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TOP ADVENTURE DESTINATIONS: Peru Are your student ready to visit the largest city in the world that you can’t reach by road, reach the highest tropical mountain range in the world, or enjoy the world’s leading culinary destination? Peru is loaded with sunning sights and engaging attraction and is an educational destination that is full of adventure. If your students are ready to hike one of the most famous hikes in the world, explore the remains of an estimated 70,000 people in the basement of a monastery, cross the last handwoven Incan bridges, or explore the beauty of the Lost City of the Incas, Educational Destinations can make your Peru adventure trip rewarding and memorable. ADVENTURE OPPORTUNITIES: • Conquer the Inca Jungle Trek and Explore the Iconic • Take in Some Extreme Hills Santo Domingo De Los Incan Ruins Olleros Mountain Biking • Dare to Cross the Q’eswachaka Rope Bridge (Incan • Kayak Among the Inventive Floating Islands of Uros Handwoven Bridge) • Explore the Remains of 1000’s in a Monastery’s • Swim with the Playful Sea Lions in Mar de Grau Ancient Catacombs • Experience the World’s Longest Zipline • Drive Over the Dunes in the Oasis Huacachina Desert • Scale the Grand Andes Mountains • Experience the Vibrant and Jaw-Dropping Candy- • Go Paragliding in El Malecón, Miraflores Striped Mountain • Take on the Rapids of the Urubamba River with Some • Explore the Mysteries of the Amazon Jungle with a White-Water Rafting Tranquil Boating Trip • Hop on a Peruvian Paso Horse for a Smooth Ride • Hit the Waves at Waikiki Beach Through the Sacred Valley • Hike to Sun Gate, Which was Once the Main Entrance • Taek to the Hills with Some Epic Sandboarding in of Machu Picchu Huacachina • Visit the Only Boiling River in the World • Ride ATV’s Along the Maras Moray Salt Mines • Take in Spectacular Views with Biking around Lima’s Coastal Barrios ADVENTURE ATTRACTIONS: • Amazon Rescue Center • Moray • Cahuachi • Nazca Lines • Chan Chan • Ollantaytambo Ruins • Choquequirao • Paracas National Reserve • Colca Canyon • Pisac Market • Convento de San Francisco Ossuary • Plaza de Armas • Cordillera Blanca • Rainbow Mountain • Cueva de Las Lechuzas • Sacred Valley • Cusco • Sacsayhuaman • Huacachina • Salinas de Maras • Huayna Picchu • Santa Catalina Monastery • Inca Pisac • Sarcofagi of Carajía • Inca Rope Bridge of Q’eswachaka • Sipan • Inca Trail • Skylodge • Iquitos • Trujillo • Amazon River • Uros Islands • Kuelap • Yumbilla Falls • Machu Picchu • Chauchilla Cemetery • Manu National Park • The Room of 10,000 Ancient Skulls • Chauchilla Cemetery • Tomb of Enrique Torres Belón • Brain Museum Helping teachers open minds and educate students around the world. www.educationaldestinations.com 800.616.1112.

