsar District) 38 962 732 714 8 Ludhiana City (Ludhiana District) 33 967 759 736 7 Jullundur City (Jullundur District) ~ 39 961 743 728 7 Patiala City (patiala District) 55 945 747 735 4 N=Negligible 63 AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF OCCUPIED CENSUS HOUSES Census Houses ;~-_----H~~~Sa;'-Sh~~~~~-B~;;---F~~;~-Re~;~~--fl~;cl---~~~r----oili~; industry ais, Dhar- ing Eating Houses and Workshops Sweetmeat Entertainments Worship ____ amshalas, houses Offices and Work· Shops and End Community (e.g. Temple Workshop. Tourist Homes sheds Eating Places Gathering Church, Mo;. cum-Resi- and Inspection (Panchayat- que, Gurud- dence houses ghar etc.) wara etc) (including excluding . Household Places of Industry) Worship ------~---~-~---~------~---~----~---- 7 , 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ------;------..__,------,.._------~--,...__------11 2 32 5 23 4 N 6 162 6 37 4 23 5 N 7 125 7 45 5 28 5 N 6 55 12 3 31 5 16 3 N 4 84 14 4 36 5 36 5 N 4 145 9 34 6 29 6 1 7 172 4 1 35 6 19 4 N 8 122 7 2 28 4 18 3 N 8 269 8 3 22 3 19 5 N 7 323 8 3 31 4 22 5 N 7 208 17 5 28 3 19 3 1 4 213 19 5 26 5 14 4 N 2 126 10 95 10 66 12 N 2 44 16 2 72 9 78 12 N 3 32 8 2 77 16 67 14 1 4 37 8 1 79 15 45 12 N 7 39 64 H-I.2 DISTRIBUTION OF 1,000 CENSUS HOUSES FOR SELECTED TypES OF USE AMONG RURAL AND URBAN AREAS Census Houses used as Vacant at the time of --_ ...... _-_..._.. __ ...... _------Houselistil1g State/District Wholly Residential Shop.cum-Residence Workshop-cum- Residence including Hou3ehold Industry ______-... ______-....011 ______ Rural Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban ------_.------_._...... ------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ------...... ---.------...... ---.-----""'------.. --~--...... ------PUNJAB 780 220 751 249 805 195 757 243 Gurdaspur District 752 248 781 219 891 109 767 233 Amritsar District 698 302 696 304_ 777 223 521 479 Firozpur District 786 214 796 204 871 129 817 183 Ludhiana District 783 217 644 356 695 305 608 392 Jullundur District 803 197 692 308 739 261 787 213 Kapurthala District 787 213 761 239 651 349 725 275 Hoshiarpur District 904 96 863 137 882 118 939 61 Ropar District 762 238 818 182 685 315 856 144 Patiala District 710 290 718 282 835 165 702 298 Sangrur District 746 254 785 215 849 151 823 177 Bhatinda_ District 764 236 782 218 832 168 790 210 CHAPTER 111 Material of wall and Roof of Houses CHAPTER III MATERIAL OF WALL AND ROOF OF HOUSES In an analytical Report on housing condi gories at the time of compilation of the houselist tions in the State, discussion of construction data. After some discussion, it was decided t~at materials used in the walls and roofs of struc 'age' of the houses, materials of floor and housmg ture occupies an important place, more so be amenities need not be canvassed. The consensus cause fast improving economic conditions of was that collection of data at the 1971 Census people of Punjab are amply reflected in the through the Rouselist similar to the One canvas changes in the use of construction materials. sed at the 1961 Census would be helpful to mea~ While local availa!bility, cost factor and nature sure changes over the decade. of climate have an important bearin~ in influenc ing the use of particular materials in the con 3. This chapter of the Report relating to materials used in the walls and roofs of houses struction of houses in general, it is at the same is based on replies recorded against column time one of the tangible economic indicators of Nos. 4 and 5 of the Houselist Schedule. Data the general well-being of the !)eople of the ar~a. collected in these two columns have been proces houses abounding in large numbers wIll PUCca sed and presented in Table R-II. The Table usually mean higher level o~ li~in~ pointing to a definite trend towards urbamzatIOn. On the other gives distribution of census houses bv predomi hand, higher proportion of 1cacha houses is usual nant material of wall and predominant materials ly an indication of backwardness and lower of roof for the State, its constituent districts standard of living. -separately for rural and urban areas-and the , cities. 2. There was a demand from the National Buildings Organisation, New Delhi for collection Material of Wall of detailed information about housing as part of 4. For the convenience of the reader, ins the Population Census in 19'71. They wanted tructions given to the enumerators fOr filling up us to collect information on the 'a~e' of houses columns 4 and 5 of the Houselist are reproduced as well even though it may be difficult to get below: accurate data at the Census. They also wanted information on materials of floor, and on ameni "The material out of which the major por ties such as water, electricity and privy in houses tion of the walls of the house are made, as for to be collected so that it may serVe as the basis example, grass, leaves, reeds, barrio00 , un-burnt for identifying the quality of houses available in bricks, mud, burnt-bricks, stone, cement, con India. Their demands were taken up for consi crete, timber, etc. should be written. Where a deration at the First Conference of the State house consists of separate structures each having Directors of Census Operations held in May, 1969 wans made out of different materials, the mate in New DeIhL ~fter due deliberations it was de rial out of which the' walls of the main portion cided that the matter should be taken up in a of the house mostly used for living or sleeping special meeting of the Plannin~ Commission to are made, are to be recorded." consider the programme for the 1971 Census, which was held on May, 24, 1969. Late profes Material of Roof sor D. R. Gadgil, Chairman, Plannin~ Commis sion remarked : "The material out of which most of the outer roofs, exposed to the weather and not the "It wouTd be meaningless to get informa ceiling is made, i.e., tiles, thatch, corrugated iron, tion on the age of the houses as it zinc or asbestos cement sheets or concrete, slate, would be difficult of being ascertained tiles, etc., should be written. In the case of a in most cases and it would merely gene multi-storeyed building the intermediate floor or rate altogether undependable data. It floors will be the roof of the lower floor. If the was also difficult to see how the da ta on roof is mainly made of bricks, stone, etc., and has materials of floor, wall and roof could a mud plaster, cement nl'aster, or lime plas be combined together to ~ive an indi ter exposed to the sky, the material of cator of the quality of the structure." roof in such cases will not be "mud", "cement'" or "lime" respectively but it will be "bricks", It was accordingly suggested by him that the "stone" etc., which constitute the fabric of the houses might be classified into a few simple cate- roof." 67 68 5. Varying estimates of the percentage of of households was drawn. At the 1971 CensuS, expenditure on the major components of a house however, data relating to material of wall and have been worked out by differept experts but roof presented in Table H-II is based on 20% the following estimate appears to be fairly sample or census houses picked up systematically reasonable :- with a random start. The sampling procedure has already been explained in sufficient detail in Foundations 10per cent chapter I. Distribution of residential census Walls 30 per cent houses by material of wall cross-classified by material of roof has been presented in the appen Floors 10 per cent dix to the Main Table H. II. Their distribution Roof 25 per cent in terms of 1000 census houses according to the Fixtures 15 per cent material of (i) wall and (H) roof has been sepa Finishing rately given in Subsidiary Table H-Il 1 and 10 per cent Table H-U.2 respectively. Distribution of 1,000 Total 100 per cent residential houses by material of wall will be found in Subsidiarv Table H-II.1(A). Similarly, It willlbe noted that walls and roof account distribution of 1,000 resideilltial houses by mate for as high as 55 per cent of the total expenditure rial of roof will be found in Subsidiary Table incurred on construction of a house. Therefore, H-II.2(A). All these tables, includin,!:! the appen these two components of a house reflect to a high dix, will be found towards the end of this Chap degree the quality of housing. ter. " 6. At the 1961 Census information on mate Distribution of Census Houses by Predominant rials of walls and roofs was collected only in Material of Wall respect of such houses as were found to be used exclusively as dwellings or partly as dwellings 7. The following Inset tab1e (based on Main and partly for purposes such as shop, business or Table H-II) gives the distribution of census workshed etc. The unit of studv was the house houses in terms of absolute figures by predomi hold and not the census house. From the data nant material of wall for the State and separate thus collected in the Houselist, a 20% sample ly for its rural and urban areas TABLE No. of Census Houses by Predominant Material of Wall Total Grass Mud Unburnt Wood Burnt G.1. sheets Stone Cement All other No. of leave~, bricks bricks or other concrete materials Census reeds metal and houses or sheets materials bamboo not stated 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 ---~~----_""'--o_-""'-_"'_"'_~"'__~ ______---'______.__ .~~ ______Total .• 3,134,120 9,535 283,955 915,780 10,180 1,899,265 310 10,735 2,470 1,890 R.ural •• 2,360,285 8,185 272,050 866,965 2,100 1,198,380 100 10,470 1,620 415 Urban .• 773,835 1,350 11,905 48,815 8,080 700,885 210 265 850 1,475 It will be seen from the inset table that in the State. The remaining census houses, out of a total number of 3,134,120 census houses those with walls made of oth€r materials like in the State, 1,899,265 Or 60.60 per cent census mud, grass, leaves, reeds, bamboo, wood, G.I. houses have walls made of burnt bricks and sheets etc., constitute just 10.18 per cent of the 915,780 or 29.22 per cent census houses have walls total number of census houses. That walls of unburnt bricks. Thus census houses with of 60.60 per cent of the census houses are made walls made of with these two materials aCcount of burnt bricks point in a way to the general for as high as 89.82 per cent of all census houses level of economic prosperity in the state. 69 Houses with burnt-brick walls ever, no reflection on their relative lower or higher level of economic prosperity. In fact 8. Out of 3,134,120 census houses.. in the these districts share equally the benefits of state, 1,899,265 census houses have walls made economic development and, therefore, their of burnt bricks. It will be seen that the number residents are quite willing to invest in pucca of the ,census houses with burnt-brick walls is houses. more than double the number the c-ensus houses with walls made of un burnt bricks-the latter In the urban areas, Kapurthala district standi'ng at 915,780. A glance at subsidiary table tops with a proportion of 965 houses having 'H-II.1 will show for every 1,000 census burnt brick walls per 1,000 census houses fol th~t lowed by Hoshiarpur district with 957 houses houses, walls of 906 houses in urban and 508 houses in rural areas are made of burnt bricks. and Ludhiana district with 942 houses. Jullundur, Thus the analysis of data relating to wall Patiala and Amritsar districts also rank above materials shows that walls of an overwhelming the state in the matter of houses with walls built number or houses in the Punjab State are built of burnt bricks, the proportions l:eing 933, 928 of a durable and lasting material, reflecting again and 927 census houses respectively. The remain on the living standards of its population. But for ing nve districts rank below the State and lowest the short supply of slack coal in the state required position goes to Firozpur district. It is clear for burning of bricks a large majority of census that an overwhelming majority of houses in the houses even in rural areas would have walls urban areas have walls built of burnt bricks. made of burnt bricks. The per capita income in the Punjab State, which continues to pe the In the caSe of cities, Ludhiana tops in the highest in the country-thanks to our hard work State with 964 census houses with walls built ing peasantry and their ready acceptance of of burnt bricks per 1,000 census houses followed application of modern technology to farming-is by Patiala with 959, Jullundur with 9H and to some extent reflected in the overwhelming Amritsar, with 934 such census houses. In number of houses having burnt brick walls. It cities, wans made of other materials are is encouraging to note that the rural areas of largely to be found in houses in the peripheral the state have not lagged behind in the race for colonies where poorer sections of the society construction of houses with walls made of burnt have built up temporary ramshackle-frame bricks. Rural areas of Jullundur district have houses. returned the highest proportion of 667 census houses with walls made of burnt bricks per 1,000 Houses with Walls made. of Unburnt Bricks census of all types followed by Kapurthala district, 622, Hoshiarpur district, 612 and Sangrur with 9. It has been a practice over the centuries 581 census houses w; Lh walls made of burnt in Punjab villages to erect walls of mud bricks. The three border districts of Firozpur. brkks generally prepared out of mud in the Gurdaspur and ~mritsar account for only 284, 445 village pond. Mud bricks -are generally pot and 434 such census houses respectively per 1,000 cast in any mould and are given the necessary census houses of all types. Reasons for the small shape just by movement of hands and are dried number of such houses in these distdcts are not in th~ sun. These ure utHised generally in far to seek. One reason is that a large numher cons~ruction of small houses by the poorer of houses in rural areas in these districts were sectIOns of the population. Protection of walls, destroyed as a result of the Indo-Pak conflict made out of unburnt bricks, is not possible by in 1965. The new houses were reconstructed application of any water-proof !Jlaster and even generally with kacha materials because of the a small crack in the external layers can cause continuing border tenSions even after 1965. unE'?Cpected gushing of water through the walls. The second reason is that in the riverain tracts O~mg to heavy rains in some regions, houses in these districts liable to annual flooding there bmlt of mud walls readily suffer the damage has been a long tradition of ;building houses of because the wa lIs b"eak loose from the roof mud walls only. Proportion of houses built ot and collapse. It is a common sight in villages burnt bricks is also lower than the correspond to 0 hserve house~ of mud walls being in,g State average in the caSe of Bhatinda, Ropar rebuilt after every two or three years. -With the and Patiala districts, the proportions being 466, dawn o~ economic prosperity in the State, the 495 and 503 census houses respectively. These proportIOn of hotlses with mud walls is rapidly districts have not come up to the level of the fallinr· other d~stricts in the use of pucca. metrials like burnt bricks owing to the shortage of slack coal It will be seen by makin_g a reference to the for burnjng of bricks in the rural areas. The Table H-II,l that for the State as a whole 292 lower proportions of census houses with walls census houses per 1,000 census houses have walls made of burnt bricks in these districts is, how- built of unburnt bricks, the rural proportion 70 siandinJ! at 367 and the urban proportion at 63. State average, Tn urban areas also, Gurdaspur A glance at Table H-II.~ shows tha~ the propor district toP& in the State with 59 census houses tion of census houses wIth walls bUllt of unburnt made of mud per 1,000 census houses followed by bricks is fairly high in rural areas comp~red to Amritsar district, 18, and Jullundur district, 17. the urban areas of districts. In the Flrozpur district, for instance, 681 houses have un burnt In Ludhiana city there are only 3 mud wall brick wans in rural areas per 1,000 census houses, houses per 1,000 census houses against a propor followed by Bhatinda with 517 census houses tion of 16 s'..lch houses in the case of A!rlritsar and Amritsar with 473 census houses. Number city. of unburnt-brick wall houses in Ludhiana, Houses made of Stone Walls PaHala and Sangrur districts is also above the State average. In urban areas, Firozpur 11. unlike the Houselisting Operation of and Bhatinda districts account for 159 and 148 1961 Censlls when a sizable number of houses unburnt-brick walls houses respectively. Sangrur with walls made of stone was recorded, the num district accounts for only 75 houses per 1,000 ber of such census houses recorded at the House census houses. The semi-urban style of .life in listing Operation of the 1971 Census is very low towns in these districts offers an exp] anatlOn for because (i) the montane and sub-montane dis the higher incidence of houses of unburnt bri~k tricts where stone is available in plenty have, on walls. Labourers working in the foodgram reorganisation of the cOr.1posite Punjab State, markets in these towns generally erect un gone to Himu{'hal Pradesh and eii) Mahendragarh burnt brick wall houses on the peripheraJ areas. and Gurgaon di.stricts, where stone w~lls were In other districts the proportion of such houses popular, have been transferred to Haryana State. is lower than the' State' avera_lte. In the Hoshiar The proportion of census houses with stone walls ~pur district, there are only 16 houses per 1.000 in the reorgani..;·ed State of Punjab is as low as census houses. Out of cities, Amritsar has 42 4 per 1.000 cernsus houses in rural areas as work census houses, Jullundur 41 census houses, ed out in Subsidiary Table H-II.l. Such census Ludhiana 25 census houses and Patiala 18 census couses are reflected mahlv in the rural areas. houses per 1,000 census houses. Houses of un The corresponding prop1wtions for rural areas of burnt-brick walls are to be found only on the othee districts are 1 for Gllrnaspur, 17 for fringes of these cities, mostly Ibuilt by the Sche~ Hoshiarpur, 36 for Ropar and 9 for urban areas duJ.ed Caste population and other weaker sec of Ronal' district. According to SubSidiary Table tions of the society. II-Il.1 the higher proportion of census houses with walls mage of stone obtaining in the case Houses made of Mud walls of these three districts than the corresponding nroportirm for the State as a whole is explained 10. Table H-II will show that among dif£er~ by the fact that stone is easily available in these ent types of wall materials, mud takes the thlrd areas. place. Out of a total number of 3.134.120 census houses in the State, 283,955 census houses have Census Houses with walls made of Grass, walls made of mud. Large scale use of mud for Leaves, Reeds or Bamboo raising walls is very common among the poorer sections of the community in the rural areas 12. The '1umbpr of ('enstis I-)ouses with where mud is available generallv free of cost walls made of these foU" materials works out either from the vi1lage pond or common land. to only 3 census houses per 1.000 census houses Clods of dry mud taken out of ponds are broken in the State. 4 census houses in rural areas and into pieces in a wav so a'> to take some obtrusive 2 ('enS'lS hl)Uses h nrban areas according to brick-like shape. In a large number of cases, subsidiary table H-II.l. Genera.ny, improvised wet soil is rammed in between two shutters. huts and temporary sheds used for tethering which consist of two wood planks. and this pro livestock jn wiT'ter, mainly constitute houses cess is called Bhit kutna in local parlance. fallinQ' under thjs cateE!'orv. Materials such as P'rass, Jeaves reeds or bamboo are used in According to Subsidiary Table H-II.1 the abunc1"''1t meaSurE' mostly in the sub-montane propOrtion of census houses with wans made of districts. Tlljs is cDr"'(lhoraterl bv the data mud in terms of 1,000 census houses stands at 91 [Yiven in suhsidi.arv table H~Ir.l which shows for the State as a whole-115 for rural areas that the proportion of such ('ensus houses stand" and 15 for urban areas. Rural areas of Gurdas~ at 5 each in Gurdaspur and 'K:apurthala districts, nUT district rank hig-hest in the State with 375 7 in tn!"' rase of Hoshiarnllr district and 11 in the census houses with walh made of mud per 1,000 f'R.se of TIonar nist"'jct. T'1 the urban areas of census houses followed bv Ronar district with ROlJa,district 26 census house<; per 1,000 census 271 census houses and Kapurthala district with houses have been. fPnort0d lY'adp of th"€se 202 s"ch census houses. Likewise. Hoshiarnur materiaJs. Ropar district tak~s the lead follow and PaHala 'districts also take a lead over the ed bv Sangrur and Hoshiarpur districts because 71 a large labour force engaged on the mainte Houses with walls made of G. I. Sheets or other nance of Bhakra and Nangal Project, lives in im Metal Sheets provised houses made out of these mate~'ials be 15. All· told, there are 310 census houses in side the other sections of the populatlOn who the State which have walls made of such sheets cannot afford to use expensive construction out of a total number of 3,134,120 census houses materials. in the State. It will be clear from subsidiary Houses made of Wood Walls table H-II.1 thalt only one census house per 1,000 13. According to subsidiary Table R-II. 1 census houses has been returned for each of the walls of only one house per 1,000 census houses urban areas of Jullundur, Hoshiarpur and Nopar are made of wood in the rural areas as agamst districts. In the other districts, the proportion 11 census houses per 1,000 census houses in the of such houses is almost negligible. These con urban areas in the State. The proportion of struction materials ate not popular and suitable census hOUses in the case of districts where because of the extremes of climate in the Punjab. wood has been somewhat significantly used in Census houses with walls made of all other the urban areas are Gurdaspur district with 24 materials and materials not stated census houses, 15 in Patiala district and 14 16. Construction materials, not classifiable census houses each in Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana and under any of the categories discussed heretofore Ropar districts. Firozpur, Ludhiana and and also such cases where a houselisting enumera Patiala districts have also returned higher pro tors have not recorded any material, have been portion of wood wall houses in urban areas than lumped togetheI'( under this head. There are the corresponding proportion for the State as a only 1,890 such census houses in the State i.e. 0.60 whole. Tea stalls and sprawling fruit and vege census houses per 1,000 census houses according table khokas account for a large proportion of to subsidiary table H-II.1. Absolute number of such census houses in: the State. such census houses is very small in rural areas of Census Houses of Cement Concrete Walls various districts but there are 2 census houses per 1,000 census houses in urban areas at the State 14. According tQ subsidiary Table H-II. 1 level. In the urban areas of Gurdaspur and there is only one census house per 1,000 census Jullundur districts the number of such' census hou.ses in both urban and rural areas separately, houses has been recorded at 13 and 4 per 1,000 walls of which are made of cement concrete. census houses, respectively. Households living in This is reflected in the case of district where the canvas tents, particularly employees of P.W.D., number of houses built with this construction labour force engaged on various projects and material in the rural areas is minimal except the watch and ward personnel posted on security Ropar district where there are 4 such census duty with 'V.I.Ps. have been recorded under this houses per 1,000 census houses. Incidence of category. such census houses in the Ropar district can be Material of Roof attributed to a large number of cement concrete , 17. As the following inset table (Based on wall houses built in connection with the Bhakra Main Table R.Il), giving the distribution of cen Nangal Proj~ct. In the urban areas of Amritsar sus .houses by predominant material of roof for and Hoshiarpur districts there are 4 and 3 such the State as a whole and separately for its rural c~sus houses respectively per 1,000 census and urban areas, will show, the roof materials houses. Amritsar city has 4 such census houses have been classified under seven distinct catego per 1,000 census houses against one census house ries. Materials that could not be classified under per 1,000 census houses in Ludhiana City. It will any of the seven types and housing ·units in res~ thus be observed that walls or cement concrete pect of which no material was specifically re~ are a rare phenomenon in this State and the use corded by the houselisting enumerators, were of such materials is mostly restricted to the lumped together in a separate head: "All other government buildings. materials and materials not stated". TABLE Number of Censu~ Houses by predominant Material of Roof Total Grass, leaves, Tiles, Corrugated Asbestos Brick Stone Concrete All other No. of reeds, thatch, slate, iron, zinc cement and R.B.C./R.C.C. ' materials Census wood, mud, shingle or other sheets Lime and houses unburnt metal materials bricks or sheets not stated --_. bamboo 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ...... _------_Total 3,134,120 1,863,340 883,800 27,275 5,045 127,070 680 223,995 2,915 Rural 2,360,285 1,615,360 609,805 14,200 695 62,615 630 55,890 1,090 urban 773,835 247,980 273,995 13,075 4,350 64,455 50 168,105 1,825 72 It will be seen that 1,863,340 census houses or ing roofs of houses where walls are made of burnt nearly 59 per cent of the total census houses in bricks. In such cases, planks of wood are arrang the State have roofs made of one or the ether ed on the rafters and dry earth is put on these. mate1.'ials :falling under the category: 'Grass, -leaves,- reeds, thatch, wood, mud, unburnt bricks According to subsidiary table H-U.2, giving or bamboo'. Materials mentioned under columns the distribution of 1,000 census houses by pre" 14,-15, 17 and 19 together account for about 40 dominant material of roof, Firozpur district tops per Cent of the census houses where roof.s are in the State with 856 census hou~s with roof built of pucca materials-proportion of such made of materials like grass, reeds, etc. in rural areas followed by Bhatinda district with 827 houses is 1,262,140 out of the total census houses 3,134,120. such census houses, Sangrur district with 799 census houses, Amritsar district with 719 ~ensus houses Patiala district with 712 census houses HouSleS with roofs made of grass, reeds, and R~par district with 680 census houses. Uni thatch etc. formity of housing pattern with reference to 18. As has been stated earlier, out of 3,134,120 the mater~aJ. of roof in the district.s of Firozpur, census houses in the Punjab State, 1,863,340 Bhatinda and Sangrur is partly due to light rain.. census -houses have roofs made out of materials fall in this region. Jullundur district with 410 like grass, leaves, teeds, thatch, wood, mud, un.. such census houses is at the bottom in the State. burnt briCks or bamboo. Thus about 3/5ths of Kapurthala district with 493 and Hoshiarpur the census houses iri -the reorganised Punjab had district with 597 census houses per 1,000 census -1tacha -roofs at the time of Houselisting in March, houses rank above Jul1undur district. 197tl --as against 4J 5ths at the lR60 Houselisting O»eration. This shows that there has been a As regards urban a~_eas, Sangrur district tops remarkable! shift in the quality of roof materials with 491 such census liouses per 1,000 census use pel' 1,000 census houses with roof made of mate the other three cities in the State. It is thus rials falling under this category in rural areas. evident tliat roofs built out of materials falling Compared to this, the rural areas of Firozpur, in this category are mostly a feature of urban . Bhatinda and Sangrur· districts have returned areas, particularly big cities. Availability of pmportions of 126, 98 and 139 census houses res techniCal know-how: regarding hQuse construction pectively. This can be attributed to low annual in urban areas is also a factor responsible in a rainfall in these districts. large measure for a greater number of houses falling in this category. In so far as urban areas are concerned, Hoshiarpur district, having returned a propor Asbestos Cement sheets tion of 573 census houses per 1,000 census houses with roof marde of materials falling in this cate 21. Number of roofs built of these sheets gory, leads the' other districts, followed by are 6 per 1,000 census houses in the urban areas Ju1lundur district with a proportion of 571 census and negligible in the rural areas for the State as houses. The proportions jn' the case of Bhatinda a whole. and Sangrur districts stand at 176 and 218 res pectively. Out of cities, Jullundur tops with 562 : Houses with roofs made of bricks and lime such census houses per 1,000 census houses. Amritsar city and Patiala city have returned 22. For the s,tate as a whole, 41 census proportions of 325 and 402 respectively. I,t is houses per 1,000 census houses have roofs built of thus evident that urban areas reflect a higher bricks and lime; 27 census houses in rural areas incidence of_use of roof materials falling under and 83 census houses per 1,000 census houses in this category than the rural areas. urban areas. It will be observed that there are significant variations in the distribution of Houses with I roof bUilt of R.B.C./R.C.C. houses falling under this category among various . districts of the State. In rural areas of Ludhiana 20. Out of over 31 lac census houses in the district there are 101 census houses per 1,000 state 223,995 or abtmt 7 per cent of the total num cenilUS houses whereas Gurdaspur district has ber of census houses were recorded as having roofs returned a proportion of only 4 such census built of R.B.C./R.C.C. The proportion of such houses. The proportion of such census houses census houses works out to 21.7 per cent for urban in the case of districts like Kapurthala, Hoshiar areas and 2.4 per cent for rural areas. The high pur and Sangrur is higher than the corresponding incidence of roofs of such materials is attributed State proportion standing at 27. On the other to the general economic prosperity in the State. hand, the proportion of such houses in the rural AlSo because of relatively easier availability of areas of Jullundur, Firozpur and Amritsar dis round iron and angles and cement in urban areas, tricts is only 7 to 8 census houses per 1,000 census the number of houses having RB.C./RC.C. roofs houses which is far below the State average. is multiplying rapidly. The class of affluent businessmen, which has been fast growing in this I,n the urban areas, Ludhiana district having State, generally utiHze 'black money' in raising returned a proportion of 141 census houses per luxury houses both with expensive construCtion 1,000 census houses leads all other districts materiaJs, like the ones in this category. Exis followed by Ropar district with a proportion of tence of a 'parallel economy' in the country, 122 census houses. The urban areas of Firozpur supported by 'black money', is one of the impor and Bhatinda districts with 118 and 117 census tant reasons for a larger number of houses coming houses respectively per 1,000 census up with costly construction materials. houses occupy third and fourth places in the State. Jullundur district with just 7 census houses is at the' bottom. Similarly significant .; ~ccording to subsidiary t::ible H-II.2, Ropar . dlstnct has returned the· highest proportion of variations in the proportions of such census census houses under this category-49 census houses is discernible in the case of cities. ~ul1un hoUSes per 1,000 census houses, followed' by dur hag'returned a proportion of 3 census houses Bhatinda with 48 census houses in rural areas pel' 1;000 census houses as against 163 census houses in Lndhiana, 114 in Amritsar and 72 in against the State rural average of only 24 census Patiala. - houses per 1,000 census houses. .As against this in lH'ban areas, Ludhiana district leads the State CenMlS h6Ute8 with cormgated iron, zinc or other with 311 census houses per 1,000 . c~nsus houses f-allowed by Patiala with 291 and Bhatinda dis . metal sheet roofs trict. with 256 census houses. Patiala city with 23. qut of· 3,134,120 census houses in the 3S6:census houses per 1,000 census houses leads State, only 27;;275 census houses have roofs made 74 out of materials included in this category .. This roofs by contractors for use by their labour force gives a- propol'tion of 9 such census houses per on various State projects in Gurdaspur, JuHun 1';00& census houses. Roofs made of these mate dur, Hoshiarpur and Ropar districts. rials are not popular in the plains of Punjab because of the climatic considerations. In the Distribution of residenti~l census houses. by pre composite Punjab State, tin roofs were popular dominant marerial of wall in the hHl districts like Kangra and Simla where more than half the houses in the towns and a 26. It will be seen from subsidiary table quarter in villages had roofs made of corrugat H-II. I(A), specially' prepared, that the predo ed slieets. N~ this type of roofs is only to be minant materials of walls or residential census found in the hilly portions of Hoshiarpur, Ropar houses have been lumped together into the and Gurdaspur districts. following three categories. This table has been prepared to highlight the use of materials of - As against the State average of 6 census wall in case of residential census houses : houses per 1,000 census houses with roofs made of materials falling under this category in the rural (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, areas, Ropar has 27 census houses, Gurdasput 14 unburnt bricks and wood; census houses and Hoshiarpur 20 census houses (ii) Burnt bricks, G.I. sheets, other metal per- 1,000 census houses. In the case of urban sheets, stone and cement; and areas. Ropar district has 117 census houses per 1,000 census houses against the (iii) Construction materials other than those State average of 17 census houses. In the plains included in categories I and II and cons of-Punjab, cOITligated sheet roofs are generally truction materials not classifiable. u;sed in temporary structures raised for short term .requirements for human habitation and This table will be found on page 00. It is storage. . abundantly clear from this table that in the Punjab an overwhelmin,g number of residential Census houses with stone roofs census houses is built of durable materials enfold ed in category II, like burnt bricks, G. 1. sheets, - 24. There are only 680 census houses with .other metal sheets, stone, cement etc. The pro stone -roofs in the entire State-630 census portion of residential census houses with walls houses in rural and 50 census houses in urban made of these materials stands at 484 areas. - Of·- this number, Ropar district alone per 1,000 residential census houses in the case 8C(!oui1ts fo.r such 395 census ho~75 census of rural areas and 904 in urban areas. At the houses in rural and 20 census houses in urban district level, Ju1lundur with 650 such residen areas.. Gurdaspur district has such 200 census tial census houses per 1,000 residential census . hou~es and Hoshiarpur district 25 census houses. houses, in rural areas leads all other districts StQne is ~asily avail.;able in these sub-montane followed by Hoshiarpur with 622 such census districts and cost of transportation is also low. In houses, Kapurthala with 605 such census houses, other districts burnt bricks have an overwhelm Sangrur with 586 such census houses, Ludhiana ing edge over stone for various reasons. The com with 556 and Ropar with 522 such census posite Punjab State has surrendered hilly areas houses. Firozpur district wi th 246 such to Himachal Pradesh since November! 