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Home , Chechnya, Dokka Umarov, History of Chechnya, Magomed Daudov, Natalya Estemirova, OMON

54

RAMZANISTAN ’s Chechen problem

Maciej Falkowski NUMBER 54 WARSAW AUGUST 2015

RAMZANISTAN Russia’s Chechen problem

Maciej Falkowski © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies

Content editors Adam Eberhardt, Marek Menkiszak

Editor Anna Łabuszewska

Translation Jim Todd

Graphic design PARA-BUCH

DTP GroupMedia

Photograph on cover PAP/EPA

Publisher Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl

ISBN 978-83-62936-71-7 Contents

Theses /5

I. The Putin–Kadyrov pact /8

II. The effects of Chechenisation /12

1. Stabilisation /12 2. The establishment of Kadyrov’s dictatorship /14 3. : a foreign enclave within the Russian Federation /17

III. : Putin’s problematic but useful vassal /22

1. Kadyrov’s activity: political ambitions and feudal logic /22 2. ’s problem with Kadyrov /26 3. Kadyrov’s usefulness /30

IV. The systemic problem with Chechnya /34 1 • • Theses From was of republic. status the with Federation sian any change day; can for of Chechnya. rule the in budget, have hand and afree rovs of fifteen beyond the temporary recent months. in become even more important The The tatorial the Kadyrov, tions Vladimir nomic past armed public, Russian one of the However, remains system. issue Chechen litical the connection government the renamed governing 2007-2011, situation importance remain and face and few end (first about second situation years underground which for leader the all Federation’s the years, of Putin’s and of Ahmad, ‘head Chechnya stabilising with Chechnya, means, the in borders large-scale relationship Kadyrov – by in his power, – Chechnya has Chechen of led of sustainability the the of alongside presidency, the during conflict the the the become to then Kadyrov republic informal held republic’, activity of republic, a major with resistance obtain Chechen the and stabilisation Chechnya. war the his hostilities the which between with the Kadyrov situation a one title son political regular has is has as symbol first (1999/2000) of pact of improvements now was the whose of of the problem, Ramzan) remains received the in been President concluded period the Moscow done Russian The republic’s Ramzan and Chechnya derives of in peace funding of problems. political inseparable determined the in the the identification the other valid together of a of and between situation in and power guarantee republic success from Chechnya; Kadyrov, Vladimir at crushing from Chechnya, leader in entities Putin; have, ambitions to the . Moreover, Russia’s the the structures, for symbols with the beginning the of in 1 of

by over fact in the Ramzan the present the of that his federal the Putin’s the of 2011 Kady In using ques have plan con eco that dic - run last po the the ex re he he in of ------

5 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 6 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 • • • Kadyrov, suring pensated subordinate From The Vladimir ‘Chechenisation’. about tion he republic, nounce It scene rial point regime on seems spectrum ated tion Apart sation in tem. all nationalism, the own alien post-Soviet on. draws the area towards mon has Chechnya ostentatiously Russia. of political republic, regime and the of rules, enclave As with the of which and from his also very has cannot stability the his view a socio-political the Kremlin’s for and the Putin’s result, loyalty of has the strengthened, Its a led Chechen the unlikely of obedience to activity crimes and are political, by kind within increasing since has its its financial continue Kadyrov, pacified ‘Russian him to aforementioned, his in heavy nihilism Islamisation, reconstruction Chechnya Its policy been the ignores, and of Chechnya. point are the usefulness, he most the and ‘Chechen due leader’s creation economic the has to a society processes the early burdens to world’ dependence, who Russian towards convenient the conflicts of to important Moscow. and exist in as possibility committed stabilisation view, the has growing relation dominates nineties: well irreplaceability, Kadyrov in world’ by the in which without which Kadyrov evolved short-term and Federation for from the many which Chechnya applying with the as strengthening However, tool, Kadyrov, result Kadyrov the ideological to the which that republic Vladimir against goes the the the and respects the the had of the into regime’s both widespread stigma devastation the from he de- federal terror beyond Russian support the effects, which Chechen been has has a problem such in may ensure his situation raise civilisationally of military Putin’s the the even instruments. little been of taking own and dependence the of lives authorities simply openly a of Checheni collabora of legal Kremlin’s Kremlin’s questions Chechen scenario recogni Ramzan political that acceler dictato a in Russia. is dubbed people, of policy whole in by com units place com sys war. en the his its re of ------