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UNDERGRADUATE SEMINAR ANT 3164-7927/ANG 5164-06DA LIMITED ENROLLMENT Spring 2015 by Instructor’S Permission
1 UNDERGRADUATE SEMINAR ANT 3164-7927/ANG 5164-06DA LIMITED ENROLLMENT Spring 2015 By Instructor’s Permission Prof. Michael Moseley Thursday Periods 6-8 Turlington B352 (12:50 - 3:55 pm) [email protected] Turlington (TUR) Room 1208 Course website: http://lss.at.ufl.edu THE INCA AND THEIR ANCESTORS: ADAPTATIONS IN ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA Drawing from ethnological, historical, and archaeological sources, this seminar explores human adjustments to extreme ecological conditions. Embracing the towering Andean Mountains, the parched Atacama Desert, and the Amazon jungle fringes, the Inca Imperium was the largest empire of antiquity ever to arise south of the equator or in the Western Hemisphere. It synthesized unique adaptations to acute environmental conditions that had precedents in earlier societies and states of the Cordillera. Many of these adjustments continue to sustain the hemisphere’s largest Native American populations. Consequently, ethnographies and ethnohistories of indigenous people capture fascinating cultural institutions that shaped the archaeological past. The seminar will explore both the successes of Andean people and the failures of human development induced by natural disasters. CLASS STRUCTURE In addition to opening presentations, weekly classes will have student commentary and discussion of assigned readings. There will be oral assessments of how the readings articulate with seminar topics. Drawing upon the readings, each participant will bring to class a ~2 page short synopsis of questions and issues for discussion. The weekly briefs are important because they will guide the seminar’s considerations. They will be graded as will oral participation. Attendance is required. WEEKLY READINGS Seminar participants will be assigned weekly reading that form core discussion issues.
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Pscde3 - the Four Sides of the Inca Empire
CUSCO LAMBAYEQUE Email: [email protected] Av. Manco Cápac 515 – Wanchaq Ca. M. M. Izaga 740 Of. 207 - Chiclayo www.chaskiventura.com T: 51+ 84 233952 T: 51 +74 221282 PSCDE3 - THE FOUR SIDES OF THE INCA EMPIRE SUMMARY DURATION AND SEASON 15 Days/ 14 Nights LOCATION Department of Arequipa, Puno, Cusco, Raqchi community ATRACTIONS Tourism: Archaeological, Ethno tourism, Gastronomic and landscapes. ATRACTIVOS Archaeological and Historical complexes: Machu Picchu, Tipón, Pisac, Pikillaqta, Ollantaytambo, Moray, Maras, Chinchero, Saqsayhuaman, Catedral, Qoricancha, Cusco city, Inca and pre-Inca archaeological complexes, Temple of Wiracocha, Arequipa and Puno. Living culture: traditional weaving techniques and weaving in the Communities of Chinchero, Sibayo, , Raqchi, Uros Museum: in Lima, Arequipa, Cusco. Natural areas: of Titicaca, highlands, Colca canyon, local fauna and flora. TYPE OF SERVICE Private GUIDE – TOUR LEADER English, French, or Spanish. Its presence is important because it allows to incorporate your journey in the thematic offered, getting closer to the economic, institutional, and historic culture and the ecosystems of the circuit for a better understanding. RESUME This circuit offers to get closer to the Andean culture and to understand its world view, its focus, its technologies, its mixture with the Hispanic culture, and the fact that it remains present in Indigenous Communities today. In this way, by bus, small boat, plane or walking, we will visit Archaeological and Historical Complexes, Communities, Museums & Natural Environments that will enable us to know the heart of the Inca Empire - the last heir of the Andean independent culture and predecessor of the mixed world of nowadays. CUSCO LAMBAYEQUE Email: [email protected] Av.
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Dinámica Y Desarrollo De Un Centro Ceremonial Andino. El Caso De Cahuachi
Arqueología y Sociedad, Nº 18, 2007 Dinámica y desarrollo de un centro ceremonial andino. El caso de Cahuachi Aïcha Bachir Bacha* Resumen En la costa sur del Perú, el celebre sitio de Cahuachi (200 a.C.- 450 d.C.), el más vasto asentamiento de los antiguos Nasca, es tradicionalmente interpretado o como una capital que abrigaba una importante población, o al contrario como un centro exclusivamente ceremonial y de peregrinaje. Recientemente, el análisis de la cultura material permitió constatar la presencia de sectores residenciales al interior de los templos. Otros vestigios arqueológicos descubiertos particularmente en las zonas periféricas de los grandes monumentos, testimonian restos de ocupación domestica permanente. La organización arquitectónica del centro ceremonial tiende hacia una constitución de espacios cerrados y reservados que van en contra de una estructura urbana. Estos indicios invitan a cambiar la percepción establecida sobre la función del sitio. Palabras claves Perú, Costa sur, Nasca, Cahuachi, centro ceremonial, arquitectura, hábitat, cerámica, ofrendas. Abstract On the southern coast of Peru, the famous site of Cahuachi, the greatest establishment of the ancient Nasca, is traditionally interpreted as either hosting an important population or an exclusive ceremonial centre and a pilgrimage destination. Recently, analysis of cultural material reveal the existence of residential sections in the interior of the temples. Archaeological remains, in particular those excavated on periphery of the great monuments show proofs of permanent domestic life. The architectural organization of the ceremonial center tends toward enclosed and isolated spaces, far from the idea of an urban form. These elements pull us to change our mind about the function of this site.