1, 1966 census houses and Amritsar with 417 census where stone roofs were popular. Therefore, the houses per 1,000 residential census houses rank use of stone as a roof material is rare in the re at the bottom. The proportions of ~ch census organised State of Punjab. houses in respect of Bhatinda, Patiala and Gur daspur districts are also below the State average. All~ oth~r ~ia1s and materials not stated Overwhelming use of such construction ~; T.Jrnier this category all other materials, materials in the rural areas clearly indicates that wbkh were not classifiable. in .any of the.!peven there has been an overall shift from kacha to ~~tegories and c~s where :00 specific material pucca materials used in the construction of walls. wu· -recorded by the houseHsting -e:qumerator _in It is almost a rage in the· Punjab villages now to column 5 of the Houselist, were lumped together. construct houses made of nucca and durable cons Proportion of census houses in this category is truction materials. In' the wake of the green less than 1 . ce~us house per 1,000 cenSUS' hQuses .. revolution, almost every well-to-do peasant Fortunately there were not many cases of such family has either built a new house or has re omissions by the houselisting enumerators. In the novated or reconstructed the old one to give it circumstances most of the' ho-uses in this: category a look of a modern house. Earmarking of resi were those which were put ijp under canvassed dential plots during the consolidation operations 75 ... in the State has definitely given a fillip to cons Punjab State the total number of houses built truction of good type of houses in rural areas with materials listed under category III is hardly during the last decade. of any significance. Distrihutieil of residential census houses by pre In so far as urban areas are concerned, th,e dominant material of roof State average of residential census houses built with the pucca construction materials like burnt 27 .. S.ubsidiary table H-II. 2(A) giving dis bricks, metal sheets, cement etc. stands at 904 re tribution of 1,000 residential census houses by sidential census houses per 1,000 residential cen predominant material of roof in rural and urban sus houses. Hoshiarpur-district with 975 such cen areas separately wil1 be found at page 92. sus houses· per 1,000 residential census houses Like predominant materials of walls, predomi leads in the State followed by Kapurthala district nant materials of roof have also been classified with 957 such census houses, L udhiana district under three categories :- with 949 census houses, Patiala district with 938 census houses, Jullundur district with 928 ~ensus (i) Grass, leaves, reeds, bamboo, thatch, houses, Amritsar district with 920 and Ropar mUd, unburnt bricks, wood; district with 912 census houses. It is thus clear that in'a majority of the districts the proportion . - (ii) Tiles, slate, shingle, corrugated iron, of such census houses exceeds the State average zinc 6f other metal sheets, asbestos, 01 904 residential census houses per 1,000 residen cement sheets, bricks, lime, stone and tial census houses. Out of cities with 1 lac + RB:C,fR.C.C.; and population, Ludhiana leads with 965 census houses followed by Patiala with 963 census {iii) . All other materials and materials not houses, Jullundur with 937 censu-s houses and stated. Amritsar with 927 cel)SUS houses. It is abun dantly clear that in the urban areas also an over Acaordihgdo tiais subsidiary table, 698 residential whelming number OT residential census houses census houses per 1,O()O residential census houses has been built with pucca construction materials v'lith roof made of materials falling under cate mentiqned above. Quality of residential struc gory I and 302 residential census houses per 1,000 tures is an important component of living residential census 'houses with roof made of ;tandard of any society. Judged by this measure materials listed under category II have been the Punjab State leads some of the other States returned in rural areas of the Punjab. The in this respect. corresponding figUl';-es for the urban areas are 324: census houses. with roof made of . materials fall Number of residential census houses built ing under category I and· 673 census houses with Jut of materials enfolded in category III is materials falling under category II. It is thus Llmost negligible compared to those bui.lt with evident that roofs built with materials falling naterials classified under categories I and II. under category II are relatively predominant in ~or the State as a whole, 516 residential census urban areas and roofs built with materials falling louses in rural areas and 94 residential census under category I are relatively mOre predominant lOUseS in urban areas per 1,000 residential census in rural areas. The wide-spread use 01 materials louses fall in category 1 In so far as rural areas for roofing under category I in rural areas is due are concerned, Firozpur district leads with 754 to their easy local availability-an important iuch census houses followed by Amritsar district consideration to the poorer sections of the com vith 583 census houses, Gurdaspur district with munity living in villages. Residential census i75 census houses and Bhatinda with 544 census houses made' of kacna materials are generally louses. The proportion of such census houses found in Firozpur district. This explains why n 'yrban areas is insignificant except in the caSe a· high proportion of 877 residential census )f'tl'irozpur diSitrict where it is 197 census houses houses with roofs made of kacha materials per ler 1,000 residential census houses followed by 1,000 residential census hOuses have been retUrned lliatinda district with 175 census houses and· in . tne· district. Similarly Bhatinda district has ~urdaspur district with 121 census houses against returned a proportion of 831 residential census ~ State average of 94 residential census houses houses per 1,000 residential census houses. Pro Ie!' 1,000 residential census houses. portions of such census houses in rural lis only in the urban areas .of Gurdaspur areas of Sangrur. Patiala and Amritsar districts listrict that there are 18 residential census houses also exc~ the State average of 698. However, )er 1.000 residential census houseR built with the rura1 areas of Jullundur, Kapurthala, Curdas nate rials falling' under category III. It, there pur, Ludhiana, Ropar and Hoshiarpur districts !Ire, cleaTly emerges from the table that in the have returned lower proportions of such· census 76 houses· than the corresponding State average. per 1,000 residential census houses leads other I.n the case of urban areas, Sangrur district cities followed by Jullundur with 854 census accounts for 500 such census houses per 1000 re houses, Ludhiana with 801 census houses and sidential census houses followed by Gurdaspur Amritsar with 678 census houses. district with 459 such census houses Bhatinda ~ Material of wall . cross-classified by material of ~str~ct w~th 454 such census houses a~d Firozpur roof dlstnct With 447 such census houses against the corresponding State average of 324 such census 28. So far, we have discussed the predomi house;; per 1,OO() residential census houses. Pro nant materials used in the walls of census houses portions of residential census houses with roofs and also predominant roof materials separately. built with materials falling in category Il exceed A limitation of this type of approach to analysis of the State rural average of 302 in the case of data is that no relationship between materials of rural areas of districts like Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, walls and materials of roof can be established. Jullundur, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur and Ropar. Cross-classification of materials of wall Firozpur district however, has returned a and material of roof given in the appendix proportion of only 123 such census houses to Table H-II reflects somewhat more thus ranking at the bottom. Bhatind~ realistically about the quality of house con district is a little higher than the Firozpur struction in respect of the wall and roof district with a propm:ttion of 169 census houses materials. The following simplified version per 1,000 residential tensus houses. Urban of the Appendix. to table H-II giving the distribu areas of Jullundur district having returned· a tion of 1,000 residential census houses in Punjab proportiQn or 833 census houses with roofs made State by material of wall cross-classified by mate ?f materials falling Ul'lder category· n per 1 000 rial of roof, shows that more than three-fourths of residential census houses takes a lead over other residential census houses in the State have either districts Qf the State, foUowed by Hoshiarpur both walls and roofs made predominantly of district with a proportion of 828 census houses. kacha materials or 'Pucca materials. However, Ludhiana, Kapurthala, Ropar and Patiala districts residential census houses, which have both walls also exceed the State average of 673. However, and roofs made of kacha materials, have been re in Sangrur district, the proportion of such houses turned in a slightly higher proportion, 39.4 per is hardly 500 census houses in the urban areas. . cent than those which have both walls and roofs Out of the cities, Patiala with 878 census houses mad~ of pucca materials, 37.7 per cent. Distribution or 1,000 Residential,Census H.ouses In Punjab State by Material of Wall crQss-classif;,'d by Material of Roof Total number Predominant material of wall Predominant material of roof of Census houses GraSI, leaves, reeds. Tiles, slate. shingle, All other materials bambOO, thatch, corrugated' iron. zinc 'and materials not mud, unburnt or other metal sheets, stated bricks or wood asbestos cement sheets, brick, lime, stone and R.B.C·fR.C.C. 1 2 3 4 5 1,000 (i) Grass. leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks, wood 394 17 N {ii) Burnt bricks. G.I. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, .cement 211 377 N f~i) All other materials and materials not stated N N ~=Negligible. It will be seen that residential census houses Comparing the position discussed above with which have '}Valls made of pucca materials but the position obtaining in other States, it will be roofs made of kacha materials constitute a signi seen that ?unjab ranks fairly high in the pro ficantly liigh proportion of 21 per {!ent of all re portion of census houses which have both wans sidential census houses. On the other hand, the and roofs made of pucca materials. States which proportion 'of residential census houses which have returned higher proportions of such residen have walls made of Ikacha materials and the roofs tial census houses than Punjab 37.7 include made of pucca material.s is as low as 1.7 per cent Gujarat 49.5 per cent, Himachal Pradesh 40.1 per qf all residential census hQuses, - - cent, Maharashtra 42.2 per cent and Rajasthan 77 44.1' per rent. Normally one would expect roofs made of pacca materials, the lowest Punjab to reflect a higher incidence of pucca proportion 1.1 per cent having been re houses because of its having an edge over States turned by Haryana. In contrast with this, in the economic field. It has, however, to be Madhya Pradesh has returned as high as 67.3 per borne in mind that there are other considerations cent of such census houses. Some other States like past history of constructions which deter which account for a high proportion of such cen mine their present state. Nevertheless it is a sus houses include Gujarat 43.4 per cent, Bihar matter of satisfaction that Punjab accounts for 41.9 per cent, Himachal Pradesh 31.1 per cent and a higher proportion of pucca residential census Maharashtl'8J 29.3. per cent. On the other hand, houses than some of its neighbouring States like States which share the phenomenon of low inci Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and J & K which have dence of such census houses with Punjab and returned just 29.1 per cent, 23 per cent and 12.5 Haryana include J&K 2.8 per cent, Tripura 6.1 per cent respectively of pucca residential census per cent, Kerala 9.2 per cent, Assam 10 per cent, houses. and Manipur 10.9 per cent. Looking at the position of residential census As regards residential census houses which houses which have both walls and roofs made of have walls made of pucca materials and roofs of kaclia materials in different States, it will be seen kacha materials, the highest proportion 39.7 per that Gujarat State has the lowest incidence of cent has been returned by J&K State. Other such residential census houses 5.4 per cent follow States in order of their relative proportions are ed closely py Madhya Pradesh 8.3 per cent, Hima Haryana 34.3 per cent, Mysore 25.4 per cent and chal Pradesh 14.4 per cent, Maharashtra 14.7 per punjab 21.1 per cent. It is interesting to note cent, Rajasthan 24~9 per cent, Mysore 25.3 per that States like Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, cent, Haryana 35.4 per cent, Bihar 38.1 per cent Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura and and Punjab 39.4 per cent. Uttar Pradesh and lastly West Bengal have returned even less than Jammu & Kashmir ha~e slightly higher propor 1 per cent of such census houses. tions of such censuS houses than Punjab, the proportions standing at 42.9 per cent and 44.6 per Rural-Urban Differences cent respectively. . The following statement gives the distribu Punjab has returned the second lowest pro tion of 1,000 residential census houses by material portion of residential census houses 1.7 per cent of wall cross-classified by material of roof separa which have walls built of kacha materials, but tely for rural and urban areas of Punjab State :- Distribution of 1,000 Residential Census Hou~esi n PUiIljab St,!lte by Mat~ial of Wall cross-classified by Maferial of R()of separately for Rural and Urban Areas Total number Predominant material of wall Predominant matl?rjal of roo/ of Census houses Grass, leaves, reeds, Tiles. slate, shingle, All other matp.rials bamboo, thatch, corrugated irOn. zinc and materials mud, unburnt bricks or other metal sheets, not stated or wood asbestos cement sheets, brick, lime, stone and RB. e./ R.C.C. 2 3 5 --.------_ - ._. -- - -.------RURAL 1,000 0) Grass, leaves, reeds or 495 21 N bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks, wood (ii) Burnt bricks, G.I. sheets 202 282 N or other metal sheets, stone, cement (iii) All other materials and N N N materials not stated URBAN 1,000 (i) Grass, leaves,. reeas" or 88 7 N bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks, wood (ii) Burnt br:cks, G. I. sheets, 237 666 N or other metal sheets, stone, cement (iii) All other materials Rnd N N 2 materials not stated 78 It will be seen from the statement given pUCca materials reflect a much higher incidtmce above that census houses which have both walls in urban areas than rural areas. and roofs made of kacha materials constitute It is interesting to note that there is no about half 49.5· per cent of the total number of significant rural-urban differential in the inci census houses in rural areas as against just 8.8 dence of census houses which have walls made per -cent in urban areas. Contrary to this, census of pucca materials and roof made of kacha hOttses which have both walls and roofs made 'of materials. H-II DISTRIBUTION OF CENSUS HOUSES BY PREDOMI NANT MATER:r.AL OF WALL AND PREDOMINANT MATE RIAL OF ROOF The table giving the distribution of census houses by pre dominant material of wall and predominant material of roof presents data for the State as a whole, its districts and separa tely for rural and urban areas. Data have also been presented separately for each city. Tabl'e H-II by and large corresponds to Table E-IV of 1961, !the difference between the two tables being that the latter gives data about censu.s houses used wholly or partly as dwel lings while the former relates to all types of census houses. J The taMe has been supplemented with an Appendix (Ap pendix to table H-II) which cross-classifies material of walT with materiaI of roof. ) The figures given in this table are unbiased estimates of the characteristics based on 20 per cent sample of census houses. For a brief note on the precision of the cell-frequencies, refer ence is invited'to the fly-leaf of Table H-I. As already mentioned in the fly-leaf to Table H-I, these estimates have been obtained by multiplying the sample fi gures by 5. 79 \ 80 H-II DISTRIBUTION OF CENSUS HOUSES BY PREDOMINANT Predominant Material S tate/District/City Tota" Total Grass, Mud Unburnt Wood Burnt G.I. Sheets Stone Rural number leaves, bricks bricks or other Urban of Census reeds or metal Houses bamboo sheets ----...;.,_----..._------... -~------~~---..__--,.._-...... __------f 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------~------:------...... ------.-~--.------PUNJAB " Total 3,134,12() 9,535 283,955 915,780 10,180 1,899,265 310 10,735 Rural 2,360,285 8,185 272,050 866,965 2,100 1,198,380 100 lO,4'i0 Urban 773,835 1,350 11,905 48,815 8,08(} 7,00,885 21(} US Gurdaspur District " Total 261,220 1,045 78,765 36,425 1,710 142,200 15 105 Rural 200,300 1,010 75,140 34,470 250 89,180 10 105 Urban 60,920 35 3,625 1,955 1,460 53,020 5 Amritsar District Total 354,850 350 23,545 116,445 550 213,380 10 Rural 234,325 275 21,385 110,795 215 101,605 Urban 120,525 75 2,160 5,650 335 111,775 10 .. Firdzpur District .. Total 385,925 1,355 9,335 218,255 1,240 155,425 15 15 Rural 300,515 1,265 8,680 204,680 240 85,420 IO 5 , Urban. 85,410 90 655 13,575 1,000 70,005 5 10 Ludhiana District " Total 324,960 230 8,895 87,685 ],875 226,]55 15 5 Rural 213,810 150 8,340 83,540 255 121,485 15 5 Urban till,150 80 555 4,145 1,620 104,670 Jullundur District " Total 374,000 420 20,395 73,310 525 278,545 105 Rural 265,065 3]5 18,555 68,985 130 176,890 Urban 108,935 105 1,840 4,325 395 101,655 105 Kapurthala District Total 93,080 330 14,320 12,510 35 65,800 10 5 Rural 69,975 320 14,130 11,905 30 43,520 5 .. Urban 23,105 10 190 605 5 22,280 5 5 Hoshiarpur District " Total 324,250 2,105 44,920 58,555 965 212,225 40 4,855 Rural 284,015 2,055 44,595 57,900 405 173,740 20 4,855 Urban 40,235 50 325 655 560 38,485 20 Ropar District Total 181,260 2,440 42,105 29,410 510 100,355 55 5,750 Rural 154,355 1,745 41,755 28,150 140 76,440 20 5,500 Urban 26,905 695 350 1,260 370 23,915 35 250 Patiala District Total 286,970 355 30,060 79,090 1,360 175,885 35 Rural 212,530 290 29,025 76,140 215 106,770 20 Urban 74,440 65 1,035 2,950 1,145 69,115 15 Sangrur District Total 279,220 405 8,110 88,290' 705 .181,545 Rural 218,935 310 7,450 83,755 90 127,180 Urban 60,285 95 660 4,535 615 54,365 Bhatinda District Total 268,385 500 3,505 115,805 705 147,750 10 Rural 206,460 450 2,995 106,645 130 96,150 Urban 61,925 50 510 9,160 575 51,600 10 Amritsar City (Amritsar Urban 95,455 30 1,500 4,025 245 89,190 5 District) , Ludhiana City (Ludhiana Urban 84,870 55 290 2,090 560 81,800 District) Jullundur City (Jullundur Urban 65,580 65 635 2,705 160 61,895 65 District) Patiala City (Patiala Distri.ct) Urban 32,230 5 390 575 325 30,890 5 ----_---- -+-- 81 MATERIAl., ___ ' I,.. or \\'1&\l.L. " ' AND ,,'PU])OMINANT " MATElUAL"'" or ROOl', , , 0/ Wall t,..MmItfaIII J/4t,riGl 0/ Roo/ ... _--__._- Cement AU other Grass, leaves, TUes, Corrup· Asbestos Brick Stone Concrete, All other - Concrete materials reeds, Slate, ted Cement and R.B.C., materials and thatch, Shinsle Iron, Sheets Lime R.C.C. and materials wood, Zinc material. not stated mud, or other not Itated unburnt metal bricks or sheets bamboo' 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ----- • ------2,470 1,190 1,863,340 883,800 17.275 5,(145 127,070 680 ~23,995 2.,915 1,620 415 1,615,360 609,80!S 14,200 695 62,615 630 55,890 1,090 850 1,475 247,980 273,995 13,075 4,350 64,455 SO IU.IO! 1,815 145 810 162,430 74,425 3,665 360 2,075 200 17,100 965 105 30 13'4,1l5 58,230 2,720 190 835 200 3,895 lIS 40 780 28,31'5 16,195 945 170 1240 13,205 850 475 95 211,695 101,110 910 925 12,640 5 27,380 185 20 30 168,520 60,810 105 40 1,665 3,100 85 455 65 43,175 40,300 805 885 ,10,975 5 24,280 100 230 55 294,035 68,095 620 130 12,545 20' 10,380 100 20S 10 257,1~5 37,740 60 20 2,470 5 3,055 40 2S 45 36,910 30,355 560 110 10,075 15 7,325 60 75 25 166,350 76,275 2,300 1,500 37,220 15 41,200 100 5 15 140,775 44,180 570 30 21,535 15 6,650 55 70 10 25;575 32,095 1,730 1,470 15,685 34,550 45 160 540 126,015 212,385 2,220 1,445 l2,83O [ 28,455 650 140 SO 108,760 150,200 150 120 ,2,065 3,690 80 20 490 17,255 62,185 2,070 1,325 765 l24,765 570 60 10 4],940 39,585 145 10 4,570 .5 6,765 60 5S 10 34,480 30,695 30 5 3,200 5 1,505 55 5 7,460 8,890 115 5 1,370 L5,260 5 ..65 120 ,176,800 116,925 6,530 140 12,975 25 10,645 210 340 105 169,700 93,880 5,835 80 9,015 25 5,295 185 125 15 7,100 23,045 69S 60 3,960 ~ 5,350 2S 565 70 111,925 42,140 7,250 330 6,890 ~95 12,115 215 540 65 104,910 33,480 4,095 165 3.605 375 7,550 175 25 5 7,015 8,660 3,155 165 3,285 20 4,565 40 95 90 169,340 78,180 2,545 80 8,980 5 27,655 185 20 50 151,285 49,930 440 35 4,710 6,020 JIO 75 40 18,055 28,250 2,105 45 4,270 5 21,635 75 145 20 204,610 43,595 723 55 13,535 16,530 170 135 15 175,010 30,440 150 5 7,950 5,2lS 165 10 5 29.600 13,155 575 50 5,585 PI,3I5 5 55 55 198,200 31,085 365 70 . 12,810 10 25,770 7S 55 35 170,680 20,220 45 5 5,'65 , 9,915 2S 20 27,520 10,865 320- 65 7,245 5 15,855 50 400 60 29,840 31,065 605 735 10,910 22,210 90 70 5 16,125 24,135 700 1,470 13,810 28,590 40 S5 8,805 36,830 795 115 220 18,725 90 5 35 3,835 12.970 615 35 2,310 12,41$ 40 82 M-II DtsTRlBl1nON 0' CENSUS - HOUSES BY PREDOMINANT MATERiAL or- wAtt AN~ PREDOMINANT MA'fElUAL 0, ROOF APPENDIX. ,:pistributioJl of Residential ConSUl Houses by material' of wan cross· t:lassified by material of roof Prodominant material of roof i&att/Diltrict/City Total Total PredomiDant material of wall Orass, leaves, TUes, slate, All other Rural/Urban number of reeds, bamboo, shingle, materials and Census Houses thatch, mud, corrugated materials not unbumt bricks iron, zinc or stated or wood other metal sheets, asbestos cement sheets, bricks, lime. stone and R.B.C./R.C.C. 1 2 3 4 5 ------6 7 PUNJAB Total 2.,105,765 (I) Grass, leaves, relld~ 01 baruloo, mud, UIIburnt bricks, "ot.d 869,665 37,795 335 (il)Barnt brickS, G.I. sheets or otller metabheetl, stoue, cement· 464,565 831.445 425 (III) All otb.r IIlIIter ials aDd mat.rlall DOt .t&ted 120 15 1,400 Rural 1,658,620 (I) Grass,leaves, reeds or bamboo, mad, au burnt bricks, ""ood 8l1,82C 34,('~0 (II) Barut bricks, G.I. sheets or otber inetal Iheets, stone, cement 334,995 466,910 255 (ill) All other . materials and materials not Itated . 95 10 185 Urban 54'7.145 (i) Ora.s, leaves, reed. or bamboo, mad, auburnt bricks, wood 47,845 3,715 65 (il) Barntbrlcks, G.I. sbeets or other .eta1sheets,ltone, cement 12»,570 364,535 170 (III) All other materials and .teriala not Itated 5 1,215 Gurdaspor District Total 194,530 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks, wood 84,275 8,225 60 (ii) Burnt bricks, G.I. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement .. 36,060 65,105 ~35 (iii) All other materials and materia)a not stated 15 755 Rural 152,085 (0 Grass, leaves. reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks, wood 79,460 7,915 S5 Oi) Burnt bricks, 0.1. sheets or other metal iheets, stone, cement 21,390 43,245 (ill) All other materials and materials not atated 15 Urban 42,445 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt lu'ickl, wood .. 4,815 310 5 (il) Burnt bricka. 0.1. sheets or other metal sheefi, atone, cement 14,670 21,860 30 (iii) AU other materiali aDd materiaJa not atated . 7SS 8~ H.U DISTRIBUTION OF CENSUS :tiOUSES BY PREDOMINANT MArERl4L OJ WALL . 'AND PUDOMINANT MATERIAL o' Roor . . A'PPBNDIX DiltributioD of Residential Consul HOUies by material ot wall cros..clasaitiod . by matcn.t, . of roof --.-..• -.;...... ;~------.._..;.-_...;:...... --__;;,_",;--__,;..----.:...,_.:.__-_.:..----- Predominant material of roof Total Total Predominant material of wall Gr~s, leaves, Tiles, slate, All other State/District/City Rural/Urban number of reeds, bamboo, shinale, materials and Census HOUSes thatch. mud, corruaated materials not wtbamt bricks iroD. zinc or ,taM or WOtItf oth.. metMl Ihte1l. .._tal eemeat .....ta. bricks. If•• stono and R.B.C./R.C.C. 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 AmrItsar District Total 287,025 (i) Orass, leaves,-recds or bamboo, mud, anburnt brickS. woo~ .. 119.545 3,750 20 (ii) Burnt bricks, O.I. sheets or .other metal sheets. stone, cement 56,660 106,940 40 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated 5 65 Rural 199,645 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks, wood .. 113,Q40 3,305 20 c ~,,,_ (ii) Burnt bricks, G.I. sbeets or other metal IIh~ts:; sto~ ~ment 31,815 51,415 25 (iii) All other materials and materials !lot stated 5 20 Urban 87,380 (i) Gras~.leaves, reeds or bamboo, ,. mud, unburnt bricks, wqod .. 6,.50.5 445 (ii) Burnt bricks. GJ. sheets or other metal .beet•• atone. cement SS,S2S 15 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated 45 plrozpur District Total- 308,010 (i) Grls~. leaves, reeds or bamboo. mud. unburnt bricks. wood .. 195,285 2.225 20 (if) Burnt bricks. OJ. .beets or other metal.heets, .tone. cement 47.990 20 (iii) All other material. and materials not stated 10 45 Rural 2405.660 (i) Grass. leaves, reeds or bamboo. mud, unburnt bricks. wood .. 183.605 1.600 1.5 (Ii) Burnt. bricks. 0.1. Iheets or . other metal shed•• _stone. cement 31.815 28.605 10 (iii) All other materials and ma terials not stated 10 Urban 62.350 0) Grass. leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks. ~ .. n.Q() 615 (iJ) Burnt bricks. O.I. lbeets or other metal sheets. stone. cemOl1t 16,175 33.810 10 (iii) All. other materials and materials Dot stated 10 S4 H-U DISTRIBUTION 01' C~SUS HOUSES BY PREDOMINANq' MATERIAL OF WALL AND PREDOMINANT MATERIAL OF ROOF APPENDIX Distribution of Residential Census Houses by material of wall cross-classified by material of roof Predombant material of roof Total Total Predominant material of wall Grass, leaves, Tiles, slate, All other State/DJatrlct/City Rural/Urban number of reeds, bamboo shingle, materials and Census Houses thatch, mud. _corrua.ated materials not ttnburnt bricks Iron, zInc or stated aTwood other metal sheets, ub.stos cement IIheei~, bricks, lime, stone and R.B.C./R.C.C. ------1 2 3 4 S 6 7 --..__- .. -----~-,---. LudhiaDa Diatri<:t Total 227.525 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo. mud. unburnt bricks, wood . _ 67,685 1,380 30 (Ii) Burnt bricks, G.I. sheets or other metal sheets, stone. cement 49,070 109,310 4() (iii) All otber materials and materials not stated 10 Rural 146.460 (i) Grasst,leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, un urnt bricks, wood .. 63,925 1,045 25 (if) Burnt bricks, G.I. sheets or other metal sheets. stone. cement 33,735 _47,700 20 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated 10 Urban 81.065 (i) Grass. leaves. reeds or bamboo. mud. unburnt bricks. wood 3,760 335 5 (ti) Burnt bricks. G.I. sheets or other metal sheets. stone. cement J 5.335 61,610 20 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated Jullundur District Total 247.820 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks. wood . _ 58,170 7,315 35 (ii) Burnt bricks. G.I. Sheets or other metal sheets. stone, cement 24,775 157.120 50 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated 10 10 335 Rural 172,390 (i) Grass.leaves reeds or bamboo, mud. unburnt brigJcs. wood . _ 53,780 6,590 30 (ii) Burnt bricks, G.I. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement 16,915 95,020 20 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated 10 10 15 Urban .75.430 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud. unburn1 bricks. wood 4,390 725 5 . (ii)' Burnt bricks. G.I. sheets or other metalshcets. stone. cement 7,860 62,100 30 (ill) All other materials !:Iud - matirial» ilot stated n 85 R.1l DISTRIBUTION OF CE,NStJS HOUSES BY PREDOMINANt MATER.{AL OF WALL AND PREDOMINANT MATERIAL OF ROOF APPENDIX Distribution of Residential Census Houses by material of wall orols·classified by material of roof ------....:.------~.-.,.,-,------Predominant material of roof Total Total Stato/District/Clty Rural/Urban number of Predominant material of wall Grass, leaves, Tiles, slate, All other Census Houses reeds, bamboo, shingle, materials and thatch, mud, corrugated materials not . unbmnt brkks iron. zinc or stated or wood other metal sheets, llbeltos cement sh.. ts. bricks. lime, stOIl.O and R.B.C./R.C.c. -----_._------_..__-_...... ,...... _.._._._.... -----.-----.------~-- 2 3 4 5 6 7 ------.------~~-~------ Kapurtbala District Total 68,700 (i) Grass, lea vesl reeds or bamboo. mud, unburnt bricks, wood .. 20,350 930 30 (li) Burnt bricks, 0.1. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement 10.485 36,885 10 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated 10 Rural 52,145 (i) Grass, leaves. reeds or bamboo. mud, unburnt bricks, wood .. 19.710 85.5 30 (ti) Burnt bricks,' G.I. sheets: or other metal sheets, stone, cement S,7SS 25,77S 10 (iii) AU other materials and . materials not stated \0 Urban 16,555 (i) Grass, leaves. reeds or bamboo, mud. unburnt bricks. wood 640 75 (il) Burnt bricks, G.I. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement 4,730 11,110 (iii) AU other materials and materials not stated Hoshiarpur District Total 192.145 (i) Grass,leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks, wood S5,l1 5 8,305 10 ('d) Burnt bricks, 0.1. sheets or other metal sheets, stone. cement 46.225 82,410 35 (Hi) All other materials and materials not stated 30' Rural . 166,175 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks, wood 54,500 8,285 10 (ii) Burnt bricks, G .1. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement 42,39S 60,920 35 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated 15 15 urban 25,970 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mUd, unbumt bricks, wood .• 615 20 (ii) Burnt bricks. O.I. lheets. or other metal sheets, stone, cement ),830 :11,490 (iii) All other mattrlala ana mattrlals DO' statld 86 If-II DISTRIBUTION OF CENSUS HOUSES BY PREDOM~NANT MATERIAL OF WALL AND PREDOMINANT MATERIAL or ROOP APPENDIX ~ DistributioD of Residential CCDSUI Houses by material o( wall crols-classified by material of roof Predominant material of roof tota} Total ------.___------.~-~ Stato/Disttiet/City Rural/Urban number of Predominant material of wall Orass, leaves, Tiles, slate, All other Census Houses reeds, bamboo, shir gle. materials ,and thatch, mud, c~rruaat.ed materia Is not unb'llmt brlclr6 Iron, ZlDC or ~tated " o)'wood other metal sheetB, .._tOil c::em.t .-~, br1cb, lim., stoae and _,._ R.B.C./R.C.C. 1 2 ---3 ------4 5 6 7 ------~,------.. ------Iloper DIJtrict Total 98,540 (0 Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud. unburnt bricks. wood .. 37.470 2,465 40 (ii) Burnt bricks. 0.1. abtcta or other metal sbeets. stone, cement 21,050 37,405 40 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated 70 Rural 80.570 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud. unburnt bricks, wood •. 36,170 2,220 10 Oi) Burnt bricks, 0.1. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement 18,045 24,020 40 (lil') All other materials and materials not stated ' 65 Urban 17,970 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks, wood .. 1,300 245 30 (ii) Burnt bricks, G.l. sheets or other metal sheets, stono, cement 3.00' 13,385 (iii) AU other materials and materials not stated 5 .atIala District Total 190,520 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo. mud, unburnt bricks, wood .. 74,505 980 35 (ii) Burnt bricks. G.I. sbeets or other metal sheets, stone, cement 40.135 74,740 50 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated IS 60 Rural 136,855 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud; unburnt bricks. wood .. 71,620 590 25 (ii) Burnt bricks, 0.1. sheets or . other metal sheets, stone, cement 29.850 34,710 10 (ill) All other materials and materials not stated 10 30 Urban 53,665 (i) Graa&, leavos, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt bric:lcs, wood .. 2,885 390 10 (il) Burnt bricks, 0.1. sheets or other metal sheets, stone. cement 10.285 40,030 30 (iii) All other materials and - materllla DOt _ted 5 30 87 It-II nISTRI8utION Qr CENSUS IJOUSES BY PREDOMINANT MAtERIAL 0' WAtt . . AND PREDOMINANT MATERiAL OF aoor ." .. APPENDIX Distribution of Residential Census Houses by material of wall cr'oss-classified by material of ·roof ------Predominant m'lterial of roof Total Total State/District/CIty Rural/Urban !lumber or PredomfDant materia] of wall Grass,lel'ves,------liles, slate, All other Census Houses reeds, bllDlboo, sblna1e, materials and thatch. mu({, corruaated materia), not unbornt bricks iron, zinc or lltated. or wood other metal .beets, asbestos cement sheets. briCks, lime. stone and ______.__ .______. ______--t_._ ...... _...... _ __ ------R.B.C./R.C.C...... ---. 1 3 4 5 6 7 ----,_,; ...... -----,------...... ,..---~-----..... --- ...... Sangrur District Total 186.320 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo. mud. unburnt bricks, wood .. 63,765 80S 45 (Ii) Burnt bricks, 0.1. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement 72,330 49,285 70 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated 5 Rural 146,580 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo. mud, unburnt bricks, wood 59,875 695 45 (ii) Burnt oricks, G.I. sheets or othor metal sheets, stone, cement 56.,370 29.515 65 (ill) All other materials and materials not stated 10 5 39,740 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks. wood .. 3,890 110 (ii) Burnt bricks; 0.1. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement 15,960 19,770 5 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated 5 'Bhatinda District Total 204,630 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo. mud, unburnt bricks, wood .. 93,500 I 1.415 10 (ii) Durnt briob, 0.1. .heets or other metal sheets, stonc, cement 59,785 49,830 35 (iii) All other materials and materials not .tated 25 5 25 Rural 160,055 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt bricks, wood •. 86.135 980 5 (il) Burnt bricks, G .1. sIleets or ou. mota) sheets, stono, comont 46,910 2',985 5 (iii) All other materials and materials Dot statod 20 IS Urban 44,575 (I) Grass.leavCl, reads or bamboo, mud. unburnt bricb, wood .. 7,365 435 5 (it) BUl'Dt brickl. 0.1. aboots or other metal lheeta, ItoDe. coment 12.875 (ill) AU other materialll and IDattrJall not atated •• s 10 sa D:lSTRJDWloN OJ cENSus HOUS:tS BY PRI;DOMlNANT MAtERIAL OJ! WAtt ... . AND PREDOMINANt MATERIAL OF ROOF - . APPE.NI>IX· Distribution of Residential Cenlus HouSel ·by material of wall cross-classificd by material of roof Predominant matorial of roof 'fotal Total StateJl)lttrict/City RuratJlJr,*, Dumber of Predominant material of wan -----Grass, leaves,---_------Tiles, slate, AU other CeaIua Houses reeds, bamboo, shingle. materials and thatch, mud, corrugated materials not unburnt bricks iron, zinc or stated or wood other metal sheets, asbesto. cement sheets, brick., lime, stone and R.B.C./R.C.C . . 2 3 4 -- S 6 7 ------Amritsar City Urban 70,320 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo. (Amritsar District) mud, unburnt bricks, wood 4,795 3()S j (ii) Burnt bricks, G .1. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement 17,805 47,355 IS (iii) All other materials and materhds not stated 45 Ludhiana City Urban 64,835 (i) Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, (L udhiafta District) mud, unburnt bricks. ~ood .. 2,005 2S0 (ii) Burnt bricks. GJ. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement 10,855 51,705 20 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated Jullundur City Urban 48,945 (0 Grass. leaves, reeds or bamboo, (JuUQIldur DiStrict) mud, unburnt bricks, wood ." 2,660 385 (ii) Burnt bricks, G.1. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement 4.395 41,435 30 (iii) All other materials and materials not stated 40 Patiala City Urban 24,280 (i) Grass, lea ves, teeds or bamboo, (Patiala District) mud, unburnt bricks, wood •. 620 240 (ii) Burnt bricks, GJ. sheets or other metal sheets, stone, cement 2,305 21,075 10 (iii) All other materials and matorials not stated :; 25 ,~,--.--- 89 H-II.t DISTRlBUl'ION OF 1,000 CENSUS HOUSES BY PREDOMINANT ~TERIAL OF WALL IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS. SEPARATELY' , Pmlominant Material of Wall State/District/City Rurall Grass, U;l'ban Leaves, Reeds or Mud Unburnt Wood Burnt 0.1. Stone Cement All other Bamboo Bricks Bricks Sheets or concrete materials other Metal and Sheets materials not stated 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 PUNJAB Rural 4 l1S 367 1 508 N 4 1 N Urban 2 15 63 1.1 906 N N 1 2 Gurdaspur District .. Rural 5 375 172 1 445 N 1 1 N Urban 1 S9 32 24 870 N 0 1 13 Amritsar District Rural 1 91 473 1 434 0 0 N N Urban 1 18 47 3 927 N, 0 4 N Firozpur District Rural 4 29 681 1 284 N N 1 N Urban 1 8 159 12 820 N N N N Ludhiana District Rural 1 39 391 1 568 N N N N Urban 1 5 37 14 942 0 0 1 N Jullundur District Rural 1 70 260 1 667 0 0 1 N Urban 1 17 40 4 933 1 •.0 N 4 Kapurthala District .. Rural 5 202 170 N 622 N 0 1 N Urban 1 8 26 N 965 N N N 0 Hoshiarpur District .. Rural 7 157 204 2 612 N 17 1 N Urban 1 8 16 14 957 1 0 3 N Ropar District Rural 11 271 182 1 495 N 36 4 N Urban 26 13 47 14 889 1 9 1 N Patiala District Rural 1 137 358 I 503 N 0 N N Urban 1 14 40 15 928 N 0 1 1 Sangrur District Rural 1 34 383 N 581 0 0 1 N Urban 2 11 75 10 902 0 0 N N Bhatinda District Rural 2 14 517 1 466 0 0 N N Urban 1 8 148 9 833 N 0 0 1 Amritsar City .. Urban N 16 42 3 934 N 0 4 1 (Amritsar District) Ludhiana City .. Urban 1 3 2S 6 964 0 0 J N (Ludhiana District) lullundur City .. Urban 1 10 41 2 944 1 0 0 1 (JuUundur District) Patiala Cit:y Urban N 12 18 10 959 N 0 N 1 (Pa tiala District) O=NiI. N =Ncgligible. 90 H-II.1(A) DISTRIBUTION OF 1,000 RESIDENTIAL CENSUS HOUSES BY PREDOMINANT MATERIAL OF WALL IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, SEPARATELY Predominant Materialof Wall State/District/City Rural! Urban Grass, Leaves, Burnt Bricks, All other Reeds or G.I. Sheets materials Bamboo, or other rand materials Mud, Unburnt Metal Sheets, -not stated Bricks, Wood Stone, Cement ------1 2 3 4 5 ...,.._..._..... _------...... ------__ PUNJAB Rural 516 484 N Urban 94 904' 2 Gurdaspur District Rural 575 425 N Urban 121 861 18 Amritsar District Rural 583 417 N Urban 80 920 N Firozpur District Rural 754 246 N Urban 197 802 1 Ludhiana District Rural 444 556 N Urban 51 949 0 Jullundur District Rural 350 650 N Urban 68 928 4 KapurthaJa District Rural 395 605 N Urban 43 957 0 Hoshiarpur District Rural 37& 622 N Urban 24 975 1 Ropar District Rural 477 522 1 Urban 88 912 N Patiala District Rural 528 472 N Urban 61 938 1 SanJI'ur District Rural 414 586 N Urban 101 899 N Bhatinda District Rural 544 456 N Urban 175 825 N Amritsar Cit, (Amritsar. District) Urban 72 927 Ludhiana City (Ludhiana District) Urban 35 965 0 Jullundur City (Jullundur District) Urban 62 937 Patiala City (Patiala District) Urban 36 963 O=Nil. N==NeJli.ible. 91 H-II.2 DIStRIBUTION OF 1,000 CENSUS HOUSES BY PREDOMINANT MATERIAL OF ROOF IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, SEPARATELY Predominant Material 0/ Roof State/District/City Rural Urban Grass, Tiles, Corrugated Asbestos Brick Stone Concrete All other Leaves, Slate, Iron, Cement and R.B.C.I materials Reeds, Shingle Zinc or Sheets Lime R.C.C. and Thatch, other materials Wood, Metal not Mud, Sheets stated Unburnt Bricks or Bamboo 1 --_2 3 4 5 6 7 ------.-..------8 9 10 PUNJAB Rural 684 258 6 N 27 N 24 1 Urban 3.21 354 17 6 83 N 217 .2 Gurdaspur District Rural 669 291 14 1 4 1 19 1 Urban 465 266 15 3 20 0 217 14 Amritsar District Rural 719 260 1 N 7 0 13 N Urban 358 334 7 7 91 N 202 1 Firozpur District Rural 856 126 N N 8 N 10 N Urban 432 355 7 1 118 N 86 1 Ludhiana District Rural 658 207 3 N 101 N 31 N Urban 230 289 16 13 141 0 311 N lullundur District Rural 410 567 1 N 8 0 14 N Urban 159 571 ,;II 19 12 7 0 227 5 Kapurthala District Rural 493 439 N N 46 N 21 1 Urban 323 385 5 N 59 0 228 N Hoshiarpur District ,. Rural 597 331 20 N 32 N 19 1 Urban 176 573 17 2 98 0 133 1 Ropar District Rural 680 217 27 1 23 2 49 1 Urban 261 322 117 6 122 1 170 1 Patiala District • Rural 712 235 2 N 22 0 28 1 Urban 243 379 28 1 57 N 291 1 Sangrur District Rural 799 139 1 N 36 0 24 1 Urban 491 218 9 1 93 0 188 N Bhatinda District Rural 827 • 98 N N 27 N 48 N Urban 444 176 5 1 117 N 256 1 Amritsar City Urban 313 325 6 8 114 0 233 1 (Amritsar District) Ludhiana City r Urban ., 190 284 8 17 163 0 337 1 (Ludhiana District) lullundur City Urban 134 562 12 2 3 0 286 1 (lullundur District) Patiala City Urban 119 402 19 1 72 0 386 1 (Patiala District) O=NiJ. N = N,clJliaible. 92 H.n.l(A) UI,S:r,RIBUTIQN O~l.00~.R~SID~NTI4L CENSUS HOUSES BY PREDOMINANT . MnERIAL OF ROOF I~ RURAL ANt> URBAN AREAS~ SEPARATELY Predominan.t material 0/ roof StatelDistrict/City Rural{ Urban Grass, Leaves, Tiles, Slate, Anoth~ Reeds, Bamboo, Shingle, materials and Thatch, Mud, Corrugated materials not Unbumt Iron, Zinc or stated Bricks, Wood other Metal Sheets, Asbestos Cement Sheets, Brick, Lime, Stone and R.B.C./R.C.C. 1 2 3 --4 S ------_._-----_-_-_._--_._- PUNJAB Rural 698 302 N Url1an 324 673 3 Gurdaspur District Rural 663 336 1 Urban 459 522 19 Amritsar District Rural 726 274 N Urban 359 640 1 .Firotpur District Rural 877 123 N Urban 447 552 1 Ludhiana DistriCt Rural 667 333 N Urban 236 764 N Jullundur District Rural 410 590 N Urban 162 833 5 KapUrthala District Rural 488 511 1 Urban 324 676 0 HoShlarpur D'istrict Rural S83 417 N Urban 171 828 1 Ropar District Rural 673 326 1 Urban 240 758 2 Patlala District Rural 741 258 1 Urban 246 753 1 Sangrur District Rural 793 206 1 Urban SOO 500 N Bbatinda District Rural 831 169 N Urban 454 545 1 Amritsar City (Amritsar District) Urban 321 678 . 1 Ludhiana City (Ludhiana District) Urban 199 801 N JuUundur City tJtdlundur District) Urban 144 854 2 Pattala City (Pa tiala District) Urban 121 878 1 0= Nil. N == NcaJJajbJ •• CHAPTER IV Households and Number of Rooms Occupied CHAPTER IV HOUSEHOLDS AND NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED Tables long enough for a person to sleep in i.e., it should have a length of not less than 2 metres, a breadth This chapter deals with the classification of of at least 1i metres and a height of at least 2 households by size and number of rooms occupi metres. An enclosed room, however, which is ed. The relevant data are enshrined in the used in common for sleeping, sitting, dining, Main Table H-III-"households classified by num storing and cooking etc. should be regarded as a :ber of members and! by number of rooms room. An unenclosed verandah, kitchen, store, occupied" for the State, districts and cities with garage, cattle-shed and laterine and rooms in a population of one lac and over and separately which a household industry such as a handloom for rural and urban areas. The table will be is located which are not normally usable for found on pages 106-107. Proportions of households living or sleeping etc., are excluded from the de classified by number of rooms are, however, pre finition of a room." sented in subsidiary table H-m!.! giving the distribution of 1,000 census households by number If there is only one household in a census of rooms occupied for the State, districts and house the counting of rooms will not be difficult. cities. Another subsidiary table H-IU.2 gives But if a census house consists of a number of the number of persons, males and females per households the number of rooms occupied by each room and persons per household for the State, household has to be entered against the name of districts and cities with one lac and over popula each Head of household. In cases where a room tio.n and separately for rural and urban areas. is occupied by more than one household or they share more than one room, the number of rooms Definitions should he given together against a bracket as common to such households. 2. It is important that a reader should have a clear idea about the census concepts that have Keeping in view the fact that the application gone with the canva:ssing of Schedules. Some of of definition that a room in the literal sense of the co.ncepts relevant to this chapter are briefly minimum measurement was not insisted upon the discussed belo.w : enumerators, it is abundantly clear that we can not appraise these data in terms of square or cubic (i) Household : "househo.ld is a group of feet of living space available per person or house persons who. co.mmonly live together and would hold. At a mammoth operation like Census, it take their meals from a co.mmon kitchen unless was not possible to cover this kind of information the exigencies of work prevented any of them through the agency or honorary workers, who from doing so". There may be 'one member lacked the necessary expertise for collection of household, two-member household or multi this kind of information. member household'. For census purposes, each one of these types is regarded as a "Household". Distribution of houselist population and house Again, there may be a .housenold of persons re holds lated by brood or household of unrelated persons; the latter are Boarding Houses, Hostels, Residen 3. The total population returned at the Hal Hotels, Orphanages', Rescue Homes, Ashrams, houselisting operation stood at 13,302,655 persons, etc. These are called "InstitutiDnal Household". of which 76.7 per cent was recorded in rural areas We are not de~ing with Institutional Households and 23.3 per cent in urban areas. The number in our. analysis. of cenSus households in the State stood at 2,230,625-1,669,940 households (74.9 per cent) in (ii) The following instructions were given rural areas and 560,685 households (25.1 per cent) to. the enumerators for recording the number of rODms : in urban areas. As will be seen from Table H-III.2 . I the average size of household for· the State as a . "A room should have four walls with a door· whole thus works out to 5.96 persons-6.11 persons way and a roof over head. It should be wide and for rural areas and 5.53 persons fDr urban areas. \ 95 96 4. The following table . gives the average State, its districts and cities with one lac and size of households, percentage distribution of above population and separately for rural and houselist population and households for the urban areas : ;I'4B!