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Towards Bamboo Commercialization in Ethiopia Analysis of Technology Sources, Innovation and Entrepreneurship

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Towards Bamboo Commercialization in Ethiopia Analysis of Technology Sources, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Fakultät Umweltwissenschaften Towards Bamboo Commercialization in Ethiopia Analysis of Technology Sources, Innovation and Entrepreneurship A dissertation submitted in fulfillment for the requirements of the degree Doctor rerum silvaticarum (Dr. rer. silv.) Submitted by: Tefera Belay Endalamaw M.Sc. (Forest Policy and Management) Born on 04.07.1977 in North Shoa, Ethiopia Defense Date: July 27, 2015 Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Pretzsch Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of International Forestry and Forest Products Prof. Dr. Dietrich Darr Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences Dr. Tefera Mengistu Woldie Ministry of Environment and Forests, Ethiopia Tharandt, 1 June 2015 Declaration of Conformity I confirm that this copy is identical with the original dissertation entitled: “Towards Bamboo Commercialization in Ethiopia: Analysis of Technology Sources, Innovation and Entrepreneurship” Tharandt, 1 June 2015 ______________________ Tefera Belay Endalamaw III Acknowledgement PhD research is a long and challenging journey. A number of individuals and institutions accompanied me, guided me, and inspired me to find and proceed on the success path. First and foremost, Prof. Pretzsch has rendered unreserved and untiring support all the way till now. His ably academic supervision, his willingness to provide unrestricted access to consult him in time of need and continuous support in administrative matters is one of the key reasons for this thesis to have a successful end. For all these, I deeply acknowledge his contributions. I also sincerely acknowledge Prof. Darr for his impressive criticism, invaluable comments and humanly advice. His addition to the supervisory group has greatly improved the thesis content and style. Dr. Tefera Mengistu has supported me since the proposal development stage. I whole-heartedly thank him for the competent academic supervision, valuable comments and inspirational advice. Dr. Lindner, Dr. Schlicht and Mr. Hung Bui have advised me in statistical analysis and I would like to sincerely acknowledge their respective contribution. Dr Birhanu Biazin, Mohammed Ali, Amlaku Bikis, Dr. Asebe Regasa, Mirria Anmot, Isaac Safo and Abrham Belay read parts of the thesis chapters and provided me their critical comments which I duly acknowledge. I am grateful to Dr. Auch for his comment on survey questionnaires and labor analysis. Ato Mengistie Kindu produced map of the study areas and supported me with style and formatting. I greatly appreciate his support. The Deutscher Academischer Austaushdenist (DAAD) has generously granted me PhD study scholarship. I wholeheartedly thank DAAD and through it the German people who provided me the opportunity for high quality study and allow my family access to the German culture and language. DAAD has also provided me the opportunity to attend numerous conferences, meet high-level academicians and civil servants via AGGN, which I gratefully acknowledge. I am indebted to the Graduate academy and the association of Friends and sponsors of the Technische Universität Dresden which have granted me scholarship for my family towards the end of the study period. Data collection was sponsored by Rufford grant and national capacity building grant of Ethiopia. I extend my gratitude to all of them. A large number of people in Ethiopia have contributed at the different phase of the study. While it is difficult to mention all, Dr. Melaku Bekele, Ato Megersa Debele, Ato Gezahegn Bogale, Dr. Girma Mengesha, Dr. Zebene Asfaw, Dr. Girma Kelbero, Dr. Gessesse Desse, Dr. Fantaw Yimer, Ato Yidnekachew Habte, Ato Chalew Kifle, Ato Tadele Zewde, Ato Menbere Endeshaw, Ato Yimer Adem, Ato Ashenafi Talew, IV Ato Sisay Zewdie, Ato Botola Goji, W/ro Yemidawerk, Ato Ermias Kifle, W/ro Sofia, Ato Gebreyesus , W/ro Haimanot, Ato Misganaw’s family, Ato Alaye tsegaw’s family and the farmers and entrepreneurs whom data is collected from have significantly supported me in several ways towards the success of the study. I owe great acknowledgement for their multifaceted support in the course of the study. I extend my gratitude to my family friends in Dresden Dr. Coskun’s family, Mr. Fatih’s family, Mrs. Schuster, Mrs. Susanne, Mr. Yohannes, Mr. Kedir, Mr. Surafel and Mr. Tsegaye for their unraveled support for me and my family during the study. I would like to further extend my gratitude to the staffs and PhD students of international forestry and forest products who contributed in the development of the thesis via colloquiums and informal communications. I am particularly indebted to Mrs. Wenzel for translating the abstract to German language and Mr. Florian Neubert for supporting me in finding accommodation at a very critical time. Finally, I would like to express my love, appreciation and words of thank for my wife Etagegnehu Wondimeneh. Her wisdom, composure and strong intuition had enormous importance to solve several social problems that would have significantly distracted me from my study. Her skill and passion in caring our children has also relieved me from the routines of parenthood during critical periods of the study. Without her, my success would have never been possible. I also thank my sweet children Shelomia and Amdetsion for their patience and understanding. Tharandt, May 2015 V Table of Contents DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY ............................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................. VI LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................... XI LIST OF BOXES ...................................................................................................................................................... XII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... XIII ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................ XV ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ......................................................................................................................................... XVI 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 GLOBAL OUTLOOK OF BAMBOO RESOURCES AND COMMERCIALIZATION ...................................................................... 3 1.3 BAMBOO RESOURCES AND COMMERCIALIZATION IN AFRICA ...................................................................................... 4 1.4 BAMBOO RESOURCES AND COMMERCIALIZATION IN ETHIOPIA ................................................................................... 5 1.5 RESEARCH PROBLEM .......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.6 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................ 8 1.7 THESIS OUTLINE ................................................................................................................................................ 9 2 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS: SYSTEMS OF INNOVATION AND VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT ............................ 11 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 INNOVATIONS AND SYSTEMS OF INNOVATIONS ..................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 The Concept of Innovation ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 The Systems of Innovation ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Main elements of Systems of Innovation ............................................................................................... 15 2.2.4 Sectoral System of Innovation ............................................................................................................... 18 2.3 INNOVATIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND SOURCES OF TECHNOLOGY ................................................................ 20 2.3.1 Innovation in Developing Countries ....................................................................................................... 20 2.3.2 Technology Transfer and Absorptive Capacity ....................................................................................... 21 2.3.3 Endogenous Sources of Knowledge and Technology ............................................................................
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