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Geological Society of America Special Papers
Downloaded from specialpapers.gsapubs.org on October 1, 2010 Geological Society of America Special Papers Mining and Metallurgy in Ancient Perú Georg Petersen G. and William E. Brooks Geological Society of America Special Papers 2010;467;xvii-90 doi: 10.1130/2010.2467 Email alerting services click www.gsapubs.org/cgi/alerts to receive free e-mail alerts when new articles cite this article Subscribe click www.gsapubs.org/subscriptions/ to subscribe to Geological Society of America Special Papers Permission request click http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/copyrt.htm#gsa to contact GSA Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within scope of their employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA, to use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in subsequent works and to make unlimited copies of items in GSA's journals for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education and science. This file may not be posted to any Web site, but authors may post the abstracts only of their articles on their own or their organization's Web site providing the posting includes a reference to the article's full citation. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official positions of the Society. Notes © 2010 Geological Society of America Downloaded from specialpapers.gsapubs.org on October 1, 2010 Mining and Metallurgy in Ancient Perú by Georg Petersen G.
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ABSTRACTS Abstracts ~
INSTITUTE of ANDEAN STUDIES ~ABSTRACTS Abstracts ~ 55th Annual Meeting JANUARY 9–10, 2015 BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 2 Friday, January 9th CHRISTINE A. HASTORF , University of California Berkeley ; MARIA BRUNO , Dickinson College ; RUTH FONTENLA , Universidad Mayor de San Andres ; GEOFFREY TAYLOR , University of California, Berkeley The continuing debate of raised fields: a study at “Formative ” Chiripa on the Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia Several studies of raised fields in the Lake Titicaca Basin have debated the scale, date, produce and political authority of these intensive agricultural systems. In 2013 the Taraco Archaeological Project revisited the raised fields southeast of the Chiripa settlement and part of the larger sacred landscape of the site. While the site is known as an important Formative place, the absolute dates of the fields are later, suggesting that this part of the agricultural landscape was not only small-scale but post-Tiwanaku in age. On-going micromorphological studies will also shed light on what was produced in them. SARA L. JUENGST , University of North Caroline, Chapel Hill Long -distance travelers in the Titicaca basin during the Formative Period The Formative Period (1500 BC-AD 200) in the Titicaca Basin of Peru and Bolivia was clearly a transformative time, shown by the domestication of plants and animals, creation of long-distance trade routes, and the emergence of a regional ritual tradition, Yaya-Mama. Less clear is these economic changes impacted the social relationships of lake basin residents. I tested burials from four temples on the Copacabana Peninsula for strontium isotopes in order to determine where people lived prior to death. I found four outlying individuals, indicating early long-distance movement around the Andes, perhaps connected to the emergence of the Yaya-Mama Religious Tradition.