-F Percent. distribution of Houselist Population alld Households ~tage distribu- Percentage distrib.9- ~verage size of Households tion of population tion of Households T u - 1 2 -:"3:-""'4 1 6 7 8 -~~~~~~-~,~r:-"""""~-.-, ,-~t1"':'~~-:-~--,-----~----::------:------Pqqjl\J) , .. ' 7~'.~9 jJ'~l '~"Il§ J.§'~4 5'96 6'11 5'53 GUl'desINrD.jsmct 79 ·36 2P '~4 "1~ :02 21 '98 6,}9 6 ·30 5 ,81 Amtits~r .l>ii!ti9.t 7~ :20 '~8(80 ~ :9;1 ~l :9.9 60()4 6·24 5'59 Firozpur District 80'95 1~ .05 79'41 ,20 -53 6-00 6'Jl 5'57 Ludhiana Di$tcict 66·66 ~a~ ~~5 ~5 ·9~ 5·90 6'14 5.47 Jq~l~l\St"Hr .Ai~~rict ~9'98 30:02 69':fJ,7 '39'93 5'76 5·83 5 ·58 K.apli)rth~1a lDistrict 78109 21'~ ·75 ·76 Jl4 ',24 6·04 6·23 5'46 HWlb~"r :Oi$.t~t .8.7'66 J~:34 86 Rqpar Diatriet .85 '34 JS066 1&:1 ",* ;18 ~26 5'68 5'93 4·56 P~a .»i$tril:t 1~'4-8 25·52 71·28 28 ·72 6 ',18 6·45 5'49 Sansrur District 80,11 19'8,9 7.e ·49 21'5,1 6'19 6'31 ~'72 Blwtj.n~ ~~i~t 79·58 ~'l'l2 78 -J,7 21~8J 6·15 6·26 5 ·7.5 _~r.city •• _* 5·64 Ll\4Ili¥llJ\ ,~i.y .. 5·45 Jt.fUtmdur City ,.,. ., 5·66 Pa$ia~ IQty 5·50 .._-, -'-~~ . . ~ ~.~ ~ - Symbols", IR-Runtl U-U~ T-Total A glance at the table give~ -ab.ove -w.il1·$how ,that Another important revelation of the data is Districts lik:e Gurdaspur, Firozpur, Kapurthala, that avepage size, of household is higher in the ~rpUr, ilslpar, 'Sa~\H' ad Bhatiada ,re rur-al·areas than ·the uDban areas possibly because present higher proportiQas!Of houselisting popu of ,the 8,ad.ual breaking. up CJf the joint family lation ,in tJle rural ar~as than the ,corre,liponping system in·urban areas under the impact of indus rural ";prollQ~i.Q\l.P.1 pop1)liltion ,{or ~he S\~te as a trialisation and ·resultant ur.banisation. Highest whole. JCon~tly, th~se d_istricts hjive.re average size of llouseholds, 6.45 has been retUrned turtl~d hig1;\~r prQpOrtio~ .of 'ho:us$qlds J,n ~he in l!uMI ,areas of Patiala district. Other districts I}ll'al are.as C9mpar~d to t~ .cqrres"ppndi~$ .rural which 'have returned higher average size of p~pp..rttqn ~OJ .h~\l~hQlds .optai~ng Jor the St,ate households in the rural than the corresponding as.. ~,a ....·whole. ._... . . at~~ alf_~e ,:i.Rqlu.de Gurdaspur, Amritsar, ~u~, :KiP~, ~grur ,and Bhatmda. J)istrici;s ~i¢p ~v.e ).:~tw~~ .blgb,_~r ~:r:opQr· The only districts which reflect lower average tion of .POPUla.tion snd ·.hQY~~91~ ltl ~Re r:u.rJ~l than the .Sta~ aver~e in tpe rgral ar~as are areas than Ute CQ~swnding' .$tate proportion .(ununft~r, :r;~ur ,\md R(lp~r. . J~w:~ naturally reflect lower proportion in the urban areas ()f Firozpur district are at par with areas than the corresponding State urban the rural areas of the State as a whole population. in this respect. Gurdaspur district has returned 97 the highest average of household in the urban districts with 415 households each in the case of areas. This is also true of districts like Amritsar, one-room category of households. Out of the Firozpur, Jullundur, Sangrur and Bhatinda cities, Ludhiana leads with 479 households fol . which have returned higher average sizes of lowed by J ullundur with 439 households, Amrit households than the corresponding State average. sar with 426 households and Patiala with 358 It will, however, be seen that districts like households. Ludhiana, Kapurthala, 8(Ud Patiala which re present higher average sizes of households in the rural areas than the corresponding State average, 6. The next important category is of house reflect lower proportions in the urban areas than holds occupying two-room accommodation. 319 the corresponding State average. Contrary to such households per 1,000 households have been this position, Jullundur district represents higher returned for the State as a whole. Except in the average in the urban areas than the correspond case of Amritsar, Firozpur, Ludhiana, Patiala and ing State average but a lower· average in the Bhatinda districts the incidence of two-room cate rural areas than the corresponding average gory of households is higher in all districts com returned for the rural areas and the State as a pared to the incidence at the State level. The whole. proportion of two-room households in cities is, however, lower than the State proportion. The average size of households in cities with one lac+population is almost identical with the Taking the two categories, one-room, and two State average. It clearly emerges from these room categories of households together, it follows figures that (i) there are not wide variations in that the two categories account for 707 households the average size of households in urban areas, per 1,000 census households which constitute an including the four cities and (ii) the average size overwhelming majority of all households in the of the households is generally higher in rural State. areas than in the urban areas poSSibly because of the gradual breaking up of the joint family sys 7. Next in importance is the category of tem in urban areas for a variety of reasons. households which occupy 3-room accommodation These are some of the main trends but for posi their proportion standing at 151 per 1,000 censu~ tive indicators it is perhaps necessary for social households. Jullundur district having returned scientists to undertake follow-up studies based on the proportion of 170 households leads all other these census figures. di.str~cts. ~is is closely followed by Bhatinda dIstrIct which has returned a proportion of 164 Distribution of census households by number of households. In the caSe of cities except for rooms occupied Patiala, the proportion of households occupying 3- room accommodation is lower than the corres~ 5. Subsidiary Table H-III.l giving the dis p~nding State proportion. This is because of a tribution of 1,000 sample census households by more competitive living in big cities where many number of rooms occupied shows that out of 1,000 people cannot afford to pay high rents charged census households in the State as a whole, as for 3-room tenements or flats. Precisely for this many as 388 occupy one-room accommodation, reason, there is a preponderance of one-room of 319 occupy two-room accommodation, 151 occupy category of households in clties. 3-room accommodation, 76 occupy 4-room accom modation and only 66 occupy 5-room and above 8. The proportion of households occupying accommodation. Number of households with un 4-room and 5-room accommodation is relatively specified number of rooms is negligible for the smaller, standing at 76 for 4-room category of State as a whole as also for the districts. Num households and 66 for 5-room and above categories ber of households with details unspecified is also of households in the State. All the same the negligible for the State and for Kapurthala and position of housing accommodation is not bad in Firozpur districts. In other districts also, such this State compared to other States. The State's households constitute a fraction of the total economy still revolves round agriculture and its number of households. Except the districts of allied activities. Jullundur, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur, Ropar and Bhatinda, the proportion of households occupying just one-room accommodation is higher in all Number of persons per room in the case of house. districts than the overall State proportion of 'holds occupying difterent number of roC)lns 388. Gurdaspur district with 432 households leads all other districts followed by Firozpur district . 9. The following inset Tablet-based on sub with 417 households and Patiala and Amritsar sidiary table H-III.2-gives the number of persons 98 per room in each category of households (according to number of rooms). INSET TABLE Number or p:lrsons per room in each category of household (according to num,ller cirooms) State/District/City Total Total One Room Two Rooms Three Rooms Four Five Rooms Rural Rooms and above Urban ------>------~----...... ------ Punjab' " tT 2'72 4'87 3'02 2-27 1-85 1-36 R 2,'78 5-06 3-07 2-30 1-88 1 -319 U 2·53 4'37 2'84 2-16 1 '77 1 -28 Gurdaspur .. T 3·05 5-12 3 '17 2-42 2·00 1 ·52 R 3 '17 5'27 3·23 2·48 2·05 1·55 U 2'66 4 ·57 2'93 2·22 1 ·86 1'47 Amritsar " T 2·84 4·94 3 ·10 2·33 1 ·90 1 '39 R 2'9& 5 '17 3·18 2·40 1 ·96 1'46 U 2·59 4'49 2'91 2 ·15 1 '79 1 ·27 Firozpur .. T 2·79 4'92 3·06 2·31 1 ·87 1 '39 R 2·84 5·03 3'12 2·35 1 ·89 1 -41 U 2'59 4-48 2'84 2 ·18 1 -79 1-29 Ludhiana .. T 2·70 4·73 3'03 2·26 1 ·86 1 '34 R 2-75 5,05 3 ·08 2·28 1 ·91 1'38 U 2'60 4·29 2'92 2·21 1 '78 1 '28 Jullundur .. T 2·37 4 '61 2·87 2·11 1 ·72 1 ·21 R 2 ·31 4·72 2-87 2·09 1 ·70 I '20 U 2'54 4-45 2-88 2 '17 1 ·79 1 ·23 Kapurthala .. T 2'72 4·91 3'05 2'31 1 ·85 1 '34 R 2·87 5 ·19 3 ·11 2'35 1 ·94 1 ·44 U 2·31 4-07 2·82 2 '17 1 -62 1 ·18 Hoshiarpur T 2·44 4-58 2·70 2'00 1 '62 H9 R 2'48 4·67 2-75 2·01 1 ·63 1-19 U 2-21 3·95 2-42 1 ·90 1 ·53 1'17 Ropar .. T 2'60 4·51 2'83 2·20 1 '76 1 ·43 R 2 67 4·80 2·92 2·25 1·82 1 ·45 U 2·26 3-46 2·41 1 '91 1 ·44 1 -29 Patiala .. T 2'90 5·08 3 -13 2'39 1 '97 1 '42 R 3'12 5·37 3·29 2 ·50 2·09 1 ·51 U 2'40 4-22 2-76 2 ·13 1 ·75 1·26 Sangrur _. T 2·87 5·07 3 ·12 2-37 1 '94 1 -43 R 2·96 5·21 3'18 2'41 1 '98 1 '49 U 2·57 4-54 2-91 2-21 1 -79 1 -28 Bhatinda .. T 2'67 4-88 3'07 2'32 1 '91 1'42 R 2·70 5'01 3 ·11 2'34 1 '92 1 '44 U 2·59 4·48 2·92 2·25 1 .g~ 1 ·35 Amritsar City .. U 2·56 4'48 2·93 2'16 1 ·81 1·28 Ludhiana City .. U 2·61 4·26 2·93 2·22 1 ·82 1·26 Jullundur City .. U 2·72 4·51 2·94 2·25 1·85 1 ·38 Patiala City .. U 2·29 4·31 2·73 2 ·10 1 '62 1 ·20 It will be seen from this table that average num- than in urban area in the Punjab State. This trend ber of persons per room in the State as a whole is equally true of all the districts in the State works out to 2.72-2.78 persons per room for rural except Jullundur district where urban areas have areas and 2.53 persons per room for urban areas. returned a person-room ratio of 2.54 against 2.31 These figures reveal in unambiguous terms that persons per room in rural areas. Even for the there is· more of housing congestion in the rural State as a whole, having returned a person-room 99 ratio of 2.72, the position appears to be far from persons. Gurdaspur district thus, has the maxi satisfactory if two persons per room be considered mum number of persons per room in the case of as a satisfactory norm. The ratio ranges between one and two-room households. Hoshiarpur 2.37 persons in Jullundur district and 3.05 persons district has the minimum number of persons per per room in Gurdaspur district. The ratio falls room in these categories. In the case of three far short of the State in the case of districts of room households, the districts of Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, Jullundur, Hoshiarpur, Ropar and Amritsar, Firozpur, Kapurthala, Patiala, Bhatinda and exceeds State average in the Sangrur and Bhatinda exceed the State districts of Gurdaspur, Amritsar; Firozpur, Patiala proportion of 2.27 persons per room. This reflects and Sangrur. Kapurthala district has returned on the appalling housing congestion in these the same ratio as obtains for the State as a whole. districts. The position is however, slightly better It is difficult to make a penetrating analysis of the in Jullundur, Hoshiarpul' and Ropar districts in variations from district to district because these respect of households occupying 3-room accommo figures are not by themselves quite eloquent. An dation. It is at least some solace to find that inde~ndent study is indicated for any detailed households occupyin.$!' 4-room accommodation have analysls. . returned proportion of less than two persons per room in all the districts except Gurdaspur, which It is further observed that with the increase has returned a ratio of two persons per room. in the number of rooms per household the num The corresponding figure for the State as a whole ber of persons per room decreases in the State as' is 1.85 persons per room-1.8B for rural and 1.77 a whole. For the State, these figures stand at 4.87 for urban areas. The number of persons per persons fOr one-room category of households, 3.02 room in this category varies from 1.62 in Hoshiar for two-room households, 2.27 for three-room pur district to 2.00 in Gurdaspur district. households, 1.85 persons for four-room households and 1.36 persons for households occupying five It is a significant observation that in the case rO~:>I~ an? above accommodation. The pattern ob of households occupying one, two, three or four tammg m the case of districts is identical with rooms, the number of persons 1)€r room in each of the pattern observed for the State as a whole. these categories of households is the highest in However, the decrease in the number of persons Gurdaspur district and lowest in Ropar and per room from one category of households to Hoshiarpur districts. Similarly, in the case of another is not uniform in all the districts due to households occupying five-room or above accom varying economic and living conditions. Taking modation, all the districts have returned ratios of two persons per room as a norm for satisfactory less than two persons per room. The State ratio accom~od~tion, there is a clear evidence of over works out to 1.36 persons-1.39 persons per room crowdmg In respect of households occupying one for'rural areas and 1.28 persons per room for ur ro~m or two rooms in all the districts of the State. ban areas. In the case of districts, it ranges from ThIS is also corroborated by the data given in 1.19 in Hoshiarpur district to 1.52 in Gurdaspur subsidiary table H-III.l, which show that 388 district, Ropar, Patiala, Sangrur and Bhatinda households per 1,000 households occupy single distticts can be ,bracketed together having return room houses and \319 households occupy 'two-room ed 1.42-1.43 persons per room in the fiV€~room accommodation. Judged by any national or categOry. international standard it is evident that there is Numbler of persons per room in cities palpable overcrowding in households occupying one and two-room accommodation. 10. The number of persons per room decreases with the increase in the number of rooms occupied In the case of households occupying one-room bv households in all the four cities of Amritsar, acc~mmodation, the number of persons per room Ludhiana, Jullundur and Patiala. The average vanes from 4.51 in Ropar district to 5.12 in number of persons per room in Amritsar is 2,56, Gurdaspur district. The person-room ratio of Ludhiana 2.61, Jullundur, 2.72 and Patiala 2.29 4.87 in the case of households occupying one-room against the State average of 2.72 persons. The ,accommodation returned fOr the State as a whole higher incidence of overcrowding in the State as is exc~ded by the districts of Gurdaspur, Arnrit a whole as compared with the cities can be ex sar, ~lrozpur, Kapurthala, Patiala, Sangrer and plained by the {act that incidence of overcrowd Bhatmda. In the case of households occupying ing in rural areas is higher than the utban areas. two-room accommodation, the" districts of The highest congestion is in the case of households Gurdaspu , Amrltsar, Firozpur, Ludhiana, Kapur occupying one-room accommodation only, with thala, Pahala,7 Sangrur and Bhatinda have return Amritsar city having returned a ratio of 4.48 ed hi~her ratio than the State ratio of 3.02 per persons per room, Ludhiana city-4.26 persons, sons. Gurdaspur district has the maximum num Jullundur city-4:.51 persons and Patiala city- ber of 3.17 persons per room in the categ,orv and 4.31 persons. There is overcrowding in the case Hoshiarpur district minimum number of 2.70 of two-room and three-room households also out 100 it is not that grim. However, in the case of house these cities is either the pavement or some other holds of four-room and five-room and above place in the open. Such persons, however, do not accommodation, the position is more than satis form part of the houselisting population as scope factory as in each city the number of persons per of houselisting was restricted to population living room in each category of household is less than in covered structures. two. But the total number of households falling in these categories is hardly of any consequence compared to the overwhelming number of house Number of persons per household accQrding to holds -falling in one-room and two-room tenementS. category of household - The proportions of one-room households stand at "--j 42.6 per cent for Amritsar city, 47.9 per cent for Ludhiana city, 35.8 per cent for Patiala city and 11. The following inset table gives the aver.. 43.9 per cent for Jullundur city against the State age number of persons per household according average of 38.8 per cent. This is not all. There to the category of households by number of rooms are other unfortunate households who do not have in the State and districts for rural and urban any room at all and their only place of living in areas separately : INSET TABLE Average nlJlnber of persons per household according to category or b«lusehold by number of rooms State/District/City Total Average One Room Two Rooms Three Rooms Four Rooms Five Rooms Rural number of and above Urban persons per Household'" ------_------_ ...... _- - ---~~ ------_.- -. _ ...... ------"-- -- _-..-- --- t 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ------__ . ----_ ... --_---- - _------~ ------Punjab] .. - ,T H.6 4'87 6·03 6·81 7-41 8'44 R 6'H 5·06 6'15 6'90 7'53 8'53 U 5'53 4'37 5'68 6·49 7·07 8'18 Gurdaspur .. T 6 ·19 5 '12 6·33 7·26 8·00 9·40 R 6·30 5·27 6·46 7·43 8·22 9·42 U 5·81 4'57 5·85 6·67 7'44 9·37 An.ritsar .. T 6·04 4·94 6·20 6·99 7·60 8·64 R 6·24 5 ·17 6·35 7·21 7·84 8·86 U 5·59 4·49 5'82 6'46 7'15 8·24 Firozpur .. T 6·00 4·92 6·12 6·94 7·49 8'55 R 6·1f 5·03 6·24 7·04 7·57 8·67 U 5'57 4'48 5·68 6·53 7·18 8·08 Ludhiana ., T 5·90 4·73 6·06 6'78 7·46 8·47 R 6·14 5·05 6·16 6·84 7·63 8·60 U 5·47 4'29 5'85 6'62 7 ·11 8'26 Jullundur T 5·76 4·61 5·74 6·33 6·88 7·65 R 5·83 4'72 5'73 6'27 6·79 7·54 U 5'58 4·45 5'76 6'50 7·16 7·97 Kapurthala T 6·04 4·91 6·09 6'92 7·41 8'37 R 6·23 5 '19 6'22 7·04 7·74 8·69 U 5·46 4'07 5·65 6'51 6·50 7·79 Hoshiarpur .. T 5·40 4'58 5·41 5·99 6·47 7·26 R 5·48 4'67 5 '51 6'03 6'52 7'21 U 4'89 3 ·95 4'84 5·70 6 '14 7.20 Ropar .. T 5·68 4·51 5·67 6'59 7'05 g·87 R 5'93 4'80 5'84 6·76 7·29 9'01 U 4'56 3·46 4'82 5·73 5'76 7·95 Patiala .. T 6'18 5'08 6·26 7·17 7'88 9·00 R 6'45 5'37 6'57 7·49 8 ·38 9'52 U 5·49 4'22 5 '51 6'40 7·00 g'08 101 State/District/City Total Average One Room Two Rooms Three Rooms Four Rooms Five Rooms Rural number of and above Urban persons per hOllsehold'" 2 3 4 8 ------'------'------5 6 7 Sangrul" ., T 6 '109 5 '07 6 '24 7 '11 7 '76 8 '90 R 6'31 5'21 6'36 7'23 7'93 9'19 U 5'72 4'54 5'82 6'64 7'17 ,8'11 Bhatinda T 6 '15 4'88 6 '14 6'97 7 '63 8'56 R 6'26 5'01 6'22 7'02 7·69 8·61 U 5'75 4'48 5'84 6'76 7'39 8'33 Amritsar City .. U' 5'64 4'48 5'85 6'47 7'23 8·23 Ludhiana City .. U 5'45 4·26 5'86 6 '66 7'29 8'22 Jullundur City .. l§ 5'66 4'51 5'88 6'75 7·41 8'67 Patiala City .. U 5'50 4'31 5 ·47 6'31 6'50 7·83 "'Excludes households with details unspecified whose number in the State was 15 (Total 15, RUrail0, Urban 5). It will be seen from the table that the hoPe that the Census would throw up prolific average number of persons per household data to determine the extent of over-crowding in goes on increasing with the increase in the num- housing in the country. But this is not so. The ber of rooms both in the rural and urban areas. size and composition of the household, individual However, averages of the urban areas are a little preferences and habits of the individual, his lower than those for the rural areas under different social customs and the economic conditions of categories of households (according to number of the people inhabiting a particular area of the rooms). Further, the sex-wise break-up of the State have to be considered in assessing the total avera~e number of perSons per household reflects. housing stock required for residential purposes the preponderance of males over females both in and the extent of shortage. Keeping these factors rural and urban areas (Subsidiary table H-III.2). in view certain yardsticks have to be applied to This also holds good for different districts. The determine our basic needs for housing units. In avera~e numSer of persons per household in the a SOcialistic pattern of society, the minimum re- State as a whole goes on increasing from 4.87 quirements would be to provide every household persons in the caSe of one-room households to with a dwelling of its own with reasonable floor 7.41 for four-room accommodation households and space according to its requirements. Data bearing to 8.44 for five-room and, above accommodation. on these factors have not been collected during The same pattern is discernible both for the' rural the houselisting operation except that we have and urban areas of the Stafe. In the case of been able to work out information on the number districts also, the pattern is identical-number of of persons per room and per household. It is persons per household goes· on. increasfng with not known what facilities or conveniences are the increase in the number of rooms available for available in these housing units nor we can show oc.cupation. In th.e districts of Gurdaspur, Amritsar, the space in cubic feet available per household/ Flrozpur, Patiala, 'Sangrur and Bhatrnda, person. All what concerns us in a housing the average number of persons per household is Census-of this type-is a 'living room'. higher than the State average in all the categories of households. In the remaining five districts, however, the average number persons per 13. In the context of the prevailing socio ot economic conditions, it would be far too ambitious household is lower than the State average in some to work out our requirements on the basis of two of the categories and higher in some other cate rooms, internationally recommendf'd norm, with a ~ories. It is n,ecessary to .haye detailed investiga tIons to explam such vanahons from district to verandah and a separate kitchen for a family consistin~ of a husband, a wife and two children. district. We can at best indicate here only the general trends. For our conditions, it is fairly reasonable to adopt a norm of two persons per room to determine Overcrowding our housing requirements and ~he extent to 12. The layman and for that matter even the whIch there is overcrowding with reference to social scientists and planners may be nursing the this norm. However, the limitation of our data is that it does not give any idea about the total 102 floor space available to a household. Therefore, 5,712 villages/towns already stand electrified and some of the conclusions drawn by us regarding there are 629,068 domestic connections in these the overcrowdin,e; in the State are also affected by areas (figures relate to 1969-70). Tubewells are this limitation in the data. providing a safe source of potable drinking water in 81 large number of villages now and arrange 14. The average number of persons per house ments are under way for the other over 3,100 hold in the State of Punjab works out to 5.96-, thirsty villages. 6.11 for rural areas and 5.53 for urban areas. This high average size of a household coupled 16. It is known too well over the years that with the high person-room ratio, even when our housing conditions are appalling though these considered on the basis of a norm of two persons are slightly better in the Punjab State compared to p.er room makes the problem appear to be alarm the other highly urbanised/industrialised States ing, more so, when notice is taken of the fact that like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and out of 1,000 census households in the State, as West Bengal. A stage has now come when we many as 388 households occupy one-room houses have to honour our commitments to the people in only and 319 occupy two-room houses only. Just this important social objective, more in practice 151 households occupy three-room accommoda than in theory. The problem has unfolded itself in tion, 76 four-room accommodation and 66 five unequivocal terms at the 1961 and 1971 Censuses room and above accommodation. Further, the and perhaps no further housing surveys, etc., are average number of persons per room for the required to prove' that housing conditions are dis State works out to 2.72-2.78 for rural and 2.53 tressing in rural and urban areas-in fact it needs for urban areas. This picture becomes more grim to be highlighted that overcrowding is more grim if we consider the number of persons per room in villages compared to the position obtaining in for households living in one-room tenements only towns. . Land sites in villages are no longer which stands at 4.87 persons for the State as a easily available to the landless agricultural whole-5.06 persons for rural and 4.37 persons labourers because, under the impact of the green for urban areas. Our analysis reveals that revolution, every available piece of land near the on1y 142 households per 1,000 census households village sites has been put under the proverbial have the good fortune of having living accommo plough-now tractor. Extension of village sites dation according to the accepted nprm. Thus has become a real problem. There is usually ·as many as 81 per cent of the population lives in .stron~ opposition from the villagers whose land overcrowded and substandard residences. Inci is proposed to be acquired for extension of village dence of overwhelming, overcrowding is obviously sites. Our Union Minister of Housing, Shri in single-room tenements, both in rural and r. K. Gujral, has aptly summed up the present urban areas. housing position in a recent statement : . 15. The pr~blem of housing has two facets, "Our huge housing problem has reached the VIZ., rural housmg and urban housing. The pre proportions of crisis. We promised our don:inant occupation of the rural population people relief from poverty, which in c?ntmues to be agricultUre and its ancillary avoca cludes provision of reasonable shelter. tIOns. The rural 'folk: remain out of doors for But in totality, the problem looks so their work, etc. for most part of the day. This is formidable that it makes one wonder not true of dwellers in' urban areas who have if we can ever get over it." to work indoors and require some minimum com forts/conveniences on return home after day's 17. Housing- is an integral part of our nation's h~rd work generally. in congested industrial colo economic development. The situation has rapidly meso The rural population ha.s plenty of open deteriorated during the nast two-three decades. space around the village site which serves by Population explosion ar.d rising construction way of lungs and is generally not available in costs are amon!! the imonrtant reasons for this the cities. Overcrowding in rural housing is thus explosive situation. While in the developed not that dreadful-thanks to the open spaces. countries, the problem is mostly confined to the With significant improvement in the economic urban areas, developing countries, like ours, face condition of the peasantry in the wake of the this problem in rural areac:; as we H-our house green revolution, the countryside is now dotted listing operations have amply proved this both at with pucca houses having amenities like water, the 1961 and 1971 Censuses. electricity, sewerage, batll rooms etc. The aff luent rural section is either giving first priority 18. It has been estimated that by the end of to construction of modern houses or renovating the Fourth Plan period. over-all shortages would the old structures to give it a look of a city b~ around 137 lac housing units in the count.ry. house. Out of 12.296 inhabited villages and towns The construction of new housing units has 103 lagged behind the rapid pace of industrialisation/ model of the Delhi Development Authority may urbanisation and the high population growth have to be set up in almost all cities and towns rate. According to a special U. N. Study, it is to implement the nation's housing policy in foreca:>t that 6 out of 10 of the people on this letter and spirit. Socialisation of all urbanisable earth will live in cities by the tum of the land is also being talked out seriously in different Cent~ry, which implies cities holding three times circles and it is considered that if we succeed in more as they do now. We have to reckon this pushing through this measure, there would be a challenge and get ready to face it without loss of major break-through in our housing strategy. A time. So far the State housing schemes of all central revolving fund to provide seed capital to types have not produced more than 8 lac units the States has been created for various urban during the past 15 years. The private sector has housing schemes. One method of not aggravating not produced by any estimate. more than 2 lac the housing shortages, at least temporarily, is to units per year. Our average annual rate of new encourage slum improvement programmes. construction works out to only 2 units per Central aid in a big way is now being given to thousand population in urban areas :and 0.44 per the States for these programmes. Our ultimate thousand in the country as a whole against 10 objective, however, will be to get rid of these units recommended by a U. N: Study Group. slums and shanty colonies. We may also start The number of units per thousand population is integrated planning, which should bring about 6.5 units for America, 7.3 units for France, 10 for dispersal activity to growth centres in rural Sweden and 10.3 for Russia. It is considered by areas. It also should be' possible to disperse our planners that Government outlays for industrial centres with improved means of trans housing schemes have so far fallen far short of portation and progress of rural electrification. requirements and even the sanctioned allotments These steps should help to relieve congestion in have not been fully utilized under the various the cities. Plans. Private builders even have not shown any interest in building houses for the Low and 21. Our houselisting staff, in the course of Middle Income Groups because of rising prices of their field work, noticed that a number of houses construction materials and low economic returns. were lying vacant either in a dilapidated condi Our affluent section of society has concentrated tion or were otherwise unusable for want of neces mostly on building luxury and high investment sary maintenance/repairs. There are Rent Con houses primarily to sink its 'black-money'. This trol Acts in different States and some sections of does not make any dent in the overall housing the community do get an advantage through problem. The situation is thus grave beyond any these' but the low economic returns on such doubt. houses have resulted in a large number of these falling out of use. The landlords do not feel 19. The Working Group of Housing for the interested in maintaining/repairing their houses. Fourth Five-Year Plan had recommended that Our Housing Authorities will, therefore, have to 5 units per one thousand population should be give serious thought to this aspect of the problem added each year. It also recommended an outlay as well so that the overall stock of housing units of Rs. 400 crores against which the actual provi does not diminish any further. sion was of Rs. 195 crores. It is estimated by the experts that even if whole of this amount is 22. Even in the citadels of 'free' societies utilized by the States. the net outcome in the laisses-faire in the matter of house ownership It shape of housin~ would not be more than 2 lac has been/is being discarded rapidly. has been units for the Plan Period and this will not off-set recogIiised by the 'free' Societies that the State even the annual increase in housing' deficit-what should intervene in a big wav to resolve this to say of neutralization of the backlog. multi-dimensional problem. In France, 90 per cent \ of houses are now built bv the State, 60 per cent of the housing in the U. K. is now undertaken by 20. As cities grow in the wake of technological the Country Councils. We shall also have to enter civilisation, the land values abruptly rise and more this field in a bi~ way at the State level because we invest in hOUSing, the more expensive the the private sector-I:!:uided by return on invest land becomes-not only in the cities, but also ment-has not so far made any dent in the pro in the entire urbanisable belt of the cities. A blem nor it is going to do so because of low new class of land speculators is on the scene since returns. the Independence and it is a matter for serious thou~ht i~ this class should be allowed to exploit 23. While conVentional construction ma the SItuatIOn at the expense of the nation. There terials connot -be discarded Quickly, we must find can be no urban housing policy without urban and introduce new and cheappr materials to land control. Development Authorities on the push up construction of houses. In a way, this is 104 the crux of the housing problem. A:. recent State. Loans under the Low /Middle Income estimate reveals that the country will require Group Housing Schemes are also being granted in Rs. 30 thousand crores to meet the challenge posed the Punjab State since 1955-maximum limit of a by the housing shortages. It is a colossal loan to any individual is Rs. 12,500 under the Low challenge, indeed, and can be met only by adopt Income Group Housing Scheme and Rs. 25,000 ing a long-term national housing and urban under the Middle Income Group Housing Scheme. development policy. The Union Housing Loans are recoverable in easy annual/biennial Ministry is keen on evolving a pragmatic and equated instalments over a period of 25 years. It purposeful national housing and urban develop is a pity that these loans have been misutilized by ment policy and with that end in view, a the loanees in a large number of cases and there Working Group has been set up on Housing Policy are difficulties in recovering the principal amount only recently. The private sector has miserably even in easy instalments from the loanees. The failed to make any dent in the· problem because solution lies in finding out cheaper substitutes for of low returns on investment in housing for the the expensive construction materials to reduce middle and low income groups. the cost of housing required for the Low Income State Housing Schemes Group so that they can repay the loans easily. 24. Two Central Schemes have already been Environmental Problem sponsored by the Union Government, (i) providing free house sites to landless workers in rural 25. Technological civilization is the outcome . areas, and (ii) environmental improvement of of incessant efforts for increasing the economic slum areas. The Punjab Government has taken growth rate through industrialisation/urbaniza this up and it is expected that by August 15, 1973 tion. In the result, human environment has been a h()use site to every rural family which is with greatly disturbed more in the highly industrialis out one would be provided. The Union Govern ed/ developed countries than in the developing ment has undertaken to meet the entire cost on countries, like ours. But our problem is essential the acquisition of land for distribution of these ly different. For the developing countries, a sites and it is now for the State Government to better environment means an end to misery and show necessary zeal and interest in the imple the burdens these carrry because of unregUlated mentation of the Scheme. In addition to 100 per and reckless economic growth rate elsewhere. cent grant assistance for the provision of free "Economic development for us is not the cause house sites, Es. 150 per house site on an average of environmental inadequacies, but the cure" would be provided for its development.· Funds this is how India's point of view was expressed at for the supply of potable drinking water to ~erve the United Nations Environment Conference at a cluster of 40-50 houses will also be prOVIded. Stockholm in June, 1972. The low levels of All told Rs. 23 crores would be spent on this living, together with the population explOSion, in Scheme in the Punjab State. A similar scheme is the developing countries have made it imperative under consideration for the benefit of the lower to seek greater productivity. Our objective is a classes in the urban areas who want to build multi-dimensional improvement in the human small houses and do not have the capacity to buy environment which is basic to the policy of the house sites. Slum clearance/Improvement 'growth with social 'justice'. Nevertheless, we Scheme is also being implemented in the Punjab cannot deny that there are already problems of State by provision of funds to the Municipal air and water pollution in and around some of Committees and Improvement Trusts for the our big urban centres in the wake of industriali clearance and improvement of slums wit~ a vie~ sation. We are collaboratin~ with the world body to re-housing the slum dwellers at tEe existing for evolving technologies which will .~void or slum sites or nearby sites to ensure that they minimise such pollution in the first instance. We are not uprooted 'from their field of employment. are learning a lesson from the highly developed Since the inception of the Scheme, funds for con countries, who are now being condemned for struction of 1,233 houses have been sanctioned committin~ ecocide for achieving higher and high and 852 h?-ve been completed. 61 slUm clear er economic growth: rate and fun employment. ance schemes, costing Rs. 2 crores in res We have to tackTe our problems of slum clear pect of 10 towns of the State have already ance and over-crowdinlt which are contributing been submitted to the Government of India 'factors 'to pollution of the environment. by the State Government. Under the Su"o sidised Industrial Housing Scheme. 1,216 houses No doubt our problems are somewhat have been constructed in the Punjab State. different from the ones facing the developed Rs. 36.10 lacs have been earmarked under the countries and our approach has likewise to be Scheme in the 4th Five-Year P,lan for the Punjab different. H-III HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF MEMBERS AND BY NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED The table giving the average size of a household and num ber of persons living in a room in the case of households of various sizes has been prepared 'for all areas and separately for rural and urban areas of the State and its districts. The data have also been presented separately for each city. Table H-III corresponds to table E-V of 1961 Census with the exception that the former, unlike the latter" gives addi tionally the available data about households against which no details were recorded in the houselist schedule or ~lse number of rooms was left unrecorded. The number :'of households given in Table H-III does not include the institutional households. The figures given in this table are unbiased estimates of the characteristics~ based on 20 per cent sample of census houses. For a brief note on the precision of the cell-frequencies, refer enoe is- invited to the fly-leaf to Table H-~; As already mentioned in the fly-leaf to Tabl~_H~I, these,e.s.ti mat~ have b~en obtained by multiplying th~ sample figures by 51. 105 106 H.III HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF Households with one room Households with two rooms Toto/ No. of members Total 1\0 ...... -.__ ._._ - --__._._._._. State/District/ Total Total No. - .. ---.. -.. -.. .. --- --.- -- City Rural of _ .....------of rooms No. of No. Of members No. of No.- oj man bas Urban Census Males Females House- ---.. _ -..-..a__ • __ house- ----.__ .----- lIouse- holds Males Females holds Males Females holds ---I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 --- PUNJAB •. Total 2,230,625 ~128,050 6,174,605 4,891,415 865,39tl' 2,293,460 1,925,035 712,170 2,294,290 2,C01,6':'5 Rural 1,669,940- ,456,1954,745,175 3,665,67(J 635;070 1,732,615 1,480,365 539,856 1,113,190 1,544,(5(1 Urban 560,685 1,671,255 1,4290,430 I,Z25,74S' .