• opponents rapprochement and Middle of area, renouncing Kadyrov’s Russia. for -friendly an of card’ ‘visiting hands Chechnya, that the Chechnya terests Kremlin basis, is effectively Russia, based and of the inevitable. seems above scenario longer the term, a calls Russian likelihood Chechen temporary deep ruthless the and on in between weakening East, for Chechenisation – its terror roots dependent and is and mean of or foreign independence his internal in in issue. the ‘henchmen that of the to obedience fact turn, with of solution, and play Putin the an authoritarian an the relationship President Russia’s policy. based internal The not fall even a the policy relationship an and Chechen deterrent public of current Islamic countries policy which of to greater on in Kadyrov. Kadyrov’s Inside positions and Moscow, Putin’ crisis Putin Chechnya. a support), situational between rule has within national Chechnya does role, plan Russia extent and of in who has A brought or regime in the however, Russia not and change the for the opponents the successfully can Moscow and Due an former liberation and have unlikelihood governing convergence are constitutes larger internal (which in lasting be the to the of seen does the a used the power USSR. reactivation and sustainable framework post-Soviet of shorter idea, not is as strength peace resolved crisis a – Russia’s against Grozny mainly a brutal would In in stable mean of of kind and the the his in or in in -

7 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 8 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 militants state bol from Vladimir I. 2 destabilising Dealing ritorial lenge the while republic, a of Chechen 1999, The groups. guerrilla merous eral Chechen did international administration ally the movement) Moscow few rebel-held sian of Chechnya. status future on the negotiations authority The Pu The Chechen admission

pro-Russian of not Russian communist troops guerrillas’ of that Boris and months, still collapse, authorities integrity existential differ with war, although territory Putin lost had was fighting war in

Yeltsin. prime into and of ti forces the (31

the control areas). defeat. Islamist the was from lost which conducted and n–Kadyrov p n–Kadyrov

August a inherited a the rejected and Chechen whole republic, military of policy fought, synonym problem minister. the importance they defeated

the Throughout took to directly. over those the republic, The Unlike began 1996), military create terrorism, North

militants Russian agreement Chechnya of which did the control both groups under of the defeat occupation, which of withdrawal for in in not the In 1994-1996 Contrary Caucasus massive , ended an unresolved

Chechen cooperation the the to was who and Federation the the the break

militants’ in over the signed (activists effectively ac obliged Putin, independent the 1991. based first late with

political first humiliation t opposed banner the of actions bombing,

that by the In (the and to summer the federal , Chechen on who

1994-1996 months representatives territory Chechnya problem represented the expectations, mainly recognition resistance was key is, signing threatening introduction with of confrontation

began the putting of troops, Kremlin the divisions therefore Chechen the Russian and of

the war, the independence of of derived fight of of the the agreements pacification so-called was the and which the of autumn of Chechnya the Chechnya tradition

however, of the process Kremlin’s Russian the a

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ter rule was fed - Rus first nu of in to 2 ------.

had group 3 independence the under tion son Chechnya to had for residents. its could strictly (at It Gantamirov). Bislan (such as structures of rangement moved ners as using anteed and politicians sons Chechnya ning Rhetoric was Chechnya president), collaborate for minated logical During when 2007. October in Umarov Dokka by Caucasus of the proclamation the Kremlin’s Grozny. been lobbied of Ramzan). (as to

in secular manage with any was the the turn the into adhered dominate the Chechnya, evolution they the the

in calling (initially republic, (after stable means republic jurisdiction during the Ahmad

and law second of the the hard In and key opposed which policy. 2000), at movement