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Economía Prehispánica En El Área Andina (Período Intermedio Temprano, Horizonte Medio Y Período Intermedio Tardío) 231 Julián I
El Compendio de Historia Económica del Perú comprende cinco tomos correspondientes respectivamente a los períodos prehispánico, colonial temprano, colonial tardío, siglo XIX y siglo XX. Representa un esfuerzo del Banco Central de Reserva del Perú y del Instituto de Estudios Peruanos por poner al alcance de la comunidad científica y del público en general, los avances más relevantes en el conocimiento de los procesos de producción, comercialización y consumo en el Perú a lo largo de sus distintas épocas. Este libro da cuenta de los aspectos económicos en el antiguo Perú o periodo prehispánico. Recorre así el desenvolvimiento de la producción y el consumo material en el territorio de loa Andes centrales, desde unos veinte mil años atrás, hasta el siglo XVI de nuestra era. El elemento común de este prolongado lapso fue el aislamiento en el que vivió la población andina respecto del mundo. En la medida que el contacto posterior ocurrió de forma traumática para la población del país, se entiende que algunos historiadores hayan calificado a esta era como la de la “autonomía”. Aislados y sin depender de nadie, hasta hace cinco siglos los habitantes de este suelo debieron inventar sus propios artefactos y crear su propia cultura. Los logros no debieron ser escasos, porque al momento de la conquista o invasión europea, el territorio que hoy ocupa el Perú, sumaba entre cinco y nueve millones de habitantes, según los cálculos más aceptados. Mantener esa densidad de población en un país de poca tierra agrícola y sin comercio que atrajese alimentos desde otras regiones del mundo, exigió una organización económica compleja y eficaz.
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Compositional Variability in Nasca Ceramics from the Las Trancas Valley, Nasca, Peru Marcela Poirier Purdue University
Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Theses Theses and Dissertations Summer 2014 Compositional variability in Nasca ceramics from the las Trancas Valley, Nasca, Peru Marcela Poirier Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Latin American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Poirier, Marcela, "Compositional variability in Nasca ceramics from the las Trancas Valley, Nasca, Peru" (2014). Open Access Theses. 668. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/668 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. *UDGXDWH6FKRRO(7')RUP 5HYLVHG 0114 PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance 7KLVLVWRFHUWLI\WKDWWKHWKHVLVGLVVHUWDWLRQSUHSDUHG %\Marcela Poirier (QWLWOHG COMPOSITIOAL VARIABILITY IN NASCA CERAMICS FROM THE LAS TRANCAS VALLEY, PERU Master of Science )RUWKHGHJUHHRI ,VDSSURYHGE\WKHILQDOH[DPLQLQJFRPPLWWHH Kevin J. Vaughn Ian Lindsay H. Kory Cooper 7RWKHEHVWRIP\NQRZOHGJHDQGDVXQGHUVWRRGE\WKHVWXGHQWLQWKHThesis/Dissertation Agreement. Publication Delay, and Certification/Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32)WKLVWKHVLVGLVVHUWDWLRQ adheres to the provisions of 3XUGXH8QLYHUVLW\¶V³3ROLF\RQ,QWHJULW\LQ5HVHDUFK´DQGWKHXVHRI FRS\ULJKWHGPDWHULDO Kevin J. Vaughn $SSURYHGE\0DMRU3URIHVVRU V BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $SSURYHGE\Ellen Gruenbaum 07/21/2014 +HDGRIWKHDepartment *UDGXDWH3URJUDP 'DWH COMPOSITIONAL VARIABILITY IN NASCA CERAMICS FROM THE LAS TRANCAS VALLEY, NASCA, PERÚ A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Marcela Poirier In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science August 2014 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been possible thanks to the support of many individuals, especially my academic and main advisor, Kevin Vaughn.