~3e,3~ 56&,845 444,7jO 172,320 521,100 456,985 Gurdaspur .• Total 196,070 648,825 564,590 398,105 84,630 233,955 199,690 63,100 212,375 187,185 District Rural 152,965 511,515 451,440 303,795 67,410 189,365 165,665 49,500 169,935 150,065 Urban . 43,105 131,310 113,150 94,310· ,: 17,22() 44;590 )4,025 13,600 42,440 37,120 Amritsar .. Total 293,400 950,390 821,370 623140 '. 121,755 325,5';'0 276,470 '<91,590 304,635 263,400 District Rural 202,185 674,330 587,125 425,785 81,935 226,870 196,45"0 " 65,780 223,965 193,900 Urban 91,215 .. 276,060 234,245 197,355 '39,820· . 98,7Ot}· 80.020, 25,810 80,670 69,500 Firozpur .. Total 312,200 1,002,005 870,515 670,680 ' 130,195 345,090 295,815 94,380 309,010 268,4CO District Rural 248,120 812,210 703,505 532,940 103,935 281,450 241,830 74,065 247,180 214,765 Urban 64.080 189,795 167,010 137;740 26,260 6i;640 ' 53,985 20,315 61,830 53,635 Ludhiana ., Total 229,545 728,305 626,335 502~480 91,990 r240,550 19(665 70,280 227,500 198,19(1 District Rural 147,020 482,650 42(j,350 328,695 53,600 146,595 123,975 47,695 156,670 136,930 Urban 82,525 245,655 205,985 173,785 38,390 93,955 70,690 22,585 70,830 61,260 JuUundur .. Total 252,425 773,940 678,795 612,220 81,555 206,175 .169,855 81,065 246,570 218,770 District Rural 174,345 538,660 478,035 440,285 49,075 124,410 107,095 57,475 174,860 J54,605 Urban 78,080 235,280 200,760 171,935 32,480 81,765 62,760 • 23,590 71,710 64,165 I Kapurthala .. Total 69,445 221,565 198,035 154,120 24,985 66,235 56,445 23,895 76,115 69,445 District Rural 52,610 172.385 155,285 114,270 18,810 52,220 45,330 18,62'1 60,';30 55,2f>0 Urban 16,835 49,180 42,750 39,850 6,175 14,015 11,115 5,270 15,585 14,165 Hoshiarpur .. Total 1!}3 ,Q30 545,970 497,260 427,275 67,470 164,650 144,090 68,630 193,740 177,4~O District Rural 166,735 471,270 437,255 369,115 58,300 144,415 128,135 58.640 167,830 155,035 Urban 26,295 68,700 60,005 58,160 9,170 20,235 15,955 9,990 25,910 22,415 Ropar .. Total 98,670 302,760 257,280 215,410 36,445 91,155 73,355 33,885 103,230 88,825 District Rural 80,655 258,105 219,835 179,090 28,690 75,675 62,005 28,085 88,050 76,050 Urban 18,015 44,655 37,445 36,320 7,755 15,480 11,350 5,800 15,180 ]2,715 Patiala .. Total Q192,520 640,825 548,540 410,425 79,985 220,860 185,295 60,210 : 202,140 174,760 District Rural 137,235 477,325 408,460 283,780 59,515 172,930 146,755 42,385 150,090 128,575 Urban 55,285 163,500 140,080 126,645 20,470 47,930 38,540 17,825 i 52,OSO 46,185 Sangrur .. Total ~, 187,620 631,250 529,180 404,455 73,200 204,040 167,285 : 60,810 206,480 173,025 District Rural ~1147.265 ' 507,875 421,715 T,3f4,480 57,905 165,735 136,180 r 47,510 ' 165,290 136,745 Urban -D40,355 123,375 107,465 - Lo 89,975 15,295 38,305 31,105 i. 13,300 41,1~ 36,280 Bhatinda ., Total 205,700 - 682,215 582,705 473,105 73,180 195,180 -162,070 64,325 212,495 182,225 District Rural 160,80; J 544,470 462,170 - 373,435 '·55895 152,950 -126,885 50,090 .168,790 142,740 Urban " 44,895 G137,745 120,535 -_ 99,670 :17:285 .. 42,230 ";. 35,185 : 14,235 43,705 39,485 Amritsar City Urban ~ 73,350 ~ r224,285 189,610 161,530 31,225 77,315 62,635 20,840 65,605 56,370 (Amritsar District6 Ludhiana City Ur an 65,545 _195,220 ~162,UO f36,770 31,375 76,945 56,850 17,525 55,115 47,645 (LudhiaDa District) Jullundur City Urban 51,000 ~·.153,675 134,875 106,180 22,390 ~ 55,880 45,005 J5,750 48,445 44,170 lullundur District) Patiala City Urban 25,605 ",75,240 65,480 61,385 9,170 21,740 17,800 7,690 22.290 1-9,750 (patiala District) 107 MEM~ERS AND BY NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED Housellolds with three roems Households witb four rooms Households with five rooms Households with unspeci- and above tied number of rooms No. of -_----.... ----..._------...- ---- _~ ______..,. __ House- No. of No. of Members No. of No. of Members ------...--No. of No. of Members No. of No. of Members holds House· _...... __ ----- House- ----.--111--..- House- ---..... _.._.. __ --..- House- -~----with de- holds Males Females holds Males Females holds Males Females holds Males Females tails un- specified 4 •• ...... ~ ____...~ ____...... ,_".__._ ..... _ .....______...... _-_...... _ - ...... ~~ ... 13 14 ----__...------15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 336,135 1,%:13,900 1,075,1.25 169,035 664,195 588,445 147,670 661,705 !83,925 210 500 400 15 261),750 957,990 842,070 125,980 503,670 444,475 108,110 488,900 433,.280 170 430 355 10 75,385 255,9;10 133,055 43,055 160,525 143,970 39,560 171,805 150,645 40 70 45 5 26,645 102,075 91,260 12,150 51,630 45,630 9,520 48,735 40,800 25 55 25 20,595 80,745 72,240 8,820 38,455 34,040 6,620 32,965 29,405 20 50 25 6,050 21,330 19,020 3,330 13,175 11,590 2,900 1,5,770 11,395 5 5 41,525 154,290 136,020 20,655 83,330 73,730 17,860 82,530 71,725 15 35 25 29,410 112,890 99,210 13,565 56,665 49,730 11,480 53,905 47,81,0 15 35 25 12,115 , 41,400 36,810 7,090 26,665 24,000 6,380 28,625 23,915 43,950 162,210 142,745 22,845 91,525 79,580 20,820 94,140 83,960 5 30 15 5 35,320 133,foo 115,530 18,135 73,670 63,640 16,660 76,780 67,725 5 30 15 .. 8,630 29,nO 27,215 4,710 17,855 15,940 4,160 17,360 16,235 5 34,450 122,940 110,465 17,510 68,420 ' 62,160 15,310 68,890 60,855 5 5 24,470 88,760 78,560 11,650 46,655 4Z,265 9,600 43,965 38,620 5 5 9,980 34,180 31,905 5,860 21,765 19,895 5,710 24,925 22,235 42,930 143,065 t128,500 24,185 87,475 78,950 22,620 90,470 82,500 70 185 220 32,830 108,420 97,460 18,080 64,540 58,170 ~ 16,815 66,245 60,485 70 185 220 10,100 34,645 31,040 6,105 22,935 20,780 - 5805 24,225 22,015 10,780 38,995 35,645 5,345 20,620 19,000 4,430 19,600 17,500 10 8,355 ,30,715 28,135 3,925 15,865 14,530 2,885 13,055 12,010 10 2,425 8,280 7,510 1,420 4,755 4,470 1,545 6,545 5,490 30,580 94,540 88,765 14,215 47,380 44,615 12,105 45,590 42,290 30 70 50 27,160 84,660 79,155 12,295 41,410 38,805 10,310 38,885 36,075 30 70 50 3,420 9,880 9,610 1,920 _ 5,970 5,810 1,795 6,705 6,215 15,230 53,310 46,995 7,160 26,770 23,690 5,935 28,270 24,400 15 25 15 12,695 45,835 39,940 6,010 23,365 20,470 5,160 25,155 21,355 15 25 15 2,535 7,475 7,05S 1,150 3,405 ., 3,220 775 3,115 3,045 27,290 104,730 ' 90,950 13,095 55,750 47,455 ~ 11,940 57,345 50,080 19,370 78,155 66,870 8,385 37,725 ·32,500 ; 7,580 38,425 33,760 7,920 26,575 24,080 4,710 j 18,025 14,955 . 4,360 18,920 16,320 29,040 lU,565 94,920 13,550 56,435 48,665 11,005 52,695 45,285 15 35 ~23,295 91,795 76,555 10,475 44,885 38,175 8,075 40,165 34,060 5 5 5,745 19,770 18,365 3,075 11,550 10,490 2,930 12,530 11,225 10 30 l33,71S 126,180 108,860 18,325 74,860 64,970 16,125 73,440 64,530 30 60 SO Y27,250 102,915 88,415 14,640 60,435 52,150 12,925 59,355 51,975 5 25 5 b6,465 ;23,265 20,445 3,685 14,475 12,820 3,200 14,085 12,555 25 35 45 r/),775 33,455 29,785 6,025 23,150 20,420 5,485 24,760 20,400 7,645 26,400 24,530 4,445 16,875 15,520 4,555 r19,885 17,565 6,150 21,850 19,650 3,660 14,005 13,105 3,050 13,495 12,945 3,975 13,055 12,035 2,480 8,615 7,495 2,290 9,540 8,400 ~-.~,--- 108 H-IIL I DISTRIBUTION OF 1,000 CENSUS HOUSEHOLDS BY NUMBER OF ROOMS QCCUP~ED StatejDistrict/City One Room Two Rooms Three Rooms Four Rooms Fiye Rooms Unspecified a;ouseholds and above No. of with Rooms details un· specified -...... --..-..-_ __._.._...,_._ ...... _____-..-..4_,'.__.-..""-II__,_._...... ___--.i ..... , ..... ,...... ~_.. ______~ __._.. __.. _...... ----- 234 5' 6 7 8 ,------~------PUNJAB 388 319 151 76 66 N N Gurdaspur District 432 322 136 62 48 N o Amritsar DistriGt 415 312 142 70 61 N o F irozpur District '.', . 417 302 141 ; 73 ... ,67 N N LudlHana District 401 306 ~?o 76 67 N .,0 ,. " lullundur District 323· . 321 ."170 96 9() N o Kapurthala District 360 3¥ ISS 77 64 o N Hoshiarpur District 349 3S6 lS8 74 63 N o Ropar District 369 344 IS4 73 60 N o PatiiLla District 415 313 142 68 62 o o Sangrur District 390 324 15S 72 59 N o Bhatinda District 356 313 164 89 78 N o Amritsar City (Amtitsar District) 426 284 133 82 75 o o Ludhiana City (Ludhiana District) 479 267 117 .68 69 o o .Jullundur City (Jullundur District) .. 439 309 120 72 60 o o Patiala City (Patiala District) 358 300 IS5 97 90 o o O=NiL-- N =NegligibJe. H-Ill. 2 NO .. OF PERSONS, MALES AND . FEMALES PER ROOM AND PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD. 110 H-UI.l NO. OF PERSONS, MALES AND FEMALES Total· One Room Two Rooms Three State/District/City Total Rural No, of No, of Persons Males Females Average Persons Males Females Average Persons Urban persons persons No. of No. of per per persons persons room House- per per hold House- House- hold hold 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 PUNJAB Total 2'12 5'96 4'87 2'65 2'22 4'«17 3'02 1·61 1'41 6'03 2'27 Rural 2'78 6:U. 5'06 2'73 2'33 5'06 3'07 1·64 1'43 6'15 2'30 Urban 2'~ .~·S3 4-37 2-44 1'93 4-37 2,84 1'51 1 -:"3 5'68 2'16 Gurdaspur District Total 3·05 6·19 5·12 2'76 2'36 5 ·12 3 ·17 1 ·68 1 '49 6·33 2'42 Rural 3 '17 6'30 5'27 2-81 2'46 5'27 3'23 1 ·72 1 '51 6'46 2'48 Urban 2'66 5'81 4'57 2'59 1'98 4'57 2,93 1'56 1 '37 5'85 2'22 Amritsar~Djstrict Total 2'84 6,04 4'94 2'67 2'27 4'94 3 ·10 1 ·66 1 '44 6'20 2'33 Rural 2'96 6'24 5,17 2'77 2·40 5 '17 3 ·18 1·70 1 ·48 6'35 2'40 Urban 2'59 5'59 4·49 2·48 2'01 4'49 2'91 1'56 1·35 5'82 2'15 FiroZ})ur District Total 2'79 6'00 4·92 2·65 2'27 4·92 3,06 1·64 1 '42 6'12 2 '31 Rural 2'84 6'11 5'03 2'71 2,32 5 '03 3 ,12 1 ·67 1·45 6'24 2'35 Urban 2'59 5'57 4'48 2·42 2·06 4'48 2'84 1 '52 1·32 5·68 2,18 Ludhlana District Total 2,70 5'90 4'73 2,61 2,12 4,73 3,03 1 ,62 1 ·41 6,06 2'26 Rural 2'75 6'14 S'05 2,74 2'31 5'05 3'08 1'64 1 ,44 6'16 2'28 Urban 2·60 5'47 4'29 2'45 1'84 4'29 2'92 1'57 1,35 5'85 2'21 lullundur District Total 2'37 5'76 4'61 2'53 2,08 4,61 2 '87 1 '52 1 ·35 5'74 2,11 Rural 2'31 5'83 4,72 2'54 2'18 4'72 2'87 1'52 1 ·35 5'73 2-09 Urban 2'54 5'58 4'45 2'52. 1'93 4'45 2-88 1'52 1·36 5'76 2·17 KaPUrthala District Total 2·72 6'04 4·91 2'65 2,26 4'91 3,05 1 '59 1·46 6'09 2 '31 Rural 2·87 6'23 5'19 2,78 2·41 5 '19 3 '11 1'63 1-48 6'22 2'35 Urban 2·31 5·46 4·07 2·27 1 '80 4·07 l·82 1·48 1 ·34 5'65 2'17 Hoshiarpur District Total 2,44 5,40 4,58 2'44 2'14 4'58 2'70 1'41 1'29 5-41 2'00 Rural 2,48 5'48 4'67 2'47 2'20 4'67 2'75 1'43 1,32 5'51 2'01 Urban 2'21 4'89 3'95 2'21 1 ·74 3'95 2'42 1 '30 H2 4'84 1'90 Ropar District Total 2'60 5'68 4'51 2'50 2,01 4-51 2'83 1 '52 1 ·31 5'67 2'20 Rural 2'67 5-93 4'80 2'64 2·16 4'80 2'92 1'57 1 ·35 5'84 2'25 Urban 2'26 4'56 3'46 2·00 1'46 3·46 2'41 1·31 1-10 4'82 1'91 Patiala District Total 2·90 6 ·18 5'08 2'76 2·32 5-08 3 :13 1'68 1 ·45 6'26 2'39 Rural 3 '12 6,45 5'37 2'90 2'47 5,37 3'29 1'77 1 '52 6·57 2'50 Urban 2,40 5'49 4'22 2'34 1'88 4-22 2'76 1'46 1·30 5'51 2 ·13 Sangrur District Total 2'87 6,19 S'07 2'79 2'28 5'07 3 '12 1'70 1,42 6'24 2'37 Rural 2'96 6 ·31 5'21 2'86 2,35 5 -21 3 '18 1'74 1,44 6·36 2,41 Urban 2·57 5,72 4'54 2'S1 2'03 4'54 2'91 1 '55 1 '36 S,S2 2'21 Bhatinda District Total 2'67 6,15 4'88 2'67 2'21 4'88 3'07 1'65 1·42 6'14 2,32 Rural 2'70 6'26 5'01 2'74 2'27 5'01 3 '11 1 '69 1'42 6'22 2,34 Urban 2'59 5-75 4'48 2'44 2'04 4-48 2-92 1 '53 1 '39 5'84 2-25 Amritsar City Urban 2'56 5·64 4'48 2'48 2·00 4'48 2'93 1'58 1·35 5'85 2,16 (Amritsar District) Ludhiana City Urban 2'61 5,45 4'26 2,45 1'81 4'26 2'93 1,57 1 ·36 5'86 ;:,2,22 ) Ludhiana District) ullundur City Urban 2'72 5,66 4'51 2'50 2'01 4'51 2'94 1 ·54 1 ·40 5'88 2'25 ~llundur District) tiala City Urban 2,29 5'50 4-31 2'37 1 '94 4'31 2'73 t '45 1'28 5'47 2,10 (patiala District) ·Excludes Households with details unspecified whose number in the State was 15 (Total 15, Rural 10, Urban 5), o= Nil. N-Negligible. 111 PER ROOM AND PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD Rooms Four Rooms Five Rooms and above Unspecified No. of Rooms Males Females Average Persons Males Females Average Persons Males Females Average Persons Males Females Average No. of No. of No. of No. of persons persons persons persons per per per per House- House- House- House hold hold hold hold 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1'20 1·07 6'8'J 1'85 0'98 0'87 7 '41 1 '36 0 ·72, 0 '64 8 '44 o o o 4',29 1'22 1'08 6'90 l'S8 t '00 0'88 7 '53 t '39 0 ·74 0 '65 8 '53 o o o 4'6,2 1'13 1·03 6'49 1'77 0'93 0'84 7'07 t '2,8 0'68 0'60 8'18 o o o ,2'88 1'28 H4 7'26 2'00 1'06 0'94 8'00 1'52 0'83 0·69 9'40 o o o 3'20 1 ·31 H7 7'43 2'05 1·09 0'96 8'22 1'55 0'82 0·73 9'42 o o o 3'75 1-17 1·05 6'67 1 '86 0'99 0'87 7'44 1'47 0'85 0'62 9'37 o o o 1'00 1'24 1'09 6'99 1'90 1'01 Ofi 7~ 1~ O~ oe 8~ o o o 4'00 1'28 H2 7'21 1'96 1'04 0'92 7'84 1'46 0'77 0'69 8'86 o o o 4'00 1·14 1'01 6'46 1'79 0'94 0'85 7·15 1'27 0'69 0'58 8'24 o o o o 1 ·23 1·08 6·94 1·87 1'00 0,87 7·49 1·39 0·73 0·66 8·55 o o o 9·00 1 ·26 1·09 7'04 I '89 1 'OJ 0'88 7'57 1'41 0'75 0'66 8·67 o o o 9'00 1-13 1·05 6'S3 1'79 0 ·95 0·847'181'290·670·628'08 o o o o 1-19 1 ·07 6·78 1·86 0 ·97 0'89 7·46 1 '34 0'71 0,63 8,47 o o o 1,00 1'21 1·07 6·84 1'91 1 ·00 0,91 7·63 1'38 0,73 0,65 8,60 o o o 1'00 1-14 1,07 6'62 1 '78 0'93 0·85 7'11 1 '28 0·68 0·60 8'26 o o o o HI 1·00 6·33 1'12 0'90 0·82 6·88 r'21 0,63 0'58 7,65 o o o 5'79 1·10 0·99 6·27 1'70 0 ·89 0'81 6'79 1 '20 0,63 0'57 7'54 o o o 5'79 1-14 1 ·03 6'50 1'79 0,94 0'85 7'16 1 ·23 0·64 0·59 7·97 o o o o 1·21 HO 6·92 1·85 0·96 0'89 7·41 1·34 0·71 0,63 8·37 o o o o 1 '23 H2 7·04 1 '94 1·01 0'93 7'74 1'44 0'75 0,69 8,69 o o o o 1-14 1·03 6·51 1·62 0,84 0·78 6·50 1'18 0·64 0,54 7·79 o o o o r '03 0·97 5·99 1 '62 0'83 0·79 6·47 1·19 0'62 0'57 7,26 o o o 4·00 1 '04 0,97 6·03 1'63 0·84 0'79 6'52 1·19 0,62 0'57 7,27 o o o 4·00 0'96 0·94 5·70 1'53 0'78 0·756·14 r'17 0·610'567·20 o o o o 1-17 1·03 6'59 1'76 0'93 0'83 7·05 1'43 0'77 0·66, 8·87 o o o 2'67 1 ·20 1·05 6·76 1·82 0·97 0·85 7'29 1'45 0'78 0,67 9·01 o o o 2·67 0'98 0·93 5'73 1'44 0'74 0'70 5'76 1,29 0·65 0·64 7 ·95 o o o o 1·28 1 ·11 7·17 1 '97 1'06 0'91 7'88 1·42 0'76 0·66 9·00 o o o o 1'35 1·15 7·49 2'09 1'12 0·97 8·38 l'St 0·80 0·71 9·52 o o o o 1012 1 ·01 6·40 1'75 0'96 0'79 7'00 1 ·26 0'68 0·58 8·08 o o o o 1·28 1·09 7·11 1·94 1'04 0'90 7·76 1·43 0'77 0·66 8·90 o o o 2·33 1'31 1·10 7·23· 1'98 1'07 0'91 7'93 1 '49 0·81 0'68 9·19 o o o 1·00 H5 1·06 6·64 1 ·79 0·94 0,85 7,17 1 '28 0·68 0·60 8 ·11 o o o 3,00 1·25 1·07 6·97 1·91 r ·02 0·89 7·63 r ·42 0 '76 0'66 8 '56 o o o 3·67 1·26 1 '08 7,02 1'92 1'03 0'89 7'69 1·44 0·77 0·67 8·61 o o o 6,00 1·20 1·05 6,76 1'85 0·98 0·87 7·39 1'35 0'71 0,64 8·33 o o o 3,20 1-14 1'02 6·47 1·81 0'96 0'85 7 '23 1'28 0'70 0'58. 8'23 o o o o 1·15 1'07 6·66' 1·82 0,95 0,87 7'29 1·26 0·67 0·59 8·22 o o o o 1-18 1. ·07 6 '75 1'85 0 ·96 0,89 7 ·41 1'38 0 '70 0 ·68 8 ·67 o o o o 1'091'016·311'620'870'756'501'20 0·64 0'567·83 o o o o CHAPTER V Tenure Status of Census Households CHAPTER V TENURE STATUS OF CENSUS BOUSE HOLDS There are two kinds of census households Explanation of Tables (i) private or family households of related persons, and (ii) institutional households where 3. Absolute figures of households classified un-related persons live together like hospitals, by size and tenure status have been given in the jails, hotels, hostels, etc. We are considering Main Table H-IV-based on a 20 per cent systema the tenure status of only the first category of tic random sample of the census houses in the households 41 this chapter. At the 1961 Census, Houselist-for the State, districts and cities and tenure status of the census households living in separately for rural and urban areas. Subsidiary census houses, used wholly or partly as dwellings, Table H-IV.1 gives distribution of 1,000 census was classified whereas at the 1971 Census, house households, living in census houses classified by holds with number of members have been cross size and tenure status for rural and urban areas classified by tenure status. Table H-IV prepared separately_ at the 1971 Census classifying households by size and tenure status is, therefore, somewhat Households elassUied. by size and tenure status different in respect of certain particulars from the corresponding Table E-II of the 1961 Census. 4. Total number of census households This Chapter is based on Table H-IV and Sub' according to Table H-IV for the State as a whole sidiary Table H-IV.l. Information on tenure stands at 2,230,625, out of which 1,929,915 house status was collected,-vide Col. 12 of the House holds or 86.5 per cent fall under the 'owned' list. category and 300,710 or 13.5 per cent under the 'rented' category. Their rural-urban break-up Explanation of t~d' or 'Rented' Tenure status for the State is : 2. The houselist enumerator was required, in No- of households terms of column 12 of the Houselist, to enquire Rural from a responstble member of the household, if 1,669.940 for any reason the head of the household was not Owned 1,592,385 available, whether the household lived in an 'owned' or 'rented' house. The following instruc Rented 77,555 tions were given to the houselist enumerator to Urban 560,685 determine whether household lived in an 'owned' or 'rented' house. Owned 337,530 "If a household is occupying a cesnus house Rented 223.155 owned by itself and is not paying anything to It will be seen that 75 per cent of the house anybody in the form of rent then the household holds are located in rural areas and 25 per cent in may be considered as living in own house and "0" urban areas. The proportion of 'owned' houses should be recorded for 'owned'. A household in rural areas works out to 95.4 per cent and of living in a flat or a house taken on 'ownership' 'rented' houses to 4.6 per cent. Similarly the basis on payment of. instalments, should be proportion of 'owned' houses in urban areas is regarded as living in its own house, notwith 60 per cent and of 'rented' houses 40 per cent. In standing that all instalments have not been paid. villages nearly 9.5 households out of every 10 A housing unit is rented if rent is paid or households have been returned in the 'Owned' contracted for, by the occupants in cash or in category against 6 households per 10 households kind. Where an owner permits a household to in urban areas. It is, therefore, evident that the live in a house, rent free even then the household phenomenon of rented accommodation is mostly should be treated as livin~ in a rented house. For a feature of urban areas. Those who do not own example, rent free accommodation provided to a how:ie in villages are an exception. Such employees by Government, Institutions, Com persons generally belong to the landless class of panies, etc. In such cases, vou should treat the workers (mostly Scheduled Castes) and other house as rented and write 'R'.". weaker sections of society who do not have even 115 116 a small house so as to raise a ramshackle struc to the very threshold of the village communi ture at least. It is the innate desire of every ties, a new class of village level functionaries family to own a house-may even be an apologia has come on the scene, which has, out of com for a house. This desire can be realised in pulsion, to live in villages in 'rented' houses. On villages at a relatively smaller cost because of the the other hand, there is an endless proliferation easy availability of materials locally and labour of workers (migrants from rural areas) in towns provided by the family and neighbours. Ances who have to live in 'rented' houses out of sheet tral Houses are passed on from one generation to helplessness-they just cannot afford to raise the other. The concept of 'rented' houses in even a humble structure with their meagre re villages was quite unknown until the recent past. sources. It is established from this analysis that The village elite give accommodation to their bigger the size of a city the larger is the num hired workers generally without charging any ber of people who are living in 'rented' houses. rent from them. i' It emerges from the statement given below In the past there would hardly be any 'out that larger the size of the households, the larger siders' in village communities. These were close is the percentage of houses returned in 'owned' ly knit units for all purposes and lived in blissful category. This is because increase in the strength ignorance because of isolation. But now with the, of a household acts as a check on the mobility extension of community and development services of the household. STATEMENT Number of Total number Percentage of Sia:e of Household owned House- of Census owned House- holds Households holds to tota 1 Households -----:_-.;._--...... _------~ ~--- One Person 101,855 [147,430 69·1 Two persons [131,895 [169,405 77·9 Three persons 156,720 195,200 80·3 Four persons '209,755 -253,410 82·$ Five persons 251,120 291,350 86·2 Six and more persons 1,078,445 1,173,660 91·9 Number of persons unspecified 125 170 73'5 _-L--______'____ Total 1,929,915 2,230,625 86'5 !Distribution of Households by Tenure Status diary Table H-IV.l gives percentage distribu based on 1,000 Census households tion of households by tenure status in the State, its districts and cities and separately for rural 5. The following statement based on subsi- and urban areas : Statement giving the percentage distribution of census households between "OlWned" and "Rented" categories for the State and its Districts separately for rural areas, urban areas and the cities State/District/City Owned! Rural Urban Rented , ---'--- , 1 2 3 4 Punjab State .. Owned 95 ·4 60·2 Rented 4·6 39·9 Gurdaspur District .. Owned 96·9 67·1 Rented 3 ·1 32·9 117 State/D istrictj City Ownedj Rural urban Rented --_ '---"-~- 1 2 3 4 ------,---,-----, - Amritsar District .. Owned 95·6 53 ·3 Rented 4'4 46'7 Firozpur District .. Owned 93 '8 58'5 Rented 6·2 41 ·5 Ludhiana District •• Owned 94·7 58'5 Rented 5'3 41 '5 Jullundur District .. Owned 94·4 60'8 Rented 5'6 39'2 Kapurthala District .. Owned 95'0 62'5 Rented 5 -0 37'5 Hoshiarpur District .. Owned 96·2 51 '5 Rented 3 '8 48'5 RoPar District .. Owned 95 '1 35'7 Rented 4'9 64'3 Patiala District '. Owned 95'5 65'2 Rented 4 '5' 34'8 Sangrur District .. Owned 96'6 74'5 Rented 3 ,4 25'S Bhatinda District •. Owned 95'9 67'1 Rented 4 '1 32'9 Amritsar City " Owned 52'5 Rented 47'5 Ludhiana City .. Owned 56,3 Rented 43 '7 .JuJlundur City " Owned 63'8 Rented 36'2 Patiala City '. Owned 59 ·1 Rented 40·9 It emerges from the statement that for the (39.8 per cent) in urban areas. This is possibly State as a whole (i) in rural areas 95.4 per cent) due to a large number of government housing of the census households have been returned in colonies that have come up in this district on the the 'owned' category and only 4.6 per cent in tha commissioning of the Bhakra and Nangal Proj ect 'rented' category, and (ii) in urban areas 60,2 and Nangal Fertilizer Project. Obviously house per cent households are in the 'owned' category holds living in houses in these colonies have been and 39.8 per cent in the 'rented' category. The returned under the category 'rented', In case of pattern of distribution of households between Sangrur district the percentage of households 'owned' and 'rented' categories for the State as under the 'owned' category (74.5 per cent) is a whole is identical with the pattern obtaining higher than the State average (60.2 p~r cent) pos in the case of districts with the exception of sibly because subjects in the erstwhile princely Ropar district where 35.7 per cent households State of Jind were encouraged to build their own fall under the 'owned' category against 64.3 per houses by the Maharajas and had also the re cent households accounted for by the 'rented' sources to invest in houses, Gurdaspur, Patiala category in urban areas-and Sangrur distric1;.....; and Bhatinda districts also closely follow the where 74.5 per cent households have been return pattern of distribution of Sangrur district in this ed under the 'owned' category against 25.5, per respect. On the basis of this frame it is perhaps cent households returned under the 'rented' cate necessary that economic inquiries shoUld be gory in urban areas. In Ropar district the pro~ undertaken in the inter-censal period by the portion of 'rented' households (64.3 per cent) is Census department itself or by some other higher than the corresponding State average interested organisations to draw scientific con- 118 elusions. At this stage it is possible to spell out trlbution pattern of households classified by only the main trends. size and tenure status in the State: 6. The following statement gives the dis· STATEMENT Tenure status Total HOlllehoJds baYJng number of persons number of census One Two Three------Four Five Six Persons households person persons persons persons persons and more unspe- persons cified ------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 1,000 66 76 87 114 131 526 N Owned 865 ~ 46 59 70 94 113 483 N Rented 135 20 11 17 20 18 43 N It emerges from this statement that 865 marriages in good families for the adolescents in households out of 1,000 Census households live the family. Where the head of the household in 'owned' houses and 135 households live in has reached an advanced age, size of the house 'rented' houses in the Punjab State as a whole. hold is generally large in our country. As against The tenure status was recorded by the houselist this, bachelors or newly weds do not generally enumerator on cI:e-fac,to basis because, under crave for owning houses partly because they can instructions, no probing questions regarding not even afford to have one with their meagre legalities of tenure status were required to be resources and without any saVings. It is only put to the respondents. A number of households after one is able to save something over the year though owning houses were shown as living in that one is in a position to own a house. In 'rented' houses because they were actually living India,-more so in Punjab,-ownin~ a house is in 'rented' accommodation, e.g., Government em an important status symbol in social life. There ployees living in government houses on rent but fore, as far as possible, everyone wishes to 'build simultaneously owning houses at the same 01' a house in one's life time. However, lucky peo some other station. The data thus collected ob ple generally inherit one from their ancestors. viously suffers from this kind of a limitation but the over-all picture is not materially affected. 8. As a corollary to the position obtaining 7. There are significant variations in the in the case of households living in 'owned' houses, tenure status among households of different the proportion of households in 'rented' category sizes. Out of 1,000 census households, one-person generally goes on decreasing with the increase households account for 46 households, 2-member in the number of members of households as is households for 59 households 3-member house- borne out by the figures given in the statement holds for 70 households, 4-member house- above. This is further corroborated bv the holds for 94 households, 5-memher households proportion of households living in 'rented' houses for 113 households and 6 and more member standing at 20 in the case of one-person house· households for 483 households living in 'owned' holds, 17 each in the case of 2-person and three·, houses. It is only natural that as high as 483 person households 20 in the case of 4-person households fall under the 'owned' category in households, 18 in the case of 5-person households respect of households constituting of six and and 43 in the case of six and more persons house- more members because higher the size of house.,; holds. The distribution of 1,000 households bet· holds, higher is the proportion of households ween 'owned' and 'rented' separately for each of reflected in the 'owned' category. The urge to the household sizes given in the following state- own a house is greater as one advances in years ment reflects a significant fall in the proportion to provide shelter in old age. BeSIdes, owning a of 'rented' households as the household size in- house being a status symbol, it helps contracting creases. STATEMENT Households h.ving ~umller or persons Tenure Status Total One Two Three Four Five Six Persons No. of person persons persons persons persons and more unspe- census ... persons cified households 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 Total 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1.000 Owned 865 691 779 803 828 862 919 735 Rented 135 309 221 197 172 138 81 265 119 From 309 'rented' households in the case of have, by and large per force to live in 'rented' one-persoru ( households, the proportions keep on accommoda tion. falling from one size to another size of house holds until it is only 81 households in respect of In so far as 'owned' status is concerned, one six and more persons households. A clear trend person households account for 57 census house is thus established that the number of house holds in rural and 30 in urban areas per 1,000 holds in 'rented' category decreases with the in census households. This pattern holds good for crease in the size of households. I t follows from all sizes of census households, i.e., there are more this that large size households manage to live in of 'owned' households in rural than urban areas. 'owned' houses because of several opportunities Tenure Status of Households in the case of Dis available to them over the years to own houses i, tricts under the impact of the joint family system, etc. 10. In the case of rural areas of districts of Tenure Status according to size of Firozpur, Jullundur, Ludhiana, Kapurthala and Households ~opar, proportion of households living in 'rented' houses is more than the corresponding State pro portion of 46 households per 1,000 census house 9. A reference to Subsidiary Tab~ H-IV.1 holds. However, Firozpur district, leads all the will show that as against a proportion of 9 -'rent districts of the State with 62 such households ed' of one-person households returned in the per 1,000 households in the 'rented' category. On rural areas of the State, the corresponding urban the other hand, Gurdaspur district has returned proportion is as high as 54. Persons constitutin.g the lowest proportion, 31, of households in the single-member households in villages are mostly 'rented' category. In the case of remaining dis petty shopkeepers running; grocery, doth or tricts also the proportion of households in the halwai shops whose working place and residence 'rented' category is less than the corresponding are generally the same. In urban areas, single State proportion of 46 households. member households generally comprise of per sons running shops, petty workshops and unmar Proportion of single-member households in ried persons who are employed in Government the 'rented' category is highest in Ropar district, and private sectors or are self employed. It will being 13 per 1,000 households, against the corres be seen that there is a sudden drop in the pro ponding State average of 9 households. Jullun portion of 'rented' households to 6 in the case of dur, Hoshiarpur, and Patiala districts account two-person households, 5 in respect of three-per for a proportion of 10 households each in the son households and 6 in respect of each of the 'rented' category. In Firozpur, Sangrur, Kapur categories of four-person and five-person house thala and Gurdaspur districts, the proportion of holds in the rural areas of the State. However, households of this size is lower than the State there is an abrupt jump in the proportion to 14 average. All the same, it may be stated that in the case of households with a strength of six there are not any significant variations in the and more persons. As against this the ur'Jan proportion of one-person households under the proportion of 'rented' households stands at 50 in 'rented' category among various districts of the the case of two-person households, 52 in the case State except Ropar. The higher incidence of of three-person households, 60 in the case of 'rented' households in the case of Ropar district four-person households and 55 in the case of five is explained by the fact that a large number of person households and 127 in the case of house government employees in the district are living holds with a strength of six and more persons. in 'rented' accommodation. In the case of two It is thus clear that urlban proportion of 'rented' memiJJer households, there is not any marked, households shows marked variation in respect of variation among districts except that Gurdaspu~ six and more person households. This can be and Sangrur districts have returned a proportion explained by the fact that wage earners in urban of 4 households under the category against the areas generally live in large groups in 'rented' corre~ponding State proportion of 6 households accommodation to save on rent, etc. per 1,000 census households. The distribution pattern in the case of three-member households is also identical with that of the State, an average The significant rural-urban differences in of 5 households per 1,000 households. In the tenure status of households can partly be ex case of four-member households. Firozpur and plained by the varying degree of economic acti Jullundur districts haVing returned proportion vity in rural and urban areas and the impact of of 9 households each exceed the corresponding urbanization on social life. Because of the fact State average of 6 househ01ds per 1,000 house that most of the government offices are centred holds. In other districts, a uniform pattern ob in urban areas quite a sizable number of families tains. There are, however, some variations in the 120 case of five-member households among various households per 1,000 households under 'rented' districts. Gurdaspur with a proportion of 3 category. Gurdaspur district has returned a pro households and Hoshiarpur and Sangrur districts portion of 105 households, Amritsar district 169 with a proportion of 4 households, each rank. households and Sangrur district only 82' house below the State which has returned a proportion holds. of 6 households per 1,000 households. The varia tions in proportions are still more significant in Relationship between functional characteristics of the case of households with six and more per.. cities and tenure status sons among the districts, Against the State' average of 14 households per 1,000 households in the case of this category. Firozpur district has 11. One of the common features of cities is returned a proportion of 24 households per 1,000 that there is a high incidence of households liv households while Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur dis ing in rented accommodation. This is to a. ma~k tricts account for a proportion of only 9 house ed degree attributab~e to the large scale ImmIg holds each per 1,000 census households. ration from the small towns and rural areas be cause cities generally offer large opportunities As regards urban areas, the proportion of for gainful employment. Cities may be classified households in 'rented' category in the case of by one of the functional characteristics like single-person households works out to 54 house 'industrial' or 'manufacturing' city, 'commercial' holds per 1,000 households for the State as a or a 'service' city. An attempt has been made to whole. As against this, Ropar district accounts work out relationship between tenure status and for 153 households and Hoshiarpur district for 9!}1 functional characteristics of cities of Punjab in households per 1,000 households. The corres'" relation to the distribution of establishments. ponding figures for the two-member households are 63 for Ropar district and 64 households for According to the following statement, giv Hoshiarpur district against the State average of ing the distri'bution of establishments by three 50 households. Ropar district accounts for the broad-types and the incidence of households liv highest proportion of 73 households against the ing in rented accommodation, Amritsar city has State average of 52 households in the case of the highest number of trade establishments and three-member households. In the case of four the highest proportion of household living in member households it is 101 against the State . rented accommodation among the four cities. proportion of 60. This trend can possibly be ex~ This relationship holds good in the case of plained by the fact that a large number of gov Ludhiana city also. The city has returned the ernment employees in the urban areas of Ropar second highest number of trade establishments I district live in small houses. In the case of five and the second highest proportion of households member households, corresponding to the State, living in rented accommodation. Even the re average of 55 househo,lds per 1,000 households maining two cities, namely, Jullundur and under the 'rented' category, Ropar district has Patiala are essentially commercial cities. So, in returned a proportion of 90 households Amritsar conclusion, the high incidence of households liv district 69 households and Hoshiarpur 'district 67 ing in rented accommodation in the cities of households. As regards six and more member Punjab can primarily be attributed to their im households, against the State average of 127 portance as centres of trade and commerce. STATEMENT Name of City Percentage of Total No. of EstabUshments Households ------. living in rented Manufactu- Trade Servicing accommodation rinl to the total households -----,~---~-~------1. Amritsar 47'5 6,848 12,371 3,232 2. Ludhiana 43'7 7,765 8,732 2,305 3. Jullundur 36·2 4,890 .6,549 2,970 4. Patiala 40'9 1,666 3,311 1,142 H·IV. HOUSEHOLDS CLAssrFIED BY SIZE AND TENURE STATUS The table giving the data regarding tenure status of house holds of different sizes, has been prepared for all areas and separately for rural and urban areas of the State and its dis tricts. The data have also been presented separately for each city. The institutional households have been excluded from the purview df this table. In 1961, the data relating to tenure status given in table E-II did not classify house-holds by size but by usage. Thus only the tenure status of total number of house-holds given in col. 4 of table E-II and col. 4 of H-IV are comparable. The figures given in this table are unbiased estimates of the characteristics based on 20 per cent sample of census houses. For a brief note on the precision of the cell-frequencies, refe rence is invited to the fly-leaf to Table H-I. As already mentioned in the fly-leaf to Table H-I, these estimates have been obtained by multiplying the sample figures by 5. 121 122 lI-IV HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED BY SIZE AND TENURE STATUS ---- Households having number of persons State/District/City Total Tenure Total No. _.___ Rural Status of Census -----One Two Three Four Five Six and No. of Urban Households person persons persons persons persons more persons persons unspecified ~-- ~------.------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ----~_...... ~_.--~_...._....-'_..._-",_-..... ------~------'__...---...... -- ..... ------___...,_ PUNJAB Total Total 2,230,625 147,430 169,405 195,200 253,410 291,350 1,173,660 170 Owned 1,929,915 101,855 131,895 156,720 209,755 251,120 1,078,445 125 Rented 300,710 45,575 37,510 38,480 43,655 40,230 95,:115 45 Rural Total 1,669,940 100,025 118,600 IS9,130 182,630 216,445 912,985 125 Owned 1,592,385 84,935 109,015 129,foCO 172,41i~ 206,!l70 81i!l,()75 1(;~ Rented 77,555 15,090 9,585 9,330 10,145 9,475 23,910 20 Urban Total 560,685 47,405 50,805 56,070 70,780 74,905 260,675 45 Owned 337,530 16,920 22,880 26,920 37,270 44,150 189,370 20 Rented 223,155 30,485 27,91.5 29,150 33,510 30,755 71,305 25 Gurdaspur District .. Total Total 196,070 10,605 13,400 16,325 21,335 25,365 109,040 Owned 177,070 7,745 10,960 13,780 18,545 22,925 103,115 Rented 19,000 2,860 2,440 2,545 2,790 2,440 5,925 Rural Total 152,965 7,325 9,845 12,120 16,015 19,625 88,035 Owned 148,160 6,360 9,200 11,455 15,400 19,125 86,620 Rented 4,805 965 645 665 615 500 1,415 Urban Total 43,105 3,280 3,555 4,205 5,320 5,740 21,005 Owned 28,910 1,385 1,760 2,325 3,145 3,800 16,495 Rented 14,195 1,895 1,795 1,880 2,175 1,940 4,510 Amritsar District Total Total 293,400 15,905 20,965 25,905 34,230 39,460 156,920 15 Owned 241,955 9,685 15,035 19,780 26,775 32,005 138,665 10 Rented 51,445 6,220 5,930 6,125 7,455 7,455 18,2S5 5 Rural Total 202,185 9,175 13,225 17,030 22,445 26,305 113,990 15 Owned 193,305 7,445 12,140 16,015 21,440 25,140 111,115 10 Rented 8,880 1,730 1,085 1,015 1,005 1,165 2,875 5 Urban Total 91,215 6,730 7,740 8,875 11,785 13,155 42,930 Owned 48,650 2,240 2,895 3,765 5,335 6,865 27,550 Rented 42,565 4,490 4,845 5,110 6,450 6,290 15,380 Firozpur District Total Total 312,200 15,975 22,960 27,225 36,320 42,280 167,435 5 Owned 270,135 10,840 17,880 21,790 30,275 36,560 152,790 Rented 42,065 5,135 5,080 5,435 6,045 5,720 14,645 5 • Rural Total 248,120 11,430 16,940 20,480 28,415 33,570 137,285 Owned 232,640 9,350 15,375 18,795 26,245 31,575 131,~QO Rented 15,480 2,080 1,565 1,685 2,170 1,995 5,985 Urban Total 64,080 4,545 6,020 6,745 7,905 8,710 30,150 5 Owned 37,495 1,490 2,505 2,995 4,030 4,985 21,490 Rented 26,585 3,055 3,515 3,750 3,875 3,725 8,660 5 Ludhiana District Total Total 229,545 16,350 18,385 20,605 27,260 29,675 117,265 5 Owned 187,450 10,705 12,670 14,680 20,785 24,090 104,515 5 Rented 42,095 5,645 5,715 5,925 6,475 5,585 12,750 Rural Total 147,020 10,010 10,565 11,900 16,275 18,670 79,595 5 Owned 139,170 8,680 9,540 10,895 1 195 17,650 77,205 5 Rented 7,850 1,330 1,025 ],005 1.,080 1,020 Z,390 Urblln Total 82,525 6,340 7,820 8,705 10,985 11,005 31,670 Owned 48,280 2,025 3,130 3,785 5,590 6,440 27,310 Rented 34,245 4,315 4,690 4,920 5,3!l5 .,~65 10,360 123 H·IV HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED BY SIZE AND TENURE STATUS Households having number of persoDs State/District'City Total Tenure Total No. One Two Three Four Five Six and No. of Rural Status of Census person persons persons persons persons more persons Urban Households persons unspecified 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 _...... , ...... -.._.._ ...... _...... __,...... ,'--'._. .... _-----~_ ...... -...._... ___ ..,..... __ ...... _... ,___ .... __...... __,. ... _c_ ... _ Jullundur District Tota) Tota) 252,425 18,010 21,030 23,300 30,340 33,860 125,815 70 Owned 211,960 12,285 15,750 17,845 24,280 ; 28,615 113,130 55 Rented 40,465 5,725 5,280 5,455 6,060 ..... 