with to exchange symbolic then The

for commanders shadows to. from be Ahmad’s funding the his Chechen for among and he remained the

the

replaced Kadyrov The as and either other the was the nature own the this

felt transformation Unexpectedly, first head de facto the liquidation agreement of struggle guaranteed Russian for war, terms the granted necessary, necessary and solution, discretion. became by few death Chechen the outside Islamic of for of that of

ensuring the armed the

the affiliated marginalised, months sole opportunistic the federal for of armed of Putin in the republic authorities. national began him administration, which Chechen

the relationship of was radicalism partner and 2004 a for

control guerrillas political Chechnya Kadyrov some minimum In underground stability Russian of as concluded power to a the indeed with addition, the liberation gain plan both a he Republic Ahmad of former kind economic of was second the

popularity into including or groups for the The structures, parties received Vladimir which 3 in ), authorities’ between tried federal subsistence of

an ideological underwent as replaced to the of an the Moscow and federal Kadyrov, leaders

leader fief, Islamic Ichkeria Chechen they informal reconstruc governance to republic was have in have government. from , which power which Chechen 1996-1999, Putin Moscow decided

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9 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 10 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 republic Kadyrov the sian The 6 5 4 Putin, ous power of volved enisation’. attack Another president. violated to the fluence ment perienced ignated repeated See The The be independence http://www.yulialatynina.by.ru/publ/echomsk2004-08-21.htm 2004/07/19/oa_127444.shtml; conflict. Chechen internal an to Chechen to uchastiya rova?, index.php?page=putin1&art=1391; mad policy dressed watch?v=B7_7IUYSuGQ crisis republic abolition Kremlin’s power ‘Chechenise’

an

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of http://www.kackad.com/article.asp?article=542; as of any equally example terrorist

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a been journalist character

tearful of Kto his for limitation

after http://analysisclub.ru/ stages, http://www.gazeta.ru/

Yelena defined with this the organised and ubil Kadyrov limiting came and policy, which dubbed actions The about regime

then Ramzan the in Akhmada law Yulia process

control signal from the Rudnieva, and 5 a the as death . most

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Grozny, guerrillas. the 7 underground In example 2004. September in Ossetia North Kremlin’s particular, who at the were

forces the policy Dubrovka attacks accused 7 , which towards which theatre of unleashed inefficiency occurred Chechnya, in Moscow during waves in in and October their mass of the -takings, criticism fight 2002, authorities against or in of , both the for in 11 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 12 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 and Chechen the ning influence but military, or ground process of From 1. II. 9 8 Paradoxically, policy the (with stabilisation ulgation in The See S Kadyrov’s former the caucasus-illusion-stabilisation osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/point-view/2014-11-14/periphery-global-jihad-north- the ing, North ers lamic and many Since organisation. military underground an currently the http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/263915/ opposed tabilisation Putin–Kadyrov marginalisation The effec The giving over in latter’s Caucasian illusion the the Maciej is organisational has figures resistance. Chechnya, State. the commanders ultimately was Caucasus of authorities’ economic of Kremlin’s Kremlin’s combatants individuals been second a the Falkowski, activity them the of In begun has power, succession on stabilisation, this Emirate June establishment the federal and renounced to half been armed personal t is 2015, has crisis One become pact and and a by stabilisation approval) s of C of s now point the and side On of large (CE), who and proceeded troops, even possible Ahmad 2013, such and power the associated ideological de facto of incidents best 9 gradual OSW, an . for part his of This periphery armed supported amnesties, Aslan hechen it the guarantees. Islamic the move allegiance view, and has proof of of

Point of View of Point of limited structures and creation was last the thanks Biutukayev, a an of with been its in crushing Caucasian groups state involved and the of the of fifteen declaration measures continued possible entire parallel

to the global to undergoing the which of

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abandonment Most November

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North of the constant republics to negotiations of those of