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Cultura Precolombinas.Cdr
Exposición Itinerante: CULTURAS PRECOLOMBINAS DEL PERÚ Museo Regional de Arqueología de Junín el perú y su medio ambiente El territorio del Perú está dividido en tres grandes zonas morfológicas: costa, sierra y selva. La selva ocupa el 58% del territorio peruano, seguida por la sierra que ocupa aproximadamente el 30%, perteneciendo el 12% restante a la costa. Así, la cordillera de los Andes recorre el Perú longitudinalmente, formando cadenas montañosas que acunan grandes cuencas hidrográﬁcas y valles interandinos, proporcionando una diversidad de espacios idóneos para el desarrollo integral de los diferentes grupos étnicos; y mostrando un paisaje variopinto de grandes extensiones desércas, pampas, dunas, tablazos, valles férles, bosques tropicales, cordilleras, cañones y tupidas selvas. Nevado Huascarán, Ancash Oasis de Huacachina, Ica Bosque de palmeras. Reserva Nacional de Pacaya Samiria, Loreto. Pese a estar localizados tan cerca de la línea ecuatorial, el Perú no presenta un clima tropical uniforme. En él se pueden disnguir tres grandes zonas climácas, las mismas que corresponden a las tres regiones naturales. En términos generales, la costa posee un clima subtropical, con veranos de temperatura media de 29°C e inviernos de no menos de 12°C. La sierra presenta un clima seco y frío, con cielos despejados y temperaturas que pueden variar durante la temporada de lluvias entre los 9 y 20°C en el día, descendiendo hasta 0°C durante la noche. Por úlmo, la selva se caracteriza por un clima tropical permanente, caluroso, lluvioso y húmedo, con una temperatura promedio que oscila entre los 25 y 28°C. Nevado Alpamayo, Ancash También se ha dividido tradicionalmente al Perú en ocho pisos altudinales o ecológicos, que van desde los 0 m.s.n.m.
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INTERIORES INCA INGLES CORREGIDO 2016.Indd
JULY 2016 ISSUE 1 A MAGICAL TRIP THROUGH THE IMPERIAL CITY OF CUSCO TOURING THE HIGHEST NAVIGABLE LAKE IN THE WORLD THE WHITE CITY AND ITS VOLCANOES THE MOST GIGANTIC ON THE PLANET 1/ “I do not believe that civilizations have to die because civilization is not an organism. It is a product of wills.” Arnold Joseph Toynbee. 2 / INCA TRAIL Torre Tagle Palace. EDITORIAL Peru possesses a cultural wealth of exceptional value. For millennia Additionally, new market niches have been developed, such as bird now, our territory has been home to the most important historical watching; thermal baths; medical tourism; and the culinary tourism development processes of humankind. The prestigious British that is being consolidated through the organization of the Mistura historian Arnold Toynbee named Peru one of the eight “cradles of international culinary fair. This effort has become a common thread world civilization” and highlighted the abundance and originality of that runs through the entire Peruvian State, projecting us abroad its contributions to the planet’s cultural heritage. with an immense potential from three different perspectives: as a commercial product; as a structure for the promotion of tourism; Behind the magnificence of Machu Picchu, the mystery of the and from a cultural point of view. Nazca Lines, the refinement of the Lord of Sipán, the symbolic force of the Temple of Chavín, and the primordial fire of the city of Caral All these efforts have generated a kind of tourism revolution in Peru, lie 5,000 years of civilization; few peoples in the world can boast of which received 3.5 million foreign tourists in 2015 and in September such privilege.