5,245 12,685 15 Rural Total 174,345 11,695 13,800 15,470 20,445 : 23,775 89,105 55 Owned 164,505 9,940 12,530 14,180 18,980 22,560 86,260 55 Rented 9,840 1,755 1,270 1,290 1,465 1,215 2,845 Urban Total 78,080 6,315 7,230 7,830 9,895 10,085 36,710 15 Owned 47,455 2,345 3,220 3,665 5,300 6,055 26,870 .. Rented 30,625 3,970 4,010 4,165 4,595 4,030 9,840 15 Kapurthala District " Total Total 69,445 4,260 5,180 5,840 7,490 9,105 37,555 15 Owned 60,495 2,990 4,005 4,720 6,105 7,935 34,730 10 Rented 8,950 1,270 1,175 1,120 1,385 1,170 2,825 5 Rural Total 52,610 2,750 3,515 4,225 5,385 6,955 29.765 15 Owned 49,980 2,400 3,175 3,935 5,010 6,590 28,860 10 Rented 2,630 350 340 290 375 365 905 5 Urban Total 16,835 1,510 1,665 1,615 2,105 2,150 7,790 Owned 10,515 590 830 785 1,095 1,345 5,870 Rented 6,320 920 835 830 1,010 805 1,920 Hosbiarpur District .. Total Total 193,030. 17,390 17,195 18,680 23,735 27,230 88,785 15 Owned 173,920 13,020 14,715 16,385 21,120 24,775 83,895 10 Rented 19,110 4,370 2,480 2,295 2,615 2,455 4,890 5 Rural Total 166,735 13,710 14,355 15,950 20,440 23,590 78,675 15 Owned 160,375 11,950 13,550 15,170 19,675 .22,905 77,115 10 Rented 6,360 1,760 805 780 765 685 1,560 5 Urban Total 26,295 3,680 2,840 2,730 3,295 3,640 10,110 Owned 13,545 1,070 1,165 1,215 1,445 1,870 6,780 Rented 12,750 2,610 ],675 1,515 J,850 1,770 3,330 Ropar District Total Total 98,670 10,045 8,480 8,880 11,360 12,200 47,675 30 Owned 83,110 6,200 6,780 7,020 9,080 10,160 43,850 120 Rented 15,560 3,845 1,700 1,860 2,280 2,040 3,825 10 Rural Total 80,655 . 6,695 6,775 7,025 8,785 9,850 41,515 10 Owned 76,685 5,600 6,210 6,490 8,325 ' 9,425 40,630 5 Rented 3,970 1,095 565 535 460 ' 425 885 5 Urban Total 18,015 3,350 1,705 1,855 2,575 2,350 6,160 20 Owned 6,425 600 570 530 755 735 3,220 15 Rented 11,590 2,750 1,135 1,325 1,820 1,615 2,940 5 PaUala District Total Total 192,520 13,585 14,570 16,130 19,840 22,980 105,415 Owned 167,140 9,530 11,175 12,930 16,215 19,585 97,705 Rented 25.380 4,055 3,395 3,200 3,625 3,395 7,710 Rural Total 137,235 8,680 9,330 10,560 12,915 15,735 80,015 Owned 131,075 7,330 8,480 9,830 12,080 15,015 78,340 Rented 6.160 1,350 850 730 835 720 1,675 Urban Total 55,285 4,905 5,240 5,570 6,925 7,245 25,400 Owned 36,065 2,200 2,695 3,100 4,135 4,570 19,365 Rented 19,220 2,705 2,545 2,470 2,790 2,675 6,035 "'--- -_. __ .. 124 H·IV HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIPIED BY SIZE AND TENURE STATUS ..... ______._, .• ",...", ...... ,.. ... ~..-01>.., •. ~_ •• . ~---, ..-.", HOllseholds having Dumber of ptfSOlls State/District/City Total Tenure ------_.. -"'''''-~" ------_. ------Rural Status Total No. One Two Three Four Five Shand No. of Urban of Census person Person~ persons person~ persons more persons Households Ilersons unspecified _...... IIIIiI .. ~--...... ,-~_'-- --.... ____ ...... _-..... ----'"-----..------...-- ...... 2 3 4 S 6 7 -- 8 ----..-_.----9 10 11 ______...------w~-----.-.. -'----.~---~ .... ----.., ... ,__ ~_ --._~ ...... ,_ _.._.~,_, .. ___ .. _.... _,~." .... ~~.~_ .. ___ .. __ .... '_ .. _.. _ .. _-, ..... Sansrur District Total Total 187,620 12,660 13,410 15,220 19,405 23,155 103,760 10 Owned 172,385 9,855 11,585 13,325 17,395 21,195 99,020 10 Rented 15,235 2,805 1,825 1,895 2,010 1960 4,740 Rural Total 147,265 9,255 10,045 11,505 14,795 18,225 83,430 10 Owned 142,325 8,120 9,405 10,965 14.215 17,605 82,005 10 Rented 4,940 1,135 640 540 580 620 1,425 Urban Total 40,355 3,405 3,365 3,715 4,610 4,930 20,330 Owned 30,060 1,735 2,180 2,360 3,180 3,590 17,015 Rented 10,295 1,670 1,185 1,355 1,430 },34O 3,315 Db.tinda District Total Total 205,700 12,645 13,830 17,090 22,095 26,040 113,995 5 Owned 184,295 9,000 11,340 14,465 19,180 23,275 107,030 5 Rented 21,405 3,645 2,490 2,625 2,915 2,765 6,965 Rural Total 160,805 9,300 10,205 12,865 16,715 20,145 91,575 Owned 154,165 7,760 9,410 12,070 15,920 19,380 89,625 Rented 6,640 1,540 795 795 795 765 1,950 Urban Total 44,895 3,345 3,625 4,225 5,380 5,895 22,420 5 Owned 30,130 1,240 1,930 2,395 3,260 3,895 17,405 5 Rented 14,765 2,105 ],695 1,830 2,120 2,000 5,015 Amritsar City ,. Urban Total 73,350 5,115 6,105 7,190 9,480 10,680 34,780 (Amritsar Diatriot) Owned 38,540 1,690 2,195 2,915 4,190 5,435 22,115 Rented 34,810 3,425 3,910 4,275 5,290 5,245 12,665 Ludbiana City .. Urban Total 65,545 4,860 6,285 7,000 9,005 8,845 29,550 (Ludlliana District) Owned 36,920 1,405 2,265 2,780 4,345 4,990 21,135 Rented 28.625 3,455 4,020 4.220 4,660 3,855 8.415 Jullundur City .. Urban Total 51,000 3,590 4,405 4,955 6,445 6,590 25,015 (Jullundur District) Owned 32,520 l,355 2,095 2,505 3,620 4,210 18,735 Rented 18,480 2,235 2,310 2.450 2,825 2,380 6,280 Patiala Qty Urban Total 25,605 2,020 2.420 2,550 3,285 3,525 11,805 (patiala District) Owned 15,120 840 1,065 1,240 1,695 2,015 8,265 RentedJ 10,485 . 1,180 1,355 1,310 , ],590 i 1,510 3,540 --...... u_...... __. ____... ____..__._-- H·IV. i-DISTRIBUTION OF 1.000 CENSUS HOUSEHOLDS LIVING IN CENSUS HOUSES ACCORDING TO SIZE OF THE HOUSEHOLD IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, SEPARATELY 126 H·lV.l DISTRIBUTION OF 1,000 CENSUS HOUSEHOLDS LIVING IN CENSUS HOUSES _..,_. Households bavlllQ State/District/City Rural Total ----~----One Person Urban ~~~__.____.,__---_..,,_.,.._-.--.--~ -- Owned Rented Owned Rented - 2 3 4 ----S 6 -...... ,-- , -- --- PUNJAB Rural 954 46 51 9 Urban 602 398 30 54 Gurdaspur District Rural 969 31 42 6 Urban 671 329 32 44 Amritsar District Rural 956 44 37 9 Urban 533 467 25 49 Firozpur District Rural 938 62 38 8 Urban 585 415 23 48 Ludhiana District Rural 947 5] S9 9 Urban 585 415 24 52 JuJlundur District Rural 944 S6 57 10 Urban 608 392 30 51 Kapurthala District Rural 950 50 46 7 Urban 625 375 35 5S Hoshiarpur District Rural 962 38 72 10 Urban 515 485 41 99 Ropar District Rural ~51 49 69 13 Urban 357 643 33 153 Patiala District Rural 955 45 53 10 Urban 652 348 40 49 Sangeur District Rural 966 34 55 8 Urban 745 255 43 41 Bhatinda District Rural 959 41 48 9 Urban 671 329 28 47 Amritsar City (Amrittar District) Urban 525 475 23 47 Ludhiana City (Ludhiana District) Urban 563 437 21 53 Jllllundur City (Jullundur District) Urban 638 362 27 44 Patiala City (Patiala District) Urban 591 409 33 46 -,~------,.-- O=NiI. N =Negtigible. 127 ACcORDING TOS]ZE OF THE HOVSEHOLD IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, SEPARATELY _,----_.", ~, number of persons Two Persons Three Persons Four Persons Five Persons Slxand more No. of Persons un- persl)ns ------specified Owned Rented Owned Rented Owned Rented Owned Rented Owned Rented Owned Rented '7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ------16 17 18 _. wooI...... _...... 41 ..... _._."._,._..-...... -_.-• .j..._._..-,~~--...... _.._..-_..------65 6 78 5 103 6 124 6 533 14 N N 41 50 48 52, 66 60 79 55 338 127 N N 60 4 75 5 101 4 125 3 566 9 0 0 41 ' 4~ 54 43 73 50 88 45 383 lOS 0 0 ,~ 60 5 79 5 106 5 124 6 550 14 N N !2 53 41 56 58 71 75 69 302 169 () () 62 6 76 7 106 9 127 8 529 24 0 () 39 55 47 59 63 60 78 58 335 135 0 N 65 7 74 7 104 7 120 7 525 16 N 0 38 57 46 60 68 65 78 55 331 J26 0 () 72 7 81 7 109 9 130 7 495 16 N 0 41 51 47 53 68 59 78 52 344 126 0 N 60 6 75 6 95 7 125 7 549 17 N N 49 49 47 49 6S 60 80 48 349 114 0 0 81 5 91 5 118 5 137 4 463 9 N N 44 64 46 58 55 70 71 67 258 127 0 0 77 7 81 7 103 6 117 5 504 11 N N 32 63 29 73 42 101 41 90 179 163 I N 62 6 lZ 6 88 6 109 5 571 12 0 0 49 46 56 45 75 51 82 48 350 109 0 0 64 4 74 4, 96 4 120 4 557 10 N 0 54 29 58 34 79 36 89 33 422 82 0 0 59 5 75 5 99 5 121 5 557 12 0 0 43 38 53 41 72 47 87 44 388 112 N 0 30 53 40 58 57 72 74 72 301 173 0 0 35 61 42 64 66 71 76 59 323 129 0 0 41 45 49 48 71 55 83 47 367 ]23 0 0 42 53 48 51 66 62 79 59 323 138 0 0 -_"_,, -_._-,_ -- -~-.,~--- ANNEXURE SAMPLE DESIGN AND PRECISION OF ESTIMATES* 1. Sample Design 2.2 ReLiability of estimates : 1.1. Sample Size : The percentage relative standard error on the basis of a Simple Random Sample is estimated A 20 per cent systematic sample of census as houses was selected from the houselist with a , 0.8 (i-p) -4- (l~P Xl(JO '--'--"'-"-- IWx 1--" = I ",,-"~~-"'-","" random start. This sample size was adopted NP NP on considerations of required precision, available resources and operational convenience. Where '1" i6 the e~timated proportion in any f N 1.2 Selection Procedure : cell, IN' the total of the table n) (::::. ) Though the lowest levels (tabulation areas) 5 for which estimates are presented in these tables the sample size and 0.8, the finite population cor· are rural district, urban district (including cities, rection. Analysis of Table E-l of 1961 Census for if any) and city. The sample was actually drawn all the districts of India revealed that 82 per cent from what are called 'Operational Units', These of the estimated proportions of the various cells Operlltional Units comprised (a) Tehsil of a disw and a relative standard error of less than or trict in the rural area, (b) Non-city urban part of equal (0 20 per cent with a sampling intensity a district, and (c) city. If any of these opera of 20 per cent. Considering the detailed nature tional Units was unduly large, it was divided into of the census tables, a minimum acceptable level sub-operationaJ. units of at least 20,000 houses. of precision lower than 20 per cent may be too Similarly small sized Operational Units were difficult to attain for every cell at the district either combined together or tagged on to a conti level. nuous larger unit so as to form an effective Ope rational Unit of the minimum siZe mentioned If the relative standard error in a cell is above. Adoption of these Operational Units en more than 20 per cent it may, therefore, be neces sured accuracy in sample selection maintaining sary to combine such cells suitably with others at the same time stability in the sampling frac so as to achieve this minimum precision. Fur tion within the tabulation areas. For houselisting ther if the size of a district is so small that the purposes the Tahsils (Rural). Towns and Cities relative standard error is greater than 20 per cent had been divided into compact smaller area units for most of the characteristics, the estimates for called 'houselisting blocks' within each Opera~ that district may have to be combined with those tionaT Unit, the houselisting blocks had been so of an adjoining district in order to achieve the .arranged tha! it was possible to select the sample required precision in most of the eells. The size from the entIre Operational Unit in a continuous of the universe (i.e. district(state) for the various fashion. The procedure adopted had ensured (if. values of the proportion 'from 0.0001 to 0.9 by fective control over sample selection within each percenta.ge relative standard error shown in the block as also in the entire Operational Unit. statement given below will help in deriving quickly the level of precision of any cell.' Proce 2. Estimation Procedure : dure for using the statement is indicated as a footnote to it in the form of an example. A 2.1. Estimates of the characteristics : compact statement indicating the size of cell esti ~n-b~ased estimates haVe been worked out by mate with 20 per cent relative standard error for th~ Infiatmg the sample frequencies in each cell various district/state size is given in the Fly-leaf UnIformly by 5. to the Tables !for ready reference. . *T~ is ~nlY a brief description of the sampling de9ign adopted in preparing the Housing Table.. For It detaIled dIScussIOn on the sampling procedures adOpted in the census, reference may be made to the .peel.l paper on the subject published by the Registrar General, India. 128 J29 2.3. Efficiency of the estimates : which Tables H-III and H-IV are based, consists Since houses with similar characteristics tend of all the households residing in the sample of to cluster in space, some stratification with regard census houses (equivalent to cluster sample) and to almost all the housing characteristics is built ~ince the characteristics of households residing into the CensUs Houselist. This suggest8 intui m a census house are likely to be similar the tively that the systematic sample should have sampling error should normally be expected to achieved a more balanced representation. of the be greater than that of a systematic sample of universe than a Simple Random Sample. Conse households. In practice, however, there is nearly quently, the standard error of any estimate of one to one correspondence between a household moderate size from the systematic sample of cen and a house in most of the areas, particularly in sus houses will, in aU probability, be less than Rural, so that the selected systematic sample is the one providpd by the :formula given in para almost equivalent to a systematic sample of house 2.2 above. hold. The formula of para 2.2, therefore, applies to the household Tables also along with Housing Further, since the samp~e of households, on Tables. STATEMENT Proportion, Percentage Relative Standard Error and the expected size of UniverFe for a 20 per cent Simple Random Sample Percentage Relative Standard Error Propor- tion ------_--- 1 '0 2'5 5 ·0 10'0 20'0 30·0 50·0 ------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ------_------~------·0001 399960000 63993600 15998400 3999600 999900 4444qO 159984 '0002 199960000 31993600 7998400 1999600 499900 222178 79984 '0003 133293333 21326933 5331733 1332933 333233 148104 53317 '0004 99960000 15993600 3998400 999600 249900 111067 39984 'OOOS 79960000 12793600 3198400 799600 199900 88844 31984 '0006 66626666 10660266 2665066 666266 166566 74029 26651 '0007 57102857 9136957 2284114 571028 142757 63448 22841 '0008 49960000 7993600 1998400 499600 124900 55511 19984 '0009 44404444 7104711 1776178 444044 111011 49338 17761 '001 39960000 6393600 1598400 399600 99900 44400 15984 '002 19960000 3193600 798400 199600 49900 22178 7984 '003 13293333 2126938 531733 132933 33233 14770 5317 '004 9960000 1593600 398400 99600 24900 11067 3984 ·005 7960000 1273600 318400 79600 19900 8844 3184 '006 6626666 1060266 265067 66267 16567 7363 2651 ·007 5674285 907886 226971 56743 14186 6305 2270 '008 4960000 793600 198400 49600 12400 5511 1984 O()09 4404444 704711 176178 44045 11011 4894 1762 130 ,. f 2 .,' :l'" "', . 4 5 6 7 8 --,.- ·01 3960000 . 633600 . 158400 39600 9900 4400 1584 '02 1960000 313600 78400 1?600 4900 2178 784 ·03 12<)3333 206933 51733 12<)33 3233 1437 517 ·04 960000 153600 38400 9600 2400 1067 384 ·05 760000 121600 30400 7600 1900 844 304 '06 626667 100267 25067 6267 1567 696 251 ·07 531429 85029 21257 5314 1327 591 213 ·08 460000 73600 18400 1600 1150 511 184 ·09 404444 64711 16178 4044 1010 449 162 ·1 360000 57600 14400 3600 900 400 144 ·2 160000 25600 6400 1600 400 188 64 ·3 93333 14933 3733 933 238 104 37 ·4 60000 9600 2400 600 150 67 24 '5 40000 6400 1600 400 100 45 15 '6 26667 4267 1067 267 67 30 11 '7 17143 2743 686 171 43 19 7 '8 10000 1600 400 100 25 11 4 ·9 4444 711 178 44 11 5 2 .. ----~------Note. --Given district size 'N' (i.e. total of table) and the pelcentage relative standard error (p.r.s.t'.) to detel mine the size of a ccii 'NP' where 'P' is the associated proportion. (j) p.r.s.e.=20% (ii) N;> 16567, NP=100 (iii) 4900<:N $16567, NP=99 (~v) 900,5N_s4900, NP corresponds to that of the nearest tabulated district size e.g., if N =2897, NP==2400 x '04= 96 (v) For N<:9oo, let N,P, and NIP. be the cell size for the immediately larger (N, ) 2nd jrrrndj~t€l} m~l!lr IN.) tatll)~h.d district sizes. Then :- NIP! (N -N.HN2P2 (NI-N) NP= (N,-N.) e.g., let N'=527, then N,=900, NI =400, N,P, =90 and N.P, = 80. By Substitution NP=82 '54 i.e. 83 approximately. (vi) Similar rules may be formulated for any other p.r.s.e. desired. PHOTOS A view of tiles and wood planks' used in a roof in a smaLL house in village Azizpm" COist7'ict Patiala). A census house used as a workshop for repal.r1ong and making of ag1'icult10'al implements in a vitlage-enHsted. as an 'establishment located in a census house, A ,jhuggi dwelling at a b''I'ick-kiln with a thatched roof treated 'as a census house, A single-roon1- »1-ud walls house having a sepa'rate cooking pLace on its 'right and a chappar for p1'otection against sun. In winter cattle a're even tethe'Y'ed in this ve1'Y living rOO»1- at night, Typical rU1'al houses with mud walls and kacha 1"oofs, Fmntal view of GUTU Gobind Singh Bhawan on the campus of the Panjabi Unive1'sity, Patiala-a symbol of modern architecture-. treated as a separate census house. Houses with bumt b?'ick walls and tiled 1'oofs in a vilLage in Patiala district pucca census houses, A view of a poultr y-shed with thatch roofing in a village.-t?'eated as a census house and enlisted as an establishment. Panoramic view of 'Southent part of Batala Town. Newly constTucterJ, st"uctut'es S'howing pucca 1'oofs made of til~s . \, Panoramic view of Khanna Town-pucca st't"uctures and \ tmdulating lanes and by lanes. A modern ceme1lt concrete house (4t Phct~wa r((. Ramgcil'hia Gw'dwat'(l Saheb at Nakoda1' RO(td Phagwara-tl'eated as a census house. GW'dwaTU Saheb at Achal-Batala. ! } ...... -..-~ 'I>- . Temple of Shiva at AchClI--Batala. Gurdwara Kandh Sahib at Batala whe1'e a part of the sac1'ed waH is exhibited in a glass-case on the Tight of the Holy Gmnth-t1'eated as .a census house. Guru Nanak came to this place with his marriage-party com prising partly of deformed and maimed persons. This caused an offence to the relatives of his bride and some of them conspired to push this wall on the marriage-party. History has it that with the spiritual power of Guru Nanak this wall stood up the ons1aught. It is now a protected monument. The house where Guru Nanak was rnon'ied-t1'eated as (L cerlS'1.ts house, A view of Gurdwara Kandh Saheb showing its high domes. Panoramic view of Khanna Town as seen from Water Towe1·. APPENDICES APPENDIX CENIl.'I OF HOUSE . Name of District ...... •.•....•.••...... •.•.•..•.••..•...• CadeNo...••...... Name of Talukrrehsil/Tbana/AncbaIfIsJand .•...... •...... •. Code No...... .Predominant construction material of I PurPose for which Census Is it used whollyOJ' Census House House is used. e.,. residence, partly as an estab- I Building No. shop. shop.cum-residence, lisbInent? Yes or Line (Municipal or Census business. factory, workshop, No. If yes, enter No. Local Autho- House No. worbbop-c"".-residcnce, further details n rity or Census Material of Wall Malerial of Roof school. baDk. commercial the Establisbmcnt No.) hOUle, oftk:e, hospital. hotel, ScbeduJe and incIi- etc. or vacant cate the Serial No. of tbat entry here ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - ~ ...... 1 •••••••• i ...... ; .. ~ ..... ,.,.·······1 : t r...... r·~···· r ...... · ...... ". ( ...... ! - ...... i .. • .. ··•• r··· .... I ---1--- ...... ". [..... ,. r ...... - ...... C.... • .. : ...... I· I · ...... t .... · ...... 4 ••• I I I ...... j ...... r.. ·.. · : ...... r.. ·.... -- i······· - ...... { ...... · r...... ,. l .. ·.... ·' ·...... r··· .. ·.. · l · ;.... ._ ...... ,...... I _- I ,...... { ...... I I r .. ·.. I ·...... f······· r.. ·.. · __1 __ - :..... -~...... I" ., . ,...... - !...... ,...... ; , i - ,...... \ , ...... r...... I I ; ...... r ...... -- Not~.-Pleasc do not write ill the spaces enclosecl by doUed lines in CoIs.4. 5, 6,.10 cl 12. TbeIo are meud for Sicnature of Enumerator ...... I>ate •••••••••..••••••• 142 I ENGLISH INDIA It'7I LIST Narne of villlaJe or Town. . • . . . . . • • ...... Code No..•..•.••.•••••..•• Name or Dumber of Ward/MobalIafEnwnerator's Block...... Code No ...... •••••• :, •• If used wholly o~ pa@y as a residence ! r- No. of Does the INo. of pcrsoos normally residinl Iiviq houseJaold in Census Household on day of Does the I rooms live in owned . visit of the enumerator houseboId Household ,Name of the Head IrS.C. or in the or rented cultivate Remarb No. of Househokl S.T., write oa:upa. house ? - I land 1 I name of Castel tion of (i) Owned (0) Males Females T~ (Yes or Tribe , Census (ii) R.ented I No) (R.) Housebokl - 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 l' 16 17 I ,...... i ...... · '. , ,...... f.. •·••• ...... r.. ·· .. · _' - I ,...... ~""(. -- I •.... f······· r .. ···· ~::=1 r.. ··· .. r .. ·· .. 1 r...... - r.. •· .. · t······· 1' ...... 1 J...... r .. ···· ,...... - - i······· . [" ...... r' .... ! =1 j 1" •... C.. ···! L__ ,...... r' ... i······ - .r··- . ~ ,...... 1----- t· ... I - f' ..•. r···· ',' ------: ..... - .'- ...... - I , I . - r"l1'" t' .... -- I I too •••. y ••••• UIC in tile Tabulation oIic:es for c:odin.. Total ~ of Supervisor. • . •• • • • • • • • • . • ... • ... :o.ce ...... 144 , : I I. I J. , I I I I I· I • I. I , J I , I., , I . I: I : I ...... 1' "'1I: ·.... ·1 I .. .J ·· .. 1 "', •.. ···1 I .. "1 ~ ... ~ .. ··1 ....: .... - I I I I I I I - I 1 I I i I I 1 I I I J I i , I , , I I I I I I i I I I. I: J J I ' I:': I: I: 1 fj i!i! ~ ...! L..1 Lj ; ti..! ~ .. : '--; '·1 L1 L 1' ! _.. : g ~ i 1_____ -4-+-:---:'-;---1 -:--:-1 _;--;-1-;-_,1,-;-_-;_.,;..1--; __1_" __1__ '--:- __1_-I : ii5 :a;g c:s! I. J I:' I I J: J! J: ': I >~ li .g ",a 0\ •••••..: L .. j ...... : L .. ; :...~ ~ .... ~ ~ ... -~ ~ ... : ..... : L..{ L .../ .... : e .... '5~~ 'I 1 I J I' I II I : ~... "'~.. I ii' I I I I , 1 I : g :! __.j...·'_Q_'O_.& __ -+~"-:-___!I'-:-_.!.I-;-_:_1 ~.-!-i -;--_;I--;-__;_I-;-...... :..I-:-_I -:-----"I"-:-_.!.I-.,..._'..,..._, :~ it :, , , , I: I I I , I I . ~ \ '0 IS 1 L. ...l. I : .... J L ... ' : ... J : .... J :.• _.1 : .... J ~ ....l ~ ...J ~ ....J .....5,8 : ;; ::I i ·.... i i , I 1 1 J , I I tl-;;; . '8 ~ .. 00 J J 1 , J , 1 1 I I , ;S'i ~ ~.~ !ll ::::::: I I : I ]::1 !-o lIS ~.. 8 I---....--o---I--+-:-__.:-;--J~--I -:."':--, -;---:-,-:---:,-;-";",'"7'"--':',-:-: ~'-;--':-::-~I'"7'"-I,g ~ ~ ~ Q,'O0 0'" c:I I ~ .....I : I ~c j ~ ~.f!1 .§ g~.g !- '-1 ...... ; :... j :,,,-·1 '.- .. -; ._ ._.j ~--'l :... +: ... J ... j I -'l"i R ~ £ '': ~ .~l~.i to- II I I , , J i I I r i ! 8 e '0 I I 'I I I J I I,. I J ~ £:g ~ ~ g'f ~ i0 "" ~ ~ Q'; ll.!II 1 I : l 1 ill : I 1'1~ ~ ~ ;8:::1 ~ +------+-f-:,--·..:.j-;--',~-,--;-':-"I-:-_..;.,-;----:,'-;--,:'-:-,--.:.., '"7'"----7'1--;-- I I 1 r z ~ :!:! "i .:. Q, ':, I. Iii I I j j I '" • ~ J~l>.·U ~""l ··· .. ·i L··i L... : : ... j L ...: ..... : 0>.: :·· .. 1'··1 "'i ...... g~~ ::;; ... ~l~ is~ Ie , I I I I iI' I I , 5;~ '::'Ci',5Z'~'U''a I I , , i ' i I I I I illS ~ 1___ -.:.._ ... _~ __ ~--:"_~_~_~~~I_;_--.\_7-~!~-li-:---:-;--'II-:--I~'.~~:-;---:-:-;-~li~ __1 ~-I ~~~ . "'>. aD >. I' .. I I .0 § ~::: S 8.9 ::: 1 I i I. I I j I I I I ... 00 u ~8.~11 ;li~; V) :. • .. ·\1 ... { ..... j :.... ~ •· .... :1 ~ .... ; ~ ..... : ..I :.... ; ~ ... ~ ... : .... !~~ ~ e'o:.;j~,8:.;j·-:'~.5?.~ f I I 'i I I I I w._ ~ .. ~tl ... ~c0'3~ I I I I 1 I , , I I I li..r,; Cl 1-_<_.8_~_'!_._5_~_i_Q,_" -.-.J.-+-=-_'_--:-_;I-:--+I-:-_I""7"-:-I-:-~1-:"",--;:-1 -:-.....:..1 -:--!..I-;-_;_! -:--_I!...... ;-_-i gj vi _g I , I ' I I i I I I I ~8~ I I 1 I I I, I I I I I ~ :..... : _.j ... j ... j ,..... : ....: :.-.~ ~ L ...i L ...: ._/ .. ~ I I I ' j I ! ill 1 :] j I I 1 I i I I I I I :• III I I i I I j _~I _-...!.I_--,I__ ;_i _~I __I .~ , J I , I J , I I . ! I :] .8 ~ • I I , I I I iIi j 1 :8 ... 0 0 j I I I I I 1 j I I I ,_.-0( 'o~:... i I I I i I I I I I I • III "',e:.O _ \ \ \ \ \ \ I I I \ • 1:1 ~= .. u rf I J :,! 1:.0 ...._ : 1 j I I I' ) 1 I :t:_ (lJ!O ~ I I : Ii! "I I .::: ~_Z_~__ S _____ -;~+- ____I __~I ____.:' ____i;__ ___I ____ ' ____ ' ___!___ J __ __;_I __~I_'-1 ·. .c., • III I ' J , , I I i .!~ j I tl :::s I Q~ " , I I I J I ...... o 0 III III I 1 ~ e , , zz 1 I APPENDIX m DEFINITIONS OF CENSUS HOUSE AND CEN SUS HOUSEHOLD SINCE 1881 Census House Family or Household 1881 The dwelling place of one or more Household : All those persons . who actually families with their servants, having sleep in the house and compound on the a separate principal entrance from night of the 17th February. the public way. 1891 The dwelling place of one or more 'Family' is a number of persons living and families with their resident servants, eating together in one mess with their depen~ having a separate principal entrance dents· and resident servants. from the common way. OR 'House' consists of the buildings, one or many, jnhabited by one family. 1001 The dwelling place of one or more 'FamHy' is a number of persons living and families having a separate prinCipal eating together in one mess with their depenM entrance 'from the common way. dents and resident servants. OR 'House' consists of the buildings, one or many, inhabited by one family. 1911 The residence of one or more families 'Family' is a number of persons living and having a separate entrance from the eating together in one mess with their depen~ common way. dents and resident servants. OR 'House' is defined as consisting of the buildings, one or many, inhabited by one family. 1921 The residence of one or more 'families 'Family' is a number of persons living to~ having a separate entrance from the gether and eating together in one common common way, mess, with their dependents and resident servants. OR 'House' is the building or part of a building, occupied by one family. 1931 'House' is defined as consisting of the 'Family' is a number of persons living and buildings, one or many, inhabited by eating together in one mess with their resi one family. dent dependents and their servants residing OR in the house. Every dwelling with a separate main entrance. 1941 Means 'Census house'. Every dwelling 'Family' is a number of persons living and with a separate main entrance. eating together in one mess with their resi· OR dent dependents and their servants residing Means 'Census house'. The dwelling in the house, place of a single commensal 'family. 145 146 Census House Family or Household 1951 'Census house' is a dwelling with a 'Household' is all persons who live together separate main entrance. in the same house and have a common mess. Explanation : A 'house' is a structure, while a 'household' is a human group. 1961 'Census house' is a structure or part of 'Household' is a group of persons who common· a structure inhabited or vacant, or a 1y live together and take their meals from a dwelling, a shop, a shop-cum-dwell common kitchen unless the exigencies of ing or a place of business, workshop, work prevented any of them from doing so. school, etc., with a separate entrance. If a building has a number of flats or blocks which have separate entrances of their own and are independent of each other giving on the road or a common staircase or a common courtyard leading to a main gate, they will be considered as separate census houses. I~ within an enclosed or open compound there are separate buildings then each such building will also be a separate census house. If all the structures within an enclosed compound are together treated as one building then each structure with a separate entrance should be treated as separate census house. A 'household' is a group of persons who com 1971 A 'Census house' is building or part of monly live together and would take their a building having a separate main meals from a common kitchen unless the entrance from the road or common exigencies of work prevented any of them court-yard or stair-case, etc., used or from doing so. recognised as a separate unit. It may be inhabited Or vacant. It may be used for a residential or non residential purposes or both. If a building has a number of fiats or blocks number of houses. In such case, 'singleness' of which are independent of one another having use of these rooms along with the main house by separate entrances of their own from the road the household should be taken into account and or No. 23/1j67-Map Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs Office of the Registrar General, India New Delhi-ll, the 4th April, 1967 To The Chief Secretary to the Govt. of Punjab. Subject: Scheme on Permanent House Numbering. Sir, I have the honour to enclose herewith a copy original house numbering was done in a defec of Manual of Instructions to implement a Scheme tive manner on account of inadequate prepara on Permannet House Numbering on a country tion. I hope the introduction of permanent wide basis. The advantages of good house num house numbering scheme even now instead of bering need hardly be stressed. The present rushing through on the -eve_ ()f Census taking scheme of systematic and permanent house num offers considera,ble advantage of less ruch and bering is being suggested not merely to serve the less inconvenience to the State Governments and purpose of the next population Census but to local bodies. meet the needs of various branches of govern mental and local administrations and public uti I shall feel extremely grateful if the State lity services as also of the public themselves. At Government kindly constitutes a committee and the 1961, Census, although an attempt was made suggested at the beginning of Chapter II of the to have a permanent system of house number Manual and issues necessary instructions to all ing which was intended to be utilised for all local bodies and all others concerned to bring purposes, such as electoral rolls, municipal the existing house numbering system up-to-date assessment, postal address, housing surveys, pub in the light of the instructions contained in the lic health surveys, etc., yet in some areas the Manual. maintenance of the house numbers was badly neglected. There has been some fundamental al Yours faithfully, terations in the old building structures and new constructions have come up in several areas but (Sd.) .. .., all these may not have been assigned proper house numbers to fit into the general house (A. Chandra Sekhar), numbering scheme. In a few localities even the Registrar-General, India. 147 APPENDIX V From Shri Paramjit Singh, I.A.S., Secretary to Government, Punjab, Local Government Department. To All the Deputy Commissioners in the State. Momo No. 8119-CI (AS02)-68/37817, dated Chandigarh, the 25th October, 1968. Subject : Permanent Housenumbering Scheme. The Scheme of Permanent House Numbering house owners while replies from some other has been engaging attention of the State Govern Committees have shown that the work is still in ment for some time now. Instructions were issued progress. There are also local bodies who have as early as 11th April, 1963,-vide Punjab not so far taken up this scheme seriously for one Government Memo. No. 2232-2C4-63/13707, (copy reason or the other. Accordingly, you are enclosed) for initiating this Scheme in the urban requested to ensure that this Scheme in the areas through the local bodies. This question had urban areas is completed as early as possible. also come up for discussion in the Local Bodies Conference in September, 1962, and one of th~ 5. For the proper and effective implementa decisions taken at that Conference was that tion of the Scheme it is suggested that under the house numbering should be according to road! chairmanship of the Deputy Commissioner of street system instead of ward-wise and that each district, a Committee should be formed with permanent house number plates should be affix the following as members :- ed for use for all purposes. I -- .... (1) S.D.Os. (Civil) . 2. The Registrar-General India, in order to ensure uniformity in the system, has prepared a (ii) Tahsildars. manual of instructions on the Scheme of PerIna nent House Numbering, a copy of which is sent (iii) District Development Panchayat herewith. Officer. 3. The objective of the scheme is to have a (iv) District Food and Supplies Officer. uniform system of house numbering and to main (v) Chief Medical Officer. tain it effectively and continuously so that it can , serve all purposes official as well as non-official requiring location of the citizen at his household (vi) Representative of Electricity Depart or the location of a house. It is important that ment. there should be no duplication or multiplication (vii) Excise and Taxation Officer. of house numbering as it sometime happens when I different agencies paint different house numbers (viii) Representative of Posts and Tele on houses to suit their needs; only one good and graphs Depa.rtment. permanent system should be able to serve the' purposes of all. (ix) Secretaries/Executive Officers/Admi nistrators of Municipal Committees. 4. It has been reported by the Superinten dent of Census Operations, Punja1b that in reply to a reference made by him a number of Munici (x) Secretary, Zila Parishad. pal Committees have stated to have already com. pleted the permanent house numbering and have 6. If necessary the S.D.Os. (Civil) may also recovered the cost of p1ates from the occupiers: constitute similar Sub-Divisional Committees at 148 149 their headquarters for better and effective imple started with full vigour in the rural areas with mentation of the scheme in their areas. The out any. loss. of time so that the permanent house Executive Officers/Secretaries of Municipal Com numbermg IS completed in 1969 so that fresh mittees may be made responsible for the intro electoral rolls can be prepared on the basis of duction and maintenance of a permanent system numbers for the General Elections in 1972. of house numbering in their local areas. In the rural areas village Panchayat can be made res 7. The scheme has already made a great ponsible for the introduction of this system. The headway in the urban areas and all what is more Patwaris will, of course, be the officials who needed is that the Committees which have not would draw up the notional maps of the village yet taken up this scheme seriously may be called and allot numbers to various houses on the map upon to do so immediately and time limit for the and ultimately get affixed the plates . on the completion of the scheme in the various areas houses. In rural areas the revenue village as a and villages may be fixed. whole should be tre,ated as a permanent house numbering unit as the jurisdiction of the Pan Please acknowledge the receipt of this com chayat is likely to change on various considera munication. tions. If a village . comprises of more than one revenue estates and abadi deh is fairly sizable, (Sd.) the village can be divided into blocks and each block given a separate series of numbers, as in Secretary to Government, Punjab, towns. It is desirable that this scheme should be Local Government Department. APPENDIX VI From The Secretary to Government, Punjab, Local Government Department. To All the Presidents/Executive Officers of the M\micipal Committees in the Punjab State. Memo. No. 9998-2CI (AS02)-68/40875, dated Chandigarh, the 28th November, 1968. Subject : Permanent Housenumbering Scheme. The main objective of the Permanent House two or three months positively. In case any dif Numbering Scheme is to have a uniform system ficulty is experienced in respect of giving names of house numbering and to maintain it effective to roads/streets in accordance with the Manual ly and continuously so that it can serve all offi of Instructions, bare numerical numbers may bet cial or non-official purposes requiring location of allotted to roads/streets. This would eliminate the citizen at his household or the location of a the chances of controversy over names. house. Duplication Jor multiplic~tion of house numbering is caused when different agencies 4. The house numbering should be done on paint different house numbers on houses to suit the basis of blocks and not wards. For this th~ their 'needs. This needs to be avoided by resort town will be divided into convenient blocks, each ing to only one good and permanent system. block consisting of a group of adjoining streets With this end in view, the Government of Indhf or other compact local area with well defined have prepared a Manual of Instructions on this boundaries. First of all each block so formed scheme, a copy of which has already been sup will be allotted a block number. Then in each plied for information and gUidance,-vide Pun block the houses are numbered in a logical way, jab Government Memo. No. 4146-ZCI-68/23477, each house number being indicated by block dated the 25th June, 1968. number and the house number. Thus a numberl bearing 2-30 would mean that it is a house with 2. All the Deputy Commissioners in the number 30 in block No. 2 of the town. In big State have also been addressed,-vide Punjab towns the house will be numbered in the follow Government Memo. No. 8119-CI(AS02)-68/37817, ing manner :- dated the 25th October, 1968. They have been, requested inter alia to take lldequate steps for the Number of Block ----No. of Street/ implementation of this scheme through the Number of Road Number oj Municipal Committees in their respective juris-' House. diction. If there is any difficulty in implement ing this scheme in your local body, you may seek 5. As regards the cost of numbering plates the advice and guidance of the Deputy Commis to be affixed on the houses, it may be stated that sioner in your district. the cost of plate varies from 30 paise to 80 paise and it would not be difficult for the House 3. It has been brought to the notice of Owners to pay the same. However, where the Government that a number of local bodies in the committees will decide to bear the cost, the State have already completed the permanent Government will consider it a fit charge under House Numbering Scheme and the work in this section 52 (I) of the Punjab Municipal Act, 1911. connection is in progress in some other local( bodies. However, there are a few Municipal (Sd.) Committees, where this scheme has not been' .. . "' taken up for implementation so far. You are ac Deputy Secretary, Local Government, cordingly requested to implement this scheme JOT Secretary to Government, Punjab, properly and expeditiously but within the next Local Government Department. 