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In the West Amhara Sub-Region of Ethiopia

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In the West Amhara Sub-Region of Ethiopia Journal of Plant Pathology (2011), 93 (1), 149-157 ' Edizioni ETS Pisa, 2011 149 INCIDENCE OF POTATO VIRUSES AND BACTERIAL WILT DISEASE IN THE WEST AMHARA SUB-REGION OF ETHIOPIA B. Bekelel, E. Abate2, A. Asefa2 and M. Dickinson3 I Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Research Centre, P.O. Box 37, Ambo, Ethiopia 2 Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 527, Bahar Dar, Ethiopia 3 School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK SUMMARY INTRODUCTION A survey of virus diseases and bacterial wilt was car- Ethiopia is among the top potato (Solanum tuberosum ried out in four major potato growing administrative L.) producers in Africa, with 70% of its arable land in the zones in the west Amhara sub-region of Ethiopia in high altitude areas above 1500 m being suitable for pota- 2008. Leaf samples with symptoms suggestive of virus to production (FAOSTAT, 2008). Currently, potato is infection were collected from 38 randomly selected produced mainly in the north western, central and east- fields in 16 locations, whilst for bacterial wilt detection ern highlands of Ethiopia. The north western part of the tuber and stem samples were collected from 23 and 12 country which mainly includes the highlands of the west fields in 15 and 12 locations, respectively. Disease inci- Amhara sub-region (Fig. 1) is the major production area, dences were visually assessed in the field and the identi- and this region makes up over one third of the total area ties of the pathogens were confirmed by laboratory test- allotted to potato nationally. About 600,000 rural house- ing using double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA for holds are involved in potato production in the region, viruses, and nitrocellulose membrane (NCM)-ELISA and according to CACC (2003) the area covered by pota- kits for Ralstonia solanacearum. In addition, an enrich- toes in the region may be as high as 70,000 ha. The high- ment procedure was used to determine latent infection landers produce potato as a food security crop because of by R. solanacearum. Virus disease incidence varied from the limited crop choice that they have, whilst in the mid zero to 100% in different potato growing systems, altitude areas potato is considered as an emergency crop whilst bacterial wilt incidence as high as 25% was as it is usually ready for consumption when the grain recorded in farms in the west Gojam and north Gonder crops are not. zones when assessed based on visual field symptoms. The nationalaverageproductivityof potatoin Results of laboratory testing for viruses confirmed the Ethiopia is 8 tons/ha, which is below the African conti- occurrence of at least five viruses, with Potato virus S nent average (10.8 tons/ha) (FAOSTAT, 2008). Diseases (PVS) being the most widely distributed. Other viruses caused by viruses, bacteria and fungi are considered identified included Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus among the major biotic production constraints of potato. M (PVM), Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) and Potato virus Symptoms suggestive of viral diseases are widely observed Y (PVY), in order of importance. Mixed infections with and distributed in the major production areas in the west two or more viruses were also detected. Potato virus A Amhara sub-region. Evidence of the occurrence of potato (PVA) was not detected in any of the samples tested. viruses in Ethiopia was first reported in studies conduct- Latent infection by R. solanacearum was found in vari- ed in central, south and southeast Ethiopia during the ous potato fields, including experimental plots, farmers' 1984 and 1985 crop seasons (Agranovsky and Bedasso, seed potato production fields, suggesting the need to 1985, 1986). The results of these consecutive studies indi- consider strict quarantine measure and restrict the free cated the presence of Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus S movement of seed tubers. (PVS), Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus A (PVA) and Potato virus M (PVM). These Key words: potato, Ethiopia, viruses, bacterial wilt, studies, however, did not include the main production ar- survey. eas in the country such as the west Amhara sub-region, and the identity, distribution and status of viruses attack- ing potato have not been systematically studied using spe- cific diagnostic methods. Studies made elsewhere indicate that yield losses as high as 90% can be incurred by viral diseases that can cause varietal degeneration (Cyperus Corresponding author: B. Bekele and Bokx, 2005). In addition, symptoms of some potato Fax: +251.11.2362325 E-mail: [email protected] viruses are often not apparent when in association with 150 Potato viruses and bacterial wilt in Ethiopia Journal of Plant Pathology (2011), 93 (1), 149-157 Roads Lakes Study sites zones. 