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Refining the Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: How Plant Fiber Technology Drove Social Complexity During the Preceramic Period
J Archaeol Method Theory DOI 10.1007/s10816-017-9341-3 Refining the Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: How Plant Fiber Technology Drove Social Complexity During the Preceramic Period David Beresford-Jones1 & Alexander Pullen2 & George Chauca3 & Lauren Cadwallader1 & Maria García4 & Isabel Salvatierra3 & Oliver Whaley5 & Víctor Vásquez6 & Susana Arce7 & Kevin Lane8 & Charles French1 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Moseley’s(1975) Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization hypothesis challenges, in one of humanity’s few pristine hearths of civilization, the axiom that agriculture is necessary for the rise of complex societies. We revisit that hypothesis by setting new findings from La Yerba II (7571–6674 Cal BP)andIII(6485–5893 Cal BP), Río Ica estuary, alongside the wider archaeological record for the end of the Middle Preceramic Period on the Peruvian coast. The La Yerba record evinces increasing population, sedentism, and BBroad Spectrum Revolution^ features, including early horticulture of Phaseolus and Canavalia beans. Yet unlike further north, these changes * David Beresford-Jones [email protected] 1 McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK 2 Pre-Construct Archaeology, The Granary, Rectory Farm, Pampisford, Cambridgeshire CB22 3EN, UK 3 Escuela Profesional de Arqueología, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Universitarias/n.,Lima,Peru 4 Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia, Calle 12 Numero 2 – 41, Bogotá, DC, Colombia 5 Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, Surrey, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK 6 ArqueoBios, Apartado Postal, 595 Trujillo, Peru 7 Museo Regional de Ica, Ministerio de Cultura, Ica, Av. Ayabaca s.n.o; cuadra 8, urb.
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Feasts and Offerings in Arcopata, Cusco Carlos Delgado Gonzalez [email protected]
Andean Past Volume 11 Article 11 12-15-2013 Feasts and Offerings in Arcopata, Cusco Carlos Delgado Gonzalez [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past Recommended Citation Delgado Gonzalez, Carlos (2013) "Feasts and Offerings in Arcopata, Cusco," Andean Past: Vol. 11 , Article 11. Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past/vol11/iss1/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Andean Past by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FEASTS AND OFFERINGS IN ARCOPATA, CUSCO CARLOS DELGADO GONZÁLEZ Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco INTRODUCTION earliest times, both between a curaca or ethnic leader, and his people, as well as between the Inca society developed an intricate system of people and their gods. Reciprocity consists of spiritual relationships with its gods, huacas, and offering or presenting something in order to ancestors. In tackling it, scholars generally turn request something in exchange. Nevertheless, to the information provided by chroniclers such the ceremony does not end with the presenta- as Cristóbal de Albornoz 1967 [c. 1582], Pablo tion of, or request for, a gift. In the southern Joseph Arriaga 1999 [1621], Juan de Betanzos Andes of Peru, the ethnographic record allows 1999 [c. 1551], Pedro Cieza de León 1967 us to assert that feasting, or get-togethers over [1553], Bernabé Cobo 1956 [1653], Felipe Gua- food, with both guests and gods, continues to be mán Poma de Ayala 1993 [c.
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Feasts and Offerings in Arcopata, Cusco Carlos Delgado Gonzalez [email protected]
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Maine Andean Past Volume 11 Article 11 12-15-2013 Feasts and Offerings in Arcopata, Cusco Carlos Delgado Gonzalez [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past Recommended Citation Delgado Gonzalez, Carlos (2013) "Feasts and Offerings in Arcopata, Cusco," Andean Past: Vol. 11 , Article 11. Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past/vol11/iss1/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Andean Past by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FEASTS AND OFFERINGS IN ARCOPATA, CUSCO CARLOS DELGADO GONZÁLEZ Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco INTRODUCTION earliest times, both between a curaca or ethnic leader, and his people, as well as between the Inca society developed an intricate system of people and their gods. Reciprocity consists of spiritual relationships with its gods, huacas, and offering or presenting something in order to ancestors. In tackling it, scholars generally turn request something in exchange. Nevertheless, to the information provided by chroniclers such the ceremony does not end with the presenta- as Cristóbal de Albornoz 1967 [c. 1582], Pablo tion of, or request for, a gift. In the southern Joseph Arriaga 1999 [1621], Juan de Betanzos Andes of Peru, the ethnographic record allows 1999 [c. 1551], Pedro Cieza de León 1967 us to assert that feasting, or get-togethers over [1553], Bernabé Cobo 1956 [1653], Felipe Gua- food, with both guests and gods, continues to be mán Poma de Ayala 1993 [c.
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