150 1si No. 9~98-2CI-68/40876, dated Chandigarh, thel No. 3119-CI (AS02)-68j37818, dated 25th Octt) 28th November, 1968. ber, 1968. A copy is forwarded to all the Deputy Com (Sd.) missioners in the State for information in continuation of Punjab Government letter No. Assistant Secretary, Local Government, 8119-CI (AS02)-68j37817, dated 25th October, 1968. for Secretary to Government, Punjab, Local Government Department. (Sd.) No. 9998-2CI-68j40878, dated Chandigarh, the 28th November, 1968. Assistant Secretary, Local Government, for Secretary to Government, Punjab, A copy is, forwarded for information to the Local Government Department. Superintendent, Census Operations, Punjab in continuation of endorsement No. 8119-CI (AS02)- 68/37819, dated 25th October, 1968. No. 9998-2CI-68j40877, dated Chandigarh, the 28th November, 1~68. (Sd.) A copy is forwarded to the Commissioners of Assistant Secretary, Local Government, Divisions, Patiala and Jullundur for information for Secretary to Government, Punjab, in continuation of Punjab Government letter Local Government Department. APPENDIX fIt From Shri Balbir Singh, Deputy Secretary to Government, Punjab, Revenue Department II. To All the Deputy Commissioners in the state. Memo. No. 6409-R-IV-68/75, Chandigarh, dated the 4th January, 1969. Subject : -Permanent Housenumbering Scheme. Continuation Secretary to Government Survey numbers that fallon either side of the Punjab's (Local Government Department) Memo. dividing line in cadastrally silrveyed villages. A No. 8119-CI,(AS02)-68/37817, dated the 25th notional map, showing the general topographical October, 1968, to your address on the subject noted details of a whole revenue village, particularly above. if a survey map is already available with the village revenue officials, will greatly help. This 2. You have already been advised in the notional map should indicate the prominent letter under reference that in the rural areas, features and land-marks such as the village site, village panchayats can be made responsible for roads, cart tracks, hills, rivers, nallahs, etc. A the introduction of this scheme, and that model of a notional map is given at page 5 of the Patwaris should be required to draw up the Manual. Clear demarcation lines of blocks are notional (site) maps of the villages (abadies) and important so that any structure coming any allot numbers to houses on the maps and ultima where within the boundaries of a particular block tely to get number plates affixed on houses. It is covered by a specific block without giving is presumed that adequate steps for introduction scope for any doubt. It may be desirable to of this scheme in your District along the lines define at the foot of the map the boundaries of indicated in the letter under reference must have each block clearly. been taken by now. 4. For other necessary details for drawing up \3. A copy of the Manual of Instructions of the notional maps, officers/officials should be _relating to this scheme has already been sent to asked to go through and follow carefully the you by the Secretary to Government, Punjab, instructions as given in Chapter III of the Manual. Local Government Department along with the It may be only in case of a very small percentage, memorandum under reference. In this Manual, of villages where it may become necessary to it has been laid down that the first step to be have more than one block as envisaged in the taken, before the actual affixation of house num Manual. The Patwaris should be asked to prepare bers on doors, is to prepare a rough notional map these notional maps and Girdawar Kanungos, of the entire village and decide on whether the Naib-Tahsildars/Tahsildars/S.D.Os. (Civil), etc., village could be subdivided into blocks and if so, should be asked to make adequate on the spot how? Normally a small village of less than 125 checking of these maps during their touring. The houses need not be subdivided into blocks. maps are to be prepared on the paper of size But if a village has one or more hamlets, irres 13" x 28" which is being supplied. According to pective of the size, it is desirable to divide the the instructions in the Manual, every house in a area of the village into blocks so that each hamlet village or town has to be plotted on the notional with the adjoining area is recognised as a separate map. In order, however to lessen the burden of block of a village. It is important that the work, it has been decided, in consultation with dividing lines between one block and another the Registrar-General, India that only a series of should be clearly demarcated. Such dividing numbers of houses contained in a block may be lines, besides following some natural boundaries, shown instead of each house number being plotted wherever possible. should also be indicated by the separately in the map. In case it is found that 152 153 there i~ nQ d.ifficu1ty in plotting each house nUlJl ber~ on the map, this should be done accordingly. areas. It is considered necessary that this scheme I.n respeGt of smqll villages particularly, there should be fully implemented in the next 2-a should be ;no difficulty in ploJtii1g-'.lio~~ numbers months so that the next electoral rolls can be on the notional maps. prepared on the basis of these numbers. 5. Special paper required for the preparation 8. ' For the convenience. of the Patwaris and of notional maps in villages is being supplied to Kanungos-copies of the Manual of Instructions the S.D.Os. (Civil)/Tahsildars directly by the printed in Punjabi are being sent to you separately State Census Department and they may be asked by the Census Department. These should be to distribute this paper to the "'--Patwaris for pre distributed by you on some rational basis Jor the paration of these maps. benefit of the Patwaris, Kanungos, Tahsildars, etc. It is intended that each Kanungo Circle should 6. The local Panchayat should be advised to have at least five copies of this Manual. participate with the Patwaris and give all necessary assistance to them in the preparation of 9. It is suggested that you may obtain fort these notional maps anq in the affixation of nightly reports from the field officers about the metallic number plates shoWing the numbers in progress of this scheme in their areas to keep 2f' height as explained on 'page 13 of the ml!llual yourself posted therein with. on each house. In fact it is one of the primary responsibilities of the Panchayats to/have a uni BALBIR SINGH, form system of house-numbering, and they should Deputy Secretary to Government, J:>unjab, welcome assistance by the Patwaris to implement Revenue Department II. this schem~. The cost of metallic plates, including their affixation, should not be more th~ about 50 No. 6409-RIV-68/76, dated Chandigarh, the 4th paise per plate and it should not be difficult for January, 1969. the Panchayats to meet it out of their own funds on which it is a valid charge. A copy is forwarded to the Superintendent of Census Operations, Punjab, No. 53, Sector 2-B, 7. The success of the scheme will depend on Chandigarh. the initiative and leadership of the local officers and they may be advised to come up t.o Goven?- ment's expectations in the implementation of thIS BALBIR SINGH, scheme. They should, in particular, encourage the Deputy Secretary to Government, Punjab, Panchayats to take up this work in their respective Revenue Department II. A. N. KASHY AP, I.A.S., CHIEF SECRETARY TO GOVT., PUNJAB, CHANDIGARH. -Match 14, 1969. Subject : -Permanent Housenumbering Scheme. My' ~ear, to co-ordinate the efforts of various 8119-CI Shri Paramjit Singh, Secretary to (AS02)-68/ G t P . b . th L I Go Departments. to put through this scheme 37817, dated overnmen, unJ a ,Ill e oca v- in the State. It has been. brought to 25-.10.68. ernment Department has already ad- dressed you on this subject,-vicCe his my notice by the Convener Department marginally noted memorandum and re that by.and large progress so far achiev quested you for speedy implementation ed in the implementation, of this scheme of this Scheme in your District. It is is ndt wry encouraging. I would, there extremely annoying to the house-own fore, request you to take all necessary ers as also to various Government De steps to ensure implementation of this partments tha,t multiple numbers are scheme in the next few weeks. being painted on houses by different Your sincerely, agencies to suit various requirements. A. N. KASHY AP. In order to put an end to this system of multiple house numbers, the State All Deputy Commissioners, Government have fallen in line with the policy of the GoVernment of India and dt. have decided that there should be a uni No form and systematic plan for house A copy is forwarded demi-officially numbering all over the State. The to the Commissioners of Divisions, Scheme will be of lasting benefit to the Jullundur and Patiala Divisions, for State and various field agencies. This information and necessary action. will facilitate considerably in the mat ter of preparation/revision of electoral A. N. KASHYAP. rolls. dt. 2. All necessary guidance has al No. ready been given to you by the Local A copy is forwarded to the Super· Government, Panchayats and Revenue intendent of Census Operations, Departments for the effective imple Punjab, Chandigarh, for information. mentation of this Scheme. Th~ Super intendent of Census Operations, A. N. KASHYAP. Punjab was asked to act as a Convener IS4 APPENDIX IX A. CHANDRA SEKHAR 9/62-PU/69-CTU (CEN) March 3, 1970 . . I am happy that I had the opportunity of seemg the permanent House Numbering Scheme tion has undoubtedly been wholly responsible in your Municipality and the census house list for the. good work that is being turned out. My ing. Let me tell you how much impressed I was b~st Wishes to you. Please also convey my good with the complete maping you have done, the w~shes to the President of the MuniCipal Com very systematic way you have been tackling the mIttee, Jullundur, who has been taking such Scheme and the effective training you have given active interest. I look forward to the complete to the field staff. Above all, your own dedica- success of the ultimate Census enumeration in your area. (Sd.) " Shri I. S. Bhardwaj, (A. Chandra Sekhar) Secretary, Municipal Committee, JULLUNDUR. Copy for information to Shri P. L. Sondhi, D.C.O., Punjab, Chandigarh. Sd/- (A. Chandra Sekbar) 155 APPltNDIX x From The Secretary to Government Punjab, Local Government Department. To All the Deputy Commissioners in the State of Punjab. Memo. No. 7983-A-ICI-71/28165, dated Chandigarh, the 28th October, 1971. Subject.-I;mplementation of Permanent House Numbering Scheme in Punjab. Sir, I am directed to refer to Punjab Government maintenance in rural areas should rest with the circular memo. No. 8119-CI(AS02)-68/37817, Panchayat and in urban areas with Municipal dated 25th October, 1968, on the subject noted Committees. Whenever new constructions come above and to say that the Census Department up in between two houses already bearing house have now reported that they have implemented numbers, the new houses should be allotted sub the Permanent House Numbering Scheme in the numbers by adding an alphabet to the lower of Punjab State. Metallic house numbering plates the two existing house numbers between which on the basis of a permanent house num the new constructions have come up. Similarly, bering system have since been affixed both in new constructions should be assigned house num urban and rural areas. The numbers wer_e put bers immediately after they have come into hew on metallic plates and these metallic plates have ing. It has to be made clear to all the MuniCipal been got affixed. These are aluminium plates in Committees that they should now maintain blue and bear the block number and the house this Scheme of Permanent House numbering number. In bigger towns, the division number effectively and zealously and they should not is also given on the plates in addition -to the grudge spending a little amount on extra plates block number and the house number. that they may have to get prepared to be affixed on houses that they may come up in future in 2. In this connection a copy of the Director towns. Similarly, the Block Development and of Census Operations, Punjab, Chandigarh Panchayat Officers should be reauired to en No. Census-Pb.-71/6686, dated 5th August, 1971, sure that this Scheme is maintained effectively is enclosed. I am now to request that immediate in villages falling in their own block. A note instructions may kindly be issued to all the Mu of caution may be added that it will be a great nicipal Committees in the State and all the local tragedy if after doing so much that local authori heads of different Governments that they should ties do not pay full attention to the maintenance Use only the permanent house numbers-allotted of this Scheme. to buildings by the Census Department in the course of implementation of this scheme and 4: The Municipal Committee may be asked that they should not use any other number at to arrange for annual verification of house num present existing on houses so that the present bers and to furnish a certificate in the enclosed confusion arising out of multiple numbers on form to the State Government in the Local Gov houses is removed for all times to come. The ernment Department. A similar certificate Municipal Committees can be further directed to should be obtained by the Director of Panchayats arrange for obliteration or removal of the mul from the Block Development and Panchayat Offi tiple numbers on the houses painted by differ cers about the maintenance of the Scheme. ent agencies/departments so that only one per manent number on the aluminium plates allotted 5. I shall feel grateful if immediate action by the Census Department is maintained on is taken on this communication under intimation houses. to Government. 3. It is important that house numbers B. R. MAIN!, allotted on a permanent basis by the Census Section Officer, Committee (1), Department should be well maintained both in _ fOl' Secretary to Government, Punjab, rural and urban areas. The responsibility for Local Government Department. 156 157 No. 79B3-A-ICI-71j38166, dated Chandigarh, Punjab, Revenue Department, for neeessary the 28th October, 1971. action .. A copy, with a COpy of the enclosure, is for B. R. MAINI, warded to the Chief Secretary to Government, Section Officer, Committee (I), Punjab, with a request that instructions, as de for Secretary to Government, Punjab, sired by the Census Department may be issued to Local Government Department. all Government Departments for strict observance and to acknowledge r~eipt. No. 7983-A-ICI-71/28169, dated Chandigarh, the 28th October, 1971. B. R. MAINI, A copy, with a copy of the enclosure, is for Section Officer, Committee (I), warded to all the Secretaries! Administrators of jor Secretary to G·overnment, Punjab, M.Cs., in Punjab for guidance and strict com Local Government Department. pliance and to acknowledge receipt. No. 7983-A-ICI-71/28167, dated Chandigarh, the 28th October, 1971. B. R. MAINI, Section Officer, Committee (I), A copy, with a copy of the ~nclosure is for for Secretary to Government, Punjab, warded to the Secretary to Government, Punjab, Local Government Department. Panchayat Department, with the request that the instructions of the Census Department are carried No. 7933-A-ICI-71/28170, dated Chandigarh, out meticulously. the 28th October, 1971. B. R. MAINI, A copy is forwarded to the Director, Census Section Officer, Committee (I), Operations, Punjab, No. 72, Sector 5-B, Chandi for Secretary to Government, Punjab, garh-18, for information with reference! to his Local Government Department. letter No. Census-Pb/71/6686, dated 4th/5th August, 1971. No. 7983-A-ICI-71/28168, dated Chandigarh, B. R. MAIN!, the 28th October, 1971. Section Officer, Committee (I), A copy, with a copy of the enclosure is lor for Secretary to Government, Punjab, warded to the Deputy Secretary to Government, Local Government Department. APPlNDtt XI P. L. saNDfU, OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS, PUNJAB, 72, Sector 5-B, Chandigarh·18. No. Census-PB-69/6457, Dated the 20th November, 1969. Subject Training programme for houseUsting operations. My dear, 2. I will be coming over to some of the districts to impart training in I write this in continuation of my such classes. I shalt intimate to you marginally noted official communica later whether I am Visiting your district tion to your address on the subject or one of my Deputies will be doing so. noted above and to request you to in augurate the training class at your 3. I need not reiterate, that training Margin district headquarter on the *Decem is a very important aspect of census No. Census- ber, 1969. This will create en operations and the very success of ~~ietll~88 thusiasm and confidence in the trainees. these depends in a large measure in November, As a matter of fact, it is necessary imparting complete and absolute train 1969. for you to receive this training yourself, ing to various officers concerned who being the Princioal Census Officer of have further to train the enumeration the district. It win, therefore, be very agency at the level of Patwaris and much appreciated if you actively parti school teachers. The various concepts cipate in this training programme at and definitions used in the. Census the district headquarters where all your questionnaires require complete under Sub-Divisional Officers (Civil), Block standing on the part of the, officers and Development and Panchayat Officers, others and this can be ensured only by District Statistical Officers, District arranging of such training classes Census Officers and other Charge Officers where each trainee will get an Oppor will be required to undergo this train tunity to clear his doubts about each ing. concept and definition. With regards, Your sincerely, Bdl-. (P. L. SONDHI) All Deputy Commissioners in Punjab. *As per marginally noted programme. 158 APPENDIX XII Programme for training in Houselisting Operations 160 APPENDIX Programme for Training -----'''"''''------Round Stage Persons to receive training Persons to impart training Duration (Days) ------..._------,-."--~-,~~- 1 2 3 4 5 I District Census Officer Director/Deputy Director /Tab. Officers 3 2 D.C.O./Charge OfficersJD.S.O.iB.D. & Ditto 1 P.Os./S. D.Os. (C) or2 3 D.C.Os./Charge Officers/D.S.Os./B.D. & Ditto P.Os./S.D.Os. (C) 4 Supervisors Enumerators D.C.Os./Charge Officers/D.S.Os.j 1 at each B.D. &. P.Os./S.D.Os.(C) centre II Meeting of Charge Officers To be attended by D.C.Os./Deputy Directors III Supervisors/Enumerators Charge Officers and Deputy Directors 1 IV Enumerators/Supervisors Cbalp Offil.'el's/D.S.Os.,B.D. & P.Os.j 4 S.D,Os.(C) ______~ ______~.. ______....______".·_t ______Ma____ ~ ____.~'~ Note l.-The booklet of instructions will be supplied to each Suporvisor and Enumerator by the Charp Officer a couple Note 2.-Fina,1 chcek~up of apPointments of E~umerators and Supervisors and distribution of Houselist and Establishment Note 3.-From 1st to 7th February, 1970 actual numbering of census houses in Blocks would be done by Enumerators. Aeuml 161 XII in Houselisting Operations Type of Training Period of training/date of meeting ------_----_--- 6 7 (i) Explanation of instructions ; 5th-7th November, 1969 (ii) Forming of programme at District level. (i) Explanation of instructions ; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 8th December (ii) Forming of programme at Charge level ; (iii) Grouping of training centres within each charge ; (iv) Dates for training at each centre. (i) Grouping of enumeration and supervising staff and their strength vis a vis No. of 12th and 15th December Census blocks in the charge ; , (ii) Practical training in the meeting ; (iii) Field training to canvass Houselist form in 10 Houses/Households and Establish ment Schedule in 5 Establishments; (iv) Distribution of apptt.letters for Supervisors/Enumerators and Establishment and Household Schedules for training purposes and canvassing. (i) To discuss concepts and definitions and explanation of instructions; . 16th to 31st December at Charge Officers (ii) Distribution of apptt. letters to Supervisors/Enumerators after allotment of census HQ. blocks. To take stock of the progress in each charge and remove bottle-necks, if any. 7th January, 1970. (i) Half day for practical class training. Elich Enumerator and Supervisor will canvass Meeting at Charge HQs. 8th to 23rd January, Houselist in 10 Households and canvass 4-5 Establishments; . 1970 (ii) Half day for repeat lecture on explanation of instructions etc.; . (iii) To determine the requirements of Forms in regional language and English etc. Each Enumerator will go to his/her Census block from 24th January to 27th Meeting at Charge Officers from 28th to 31st January, 1970 and fill in 10 entries of the Houselist and 5 entries of Estab January, 1970 lishment SChedule. These entries should be checked by the Supervisors in the presence of their Enumerators and discrepancies, if any, should be marked with a lead pencil or ink. All the corrected schedules should be deposited with the Charge Office concerned who will be held personally responsible to despatch this record to the office of Director, Census Operations, Punjab, by 1st February, 1970. At the meetings of Charge Officers the practi cal work done in field would be reviewed and further instructions imparted to enu merators/Supervisors by Charge Officers/D.S.Os/BD. & P.Os.jS.D.O. (C) from 28th to 31st. January, 1970. . of days before the beginning of training programme. Schedules will be done by the Charge Officers one week before the actual operations. bouseli$ting will be done from 8th to 28th February, 1970 by Enumerators. 162 APPENDIX Statement sbowing places/venue wbere training claSses were beld Amritsar Bhatinda Ferozepur Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur 2 3 4 5 ------1. Zila Parishad Hall, Municipal Office, Kot Ajitwal Municipal Hall, Sujanpur Zila Parishad Hall, Amritsar Kapura Hoshiarpur 2. Government Higher Municipal Office, Mansa Town Hall, Ferozepur Municipal Hall, Pathan- Municipal Office, Dasuya Secondary School, Patti - City kot 3. Block Office, Bhikhi- Tahsil Office, Faridkot Town Hall, Guruharsahai Municipal Hall, Dinana- Tahsil Office, Hoshiarpur wind gar 4. Government High Tahsil Office, Mansa Municipal Office, Municipal Hall, Gurdas- Rest Office, Bulhowl, School, Naraingarh Talwandi Bhai pur 5. Canal Rest House, Municipal Office, Town Hall, TankanwaIi Municipal Hall, Dhari- ! Bihala Panchayatghar Valtoha Budhlada wal 6. Power and Research Municipal Office, Mansa Municipal Office, Zira, Municipal Hall, Batala Hariana Rest House Institute, Amritsar 7. Municipal Office, Tahsil Office, Nathana Town Hall, Dharamkot Municipal Hall, Pateh- High School, Nasrala Amritsar garh Churian 8. Government High B.D.P.O. Office, Jhunir Town Hall, Muktsar Municipal Hall, Qadian Rest House, Mehtiana School, Chheharta 9. Chogawan Municipal Office, Baretta Town Hall, Municipal Hall, Dera Municipal Office, Gidderbaha Baba Nanik Jandiala 10. Kohali B.D.P.O.'s Office, Town Hall, Malout Municipal Hall, Sri Har Municipal Office, Nathana gobindpur Hoshiarpur 11. Tahsil Office, Ajnala Municipal Office, Kot Town Hall, Abohar Block Office, Fatehgarh High School, Baghpur Fatta 12. S.D.O.'s Office, Ajnala Municipal Office, Town Hall, Jalalabad Dharkalan Jahan Kalan Bhatinda 13. Canal Rest House, Block Office, Mansa Town Hall, Fazilka Durangla Block Office, Mahilpur Patti 14. Municipal Office, Bhuchomandi Tahsil Office, Fazilka Block Office, Sri Har- Block Office, Garhshankar Chheharta gobindpur 15. Raja Sansi Tahsil Office, Bhatinda Government High School, Gahlri' Rest House, Bullowal Jalalabad 16. Tahsil Office, Ramdas D .. C.'s Office, Bhatinda Sub-Tahsil Office, Abohar Tahsil Office, Pathankot Panchayatghar, Babala 17. Block Office, Patti Municipal Office, Farid- Police Rest House, Nihal Marchowal Unchi Bassi kot Singhwala 18. Gagomahal Tahsil Office, Budhlada Tahsil Office, Zira Mianpur Tahsil Office, Dasuya 19. Dial Bharang Kotkapura Kot-Ise-Khan Block Office, Dhar Nasraia 20. Jastarwal Jaitu (Kanungo Circle) Dharamkot Tahsil Office, Batala Rest House, Mathiana 21. Bhrang Municipal Office, Jaitu Makhu Narot Jaimal Singh Municipal Office, Garhdi wala 22. Municipal Office, Tahsil Office, Phul District Board Hall, Canal Rest House, Block Office, Saroya Khem-Karan Ferozepur Gurdaspur 23. Government High Talwandi Sabo Government High School, Tahsil Office, Gurdaspur Government High School, School, Dain Ganj, Mamdot Tanda Amritsar 24. Tahsil Office, Patti Municipal Office, Raman Government High School, Block Office, Gurdaspur Balachaur Guruharsahai 25. Tahsil Office, Tarn Block Office, Sangat Government High School,Government High School, Samiti Rest House, Haji- Taran Firozshah Kalanaur ' pur 26. Tahsil Office, Amrit- Rampura Phul Tahsil Office, Muktsar Tibber Samiti Rest House, sar Talwara 27. Baba Bakala Tahsil Office, Faridkot Zila Parishad Hall, Block Office, Kahnuwan Sub-Tahsil Office, Ferozepur Mukerian 28. Beas Block Office, Faridkot Government High School, Khunda D.A.V. Higher Secondary . Badhni Kalan School, Balachaur , 29. Chola Sahib Municipal Office, Sangat S.D.O.'s Court Room, Mulianwala Government High School Sahfa 30. Fatehgarh Churian MunlClpa .. I Off'Ice, G'omana PohceM?ga Rest House, Phajjupura Municipal Office, Baghapurana Garhshankar 163 6 7 8 9 10 11 ------,.------.llawalpur Government High Municipal Office - Rajpura Township Municipal Office, Municipal Office, School, Bolath Khanna Rupar Sangrur ~ishangarh Rimidi Block Office, Dehlon Municipal Office, D.C.O. Office, Ropar Government High Samana School, Amargarh 'own Hall, JUllundur Tahsil Office, Town Hall, Ludhiana Municipal Hall, Municipal Office, Government Middle Phagwara Patiala Morinda School, Rurki Kalan 1unicipal Office, Tahsil Office, Sultan- Municipal Office, Tahsil Office, Nabha Government High Canal Rest House, Adampur pur Jagraon School, Gahanoli Mahorana iunicipal Office, Tahsil Office: j Municipal Office, Tahsil Office, Amloh Middle School, Government School, Banga Kapurthala Samrala Mianpur Himtana funicipalOffice, Block Office, Nodala Municipal Office, Municipal Office, Government High Iaimalpur Nakodar Ludhiana Gobindgarh School, Lothari funicipal Office, Town Hall, Kapur- Co-operative Bank, Municipal Office, Government High Tahsil Office Maler Kartarpur thala Raikot Amloh School, Bela kotla funicipalOffice, Town Hall, Phagwara Tahsil Office, Municipal Office, Block Office, Government, School, Jullundur Jagraon Nabha. Chamkaur Sahib Hakimpura lsmer Municipal Office, Block Office, Tahsil Office, Sirhind Government High Government School, Sultanpur Sidhwan Bet Scoool, Jhajj Bhogiwal mdu Singha Block Office, Block Office, Sudhar Chanarthal Naya Nangal Government School, Suitanpur Rohira funicipai Office, Tahsil Office, Kalaur Nangal Township Government School, A~walpur Sarnrala Sandhaur funicipal Office, Block Office, Municipal Office, Anandpur Sahib Government High Nurmahal Machhiwara Sirhind School, Sherpur funicipal Office, Municipal Office, Municipal Office, Municipal Office, Governmnt High PhiIlaur Jagraon Bassi Kharar School, Tibba funicipal Office, Block Office, Tahsil Office, Government High Government High Nawansrahr Ludhiana Rajpura School, Mullanpur School, AlaI lunicipa\ Office, Block Office, Mardanpur Rest House, Kurali Tahsil Office, Dhuri Rahon Pakhowal 'ahsil Office, Block Office, Doraha Ghanaur Tahsil Office, Kharar Government Middle' Jullundur School, Ladda foraya Block Office, Deblon Lalru Tahsil Office, Ropar Government School, • Bhasaur hahkot Sub-Tahsil Office, Derabassi Office of the F.C.T., Government High Payal Naya Nangal School, Longowal hogpur Zila Parishad Hall, N.A.C., Rajpura Municipal Office, Block Office, Cheema Ludhiana Kurali ,.S. High School, Government Higher Municipal Office, Government Primary Sheron Canal Rest Nakodar Secondary School, Banur School, Mianpur House Ludhiana 30vernment High Station Headquarters, Tahsil Office, Patiala Municipal Office, Bhawanigarh School, Lohian Halwara Anandpur Sahib Apra Municipal Office, Municipal Office, NurpurBedi Canal Rest House, Paval Sanaur Nidanpur Uggi Municipal Office, Tahsil Office, Government School, Government High Doraha Samana Sohana School, Gharachon fulJundur Cantt Ku~ Kalan Ghanewal Government High Government High School, Bajrur School, Deh Kalan fahsil Office, Phillaur Kbamano Bassi Pathana Government High Government Middle School, Saneta School, Ghabdan Kothi fahsil Office, Nakodar Manke Dudhansadhan Government High Block Office, Lehra School, Landran fahsil Office, Nawan- Khanna Pataran Government High GoVernment School, shahr School Chuni Kalan Kotla Iandiala' Kartarpur Sahib Government School, Sular Mukandpur Government School, Government High Khizrabad School, Khauhrian Government Middle Government School, Government School, School, Shahkot Ghanauli Gurne 164 Amritsat' Bhatinda Ferozepur Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur 2 3 4 5 31. Gandiwind Municipal Office, Kot Tahsil Office, Moga Raipur Block Office, Garhshankar Fatta 32. Khiala Kalan Khiala Kalan Maur Asafwala Sujanpur Government High School, AchhaIpur 33. Kacha Pacca Barewa\ Makhu Block Office, Durangla Rest House, Kot Fatui 34. Khalra Municipal Office, Maur Lambi Block Office, Dera Baba Block Office, Talwara Nanak 35. Khadur Sahib Chakan Kala Tiba Block Office, Fatehgarh Municipal Office, Churian Mukerian 36. Verowal SlaftPura Gidderanwali Block Office, Dasuya 37. Majitha Panj Garain Government High School, Khuda 38.0tbian Kutti Government Primary School,Sharncharausi 39. Mansawala Gudda Government High School, Baghpur 40. Rayya. Bhagata. Government High School, Nandachaur 41. Chawinda Devi Bhikhi Muncipal Office, Hariana 42. Lauka Budhlada Khalsa High School, Sharnchaurasi 43. Mattewal Bajaj Khana Government Middle School. Jahankhelan 44. Tarsik,ka Sarnundra 45. Lopoki Kathgarh 46. Baba Bakala Dhaddar 47 .. Tangara Chabewal 48. Municipal Office, Tam Bhunga Taran 49. Tanda 50. Note.-At each Centre four rounds of training 165 Iullundur Kapurthala Ludhiana Patiala , Ropar Sangrur 6 7 8 9 10 11 Government Middle Government Middle Tah!;il Office, Sunam School, MehatPur School, Bela Rurka Kalan Block Office, Moonak Dharamsala Chamkaur Sahib Rest House, Kurali Government School, Chhajli Abiana Rest House, Khanauri Kalan Bhanupali Government School, Mahlan Majri Tahsil Office, Bamala Municipal Office, Tapa Primary School Kutba Block Office, Mahal Kalan Municipal Office, Bhawanigarh Municipal Office, Longowal Municipal Office, Bamala Municipal Office, Tapa Municipal Office, Malerkotla Municipal Office, Dhuri Municipal Office, Ahmedgarh Municipal Office, Lehmgaga Municipal Office, Bhadar Municipal Office; Sunam Government High School, Tallewar were held on different dates. APPENDlX XIV D.O. No. CENSUS-PB.- 69j(7466, CONFIDENTIAL IMMEDIATE CENSUS 1971 TIME BOUND CIRCULAR-No. XI GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR, CENSUS OPERATIONS, PUNJAB. P. L. SONDm, lAS December 27, 1969. Director of Census Operations, Punjab. Suoject : Training of Charge Officers for Houselisting Operations. My dear, During the course of Our recent tours, it 3. If yoU let me know immediately in advance has been noticed bv all of us that Charge Officers as to when you propose to collect your Charge are not still in a position to give proper training Officers for training at District Headqual'ters. I to the enumeration agency. At some places may be able to det~!L my ?fficers to assist you. Charge Officers have been found faltering on This should not, however, Impede your prog~ess various points which need clarification and of training of the enumeration agency. The Idea elaboration. At some places it has been found is to equip better your Charge Officers for the that they do not themselves have a clear idea 2nd round of training of enumerators. about various concepts/definitions adopted for census purposes. It is apparent that at the time Yours sincerely, Charge Officers were imparted training they did not apply their mind. Perhaps they thought that P.L.SONDHI. they would not be required to act as trainers. Now when they are asked to take the floor for impart No. Census-PB. 69/7467, dated the 27th December, ing training to enumerators/supervisors they 1969. generally shirk and ask visiting Headquarters officers to take the fioor and act as trainers. Your A copy is forwarded to all the Dis~rict Cen~us Charge Officers must be made to realize that they _Officers (by name) in the State for mformatlOn have to act as trainers and that the success of and necessary action. houselisting will depend to the extent to which they can train the enumeration agency in the P. L. SONDHI, filling up of various schedules. Director, Census Operations, 2. On the whole our imoression is that the Punjab. Charge Officers are still not - fully trained. You may, therefore, convene another training class No. Census-PB. 69/7468, dated the 27th December, of your Charge Officers at District Headquarters 1969. and explain once again the conceots and defini tions to them and give all other necessary instruc A copy is forwarded to the Deputy Directors tions about the manner in which they have Census Operations (Field) for information and to train the enumeration agency. I feel that necessary action. this is very essential because the general standard of training is not up to the mark So far at the P. L. SONDHI, charge level. You must satisfy yourself that each Charge Officers is able to deliver the goods before Director, Census Operations, you allow them to disperse in yOUr training class. Punjab. 166 APPEN()IX xv CONFIDENTIAL No. Census-Pb. 69/7315 TIME BOND OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS, H. S. KWATRA, PUNJAB, 72, SECTOR 5-B, DEPUTY DIRECTOR CHANDIGARH-18. (Phone : 24095). December 23, 1969. Subject Training of enumeration agency for houselisting. My dear, We have highlighted the importance of that a class of enumerators should not exceed 40 so thorough trainin,t! to the enumeration agency for that there should be a proper ratio between the houselisting in a number of letters issued from trainer and trainees. The class was conducted our organisation. At the Conference of District in the open and it is doubtful if the trainer was Census Officers early in November, 1969, the audible to 150 Enumerators. Several doubts question of the training of the enumeration agency arose in our minds about the efficacy of such a was also discussed threadbare and it was imress training c~ass. We accordingly put a few questions ed on all the District Census Officers that the to the tramer about the various definitions adopt success of houselisting operations will depend in ed fC?r census purposes. We were quite dis a large measure on O\Lr ability to give proper and appomted that even the trainer did not under adequate. training to the enumeration agency. stand the implications of various definitions e.g., Keeping this end in view, the Charge Officers the trainer did not understand clearly what a at the district level were imparted training by one 'census house' is and what is a 'cultivating house or the other Headquarters' officer in the first hold'. He did not explain to the Enumerators round. The District Census Officers were requir if vegetable growing anP. gardening were covered ed to give further training to the Charge Officers by the term 'cultivator'. He also could not ex in the second round or, if necessary even in the plain what a 'household industry' is and what are third round to ensure that Charge officers under Its special characteristics as envisaged in the ~tood eve9·thing without any confusion in the booklet containing Instructions to Enumerators for mterpretatIOn of various concepts and definitions houselisting. Since the trainer did not understand adopted for census purposes. c~e~rly ~hat a 'household industry', is, we got sus 2. I am sorry to point out that in spite of all PIClOUS 1£ any Enumerator understood what a the emphasis laid by us on the training aspect, 'household industry' was. We accordingly put a the results are not so far encouraging. We few questions to the Enumerators who had just ~appened to go to a training centre where train completed their training class. None of them mg was to be imparted at 3.00 p.m. and when we ~as a.bl~ to define what a 'household Industry' actually reached there, we discovered that training IS. SImIlarly, they were quite pewildered aoout had been started at 2.00 p.m. and finished at 2.50 what a 'census house' is. They also did not know p.~. In the ~rs~ instance, timings were changed what an 'establishment' was. In short the wIthout· any mtImation to the District Census Charg~ Officer had not explained the definitions Officer an~ to the Director of Census Operations. of varIOUS concepts to the training class and he It was qUlte a surprise to us that both the had simply told them as to how the columns were Hous~list and Establishment Schedules had be€n to be filled. He had simply told them that if a e~plamed to .the Enumerators in less than 50 household was cultivating, it shOUld be shown as mmutes. BeSIdes, the class comprised of about 150 such and if it did not cultivate any land it should Enumerators because all the three batches were be shown as not a 'cultivating household'. No taken to&,ether by one Charge Officer. This was one out of the Enumerators interviewed by us clearly m contravention of our instructions understood ~ha! a 'cultivating household' is. If we go by thIS kmd of a standard of training, we 167 168 shall land ourselves into serious difficulties and self if they have properly understood various our data would become completely unreliable. implications. . 3. I am, therefore, to request you kindly to 5. It has been noticed that attendance at the convene a meeting of your Charge Officers and classes is not 100 per cent. This is quite a serious impress upon them to explain various definitions matter. You can, therefore, take action under and concepts to the Enumerators in detail and section 11 of the Census Act. You may issue not to hasten the work of training by limiting it show cause notices to the Enumerators/Supervi to a period of less than an hour. Even a good sors who have not attended your classes and Trainer should not take less than three hours to require them to explain why they did not attend explain all the definitions and concepts and the the classes. If their explanation is not found way in which various columns have to be filled up. satisfactory, they may be prosecuted under section We have to make sure that each Enumerator 11 of the Census Act. It is statutory obligation understands census concepts and definitions and if on .anyone called upon to perform a duty for takmg of a census that he should comply with we find that some of them do not catch our points, we have to replace them. In short, we the orders and show reasonable diligence in cannot take any risk with any Enumerator that performance of his duties. If you issue show he should be allowed to fill up the Houselist and cause notices to a few Enumerators you will be Establishment Schedule without properly under creating the right atmosphere for ~li others to standing as to what he is expected to do. I am, take active interest in the performance of their therefore, to impress upon you once again, that duties. You may also report to the Heads of you should take very great care about the train the Departments about the absentee Enumerators/ ing aspect and try to be present at as many centres Supervisors. In short, YOU have to adopt all of training as possible so that you can properly necessary measures to ensure 100 per cent attend~ supervise the work of Charge Officers. The ance at the classes. I am sure you are taking Charge Officers should not be tempted to com attendance of the Enumerators in the Training plete this training in a slipshod manner as we Register prescribed for the purpose. have noticed at one or two places. The Charge Officers fnust be made to feel their responsibility . 6. lowe apologies for writing this letter. The ~lfector, Census Operations, is on tour and in ~nd they should be .asked to deliver goods accord hIS absence, I am signing this letter. ' m~ to our expectatIons. We must maintain the faIr name of census tradition in the Punjab State. With kind regards, You c~n help us in this direction by paying utmost Yours sincerely, ~ttentlOn to .the training programme which is now m progress m your district. Our Director Census Opera~i0J?-s has already written to the 'Deputy H. S. KWATRA. CommISSIOners to spare you on a whole-time basiS No. Census-Pb.-69 / 7316-17 dated 23rd December, for the ne~t two months so that you can devote 1969. ' full attentIon to the houseJisting operations. A COpy is for~arded to the Deputy Directors 4. We are confident that you will be able to ?f Cens~ Opembons, Patiala and Jullundur, for ensure. 1.00 per cent attendance of Enumerators mformatIOn and necessary action. ~or trammg purposes and further arrange training m ~uch a way that no Charge Officer is allowed to Impart this training in a slipshod manner. You H. S. KW ATRA. can personally interview some of the Enumera Deputy Director of Census Operations. tors after the training class and find out for your- cc : All Charge Officers in Punjab. APPENDIX XVl Copy of letter No. 685-SII.;.7'()/a824, dated the 20th February, 19'70, from the Chief Secretary to Government, Punjab, to the Commissioners, Jullundur and cPatiala Divisions,· and all the Deputy Commissioners in the State and copy endorsed to aU Heads of Departments ana: Director, Census Operations, Punjab. . . Subject : Census Operations, 1971. I am directed to invite reference to the cared to address the classes themselves or to correspondence resting with Punjab Government ensure that they are held in an orderly manner. circular letter No. 9378-SII-69/30585, dated the Even the local supervisory officers of the Census 28th November, 1969, wherein it was reiterated Department were not associated with the meetings that all the State Government Departments and for training. I am tq reiterate that Government Agencies in the field should afford the utmost attach the utmost importance to the Census Opera assistance to the Census Or,ganisation in the tions as they prOVide a sound and scientific base collection of data for Census Operation, 1971, and for perspective planning for development. Any it was added that the work done in this regard default in the performance of this work will be by the district officials would find mention, in adversely noted in the annual character Roll of consultation with the State Director Census the Officer concerned, and even more stringent Operations, in the assessment of thei~ over-all diSCiplinary action where necessary, will be performance. taken. 