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13 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 14 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 cal 2. The 13 12 Another alised cult social ciety, important. and Chechnya armed er (for the bringing fectively gans a defenders the of Ruslan sense The establishment of establishment The Kadyrov’s dictatorship Islam, structures while 2009), Chechnya, which in dayev described its Soviet a need one for terrorism. asynonym as but rather example, ideology former ideological example of historical Sulim part and September as expectations, based ‘Chechenity’ violence underground, for of brothers’ Natalya well and area , manifests is effect contrasted them proudly is got religious superiority such called of Yamadayev Although a as defence solely

Movladi mainly he Salafism for mystical school as the rid a an who so-called and 2008. over Estemirova, promotes of and as Kadyrov’s a clan example leaders authoritarian of on religious proclaims itself and Kadyrov’s Natalia

of a religious were the Baysarov (in the political which contributing minister the to deputy is Sulim with movement Koranic he moral towards

and often outwardly his ‘traditional Qur’an the and patriarchal has of independent movement by is competed ‘’ ostentatious Yamadayev Estemirova a side to strengthening rebirth identified Chechen dimensions was nationalism member himself Movladi dimension developing law the abandoned rivals activities and of in other (for shot

Russian brotherhoods). political and in Ichkeria), Islam Islam’, to classical within with within the in example of a political and culture, with pro-Russian, clans, was cultures) Moscow Baysarov, weakening activities the Kadyrov, 13 strongly Duma of 12 religiosity, opposed of ), has the the of . (pride Wahhabism, the social Sunni or assassinated Sunni Russian regime. The Kadyrov, Kadyrov’s Kadyrov’s propaganda having spirit and movement forcing Chechen been and pro-independence the Magomed in

In promotion Islam was of rooted to and traditions). November in activists,

the the the and of Sufi Salafism. Islamisation of the the being shot all Kadyrov ‘pure’ them leader

the which former them such leaders understood support policy in brotherhoods in human language), own in correspond foundation dead formation Sufi the Saudi Khanbiyev, Islam and a of 2006. murdered Salafism stresses as In not of

either group Chechen, USSR, in the is position. Caucasus, of the version has Ruslan an Moscow for practi no (March (that Arabia, rights to Yama of Mean pow not post- ide

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en By of Kadyrov). Grozny Islam is 14 Kakiyev, as terfere solved co-financed lished or and Moscow units of ing deputy ample under his rov have a ordinate and The crackdown also the Aslambek people . of these all behind probably were Chechnya, facto had time vendettas. abandon to them getting and them of reconciling of great and increased politicians terrorising rule the has security dependent the any and Chechen

Spiritual its significant criticised pressure its

in state the under influence cooperation Chechen sowed to muftiyat among (such influence the political to the from the the

body, Prime importance Kadyrov, was a structures commander Aslakhanov internal on use fear, pressure Russian whose number Board

as the is the Kadyrov Interior and his on power

whose murdered from population’s brokering independent continues Umar of politics that influence. Minister public. Islamic population apathy native of denunciations with

roots of activity the who affairs

structures, several State and of sharia Ministry Jabrailov from have at in negotiations to judges authorities investments village The and of

and the systematically influential Grozny lie grow; exercises

is Abubakar Duma the Political fatigue in been of local

of entirely Kadyrov). in pacification human key conviction Dokku with (the Chechnya. the Chechnya, it ‘Zapad’ the Ruslan of and in controls level, officials positions occupied on kadi Adam republic July Tsentoroy/Khosi-yurt between the

old subordinate at in power life Zavgayev, Ruslan a rights of which in the Chechen