200000 0 200000 400000 Kilometers Fig. 1. Map of the west Amhara sub-region of Ethiopia from which samples were collected during the main season 2008. The four sampling zones of west Gojam, Agew Awi, north Gonder and south Gonder is shown, with the sampling sites marked. the mosaics caused by PVX, PVY and PVS, so identifica- vey and sample collection was conducted during the tion by visual observation of symptoms alone is not reli- main rainy season of 2008 (from July 31-August 15, able (Fletcher et al., 1996; Burrows and Zitter, 2005). 2008) in selected representative major potato growing Bacterial wilt of potato (Ralstonia solanacearum) can areas in four administrative zones of the west Amhara also cause significant yield loss to potato (Ajanga, 1993). sub-region (Fig. 1). Samples for virus and bacterial wilt Because this pathogen stays in the soil for several years assay were collected from three systems: potatoes grown it prohibits subsequent production of potato in the for seed, ware potato, and research plots in the west same field. Moreover, this pathogen may stay latent Gojam and north Gonder zones (Table 1). Sampling without showing any symptoms in the field with the was done to meet three main objectives: typing of pota- consequence of high impact on tuber yield in the up- to viruses occurring in the sub region, confirmatory test coming season. Detection of latent infections by R. for bacterial wilt, and assessment of virus and bacterial solanacearum requires sensitive diagnostic methods but, wilt disease incidence and status. as yet, such methods have not been adopted in Ethiopia Virus diseases. For virus typing, leaf samples with to inspect potato seed tubers and monitor the status of symptoms suggestive of virus infection were collected latent infection and its consequences. As the crop is from about 1,460 plants in the surveyed areas. From vegetatively propagated, the diseases can easily be trans- each field, one to three composite samples were taken mitted through tubers and cause very high economic depending on the type and diversity of symptoms en- losses across wide geographic areas. countered, with each composite sample being a mixture This study was carried out to fill the current knowl- of 10 individual plant samples. A total of 146 composite edge gap on identity, incidence and distribution of viral samples were collected from 38 fields in 16 locations, diseases and bacterial wilt of potato in the major pro- including experimental plots at the Adet Agricultural duction areas of the west Amhara sub-region with par- Research Centre (AARC) in west Gojam and the ticular emphasis on emerging seed production schemes Gonder Agricultural Research Centre (GARC) in north and germplasm evaluation work. Gonder. Leaflets were collected from the upper, middle and lower parts of at least 10 individual plants per field. Sampling was done at a constant interval depending on MATERIALS AND METHODS the distribution of crop in the respective administrative zones/locations surveyed following simple random sam- Field visits and sample collection. An intensive sur- pling techniques and by moving diagonally across each Journal of Plant Pathology (2011), 93 (1), 149-157 Bekele et al. 151 field. At the time of sampling crops were at the flower- ber and 29 stem samples were collected for laboratory ing-tuber setting stage. Disease incidence in the field testing in 23 and 12 fields from 15 and 12 locations, re- was recorded visually as percent infection. Both symp- spectively. Emphasis was given to tuber sampling in all tomatic and non symptomatic samples were collected, production systems to determine the level of infection, but as the main aim of this survey was to type viruses as tubers are the major source of inoculum as well as occurring in the sub-region, emphasis was given to means by which the bacterium spreads from field to symptomatic plants, with plants showing different field and location to location. symptoms collected separately. Testing for six viruses Collected leaf, tuber and stem samples were labelled, was conducted in the tissue culture and serology labora- put inplastic bags, takentothe laboratory and tory of the Amhara Region Agricultural Research Insti- processed immediately or kept at 4-6°C in the refrigera- tute (ARARI), Bahar Dar. tor until processed for testing by DAS-ELISA and Bacterial wilt disease. Sampling for bacterial wilt in NCM-ELISA, respectively, for detection of viruses and the field was performed following the simple random bacterial wilt pathogens. During potato field inspec- sampling strategy outlined for the viral diseases. Instead tions, data related to crop variables such as growth stage of leaves, in this case, tuber and stem samples were col- and variety, disease symptoms, disease incidences (%), lected. In addition to random samples for testing latent purpose of production (ware, seed or research), altitude infection, symptomatic plants with bacterial wilt-like of each location and their corresponding geographical symptoms were collected for confirmatory tests of R. position using the geographical positioning system solanacearum infection.
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