2. It has, however, been reported that some of 3. You are requested to acquaint all the the Sub-Divisional Officers/Tehsildars have not officials entrusted with the work relating to been taking adequate interest in the Census work organisation in your district with the instructions particularly. in the programme of imparting train issued in this behalf and take personal interest in mg to Enumerators/Supervisors. They have not the successful completion of the operations. 169 APPENDIX xvn FORM I ' CENSUS OF INDIA 1971 HOliseUst Abstract Name of Districtl--,-, ------Code No.---Name of Village/Town ode No ..--- Name' of Tehsil/Thana Anchal/ Name or number of Ward/Mohallal Island / CadeNo. Enumerator's Block Page Number of Census Houses '/NlIII1ber of Households Total PopuJatioo No. of I House------Occupied residential Census - - . I --- list Houses Vacant Census- Total I Wholly / Partly Total Census Houses of Total Instituti- Males Females Total residential residen- Houses put to Columns Households onal tial other 4, S and including House- uses 6 Institutional holds , House- holds -- -- , 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 , 10 11 12 - - - I - - ------~ -- - I 1-- _....-----~- , --'---1___ ------_- J- I ---1--'--1-- I J - ---~I-~ - I) i -- -- i I -- ; ------1------_ .. " , .... I ------I I -- I i-- I ------1= i I:------J--I ------1------I - - I I - Total I I I I I ------~~--- Checked and found correct. Signature of Supervisor~------ Signature of Enumerator Date----- Date -,------170 Edit Instruction$ for ilie scrutiny of the How;eUsts ~as a serial n~ber and that they are arranged a'nd Establishment Schedules m that order; If not, arrange them accordingly. If there is no page number, give page numbers. 1.1. The tabulation of Housing data (cQntaiped If the pages are loose, they should be secured in the Houselist) will be limited to 20 per cent together by a twine or strong thread passed of the census houses; it is, therefore, unnecessctry through all the sheets on top left hand corner. to scrutinise all the lines in the Houselist for all the columns. So, the editing work will be dh1id~ 2.2. Location Code: Invariably, the enu ed into two parts viz., (i) pre-sampling, and (ii) merator should have written the elements of the post-sampling. Entries relating to location code location at the top of the Houselist. See that all and entries in columns 1,2,3,6,7,8 and 9 will elements are correctly fillet! in. In the caSe of a be scrutinised in all lines contained in the House~ rural Block, the location code will contain list before the sample is drawn and scrutiny of number of District, Taluk/Tahsil/ Anchal/Police entries in columns 4,5,10,11,12,13,14.15 and 16 Station and Enumerator's Block. In an urbfln will be done only in respect of the sampled block the location code elements are numbers re census houses and all the households that may presenting District, Town, Ward/Mohalia and Enu be located in such houses. It has been decioed· merator's Block. If entries are found to be that since the census house is the unit for sanlp missing, supply them from the charge register. ling, 'the iniorma'tion rela'ting 'to all ('IlOUse"nO\lll.' 'rne mane 01: the eTfaml:!Illttrr 'Will be fuan.d at the (which may be one or more) located in a sampled bottom of the Houselist; the Block should be loca census house will be coded and punched on ted in the charge register with reference to the cards. name of the enumerator. 1.2. The tabulation of Establishment Schedules 2.3. Column 1: Line numbers should be is on full count and so all entries in the Esta continuous' for the Block as a whole. Look for blishment Schedules have to be scrutinised and entries struck off and see that no line number is edited. assigned to scored or cancelled line. If neces sary, correct subsequent numbers. 1.3. Columns 6 and 7 of the Houselist ~re inter-connected with the entries in the Esta1?li 2.4. Columns 2, 3 and 8: These three shment .Schedule and, therefore, when the columns should be scrutinised together. Check Houselist of a certain Block is taken UP £or if the building entered in column 2 has more scrutiny for 'pre-sampling scrutiny. the Establi~h than one census house and/or more than one ment Schedules of that Block should also be household. If so, column 2 will be filled for the handy with the official doing the Houselist first entry and for the successive census house(s)/ scrutiny. How the entries in columns 6 and 7 of household (8), in that building, there will be no the Houselist will be scrutinised with the help of entry in column 2. the entries in the Establishment Schedules will be dilated upon at the appropriate plaCe in this Check, if in column 3 building number has note. been repeated. If the building has more than one census house, a su~number like (1), (2), (3) 1.4. Since the data on Housing- and Esta etc., will be given after the building number blishments will be processed on Electronic D~ta depending on whether there are 2, 3, 4, etc., cen Processing system (E.D.P.) maximum care has to sus houses in the building. If the building has be exercised to ensure that the primary doCU only one census house in it, then the number ap ments (Houselist- and Establishment Schedules) pearing in column 2 will be repeated in column are free from mistakes or omission or equivocal 3. entries. The following paragraphs deal with the instructions for editing these two primary docu- If any of such census houses: has' more than ments. . one household living in it, then entry in column 3 will appear in relation to the first household 2. Pm-sampling scrutiny! of the Rouselists : but there will be no entry in this column in rela tion to successive households in the same census 2.1. Take one bunch of the Houselist of a house; e.g., census house number 2 (2) has two Block, check up that every page of the Houselist households 2(2) (a) and 2(2) (b), there will be r 171 172 entry in column 3 as 2 (2') against the first house more than one household than the households hold 2 (2) (a) . Column 3 should be blank for the will have sub-numbers like (a), (b), (c), etc., next line which will have entries in columns 8 depending on whether the building Or house has onwards for the next household in the same two or more househ61ds. census house. Check if column 8 bears the building and If the entries in the Houselist are not in ac census house number, i.e., entry in column 3 is cordance with the above instructions, they should repeated. If a building or a census house has b~ corrected in the process of editing. Wrong entry Correct entry Census Census Census Census Line Building House Household Line Building House Household No. No. No. No. No. No, No. No. ------2 3 8 \ 2 3 8 ~------15 25 25(1) 25(8) IS 25 25 25 17 26 26 ' 26(a) 16 26 ' 26 26 18 27 27(1) 27(1) (a) 17 27 27(1) 2,70) (8) 19 27 27(1) 27(1) (b) 18 21(1) (b) 20 27 27(2) 27(2) 19 27(2) 27(2) 21 28 28 28 20 28 28(1) 28(\) 22 28 28(1) 28(1) 21 28(2) 28(2) 23 28 28(2) 28(2) 22 28(3) . 28(3) If the building or census house has no 'house scored out in the houselist and subsequent line hold' in it, and consequently columns 8-17 are numbers corrected for the entire block. . blank, please check that in column 6 'Residence' or 'Residence in combination with other pur The enumerator might have recorded in poses' is not noted. If on the other hand the en column 17 as 'vacant plot' or the same entry umerator haa given particulars in columns 8-17 (vacant plot) may be found in colUmn 6 or there of a household and in column 6 he had not noted would be no entry in columns 4 and 5. This will the Census House to 'be residential, the entry in help you in determining that it is a 'vacant plot' column 6 should be suitably corrected to show and not a 'census house'. , that it is wholly or partly reSident~al. It is also likely that a particular building has its front on one road and its rear on another In some towns the house numbering done by road and it gets a number on both the roads, i.e., the Municipality has been adopted for census it gets a duplicate number, and two entries purposes, where they might have numbered the might appear for· the same building. The enu 'vacant' plots of land, which in· spite of instruc merator would have noted this in the remarks tions, might have been erronously listed and column. In that case one of the entries should ent~recl in th~ hOl,!,selist. S\lch entry should be be scored and subsequent line nl,lmbers corrected. 173 2.5. Columns 6 and 7: These two columns have columns 9-10 of Establishment bnly when column 6 of the Houselist 'banking s~rvices' etc. denotes that the census house is not used as resi should be recorded. dence partly or wholly, columns 8-16 (of the Houselist) will be blank. ,Qolumn 10 Write 'retail' except in the caSe of Bank etc. where no Whenever there is 'yes' in column 7 check up if entry need be made in this there is a corresponding entry in the Establish column. ment Schedule. Also check entry in column 6 (of Houselist) when there is 'yes' in column 7 (of There will be greater difficulty in imputation Houselist) from the details of the~ Establishment if entry in column 6 of Houselist indicates 'Factory' Schedule. For example, entry in column 6 'Workshop' or 'Household Industry' and it is (Houselist) is 'shop' and in column 7, it is 'yes'; missed in the Establishment Schedule (columns but corresponding details in the Establishment 6-8). However, the imputation may be made as Schedule indicate that it is a 'workshop' in such a follows: case the entry in column 6 of the Houselist should be corrected as 'workshop'. Columns 1 to 5 ... Same as in the case of imputa tion made for an establish There could be another case of a lapse on the ment falling in columns 11 part of the enumerator. There is 'yes' in column of Establishment Schedule 7 of Houselist but the correspondin~ entry is as described above. missed in the Establishment Schedule, the impu tation will have to be made in the Establishment Column 6 Write 'Household Industry' or Schedule 'on the basis of entry in column 6 of the 'Registered factory' or 'Un Houselist. If the entryin column 6 is 'Govt. office', registered workshop' as re 'school', 'railway station', 'cinema', etc. (which flected in the entry in would legitimately fall in column 11 of the Estab column 6 of Houselist. If lishment Schedule) the imputation in the Estab it is not possible to make lishment Schedule will be as follows: out from the Houselist as to which category the Column 1... Give the serial number next to the manufacturing establish existing serial. ment belongs to, treat it as "unregistered Work Column 2... Give the Census houSe number shop." appearing in column 3 of the Houselist. Columns 7-8-9 Write 'Unspecified'. The converse of the apove situation (i.e. 'No' Column 3... Leave this blank. in column 7 of Houselist but an .entry made in EstaQlishment Schedule)is difficult to conceive. Column 4... Write 'private'. But in case there be one, columh 7 of the House list shoulc;l be corrected as 'yes'. Column 5.... Write 'unspecified'. It II}ay be imagined that there is an entrv in Column 11 ... Reproduce the entry in column 6 the Establishment Schedule but no correSpOnding of the Houselist. entry at all in the Houselist. It is difficult to. come a~ross such a situation .bu.t supposing, there. . In case the entrv in column 6 of Houselist is is one, what treatment could be meted out to 'shop. or t,raqinsr estabHshment like 'Bank' or Pawn such an entry in the houselist?' The . following Shop' etc., which would legitim'ateiy fall in imputation is suggested in the Houselist. . 174 This entry should be made at the end of the 2.9. This completes pre-sampling scrutiny. Block. The Houselist of the 'Block' should now be passed on to the Sampler for drawing the 'sample' of Column 1 Give the next number of census houses. the line. Columns 2-3 Write the number as in 3. Post-sampling scrutiny of the Houselist column 2 of the Establish ment Schedule. 3.1. The following scrutiny should be made in respect of the sample census houses and the Columns 4-5 Repeat the entries occurring households living in such census houses. in the Houselist for the \ preceding house number to 3.2. Column 4-5 : Do not accept entries like the one recorded in 'kachha' or 'pucca' in these columns. Specific column 2 of the Establish material of wall and roof ought to be there. If ment Schedule. there is an entry as 'kachha' please impute speci fic material which would be cOI]1Illonly found in Column 6 As per column 6 of the the relevant block like grass! mud, unburnt Establishment Schedule. bricks, etc., similar imputation should be made Column 7 Yes. for 'Pucca' entry, like stone, bricks G.t sheets, R.B.C. etc. i.e., material commonly Columns 8-17 Nil. used for 'pucca' houses in that Block. If there is no entry at all in these two columns, im 2.6. Mter inter-connected scrutiny of putation may be made on the basis of the entries columns 6... 7 of Houselist and Establishment of the preceding census house when there is only Schedule, the bunch of the Establishment Sche one census house in the building or when these dule of that block (duly stitched on the right hand details are not recorded for the other houses also top corner) should be released for editing of the in the building. If the building has more than Establishment Schedules to the official entrusted one census house and these details are not record to do that work with a label pinned on the first ed for the succeeding census houses, the entries page of the 'Establishment Schedule with the made for one house, should be repeated for the following written on the label remaining census houses in the same building. "Location Code No.,------If there are more than one household in a census house, entries in columns 4 and 5 should Scrutinised with reference to entries in appear only against the first household i.e. house columns 6 and 7 of the concerning hold whose number in column 8 is indicated by , Houselist." sub-number (a); for subsequent households in that census house, columns 4 and 5 as well as 2.7. Column 9 : Check up that total of Ins columns 2 and 3 will remain blank. titutional households tallies with column 9 of the Houselist Abstract. . For Institutional Household there should be no entry of SC or ST. If there be one, strike it oft. , 2.8. After all the lines of the Houselist have been edited fot the entire Block according to the Column 11: If there is an omission of en above instruction, number the census houses se7'i try in this column the number of rooms may be ally, the sequence running throuqh the entire imputed from the number of persons recorded in Block. Such serial numbers should be. . recorded column 15 on the basis of three persons per room in red pencil between columns 2 and 3 alonq the (which is the 'person-room' ratio of the 1961 line.' Check whether the serial number of last Census). Census House in the block tallies with the total number of houses recorded in column 7 of the Column 12: 'For Institutional Household Houselist Abstract of that block. In case of any the entry in this column has to be 'R'. If there is discrepancy, you should reconcile it and incorpo no entry or there is '0' entry, put 'R'. rate the necessary correction in either the Houselist or the Abstract as apDropriate; On the basis of In the case of non-Institutional Household, if this serial' numbering, samoling of houses will the entry is omitted impute 'R'. be done (after a random start eVery fifth, 'census house' will be ticked hence thiF: is very imoor Columns 13, 14 and 15.-Check that the tant and the serial number of the census houses firure in colum11 Ii) is equal to totPil of figures in has to be done with great care). columns 13 and 14. In caSe of blank, in eitlier 175 column 13 or 14, derive the figure by deducting 4.6. Columns 6, 7 and 8: The columns will column 13 or 14, as the case may be, from column be filled in if only columns 9-10 have 'x'. If in 15. any establishment besides manufacturing/prO' cessing sales also take place, and by mistake the Column 16: This column is expected to have enumerator has entered details in columns 6 to' 8 a definite answer 'yes' or 'no' for each household and also in columns 9 and 10, score entries in according as it cultivates or not. If the enumera columns 9 and 10. Manufacturing will get pre tor had left the column blank, impute 'yes' if the cedence over 'selling' which is a secondary func houselist relates to rural areas and 'no' if it relates tion. to urban areas. If the' entry in column 6 is registered factO'ry If there be no entry in columns 13 and 14 but and in column 8 type of power is other than 'Elec only in column 15, distribute the figure in the tricity' and if the number is less than '20' in ratiO' of 50: 50 only in the case of non-institutional column 5, then change the entry 'Registered fac households. Do not make any imputation for ins tory' in column 6 to Unregistered ·workshop'. titutional households but write 'unspecified'. If all the three columns are inadvertently left blank 4.7. Column 7 : If any entry is omitted by by the enumerator and there is entry in column the enumerator, make an entry from information 11 (No. of rooms) derive figures for column 15 on in column 3, if it affords any clue: the basis of 'person-room' ratio indicated above in the instruction for column 11, distribute this figure in the ratiO' of 50: 50 fqr columns 13 and 14. 4.8. Column 8 : If any entry is omitted by the enumerator, enter 'manual' having regard to 4. Edit Instructions for. Establishment Schedule entries in columns 3 and 7. 4.1. Location Code : Same as for Houselist 4.9. Columns 9 and 10 : There should be en instructions above. tries in these columns when columns 6, 7, 8 and 11 have 'X'. If entry is not made by the enumera 4.2. Column 1 : Refer to column 7 of the tor in CO'lumn 9, impute it with reference to entry Houselist and make sure that for all 'yes', there is in column 3. If column 10 is blank and column 9 a corresponding entry in this schedule and the is filled in, write 'retail' except in the case of seri~l number tallies. commercial services like Bank, Insurance, Pawn shop, etc. 4.3. Column 2 : Check with reference to column. 3 of the Houselist. These should tally. 4.10. Column 11 : There will be an entry in 4.4: Column 4 : In case of blank, look up the this column only when there is 'X' in columns 6 entry m column 3, this may help in making a to 10. If the enumerator has failed to make an entry although the establishment should have suitable imp~tati?n; otherwise, en~er 'private'. been entered in this column, try to impute with 4.5. Column 5 : If there is an omission to the help of entry in column 3. make an entry, write 'unspecified'. APPENDIX XIX PROCEDURE FOR SELECTION OF SAMPLE OF HOUSES FROM THE HOUSELIST 1. Preliminary steps as you go along that the Houselists for all the bl9Cks of one operational unit PART A: INSTRUCTIONS TO THE SAMPLER FOR are fully received and disposed of. In SELECTING A 20 PER CENT SAMPLE OF no case I should Houselists of one opera HOUSES FROM THE HOUSELIST. tional unit be mixed with those of an other)' ; 1.1. You are required to tick off in red pen~ \ cil the sample houses from the Houselists of an (iv) the blocks are serially arranged accord· operational unit. Generally, for purposes of sam ing to ascending order of location code; ple selection, operational units are : I ! (v) the houselists for eachi'block are paged (i) TehsiljAnchaljPolice Station fOr rural and stitched together ; areas; (vi) the serial number of the last house of (ii) City; and any block agrees with the number re corded in col. 7 of the Houselist Abs. (iii) Non-city urban area df a district. tract against the block. If there are !~"''''', any discrepancies, bring them to the To avoid disparity in the workload as well notice of the supervising ,officials and as to maintain stability in the sampling fraction, correct them before proceeding fur large operational units may be divided into parts ther. of convenient size, each of which will then cons titute an operational unit. Similarly, geographi 1.3 Sample will be selected independently cally contiguous' tehsils of small size may be com from. each operational unit. You will be given a bined within a district to form operational units random start for selection of sample in the ope of adequate size. rational unit assigned to you. The selection of the sample of houses is one ,continuous process for 1.2'. When the Houselists come. to you for the entire operational unit. Sample selection will be facilitated by the use of the Control sample sel'ection, the census houses would have Charts (see Appendix I) adequate number of been numbered serially wiihin each block, along copies of which would have already been provided the line dividing columns 2 and 3 of the House to you. list. Before starting out on sample selection, check whether :- 2. Procedure for sample selection : (i) the Houselist Abstract (form II receiv Step I.-Take a sheet of the Control Chart ed from the charge officers) has been (see Appendix~I) and note the followin~ in the prOvided to you alOO1gwith the House space provided on top : lists; (i) Identification particulars of the opera (ii) a check list containing charge num tional unit with name and location code bers and -block numbers in the opera of the district ; tional units has been provided to you; '1(ii) Random start for this operational unit. (iii) the bundle contains the houselists for "(iii) The page number as you ~o from one all the blocks in the operational unit sheet to another. ' by making suitable tally marks in the checklist referred to in (ii) above (in Step 2.-You are required to select a 2i(} case the Houselists are received after oer cent systematic sample of houses. Take the editing' in lots of 10 blocks each for the houselist for the first block and record its loca sake of operational convenience, ensure tion code (in the caSe of non~city urban, location 176 171 code of the charge also) and the total number of house onwards, and continu~ with the sample se. houses in columns 1 and 2 respectively from the lection. Correct also the corresponding entry in Houselist Abstract. QUickly glance through the column 2 of the Control Chart accordingly and serial numbers before you start samplin~ the insert in col. 8, the remark 'house at line No. X houses to correct any mistakes in serial number duplicated'. Any such corrections made by you ing. The first sample house in this block will shOUld invariably be done in consultation with the bear the same serial number as the random start Supervising official. of the operational unit. Startin~ from this first sample house, tick off every fifth house till you Step 4.-Find out the number of houses, left reach a stage when it is not possible to select an over from the first block and insert this number other hOuse from this block (i.e., when number of in col. (5) of the Control Chart. Fill iIi the differ houses left out is less than 5). Enter the serial ence between 5 and the entry in col. (5) in col. number of the last selected house in column (4). (6) against the first block and in col. (3) against Check whether the unit digit (Le., the right ex the second block (Le. second line of Control treme digit in a. number e.g. in 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, Chart). The entry in col. 3 of the second line in the unit digit is underlined); of the serial number dicates the start for the second block which should of the last selected house is either the same as the be distinguished from he random start of the ope random start (Le. the serial number of the first rational unit. SUppose the first block had 129 selected house of the block) or the random start houses and the random start for the operational plus 5. For example, if the random: .start is 3, the unit was 3. Then the serial number of the last number in the unit digit of the serial number o{ selected house will be 128 by selectin~ every 5th the last selected bouse will be either 3 or 3 + 5=8, house (20 per cent) starting from serial No.3. One i.e., the serial number may be 123 or 128. If this is house will be left as balance from the first block. not so, the discrepancy has arisen because you Since we haVe to continue to select every fifth have at some stage marked the wrong house as house for the entire operational unit, while falling in the sample. Since the criterion men marking other sample in the second block the tioned above will be equally applicable to the balance left in the first block has to be carried serial number of each selected house, it will be forward. Therefore, taking one house from the mOre convenient if you start checking from the first block, the serial number of the first sample last selected house backwards to locate the mis house in the second block will be 4 (Le. 5 minus take and correct it for the block. the balance left over from the previous block) So the start for the second block is 4 and Even though the serial number of the last thereafter every fifth' hOUse will be systematically house tallies with the number of houses recorded marked. Count the number of houses fallinR in in col. (7) of the Houselist Abstract, there is a the sample in the first block and enter in col. (7). possibility that the serial numbering of the house is affected by two types of errors : Step 5.-Repeat steps 2 to 4 with all the blocks (i) a house has not been assigned a serial in the operational unit. Note that from the second number; and (ii) a house has been block o~wards the entry in col. (6) against the senalised more than once. It is clear preceedmg block and that in (col. 3) against the block under conSideration indicate the serial that proper markin~ of the sample number of the fil'st selected house in the block hOuses from the houses already serial o.n hand. . Ensure that all the blocks in. the opera ~sed above will not obviate these errors, If any. As yoU go along marking the tIOnal Ulllt are exhausted in a continuous process. sample houses, you should, therefore, watch carefully for the presence of Step 6.-Mtel' the selection of sample from such errors. If you identify any such the entire operati()nal unit is over, hand over the error, go to step 3 before proceeding bundle of houselists alongwith the filled in Control Chart to the Supervising official for fur further with the sample selection. ther action. Otherwise complete the . sample selec tion process for this block and go to step 4. N.B.-(1) Before breaking off for the day make sure that the work of markin_g the sample ho~ses for the. block on hand is completed and the entries in the Step 3.-If a house is missed, record in varlOUS columns of the Control Chart against the column 8, the serial number of the line at which block duly made. 'I'he Control Chart will indicate the this missed house lies and proceed with the sam block from which YOU are to start again the next day. ple selection without rnaking any corrections in the serial numbering of the houses. On the other . N.B.-(2) A list indicating the serial numbers hand when a house is numbered mOre than once ~hich t~e houses falling in the 20 per cent sample stop marking the sample houses at that stage. Cor~ (I.e. takmg every fifth house 'from the random start) reet the serial numbers o-f the houses from that WQuld bear with varioUG random starts, is given below for your guidance. It has heen assumed that there are 178 200 houses in a block. I:f the number of houses is less should be dropped from the set. If .the number is than 200, the serial numbers which are not relevant more, the list may be extended suitably:- Random start List of serial numbers 1 1,6; 11, 16; 21, 26; 31,36; 41, 46; 51,56, 61.66; 71,76; 81.86; 91,96; 101, 1M; Ill, 116; .1.21,126; 131,136; t41, 146; 151,156; 161,166,171, 176; 181, 186; 191 196; 2 2, 7; 12. 17; 22, 27; 32.37; 42.47; 52, 57; 62,67; 72. 77; 82.87; 92,97; 102,107; 112, 117, 122,127; 132,137; 142, 141; 1'2,157; 162,167; 172, 177; 182, 181; 192,197; 3 3, 8; 13, 18; 23, 28; 33, 38; 43,48; 53,58; 63,68; 73,78; 83,88; 93,98; 103,108; 1]3, 118; 123, 128; 133,138; 143, 148; 153, 158; 163,168; 173, 1781; 183, 188; 193,198; 4 4,9; 14,19; 24,29; 34, 49; 44, 39: 54, 59; 64,69; 74. 79; 84, 89; 94, ~9; 104,109; 114. 119; 124,129; 134, 139; 144, 149; 154,159; le4. 169; 174.179; 184,189; 194, 199; 5 5, 10; 15. 20; 25,30; 35,40; 45, 5~; 55.60; 65. 70; 75.80; 85.90; 95,100; 105,110; 115, 120; 12S.130~ 135,140; H5,lS0; 155,160; 165,170; 17\ 180; 185,190; 195,200 N.B.-(3) As soon 'as the sampled houses in a number of houses, it is obvious that no houses can be block have been marked, tick off the corresponding selected ~rom that block. Since the sample selection number in the check list. After you have completed is a continuous process you consider this block of sample selection for the entire operational unit, houses as a continuation of the previous block, add on glance through the check Hot to detect whether any the number of houses in this block to the number o!f block has been missed. houses left over in the previous block, strike off the entry in column (3), put.a dash in column (4) and N.B.-(4) In certain areas, it is found that a block enter this total left over in column (5) against this contains less than 5 houses. In such cases when,ever block. The rest of the procedure is as usual. The the random start for that block is greater than the ~ollowing illustration will make it clear. Control Chart (1) . (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7j 35 123 2 122 4 25 36 3 4 3+1=4 1 37 147 1 146 2 3 30 3. Summary: i}f the selection procedure for ready 6. In the process you might hove come across refer~e explained in section 2 due to (i) missed houses and (ii) duplicated houses. Remove such errors before completing sample 1. Record identification and other particu selectiop. in the block. Indicate in col. (8) the lars on top of the Control Chart (Step 1). type or'1:!orrections you have made in this regard 2. Take the first blOCk and note the location (Step 3). code and total number of houses in columns 1 & 7. Complete the entries in columns (4), (5), 2 respectively of the Control Chart (Step 2). (6), and (7) of Control Chart (Steps 2 and 4). 3. Record in column 3 against the first block, the random start of the operational unit. The 8. Transfer the entry in col. (6) in the first first selected house for the operational unit will line to col. (3) of the second line. This indicates have the same serial number as this random start the serial number of the first selected house in the second block (Step 4). number (Step 2). 4. Starting from this first sample house tick 9. Repeat the above with the houselists of off every fifth house till you reach a stage when the second block onwards till you exhaust all the number of houses left out is less than 5 (step 2). Mocks of the operational unit (Step 5). 5. See whether the unit digit of the serial 10. Hand over the Houselists and related number of the last selected house is either the Houselist Abstracts to the supervisor a.'3 soon as same as the random start or the random start you complete the sample selection in the opera plus 5 (Step 2). tional unit (Step 6). 179 PROCEDURE-FOR SELECTION OF SAMPLE OF HOUSES FROM THE HOUSELIST PART B.-INSTRUCTIONS TO SUPERVISING OFFICIALS in col. '(4) of any line is either the same as the number in col. (3) of that line or that number 1. General p1.p.s 5. The, following table brings out the rela- tionship at a glance The accuracy of the sample will depend on the care with which the selection procedure has been followed. Though there are a Random start No. in the unit digit of the number of built-in controls in the procedure .: S1. No. of the last selected house evolved, it is essential for you to exercise close supervision. At the beginning_ you should watch 1 1 o:t 6 the work of the Sampler very close_ly till you are 2- 2 Ot 7 ~aUsfied 'that he has "undier'Stood the procedure correctly and is following the various steps ac 3 3 or 8 curately. Only after that period_ic supervision 4 should be resorted to so as ,to ensure that the 4 or 9 procedure is followed meticulously right to the 5 5 or 0 end. Your work involves two types of functions: Step 2.-If there is no discrepancy in col. (.4)., (i) supervision during the sample selection; see -also that the number-in col. (5) is less than 5. and - If" the numbert is. more .Jthan 5, then obviously there is scope for selecting at least one ?lore (ii) overall ch€cking. after selection of the house from that hlock in the sample. Then check sample for the operational unit when whether the entry in col. (6) is number 5 minus the Houselist for the operational unit the figure in col. (5) and whether the number in with the sample houses marked and the col. 6 of the line you are checking' ,has been duly related Houselist Abstract and Control recorded in col. (3) Of the next line. If this se Charts a~e handed over to you by the quence is maintained, the Sampler is doing his Sampler. job well and you can go ·to step 4 which gives the final check for 'consistency for any line. Other 2. Supervision during the Sample Selection : wise go to step 3.- While supervising the work 0'£ tl?e Sampler, Step 3.-In case the serial number of the you shouTd see whether the columns in the Con last selected house is not consistent with the trol Chart" are consistent. This would help in cor random start record.ed_in col. 3 for any block, ask recting mista~es, if ~ny, easily and in time. As the Samp1'er to take the houselist for that block, you are aware, the Sampler has been instructed to locate the entry a't whi~h the sequence has to bring to your ~otice any discrepancy that he gone wrong apd to mark the. apt)ropr.iate sample comes across durin.g sample selection and to cor hous.es from then on by !making tlie n:ecessary rect them in consultation with you. It is, there changes. If the sample 'se~ection has been made fore, necessary' that you have understood thorough conscientiously by the Sorter, it is expected that ly the instructions given to the Sampler so that such misfakes will be very infrequent. If the you courd resolve .his_ dijlicu1tie_s on the spot. mistake is detected in the block tha't the Sampler OtherWise correction of errors if detected after has just finished, there will be no _difficulty in the Sampler has completed his work for the en making the necessary corrections before the tire operatiopa1 unit will result in considera"oIe sampl'er proceeds with his. work. In case the. mis increase in YOUr workload. take has arisen in a block that the Sorter has. al ready finished with, and iif correcting this mistake would involve 2 or 3 subsequent blocks only take The consistency of the variou.s columns of the steps to rerpove the mistake from all the blocks Control Chart can be checked as follows : from ~he di§crepant block onwards. On the other hand, if correctjng the mistake would involve a number of bl'ocks, you neE,'!d correct only Ute con l.-:See whether the unit digit of the Step cerned b1!,ck without dist'urbing. the sample selec serial number the last selected house entered 0'£ tion in the subsequent blocks. In case yoU" find 180 \ that such mistakes have been committed frequent hand has been left out o'ficcount, take it at the ly (say in more than a block or two), ii: is neces end of the operational unit and mark the sample sary to start the sample selection process over according to the steps explained in Sampler's ins again for the entire operational unit from the first truction. block where the mistake has been identified. In any case whenever such discrepancies come to Step 2'.-Though in your day to day supervi your notice, you should report them to the De- sion of the Sampler's work you would have seen puty!Director, Ilc Coding and Punching Cell be to the consistency of the various columns of the fore deciding on the procedure for correcting Control Chart you may not have been able to scru them. tinise each and every line of the Control Chart. Step 4.-If entries in columns 2-6 are con Now that the Houselists and the Control Charts s:i:stent, the total number o'f sample houses in any are handed over to you for the entire operational block recorded in col. 7 of the Control Chart will unit, you should carry out quickly the consis be equal to ~he expected number (E) given by : tency checks explained in section 2 above on each line of the Control Chart and make relevant cor (Number in col. .f-Number in col. 3) rections, if at all necessary. +1 5 s.tep 3.-The correction for missed houses (This 'formula wi!] not apply to a block from and duplicated houses made by the Sampler would which no house has been selected). Even though be indicated in col. 8 or the Control Chart. Based the columns 2-6 are consistent, if you find that on these entries in cor. 8 make appropriate changes the number in col. 7 does not tally with the ex :i:n cols. 2-12 of the Houselist Abstract (Form II) pected number 'E' obtained as above, the discre agains't the respective blocks. In case of such pancy could arise only due to wrong counting of changes the totals in the respective columns of Ithe number of sample houses by the Sampler. In the Abstract should also be corrected ~ccordingly. such a case count the number of sample houses For this purpose you may have to go through the in that block and correct the entry in_,COl. 7. relevant columns of all the lines of the affected blocks. Then prepare a list of these blocks on a These checks are simple and can be imple slip of paper and tag it on to the related Houselist mented very quickly once you become familiar Abstract for the operational unit for scrutiny by with the various steps. In fact, it will make your your superiors who win finalise the control figures jobl a lot easier if you could arrange to carry out on the basis of your corrections. these checks at the end of each day,. Step 4.-You should now consider the houses . 3. Overall checking after the completion of that have been recorded as missed in col. (8) of selection of the sample ror thle entire operational the Control Chart and see whether one or more unit of them could be included in the sample. For this purpose, serialise the missed houses in the Since fQis is a large scale operation, it is likely that in spite of the built-in-checks and the order in which they appear in col. 8 itself and effort put into to resolve the discrepancies, if any, consider them as forming, a separate block, after on the spot, some mistake might persist even the last block of the operational unit. Since the after sample selection is completed., It is, there sample selection is a continuous process for the fore, necessary for you to watch for mistakes, if entire operational unit, take into account the houses left over in the last block of the opera any, when ~he Housellst and the related records are handed over to you by the Sampler for tional unit after sample selection, to determine scrutiny. The following steps will help you in the random start for this new block, Take care organising the 'Ov:erall check quickly. to make the relevant entries in the Control Chart in respect of this new block also. For this block Step l.-Check whether the houselists for all write "missed" in col. 1. If one or more houses the b]ocks within the operational unit and the of this new block come in the sample. locate tliese I'IE!'lated Houselist Abstract and Control Charts houses in the appropriate block of the houselist, have ;been handed over to you by the Sampler. If tick them off and assil!n serial numbers to them for the sake of Operati'Onal convenience the sam as explained in 'the foUowing example : pler handles the Houselists in sets of 10 blocks If the serial number of the last house (not each, you should see whether a1] the blocks in an the last selected house) in the block from which operational unit are exhausted and that the House one of the missed houses recorded at line No, 76 lists for different opera'tional units are not mixed. say, has been included in the sample is 151. assign If you find that a block of the operational unit on serial No. 152 to the selected house. At the end 181 of the block insert a remark that the serial No. 152 numbered regardless of bloeks, the last selected has been assigned to the house at the line No. 76. house will bear the serial number 5,209. Hence the total number of sample houses will be Step 5.