2009. massive Edelgeriyev, disclosed Grozny aid party One their Alkhanov, all battalion Kadyrov run of in the Delimkhanov, of long-lasting and the warring the Chechnya by of is in of Ramzan (for society by with organisations respective Baysarov), republic, also mosques the nomenklatura,

armed the Kadyrov’s to futility Muslim Salakh

(often crimes scale, or

example, Kadyrov. businessmen important associated the has clans, which administration Said-Magomed and Kadyrov’s has the in Mejiyev,

subordinate and regions) aid in committed is of also war, the but with clergy the facilitated

who At now opposing the the Chechen relatives was of Chech activities republic, exploit

with (for the which, do estab the Kady people

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15 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 16 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 sia sector, republic Chechen Kadyrov Memorial stop of 17 16 15 mentioned propaganda lack Realising Kremlin. of approval the the have met they with that indicates jugated and en father his and leader of of Chechnya the cult The The The brutal forms, pytkam.net), tivities the www.gazeta.ru/social/2015/06/03/6744098.shtml ‘The on Grozneftegaz. influence no has reality in which government, in stan. of sation lation father a Day Chechens anniversary pride. of national sense Chechens’ the to nationalism (and they number operating of the 2000. Chechen Family’, last Chechen in cult which The any the

Committee

of (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5PnqcYFCTg; possibly was was have and Russia; business are the violence, has human organisation Islamic 51% of actions, names of to republic’s

response shield the in the personality now importance of authorities a institutions, been Central of led oil remains also this film on the Chechen

the – decision its rights by sector doctrine). in of even spoke mainly the death respect critical and of deportations shares Igor smashing taken which Ahmad taken reporting Asia the republic’s from organisation media is broke Chechen Kalapin. outside branch

in of in and in to controlled buildings, of ‘battle’ the are Ahmad from the

of over engaged contemporary transfer Another Kadyrov have federal Kadyrov, control the the information up republic owned film) (especially of up began 23 Following the on by its Committee mostly Committee Kadyrov); Russian territory organised with February

offices a Committee’s in his Kadyrov’s roads, the by manifestation or borders). hands by crowd – by over Chechnya is on apart the

his the anniversary activities, Rosneft, a beginning 23 Chechnya the been pro-Western and Grozneftegaz wife Open stirred etc.), this the 17 authorities February policy, Against the (Defenders (such ), publication from crime even Against and Ajman Key office was people carried TV which Russia 16 and republic’s have . of up to mosques as

particularly promoting Torture and has Kadyrov channels) of a companies the in 49% resemble 1944) and throughout

have the number had the opposition Grozny. of (outside company, been taken Torture on cult spreading ‘fifth out

to by manipulated representatives

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from This not is to republic), tion’s football 20 19 18 The 3. business by native (construction, more lines, etc.) invalids, poorto families, within a with bilisation In Construction For dictatorial not Federation C the lion roubles tion budget, budget, Kommersant vznos, na Robota as http://info.minfin.ru/subj_analitics.php budget. of the for 85% others. and Grozny, Urus-Martan, like cities in mosques giant condominiums, City the hechnya: aforeign R enclave the within the results well relies 2014, to the more bound Chechen budget with various Ahmad complex (21,000 tax Chechen the isolate main club). as

projects and per capita per rest which Chechnya information officials, the of system’, the on republic by of is regime. roubles the reconstruction implementation (several companies economic of subsidies Kadyrov However, construction the Chechnya accounted businessmen the the the offices leadership the ); have situation received for renovation rule which de facto Chechenisation bureaucrats per capita per about and skyscrapers Russian comparison, Under 20 et been linked of Foundation al.; billion from for resource abroad) the the within law: consists a of

, see alternative

81.6% of http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2736101 both total in ), foundation’s created the to companies Kadyrov, huge income (including (45,000 http://grozny-city.com/index.php/en/) the which Federation, 20 Kadyrov the of the in republic . of of neighbouring etc., for the and facilities Russia investment Russian of 56.8 proceeds the of republic accounted created roubles (such city policy, Kadyrov’s extorting from republic’s charity bring which billion activities, funded a budget 18 centre kind , rather those as and budget go per capita per enormous such projects economic accumulated in which roubles business Dagestan for and the from is far including (providing of of budget 2007. see the living protection financial 70% than then as Grozny ‘Chechen Chechnya, 19 beyond the the Grigoriy such ussian ussian ), and from profits mosques which was of federal (around The received integrate activities transferred hotels, outside the investment creation as the the intended the Avia accounted in Tumanov, are Founda republic’s the support empire. Grozny money ‘alter Russian world’ budget, connec Grozny luxury 41,000 but 63 used both sta air the and bil it of is it ------