-The operation explained in this step will provide a final check to see whether the adequate 5209-4 sample size has been achieved for the entire ope +1=1,042. rational unit. Add the No. of sample houses re 5 corded in col. 7 of the Control Chart over all the The illustration given below has been built up blocks of the operational unit and verify whether on the above principle for any random start sample size has turned out to be as expected. For and operational units of sizes 5,210-5,219. example, if the total number of houses in the ope This will help you to determine quickly the ex rational unit is 5,213 and the random start is 4, pected (20 per cent) sample size for an opera assuming that all these houses have been serially tional unit of any size. Random Expected sample sae'" for an operational unit of size start 5210 5211 5212 5213 5214 5215 5216 5217 5218 5219 1 1042 1043 1043 1043 1043 1043 1044 1044 1044 1044 ...,.._.._ ------,----- 2 1042 1042 ·1043 1043 ]043 1043 1043 1044 1044 1044 ---....----..---...-....---- ,------~-..... --_,._.._._ 3 1042 1042 1042 1043 1043 . 1043 1043 1043 1044 1044 4 1042 1042 1042 1042 1043 1043 1043 1043 1044 .-~-.----- s 1042 1042 1042 1042 1042 1043 1043 .043 1043 1043 Serial No. of the last selected house-Serial No. of first seJcc:tcd house "'Ext!ected sample size = - + 1 5 182 APPENDIX XX 1971 CenslIt CODE STRUcrURE-HOUSELlST Description Column No. in Schedule Code No. Allotted Where to Code -----,1 2 3 ITEM, State Assign Code as Appendix A DistriCt . . I st lop line left .. Recod.e district 1 to 9 a5 01 to 09 rest i.e., 10 on ward will remain as it is. Tcbsiltrown Second top lino left for tehsil and In case of towns renumber the Roman numbers 1!It top right for town. into 60 onwards (60-89 Town and 90-99 City) after arranging them In ascending order- TebsilCodes Ot-59 TownCode~ 60-89 City Codes 90-99 For tebsils 1 to 9 recode as 01 to 09. ViUaaelW;lfd 1 lit tot) Ijne rial!t·~o.r: vtll~ &pd, l~t ,R~od!l ':'ill,age ~ to ~ a~ 001, tQ ()()9,a~d ,N9.10. t~ ~ No. on 2nd top lIne rIght for ward a.~ 010 to 099. Block No. 2nd top line right in case of ~iIIage Recode Block No.1 to 9as 001 to 009 and No. 10 and 2nd No. in 2nd top line right to 99 as 010 to 099. in case of ward RuraJiUrban Rural Code to be given Non-City/ Urban Non-City 2 a t left inside a Urban City Urban City 3 triangle 6. House No. Col. 3 Recode Ho~ No.1 to 9 "'I 001' to 009 and, to to 99 as 010 to 099. Cod, CoJ.4 Material of wall .. Col. 4 Grass, Leaves, reedll or bamboo 0 Mud Unburnt Bricks 2 Timber 3 Burnt Bricks 4 G. I. Sheets or other 5 Stone 6 Cement Concrete 7 Other materials 8 Unspecified 9 No".-The first entry relating to Columns 4, 5 and 6 pertaining to a Census house having more than one household need only be coded. 183 Description Column No. in Schedule Code No. Allotted Where to Code 3 4 Material of roof Col. 5 " ~~s, Leaves, reeds, thatch, Bamboo------.----- J~ Col. 5 0 Unburnt Bricks Wood Concrete i.e., R,BO C/B.C.C. 2 Tiles, Slate, Shingle 3 Burnt Bricks and lime 4 G. I., Zinc or other metalllhcets 5 Stone 6 Cement Sheets (Asbestos) 7 Other materials 8 Unspecified 9 (fIlustratife list at Appendix 'D') Purpose of Census House " Col. 6 "Vacant-Dilapidated Ol Col. 6 Vacant-·Repair 02 "(Code with reference to entry in Col. '17). Vacant-Incomplete construction' 03 Vacant-Want of tenant/Occupant 04 Vacant-Other 05 Vacant-Unspecified 09 Residence only 11 Residence-cum-shop 12 Residence-cum-Workshop 13 Residence-cum-other use (other than shop/workshop) 14 Hotel, Sarai, Dbaramshala, Tourist home, Inspection house 21 Business house and Offices 22 Shops excluding Eating Houses 23 Factories, Workshops, Worksheds 24 Restaurants, Sweet-meat shops, Eating places 25 Places of entertainment and community gathering 26 Places of Worship 27 Other-non-residential census houses not elsewhere specified e.g., school, and other educational institutions, public health institution!! etc. 28 Unspecified 29 (IUustratife list at Appendix 'C') ------184 Description Col. No. in Schedule Code No. Allotted Where to Code --- 2 3 4 S.C./S.T./Others Col. 10 S.C. Col. 10 S.T. 2 Others 3 No. of living roollis .• Col. 11 No re&ular room 00 Col. 11 Num er of rooms No. Coding Unspecified Blank Tenure Status Col. 11 Owned 1 Rented 2 In case of institutions make cross in Cols. 10-16 of SChedule . Population Cols.n-U •. No coding In case of household is on pilgrimage and the columns for P /M/F are blank code 00 for males and females both. Housellold Col. 16 .. ' Yes 1 Col. 16 Cultivatin. land either No 2 owned/reDted 185 191t tal... . CODE STRUCTURE-ESTABLISHMENT SCHEDULE Descripticm ~ Col. No. in Schedule Code No. Allotted Where to Code ------~' _.~~-~------~---- 2 3 4 -+------'----~--..- ITBM State (Assign code as per Appendix 'A') District _, o. Top left Recode districts 1 to 9 as 01 to 09 rest~ Le •• 10 on wards will remain as it is. Tehsil/To~ " Second top line on left for Tahsil In case of tawn renumber the Romaa number into and 1st top line for Town (right) 60 onward after arranging them in the ascending order- TehsilCode .. 01-59 Town Cod'e 60-89 City Code ., 90-99 for tehsils 1 to 9 recode as 01 to 09. Village/Ward .. 1st top line on right for village; Recode village 1 to 9 as 001 to 009 and No. 10 to 99 lst No. on 2nd top right lint for as 010 to 099. ward. Block No. o. In case ofviUage 2nd top line right; Recode Block No.1 to 9 as 001 to 009 and No. 10 in case of ward 2nd No. in 2nd top to 99 as 010 to 099. line right. RuraJ/Urban Non-City/ Rural I 1 . Urban at)' Code to be given Urban Non-City ( 2 at top left inside r a triangle. A Urban City 3 J Serial No. .. Col.l Type of Establishment Col. 4 .. Government 1 CoJ.4 Government/Privatel eo-operative Private 2 Co-operative 3 No. of persons working Col. S .. No coding CoI.S TYPe of Manufacturing Col. 6 .. Regd. Factory 1 Col. 6 EstabU,bment ' Unregistered Workshop 2 Household Industry 3 N.I.C.CodepfEstablish- CoJs, 70r90r 11 .. Code as per N.I.C. Code structure .. 1970 Col. 7 DlCnt TyPe of fuel or pOwer Col. 8 .. Electricity 1 Col. 8 UIOd· , Liquid fuel 2 Coal, Wood and Baaassee 3 I Other (lncluc!1na aDitul pOWctr) 4 Manpower S 186 APPBNDIX A - Serial .No~. _Na,1lle of StatclUnion Territory Code No. 1 2 3 I - ·Andhra pradesh Z A.sam 2 3 Bihar 3 4 Oujarat • 5 Haryana , 6 Jammu&t; KlII5hmir 6 7 ICerala 7 8 Madhya Pradesh 8 9 Maharasbtra 9 10 Mysore 01 11 Nagaland Xi 12 Orissa X2 13 Punjab X3 14 R.a.iuthan X4 IS TamilNadu "5 16 Uttar Pradesh X6 17 WeatBcnpl ,,7 18 Andaman & NlCObar Islands "8 19 Chandiaarh X9 20 Dadra A Nasar Haven ,,0 21 Dolhi VI 12 Ooa, Daman I: Piu Y2 23 Himachal Pradesh Y3 , 24 L. M. &. A. blaJlGs Y4. 25 MilDipur YS 26 N.E.P.A. Y6 27 , Pondicherry Y7 28 Tripura yg 29 MeghIlaya Y9 187 APPENDIX B MATERIAL OF WAJ.J. AlfD RoQI' (THIS LIST IS P'DULY ILLtTSTRA'l'IVB) -_... _._ .. _------.." ------.-.. Code Material oj. Wan Code Material of Roof No. No. O. Thatch, grass, khaT (grass) leaves, casing O. Grass, jungle-grass, sun-grass, khadar thatch,. of leaves, gadjan leaves, coconut leaves, ing grass, chain grass, (sine) or khaptia or tasee leaves, Palmyra leaves, reeds, ballies dat or dedo, leaves of khaT, twigs, leaves, of jawar straw, wattle covered with earth, stalks of bajr.a, thatch, paddy hay, coconut ekra reeds~ sarkanda, mallet and cotton or Palmyra leaves, straw, palm leaves, gC'.dja1l stalk, cane, karvi stick, twigs,· bamboo, .leaves, screwpine leaves of sago palm, ~ jhatimati (twigs with earthen plaster), stalks of cumbu ,or cholam, chapper, bh01· straw bamboo matting, jute stalks, taTja patras, pine needles, jawar straw, dry leaves (bamboo matting). of arecanut, weeds and reeds. 1. Mud, clay, mortar, earth, thick-mud, mud 1. Tandul patter; puddles. mud, clay, thick-mud; unbumt bricks; wooden planks, jungle wood, fibre of kailor, deodar, thin shafts, rafters, bamboo. 2. Unburnt Ibricks. 2. Concrete, i.e., (i) Reinforced Cement Con crete (RCe) , (ii) Reinforced Brick Concrete (RBC). 3. Timber, wood, boards of wood, wooden 3. Tiles, shingle, Mangalore and country tiles, planks (crude); hewn planks. katus, fiat tiles khapda, khaprate, slate. .4. Burnt bricks, firebricks, baked bricks, 4. . Baked bricks, burnt bricks, lime. . kakai,!!a bricks .. 5. G.I. sheets and other metal sheets, tin. 5. G.I. sheets, kerosene-oil-tin sheets or other . metal sheets. 6. Stone, stone slabs, small stones, laterite stone, red sand stone, coral lime stone. 6. Flat sheet stone. stones, patti. 7. . Cement concrete, perforated cement slabs, . cement hollow· hlocks. 7. Cement sheets (Asbestos}. -----____._I HUS APP!N.t>IX,C "USE OF CENSUS HoUSE" (An attempt is' made in this appendix to appear under various "uses of census houses". list out various entries· which are purely illustra The Code to be assigned to a particular "use" is tive-but by no means exhaustive-which might noted in the margin iIi brackets). Residence Code 11 will be assigned when the entry indicates the use of (Code-ll) the census house for 'Residence' only : (and not in combination with one or more other 'uses'). Illustrations: 'Residence', dongas, out-houses, tents, gangmen's hut, houseboats, bungalow, kothi, etc. I Shop.cum-Residence Code 12 will be assigned when the entry indicates the use of (Code-12) tqe census house as 'residence' in combination with running of a shop and the census house has only' one access although it is' . put to twin uses, viz., (i) residence and (ii) running of a shop.• Illustrations: Residence-cum-grocery shop, residencc-:.cum-cloth shop, residence-cum-fruit shop, residence-cum-vegetable shop, resldence.-cum-panbiri-shop and so on. Work$ Business Houses and Offices 'I'his code will be assigned to the census houses which are used (Code-22) for locating banks, offices of firms, commercial and business houses, Government offices as well as' offices of local bodies and ~rivate offices, Chamber of Commerce, offices of Insurance Com panies, Co-operative Societies, advocates/lawyers, etc., stock ex change, Transport Company, railway station, police station, courts, etc. - Shops e3:cluding Census house used only as shop (but excluding eating house for eating houses which there is a separate code) will be assigned this code. (Code-23) ltlUBtrations: ,Cloth shop, general provision store, chemist shop, etc, Factories, workshops Cen.sui houses used for locating workshops, or factory or wo.& and wOrksheds sheds will be gi'Ven-lhfs code; These are ·places where manu.. (Code-:44) . facture, productiollj:' proq..m,g, : .repairing or servicing takes place. Ill'UStTations: Spinning mills, ,cotton mills, fertilizer fac tory, hosiery manufacturing. wO,rkshop, watch repairing, flour . mill, tailoring shop, automobile repair and servicing station, etc. Restaurants, Sweet .. This' code will be aSS.igned to census houses which are used for '1r?oeat shops and eating locating eating.pl~ces~ Illustrations: Restaurants (without lodg houses (~od~2J» ing facilities), tea stalls,. sweetmeat shops, ~ating places, coffee hQuses, bhojanalaya; -canteen, Dhabas, Halwai shops, etc. Places of entertain. Census houses used as cmemas, clubs, theatres, Kalamandir, m.ent and community Vyayamshala, stadium, Panchayat Ghar; museum, will be as gathering excluding' signed this code. places of. worship (C()d~26). Places of worship Census houses used' as temple, church, mosque, gurudwara, pra (Code-27) yer hall, etc., fall iii this category and will be given code num ber 27. Schools and other: This code (28) covers some specific uses of census houses, such educational institu- as educational arul medical institutions as well as a residuary tions including tra.jning category of uses' (not covered by 'codes 11 to 14 and 21 to 27). classes, public hearth J!lustrations: Schools, colleges, other teaching institutions, aM medical ~nstitutions, carpentry, musiC, dancing schools; agriculture training centre, hospitals, health centres, adult literacy centre, shorthand and typing institute, hospitals, doctors' .clinics, dispen doctors' clinics, nursing homes,. maternity homes" . veterinary saries anrl. 'other uses' hospitals, mental hospitals, leper asylum, etc. ' (Code-28) Illustrations (residuary category): Cattle shed, Goshala, pinjra pol, bull breeding cen. tre, Garage' ~f?r keeping the automobi~e); laundry, passengers' shelter or waltmg halls, poultry breeding centre, power sub"station, pump house, etc. \ 190 ... . . ~,! ., 0 . SDl11S ~l\t1I.t .... " I: _,_ SWOO'lI !UlAn JO 'oN I ...... OOCl\ SJoqK)/'~'S/:J' S ..... • I <"I ~. - : snoH .n~ jO osodJnd ...... "'ID 1:1 '"N I , ...,. joo1l jOIV!JOlIW <"I - .; nl£ JO [lIfl'JIlW .., .e "" -01:1.... -.c... - I ...,. ------...... O ... N swoo'lI 8ulA11JO 'ON 'oN osnoH .... f'\ fOI .2 ..... l ID I ~: POl'lIOJ/POUA\O CI\ cS ,l;)q.!~ pUlll SOll!Am~ PloqosnoH u I M . ~noH snsllO:J JO asod.1ncl 1 "'ID ..... OO uO!JII[ndod MMNN I.eQ l 1- 1- 1"1:1 snJ1iJS omuo~ ~ ~ \ 1~ .s... Nf'\ swoolI BUlAn JO 'oN 1.NN 1 -'" - - 'ON osnoH I, 8- .9• I SlOqJO/'~'S/ :J'S , M -~------~~- -.... I - .., iii pOJUOJ/P:'IUM i ~ I JotD!" PUll! stJ1IAH[n:> PloqosnOH ;; Cl\Q "1:1 OSnOH snSIJO:J jO osodJnd .... N ._--- ~ I - ... U0!llllnd°cl ~ .2 ~, i 00 JOO'N JO IvJlOJlI W .... II'> I fOI ..... - 118A\ JO Ill!,lalBW ~ 1 - (J)• ~ 'ON _OH ...,. '" \0 ...... - .....III I 8 ... - Sl31pol'~ 's/':)'s 1 ~ ~ J n .... - CI\ hl,::> u1Iq n/All::>-uoN U1IqJfi/I1tl 'lI l .... - .- osnoH jO tsodmd I msua::> I 'oN '13010: O ... N 8 \ "'fII!I'" a 0 )4 .: pJe !t\IOi II I!A r--OOCl'l f3 I i II 0 ""\0 1:1 UMO~/nsqO~ _I 1 t:s l~lJI!a t'f'I"'" l \) ;,...... u po JUIlI/p.tJ.M° II J~ql!O pUll SOl'Amn:> p[oq ••noH ...,.II'> ~ - I I -1 _N ...... ,. I N I UO"eJrul°d ""...,....,."'" 1~1 'lD8ra: ~i I == 00 posn laM.Od 10 [onJ JO .(1.(1 l- I I ) I -.- 'nsa JO opo:::> 'J 'I 'N: \ 01'11.0 ... posn JQM.od JO IQnj JO QOA.L ~ ~ I "' ...... l I 'nst! apo=> '=>TN ~ ~~~ -= - 1\ iJUp(lOIt\ suoslod JO 'ON: O ... Nt"I ~.. I SUp[JOM. SDOSJ.,O JO 'ON ~NMf'l ~~ ...... ('0 ... c: N I I I -. ._- OA !,VJOdo-o:::> II t ':) ! /O._AJ.td!'lAOD 'nltl JO odA.L iMH81adO·O::> C\ ( "" jOlVApd/'lAOD 'J1St! JO od~ IQ ... 00 I 'ON 1V!JOS NN , \ 10 ... 00 -- 'oN: fII!lOS IDIQIQ pgsn ': JalAod JO lanJ jO ad'{.L 10 I f'I I 'n'tlJo opo:::> ':::>'!'N I ~~ 01'1 } P3sn .reMod JO lonj jO od'<.L IQ ___.. . ,,~_._w. __.. _·.,. .. _...... _ .. _ I N I '»st! SD!J8l~JnuVW JO Qd'<~ j' N I I, N .... '!t -... ; 'DPlJOIA: SDOSJod jO 'ON 000\ 'usa: JO apoJ ':>'1'111 ) IOIQID ..... I --- OAU1UOOO-0:::> IQJ-eA!Jdl'~oO 'ns'tI JO :Kf.(.L t"- .... 'l+ll::1 !{f!lnl~VJnIJ1tW IQ f II - III I 'ON ItlpQS I ottn'O - ~-~ - } I .., '=>'rN ..,.tntn - J ~ Ca .IOJ) ~ A 'PaDtI 'ON "Id '»fa 8u!ln~.JllUWW 10 ocllJ. ~ -' ~ I 1.lST OF ,\GENn~ ron THE SALE 01' GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PITCUCAnONS (AS ON 31ST MARCH, 19/1)) Serial Name of the Party Cat. of Serial Name of (he Party Cat. of No. Agents No. Agents 2 3 2 3 AGRA···· ANAND National Book House, Jeoni Mandi .. (Reg.) 30 Vijaya Stores, Station Road .. (Rest.) 2 Wadhwa & Co., 45 Civil Lines (Reg.) 3 Banwari Lal Jain, Publishers, Moti Katra (Rest.) BANGALORE 4 Assa Ram Baldev Dass & Sons, Bagh 31 Bangalore Press, La1,e View, Mysore Road Muzafi'arpur (Rest.) P.O.B. No. 507 .. (Reg.) 32 International Book House P. Ltd., 4F, AHMEDABAD- M.G. Road .. (Reg). 5 Balgovind Booksellers, Gandhi Road (Rest.) 33 Makkala PlIstak Press, Balamandira, Gandhinagar (Reg). 6 Chandra Kant Chimanlal Vora, Gandhi Road (Reg.) 34 S.S. Book Emporium, 118, MOllnt Joy 7 New Order Book Co., Galldhi Road, Road, Hanumant Nagar .. (Reg). Ellis Bridge (Reg.) 35 Standard Book Depot, Avenue Road (Reg). 8 Sastu Kitab Ghar, Near Relief Talkies 36 Vichara Sahitya Ltd., Balepet .. (Reg.) Patthar Kava Relief Road (Reg.) 37 Atma Stores, 5th Crose MaJleswaram (Rest.) 9 Gujarat Law House, Near Municipal Swimming Bath (Rest.) BAREILLY- (Rest.) 10 Mahajan Bros.,Opp. Khadia Police Gate .. 38 Agarwal Bros., Bara Bazar 11 Himanshu Book Co., 10 Mission Market, '. (Reg.) Near Gujarat College (Rest.) BARODA- AHMEDNAGAR-- 39 New Medical Book House, 540, Maden- 12 V.T. Jorkar, Prop. Rama General Stores;. zampa Road (Rest.) Navi Path (Rest.) 40 Sh. Chandra Kant Mohan Lal Shah Gaini .. Shanker Bldg. Diwanji's Wada Dandia AJMER- Bazar (Rest.) 13 Book Land, 663, Madar Gate .. (Reg.) 14 Rajputana Book House, Station Road .. (Reg.) BHAGALPUR- 41 Paper Stationery Stores, D.N. Singh Road " (Reg.) ALIGARH-- 15 Friend's Book House, Muslim University J BHOPAL- Market (Reg.) 42 Lyall. Book Depot, Moh. Din Bldg. 16 New Kitab Ghar, Mill Market .. (Rest.) Sultama Road (Reg.) 43 Bhopal Sahitya Sadan, Publishers Book." ALLAHABAD- sellers & Stationers, 37, Lalwani Prdss Road " (Rest.) 17 Kitabistan, 17-A, Kamla Nehru Road (Reg.) 18 Law Book Co., Sardar Patel Marg, P.Box 4 .. (Reg.) BHUBANESHWAR- 19 Ram Narain Lal Beni Madho, 2A, Katra 44 Prabhat K. Mahapatra, Bhubaneshwar Road .. (Reg.) Marg .. (Reg.) 20 Universal Book Co .• 20 M.G. Road .. (Reg.) 21 University Book Agency (of Lahore) BHAVANAGAR- Elgin Road .. (Reg.) 45 Shah Parsotam Dass Gigabhai, M. G. Road " (Rest.) 22 Bharat Law House, 15, Mahatma Gandhi Marg .. (Rest.) BOLAPURA- 23 Chandralok Prakashan, 73, Darbbenga Colony .. (Rest.) 46 Bolpur Pustakalaya, Rabindra Sarai, P.O. 24 Ram Narain Lal Beni Prasad, 2/A. Katra Bolpur, Birbhum (W.B.) .. (Rest.) (Rest.) Road BIJAPUR- AMBALA CANTT.- 47 Sh. D.V. Deshpane, Recognised Law Book .. (Reg.) sellers Prop. Vinod Book Depot Near 25 English Book Depot, Ambala Cantt. Shiralshetti Chowk ' . . (Rest.) AMBALA CITY- BELGARIRA- 26 Sethi Law House, 87.19, R1y. Road, Ambnla 48 Granthloka, 5/1,· A1l1bica Mukherji Road, City .. (Reg.) 24 Parganas, (W.B.) (Rest.) BIKANER- AMRITSAR- 49 Bhandari Bros.; Goga Gate 27 Amar Nath & Sons, Neat· P.O. Mlljith (Rost.) Mandi (Reg.) BOMBAY- 28' Law}look Agency, G.T. Road, Putli- Garb (Rej.) 50 Charles lanlblill"t & Co., 101, M.ti. 29 The Booksellers Retreat, Hall Buzar. .. (Reg.) Road (Reg.) ., 11 Serial Name of the Party Cat. of Serial No. Name of the Party Cat. of Agents No. Agents 1 2 3 2 3 BOMBA Y-coneld. 93 S. Bhattachar & Co.) 49, Dharamtalla 51 Co-operators Book Depot, 5/32, Ahmed Street .. (Rest). Sailor Bldg. Dadar .. (Reg.) 94 Scientific Book Agency, 103, Netaji 52 Current Book House, Maruti Lane, Raghu- Subhas Road .. (Rest.) nath Dadaji Street .. (Reg.) 95 Smt. P.O. UpadhyaY,16, Munshi Sardar- 53 Current Technical Literature Co. P. Ltd., uddin Lane .. (Rest.) India House, 1st Floor .. (Reg.) 96 Universal Book Dist., 8/2, Hastings 54 C. Jamnadas & Co., Booksellers, 146-C, Street .. (Rest.) Princess St. (Reg.) 97 Manisha GrallthaIaya P. Ltd., 4/3, B. 55 Indo Nath & Co., Office No.8, 1st Floor Bankim Chatterji Street .. (Rest.) 257 Frase Road .. (Reg.) 98 N.M. Roy Chowdhury Co. P. Ltd., 72 56 International Book House Ltd., 9 Ash M.G. Road " (Rest.) " Lane, M.O. Road " (Reg.) 57 Kothari Book Depot, King Edward Road.. (Reg.) CHANDIGARH- 58 Lakhani Book Depot, Oirgaum .. (Reg.) 99 Jain Law Agency, Shop No.5, Sector22-D .. (Reg.) 59 Minerva Book Shop, 10, Kailash Darshan, 100 Mehta Bros., 1933, Sector 22-B .. (Reg.) 3rd Floor, Nava Chowk ., (Reg.) 101 Rama News Agency, Booksellers, Sector 60 N.M. Tripathi P. Ltd., Princess Street " (Reg.) No. 22 (Reg.) 61 N~w Book, Co., 188-190 Dr. Dadabhai 102 Universal Book Store, Bootb No. 25, Naroji Road .. (Reg.) Sector No. 22-D .. (Reg.) 62 P.P.H. Book Stall, 19O/B, Khetwadi Main 103 English Book Shop 34, Sector 22-P .. (Rest.) Road .. (Reg.) 63 World Literature, Pyare Singh Chug CALICUT- House, Agra Road (Rest.) 64 Swastik Sales Co., Scientific, Tecbnical 104 Touring Book Stall, Court Road (Rest.) Booksellers .. (Rest.) 65 M.&.J. Services 2/A, Bahri Building, P.B. CUTTACK- 6007 .. (Rest.) 105 Cuttack Law Times. Cuttack .. (Reg.) 66 Popular Book Depot, Lamington Road .. (Reg.) 106 D.P. Soor &. Sons, Manglabad .. (Rest.) 67 Sunder Das Gian Chand 601, Girgaurn Road 107 New Student Store " (Rest.) Near Princess Street .. (Reg.) 68 Thacker & Co., RamPart Row . . (Reg.) DEHRADUN- 69 All India Supply Co., 342, Kalbedevi J 08 Bishan Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, 318, Road .. (Rest.) Chukhuwala (Reg.) 70 Amalgamated Press, 41 Hamam Street .. (Rest.) 109 Jugal Kishore & Co., Rajpur Road (Reg.) 71 Asian Trading Co., 310, the Miraballe 110 National NeWS Agency, Paltan Bazar .. (Res.) P. B. 1505 " .. (Rest.) 111 Sant Singh & Sons. 28, Ra.ma Market .. (Rest.) 72 _Secretary, Sales Tax Practitioner Association, 112 Universal Book House, 39 A, Rajpur Road (Rest.) Room No.8, Palton Road (Rest.) 113 Natraj Publishers, 52 Rajpur Road .. (Reg.) 73 Usha Book Depot, 585 Chira Bazar (Reg.) CALCUTTA- DBLHI- ~\o 74 ~hatterjee & Co., 3/1, Becharam Chatter- 114 Atma Ram & Sons. Kashmere Gate " (Reg.) Jee Lane .. (Reg.) 115 Babri Bros., 243, Lajpat Rai Market · . (Rea.) 75 Cuttent Literature Co., 208, M.G. Road '. (Rest.) 116 Bawa Harkishan Dass Bedi Vijaya 76 Dass Gupta & Co. Ltd., 54/3, College General Agency Delhi Ahata Kodara Street .. (Reg.) ChamaJian Road · . (Reg.) l77 Firma K.L. Mukhopadhya, 6JIA, Ban- 117 Bookwells, 4 Sant Narankari Colony, chharam Akrur Lane .. (Reg.) P.B. 1565. Delbi-9 · . (Reg.) 78 Hindu Library, 69-A, Bolaram De Street .. (Reg.) 118 Dhanwant Medical & Law Book House, 1522, 79 M.C. Sarkar & Sons P. Ltd., 14, Bankim Lajpatrai Market · , (Reg.) Chatterji Lane (Reg.) 119 Federal Law Depot, Kashrnere Gate · . (Reg.) 80 Oxford Book Stationery Co., 17 Park St. (Rei.) 120 Imperial Publishing Co., 3, Faiz Bazar, Dacya 81 R. Chambrary & Co. Ltd., Kant HOUSe, Oanj · , (Reg.) P. 33 Mission Row Extension .. (Res.) 121 Indian Army Book Depot, 3, Ansari Road 82 S.C. Sarkar and Sons P. Ltd., IC College .. (Reg.) Darya Ganj · . (Reg.) 83 S.K. Lahiri & Co. Ltd., College Street .. (Reg.) 122 J.M. Jama & Bros., Mori Gate · . (Reg.) 114 Thacker Spink & Co., (1933) P. Ltd., 3, "" 123 Kitab Mahal (wholesale Division) P. Ltd., 28, Esplanade East " (Reg.) FaizBazar .. (Reg.) 85 W. Newman & Co. Ltd., 3, Old Court 124 K.L. Seth. Suppliers of Law Commercial & House Street . . (Reg.) Tech. Books. Shantinagar, Ganesbpura · . (Reg.~ S6 Indian Book Dist. Co. C/52, M.G. Road .. (Rest.) 12S Metropoliton Book Co., 1, Fail Bazar (Reg. 87 K.K. Roy, 55, Gariahat Road, P. Box No. 126 Publication Centre. Subzi Mandl,Opp. 1021 .. (Rtfit.) Birla Mills · . (Reg.) 88 ManimaJa, 123, Bow Bazar Street (Reg.) 127 Sat Narain & Sons. 3141. MoM. Ali 89 Modem Book Depot, 9. Chowringhee Bazar. M. Gate. (Reg.) Centre .. (Rest.) 128 Universal Book & Stationery Co., 16, Netaji ·. 90 New Script, 172/3, Rash Behari Avenue .. (Rea.) Subhas Marg · (Rea·) 91 Oyan Bharati, I7l-A, M.O. Road ., (Rea.) 129 Universal Book Tradm, SO, Gothic: . 92 MUkherjee Library, I, Gopi Mohan Datta Market · . (RII.) Lane .. iRest.) 130 YOUl1&Q1an cl Co. Nai Sank (Rei.) iii Serial Name of the Party Cat. of Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents No. Agents 2 3 2 3 DELHI-concld. GHAZIABAD- 131 AdrashPublicity Service, 5A/lO, Ansari 165 Jayana Book Agency, Outside S.D. Inter Road Darya Ganj .. (Rest.) College, G.T. Road .. (Rest.) 132 Amar Hind Book House, Nai Sarak .. (Rest.) 166 S. Gupta, 342, Ram Nagar .. (Reg.) 133 All India Educational Supply Co., Sri Ram Buildings. Jawahar Nagar .. (Rest.) HYDERABAD- ) 34 B. Nath & Bros., 3808, Charkawalan 167 The Swaraj Book Depot, Lakdikapul .. (Reg.) (Chowri Bazar) .. (Rest.) ) 68 Bhasha Prakashan 22-5-69 Gharkaman " (Rest.) 135 General Book Depot, 1691, Nai Sarak · . (Rest.) 169 Booldovers,P. Ltd., Kachiguda Chowrasta .. (Rest.) 136 H"mdiSahityaSansar, 1547, NaiSarak .. (Rest.) 170 Book Syndicate, Devka Mahal, Opposite 137 Law Literature House, 2646. Balimaran .. (Rest.) Central Bank .. (Reg.) 138 Munshi Ram Manohar Lal, Oriental Book- 171 Labour Law Publications 873, Sultan Bazar .. (Reg.) sellers & Publishers, P.B. No. 1165, Nai ]72 Book Links Corporation, Narayanagoda (Reg.) Sarak · . (Rest.) 139 Premier Book Co., Printers, Publishers and HARDWAR- Bookseller, Nai Sarak · . (Reg.) 173 Seva Kunj, Kanshal Bhawan Brahampuri (Rest.) 140 Oversees Book Agency, 3810, David Street, Darya Ganj-9 .. (Reg.) HUBLI- (Rest.) 141 Amir Book Depot, Nai Sarak .. 174 Pervaje's Book House, Station Road (Reg.) 142 Rajpal & SODS. Kashmeri Gate (Rest.) 143 Saini Law Publishing Co., 1899, Chandni INDORE . .. (Rest.) Chowk (Reg.) 144 Moti Lal Banarsi Dass, Bangalow Road, 175 Wadhwa & Co., 27 Mahatma Gandhi Road (Reg.) 176 Madhya Pradesh Book Centre, 41, Ahilya- Jawahar Nagar · . (Rest.) 145 Sangam Book Depot, Main Market, Gupta pura • 177 Modem Book House, Shiv Vilas Palace (Rest.) Colony (Reg.) (Rest.) 178 SWarup Bros., Khajuri Bazar (ReS·) 146 Summer Bros. ,P.O. Birla Lines (Rest.) 147 University Book House, IS, U.B. Bangalow 179 Vinay Pustak Bhandar Road, Jawahar Nagar · . (Rest.) JAIPUR CITY- 148 Om Book Stall, Civil Court Compound · . (Reg.) 180 Bharat Law House, Boolcsellers & Publishers DHANBAD- Opp. Prem Prakash Cinema (Res·) 181 Popular Book Depot. Chaura Rasta •. (Res.) 149 New Sketch Press Post Box 26 (Rest.) 182 Vani Mandir Swami Mansing Highway (Reg.) 183 Raj Books & Subs. AgencY, 16 Nehru DHARWAR- Bazar (Rest) 150 Bbarat Book Depot & Prakashan, Subhas Road .. (Rest.) JAMSHEDPUR- 151 Akalwadi Book Depot, Vijay Road .. (Rest.) 184 Amar Kitab Ghar, Diagonal Rd., P.B. No . 78 (Reg.) ERNAKULAM- 185 Gupta Stores, Dhatkidith (Reg.) 152 South India Traders, C/o Constitutional 186 Saoyal Bros. Booksellers & News Agents Law JournaJ (Reg.) 26.Main Road .. (Rest.) (Rest.) 153 Pai & Co. , Broadway .. JAMNAOAR- FEROZEPUR CANfT.- 187 Swaaeshi Vastu Bhandar, Ratnabai Masid Road .. (Reg.) 154 English Book Depot,78, Jhoke Road (Reg.) JODHPUR- GAYA- 188 Chopra Bros., Tripolia Bazar (Reg.) 155 Sa.hity~ Sadan, Gautam Budha Marg ., (Reg.) 189 Dwarka Das Rathi, Whole~ale Books and (Reg.) GOA- News Agents 190 Kitab Ghar, Sojati Gate (Reg.) 156 Singhal's Book House, P. O. B. No. 70 191 Rajasthan Law House, High Court Road (Rest.) Near the ChUrCh (Rest.) JUBEl&.LPUR- GURGAON- 192 Modern Book House, 286, Jawaharganj (Reg.) 157 Prabhu Book Service, Nai Subzi Mandi .. (Rest.) 193 Popular Book House. Near Omti P.O. .. (Rest.) JULLUNDUR CITY- GUNfUR- 194 Jain aeneral House, Bazar Bansanwala (Reg.) 158 Book Lovers P. Ltd., Amudelpet, Chowrasta ., (Reg.) 195 Hazooria Bros., Mal Hirll;n Gate (Rest.) 196 University Publishers, Ratlway Road (Rest.) GWAUOR- JHUNJHUNU (RA.I)- (Rest.) 159 Loyal Book Depot, Patankar Bazar, Lashmar .. 197 Shashi Sharat Chandra 160 TaterBros.,Sarafe .. (Rest.) Kumar (Rest.) 161 Anand Pustak Bhandar, M.L.B. Marg KANPUR- 162 M. C. Daftari, Prop. M.B. Jain & Bros., Booksellers, Samfa, Lashkar (Rest.) 198 Advani & Co., P. Box 100, The Mall .. ~eg.) (Reit.) 199 Sahitya Niketan, Sharadhanano Park ea.) 163 Grover Law House, Near High Court GaH es·) \ 64 Kitab GhAr, High Court RoaQ ., ~.) 200 Vniversal Book Stall, The Mall lV Serial Name of the Party Cat. of . Serial Name.of the Party Cat. of No. Agents No. Agcnts. 1 2 3 2 3 KAPSAN- MYSORE- 201 Parkashan Parasaran, 1/90, Namdhar Niwas 237 H. Vankataramiah & Sons. Krishnaragendra Azad Marg (Reg.) Circle (RcS.) 238 People Book House, Opp. Jagan Mohan KOLAPUR- Palace (Reg.) 202 Maharashtra Granth Bhandar, Mahadwar 239 Geeta Book House, New State Circle (Reg.) (Rest.) Road .. (Rest.) 240 Indian Mercantile Corporation. Ramvilas. KUMTA- MANDSAUR- 203 S.V. ~mat, Booksellers & Stationers 241 Nahta Bros., Booksellers & Stationers (Rest.) (S. Kanara) (Reg.) MUSS o URI- LUCKNOW- 242 Hind Traders, N.A.A. Centre, Dick Road (Rest.) 204 Balkrishna Book Co. Ltd., Hazrat Ganj (Reg.) 205 British Book Depot, 84. Hazrat Ganj (Reg.) NAGPUR- (Reg.) 206 Ea"tern Book Co., 34, Lalbagh Road (Reg.) 207 Ram Advani Hazratganj, P.B. 154 (Reg.) 243 Western Book Depot, Residency Road 208 Universal Publishers (P) Ltd., Hazratganj (Reg.) 244 The Executive Secretary. Mineral Industry (Rest.) Association. Mineral House, Near AU IndIa 209 Acquarium Supply Co., 213, Faizabad Road (Rest.) 210 Civtl & Military Educational Stores, 106/B. Radio Square (Rest.) Sadar Bazar NlLGIRIS- LUDHTANA- 245 Mary Martin Booksellers, Kotagiris Madras . 211 Lyall Book Depot Chaura Bazar (Reg.) States (Rest.) 212 Mohindra Bros., Katcheri Road (Rest.) 21'3 Nanda Stationery Bhandar, Pustak Bazar (Rest.) NAINITAL- 214 Tbe Pharmacy News,-Pindi St. (Rest·) 246 Consa] Book Depot. Bara Bazar (Reg.) MADURAI- NADIAD- 215 Oriental Book House, 258, West Masi St. (Reg.) 247 R. S. Desai, Station Road (Rest.) 216 Vivekananda Press, 48, West Masi Street (Reg.) NEW DELHI- MATHURA- 248 Amrit Book Co., Connaught Circus (Reg.) 217 Rath & Co., THohi Building, Bengali Ghat (Rest.) 249 Aapki Dukan, 515777, Dev Nagar (Reg.) 250 Bhawani & Sons, S-F, Connaught Place (Reg.) MADRAS- 251 Centra] News Agency, 23/90, Connaught Circus (Reg.) 218 Account Test Institute, P.O. 760, Emsora (Reg.) 252 English Book Stores, 7-L. Connaught Circus 219 C. Subbiah-Chetty, 62 Big Street, Triplicance (Res·) P.B. No. 328 (Reg.) 220 K. Kdshnamurty, Post Box 384 (Reg.) 253 Jain Book Agency, C/9, Prem House, 221 P. Vardhachary & ~o., 8 Linghi Chetty Connaught Place (Reg.) Street (Reg.) 254 Jayana Book Depot, P.B. 2505. Karol Bagh (Reg.) -222 C. Sitaraman & Co., 33, Royapettach High 25~ Luxmi Book Store, 72, Janpath P.Q. Box Road (Reg.) 553 (Reg.) 223 M. Sachechalarn & Co., 14 Bankurarn 256 Mehra Bros., 50-G, Kalkaji. New Delhi-19 (Reg.) Chetty Street (Rest.) 257 Navyug Traders, Desh Bandhu Gupta Road, 224 Madras Book Agencv (Rest.) pevNagar (Reg.) 225 The Rex Trading Co'., P.B. 5049, 31 & 32 258 New Book Depot, Latest Books, Periodicals, James Street •• r (Rest.) Sty. P.B. 96, Connaught Place (1teg.) 226 Nav Bharat Agencies 18, Andiappa Sh'eet 259 Oxford Book & Stationery Co .• Scindia Sadhana Sadan (Rest.) House .. (Reg.) 227 Mohan Pathippagam & Book Depot, 3, 260 Peoples Publishing House (P) Ltd., Ranijhansi Pyecrafts, Triplicance '-or (Rest.) Road .. (Reg.) 228 Naresh Co., 3, Dr. Rangachari Ro., Myla 261 Ram Krishna & Sons (of Labore) 16/B. pore (Rest.) Connaught Place (Reg.) 229 Reliance Trading Co., 70./10, Shambll Dal> 262 R. K. Publishers. 23, Beadonpura, Karol Street (Reg.) Bagh .. (Reg.) MANGALORE- 263 Sharma Bros., 17, New Market, Moti Nagar '•. (Reg.) 230 U.R. Shaneye Sons, Car Street, P. Box 128 (Reg.) 264 The Secretary, Indian Met. Society, Lodi l' 231 K. Bhoga Rao & Co., Kodial Bail (Rest.) Road ·r .. (Reg.) 265 Suneja Book Centre, 24/90, Connaught MEERUT- Circus (Reg.) 232 Loyal Book De~ot. Cbhipi Tank (Reg.) 266 United Book Agency, 31, Municipal 233 Prakash Educational Stores, S\.lbhash Bazar (Reg.) Market. Connaught Circus (Reg.) 267 Hindi Book HouSOj 82, .Janpath (Reg.) MUZAFFARNAGAR- 268 Lakshmi Book Depot, 57, Ragarpura, 234 B.S. Jain & Co., 71 Abnpura (Reg.) Karol Bagh I (Rest.) 235 Oargya & Co., 139, O. New Market (Rest.' .,.._269 N.C. Kaunchal &. Co., 40, Model Basti, P.O. KArol Bagh, New Delhi-S (Rest.) MUZAFFERPUR- 270 Ravindra Book Agency, 4Df50, Double 239 Scientific & Bdu~tional Supply Syndi~ate .. (Rest.) Storey, Lajpat Nasar (Res·) S.erial Name of the Party Cat. of Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. - Agents No. Agen.t~ 1 2 3 2 3 NEW DELHI-concld. SIMLA- 271 Sant Ram Booksellers, 16, New Municipal 299 Minerva Book Shop, The Mall ., (Reg.) Market, Lodi Colony (Rest.) 272 Subhas Book Depot, Shop No. 111, Central SUP.AT- Market, Srinivaspuri .. (Rest.) 300 Shri Gajanan PustakaJaya, Tower Road (Reg.) 273 The Secy., Federation of Association of 30] Gujarat Subs. Agency, Jawahar Lal Nehm Small Industry of India, 23-B{2, Rohtak Marg, Athwa Lines .. (Rest.) Road .. (Rest.) 274 Globe Publk:ations, C-33 Nizamudin East (Ri:st.) TUTICORIN- 275 Standard Booksellers, Stationers, Palant Enclave (Rest.) 302 Shri K. Thiagarajun, 51, French Chapai 276 Scientific Instruments Stores, A·355, New Road .. (Rest.) Rajender Nagar .. (Rest.) 277 Shyam Pustak Bhandar, 3819, Arya Smaj TRICHINOPOLLY Road (Rest.) 303 S. Krishnaswami & Co., 35 Subhash Chandra PATIALA- Bose Road .. (Rest.) 278 Jain & Co., 17 Shah Nashin Bazar .. (Reg.) TRlPURA- PATNA- 304 G.R. Dutta & Co., Scientific £quipments 279 Luxmi Trading Co., Padri Ki Haveli (Reg.) Suppliers .. (Rest.) 280 J.N.P. Agarwal & Co., Padri Ki Haveli .. (Reg.) 281 Moti Lal Banarsi Dass & Co., Padri Ki TRIVANDRUM- Haveli .. (Reg.) 305 International Book Depot, Main Road .. (Reg.) 282 Today & Tomorrow, Ashok Rajpath .. (Rest.) 306 Reddiar Press & Book Depot, P.B. No.4 .. (Rest.) POONA- TEZPUR- 283 ~ ;CIln Book Stall, Deccan Gymkhana (Reg.) 307 lyoti Prakashan Bhawan, Tezpur-Assam " (Rest.) 284 Imperial Book Depot, 266, M.G. Road (Reg,) 285 S'lrswat 67, Patel Flats, 2 Bombay-Poona UDAIPUR- Road .. (Rest.) 308 Book Centre, Maharana Bhopal College, 286 International Book Service, Deccan Gym Consumer, Co-operative Society Ltd. .. (Rest.) Khana .. '(Reg.) 309 Ashutosh & Co .• Station Road, OPP. 287 Raka Book Agency, Opp. Natu's Chaw}, University or-Udaipur .. (Rest.) Near Appa Balwant Chowk (Reg.) 288 Secy., Bharati ItIhasa Samshodhalla Mandir, UJJAIN- 1321, Sadashiv Path (Rest.) 310 Rami Bros., 41, Mallipura .. (Rest.) PONDICHERRY- VARANASI- 289 Honesty Book House, 9 Rue Duplix .. (Rest.) 311 The Manager, Banaras Hindu University Book Depot .. (Reg.) PUDUKKOTTAI- 312 Chowkhamba Sanskrit Sarles Office, Gopal 290 Meenakashi Pattippagam, 4142, East Main Mandir Lane, P.B. NO.8 .. (Reg.) Street .. (Rest.) 313 Kohinoor Stores, University Road Lanka .. (Reg.) 291 Shri P. Swaminathan Shivam & Co., East 314 Viswavidlyalaya Prakashan, K 40{18, Bhairo Main Road .. (Rest) Nath Marg .. (Reg.) 315 Globe Book Centre, P.O. Hindus University .. (Rest.) RAJKOT- 292 Mohan Lal Dossbhai Shah Booksellers & VISAKHAPATNAM- Subs. & Advt. Agent .. (Reg.) 316 Gupta Bros., Vizia Building .. (Reg.) 317 The Secretary, Andhra University General RAIPUR- Co., Opp. Stores (Rest.) 293 Pustak Pratisthan, Sad Bazar .. (Rest.) YELLORE RANCHI- 318 A, Venkatasubban, Law Booksellers .. (Reg.) 294 Crown Book Depot, Upper Bazar .. (Reg.) WARDHA REWARI- 319 Swarajeya Bhandal', Rathi Market .. (Reg.) 295 Tika Ram Sing Lal (Rest.) ."-- FOR LOCAL SALE SAUGAR- 296 Yadav Book Stall, Publishers & Booksellers (Rest.) 1. Government of India Kitab Mahal, Janpath, Opposite India Coffee House, New Delhi. Phone No. 44S61 SECUNDERABAD 2. Government of India Book Depot. 8, Hastings 197 Hindustan Diary Publisher., Markel Stl'lilcl (Re.t .) Street. Ca.l.cutta, Phone N~l. 23-3813. J. HIgh Commfss!.oner for Indian ill Londuu . SIV.AK,AS1- .. IDaia House, London w.e, 2 298 Ganesh Stores, South Car Street (Rest.) vi ON S. & R. BASIS ON S. & R. BASIS· contd. 1. The Assiitant Director, Extension Centre, Bhuli Road, 35. The Reaistrar oCCompanies, Gwalior (M.P.) Dhanbad. 36. The Registrar of Companies, H.No. 3-S-837, Hyder 2. The Assistant Director, Extension Centre, Santnagar, OOOa. Hyderabad. Hyderabad-18. 37. The Registrar of Companies, Kerala, 70, Feet Road, 3. The Asstt. Director, Gov!. of India, S.1.S.I. Ministry of Ernakulam. C&I Extension Centre, Kapileshwar Road, Belgaum. 38. The Registrar of Companies, M.G. Roati, West Cotto 4. The Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Krishna Distt. Building, P.B. 334, Kanpur. (A.I.) 39. The Registrar of Companies, Narayani Buildin!;, Bra' 5. The Asstt. Director, Footwear, Extension Centre, Polo courne Road, Calcutta. Ground No.1, Jodhpur. 40. The Registrar of Companies, Orissa, Cuttsck Chandi, 6. The Asstt. Director, Industrial Extension Centre, Nadiad Cuttack. (Gujarat). 41. The Registrar of Companies, Pon ON S. & R. BASIS_·I:ontd. ON S. & R. BAStS-conld. \01. 69. The Controller of Imports and Exports, Rajkot. The Deputy Director of Publil: Relations, state Infor. mation Centre, Patna. 70. The Inspector, Dock Safety, MIL & E Madlas 102. The Officer-in-Charge, State Information Centre Harbour, Madras-I. Madras. ' 71. The Inspecting Assistanl Commissioner of Income 103. Tax, Kerala, T Ernakulam. The Asstt. Director, S.I.S.I.M.I. Road, JaiplIr. 72. Tne Under Secretary, Raiya Sabha Secretariat, Parlia 104. The Collector of Customs, Madras. ment House, New Delhi. lOS. National Building Organisation, Nirman Bhavan New 7:'. Controller of Imports and Exports, 7, Porlland Park, Delhi. ' Visakhapatnam. 106. The Controller of Communication, Bombay Region 74. The Seniol Inspector, Dock Safety, Botwalla Bombay. ' Chamlers Sir, P.M. Road, Bombay. 107. The Karnatak University, Dharwar. 75. Controller of Impmts ano Exports, LB. 14-P, Ponoi 108. The Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. cherry. ]09. The P~in~pal Publica!ions Officer Sending Commission 76. Deputy Director, Incharge, S.I.S.J., Sahakar Bhavan, for ScIentific &: Techmcal Terminology, U.G.C. Build Trikon Bagicha, Ra.ikot. mg, New Delhi. 77. The Publicity ana Liaision Officer, FOIest Research 110. T~e Officer-in-C!wge, Information Centre, Swai Ram Institute and Colleges, Near Forest, P.O. D.hradun. Smgh Road, Jatpur. 7f( The A>,istant Controller of Imports and Exports. 111. The Director General of Civil Aviation, New Delhi. Government of India, Mini~try of Commerce, New Kandla. 11.2. Controller of Aerodrumes Delhi. 79. The Depmy Director General (S.D.) 6, Esplana<1c 113. Controller of Aerodrumes, Calcutta. East Calcutta. 114. Controller of Aerodromes, Bombay. 80. The Director, Government of India, S.1S.J., MinistlY 115. Controller of Aerodrumes, Madras. ot I. & S., Industrial Area'B, Ludhiana. .116. The Registrar, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana . 81. The Government Epigraphist for Inoia. 117. The land & Development Officer, M. of Health, Family 82. The Assistant Director, Incharge, S.LS.f., Eden Planning W.H.&U.D., Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi. sion Centre, Varanasi. t 18. Acting Secretary, Official Language (Leg.) Commission, 83. The Director of Supplies, Swarup Nagar, Kanpur. Ministry of Law, Bhagwan Dass Road, New Delhi. 84. The Assistant Director (Admn.), Office of the Directo 119. Registrar General, India, 2/A, Mansingh Road, New rate of Supplies and Disposal, Bombay. Delhi U. . 85. The Chief Controller of Imports and Exports, 120. The Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Ministry of International Trade, Madras. Khusro ManziJ, Hyderabad-4. 86. The Deputy Collector of Customs, Custom House, 121. The Director of Census Operations, Assam, Bombfyle Visakhapatnam. Road, Shillong-l. 87. The Principal Officer, Mercantile Marine Department, 122. The Director of Census Operations, Bihar, Boring Calcutta. Canal Road, Patna. 88. The Director, S.I. S.I., Karan Nagar, Srinagar. 123. The Director of Census Operations, Gujarat, Ellis 89. The Director, Incharge, S.I.S.I., 107, Industrial Estate, Bridge, Ahmedabad-6. Kanput. 124. The Director of Census Operations, Haryana, Kothi 90. The Director of Inspection, New Marine Lines, Bom No.1, Sector 10-A, Chandigarh. bay-I. 125. The Director of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, 9]. The Deputy Chief Controller of Imports and EltPOns, Boswel, Simla·S. T.D. Road, Ernakulam. 126. The Director of Census of Operations, Jammu & Kash 92. The Assistant Director, Government Stationery ana mir, 19 Karan Nagar, Srinagar. Book Depot, Aurangabad. 127. The Director of Census Operations Kerala, Kowdiar 93. The Assistant Director Iocharge, S.I.S.I., Club Road, Avenue Road, Trivandrum-3. Hubli. 128. The Director of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh, 94. The Employment Officer, Talcher. Civil Lines, Bhopal-2 (M.P.) 9S. TheDirectorof Inspection,Dte.,G &8, Disposal, 1, 129. The Director of Census Operations, Maharashtra, Sprot Ganesh Chandra Avenue, Calcutta. Road, Bombay.1 (BR). 96. The Collector of Customs,New Custom House, Bombay. 130. The Director of Census Operations, Manipur, Imphal. 97. The Controller of Imports & Exports, Bangalore. 131. The Director of Census Operations, Meghalaya, Nangri Hills, Shillong-3. 98. The Adrnn. Officer, Tariff Commissioner, \01, Queen's Road, Bombay. . 132. The Director of Census Operations, Mysore, Basappa Cross Road. Shanti Nagar, BangaIore-l. 99. The Commissioner of Income Tax, Patiala. 133. The Director of Census Operations. Nagaland, Kohima. 100. The Director, Ministry of I & Supply, (Deptt. of Indus 134. The Director of Census Operations, Orissa, Chandni try), Cuttack. Chouk, Cuttack-l, viii oN s. & IL aASIS ...... c.QDt:1. ()N S. & R, BASIS--C()ncld. 135. The Director. of Cens'us Operations, Punjab, No. 72, 142. Th~ Director of Census Operations, ArlltO.achal Prade"i;, Sector 5, Chandigarh. Laithumkhrah, Shillong. 136. Tho Director of Census Operations, R.ajasthan, Rambag 143. The Director of Census Operations, Chandigarh, Kothi Palace, Jaipur. No. 1012, Sector 8-C, Chandigarh. 137. The Director of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu, 10, 144. The Director of Census Operations. Dadra and Nagar Poes oarden, Madras·86. Haveli, Panaji. 138. The Director of Ccnsus Operations, Tripura, Durga ]45. TheDirectorof Census Operations, Dc.I111. 2, tinder Bari West Compound, Agartala. Hill Road, Delhi-6. 139. The Director of Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh, 6- 146. The Director of Census Operations, Goa. DamHn, anc! Park Road, Lucknow. Diu, Dr. A. Borkar Road, Panaji. 140. The Director of Census Operations, West Bcngal, 20 147. The Director of Censns Operations, L.M.&A, .1~Jands, British Indian Street, Calcutta·j . Kavaratti. 141. The Director of Census OperatiolB, Andaman and Nico 14R. The Director of C~nsus Operations I'ondicherry, bar Islands, Port Blair. Madras.