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of

the sanctioned. difficult ethnically of of Chechen Chechen moved but created national Chechen own this to of enclave Chechnya, process during Russian demodernisation not neighbouring of local earlier to Soviet also are authorities), the life. The today). culture, formerly accounted archaic from to – of practice wars the media, – the within the ‘Russian identity Socialist of a draw language and framework Chechen Although become society and predominated trends, purely Chechenisation meetings the regulator first These

(mainly 0.7% traditions religiously for traditions a been which Russia, private Republic clear and republics in around

is years women and or Chechen, not of world’, which on 2010 language (and social also Chechnya Ingushetia practiced statements what of of only boundary the the Chechen are of they 30% after the in governed to deepening, the as and can in family for closing and homogenous 1989 social transformation is processes a not of the of were such republic’s civilisationally has public key Russian Islamic residents marriage, is

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of authorities Chechen ofagreement the to 24 23 22 Chechnya’s ples though social plies of nouncement stand of , long women prioritise not Moreover, tion Numerous One Kadyrov’s open the Chechen youtube.com/watch?v=QeS-vfCQVdE (4/5 their views then gazeta.ru/social/2015/05/18/6692937.shtml against Kadyrov by Gazeta.ru Chechen Guchigov, in would as the administration, even Kadyrov’s even

skirts, of of Russia, a in President in was wedding level,

result Russian example their such announced attended being Russian fire to sharp Chechnya, with become try terrorism Chechen and

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troops April 2014); hide 46-year-old Federation the reprisals his courts also a Islamic polygamy wedding

Magomed a clear covering technically is to wedding. second crackdown,

the 2015 customary justified,

who their banishment

http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/253822/. of emigrate journalists. within was of include from violation

within the

operate to by republic authorities between laws when the dress a against

should

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and rights use of Kadyrov’s 17-year-old be enter Israel, federal

institutional is Ministry days police proposed from the offices

militants’ promotion after of legalised s), to of about de facto (especially federal of the police structures non-standard

relatives the later, is 24 sharia so

legal Chechnya and in the prohibiting law of the the openly . on upholding proceeding of light in the and special

troops Nozhai-yurt

action Luisa in the

attack

was Kadyrov’s republic on relatives Chechnya. the

Russian Islamic in

governed legislation system, issue an and colleges the of supported Russia. the

Russian and sale Goylabiyeva

of law Russian Kadyrov interview of operation was polygamy, by from family

said the the militants his case, without measures

being militants legal of smoking 23 norms de facto influential

legal Stavropol not such See ), decision village. that See rule . (headscarves,

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in the krai Exam Nazhud force. on head Grozny though

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19 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 20 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 rov, Federal situation visory er authorities). basis local Republican a to compliance tonomy part hands, over the A army. a Chechen as scribed not many loyal in almost local Chechen Chechen concepts. alien are mentality sian years law limited factor the the structures, the ably https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHu6AOLz7zI Jambulat who remember consistent enforcement of the or to administration of ago Russian officials early federal carried the although functions all Kadyrov. Security drafted local, and as contributing extent, last culture, administration on were Dadayev, federal head these institutions with years arbitrariness The the military out fifteen informal authorities, including the (including Chechenisation fighting without in of is it ground. most the Service, positions over A for agencies of system has a also the from Soviet Chechen large base years, the whom Russian etc.), to little republic conspicuous many the questionable, arrangements against (ministries, Kadyrovs’ in other the the were part, Their era are knowledge which senior are Khankala. which are while as sought are opportunity Russia, processes Chechen of in and legal approved great regions held former if does actual of now the fact them the not under ones) monitor maintaining were the rule system, of Russian by example During Russians. not branches subject enough as Kremlin the held the police, and (except Russians, described an superior guerrillas of personnel are they brought most of formally Chechen to majority, arrest the the their by customs. by influence young in culture, to that know is action, Russian who key the Chechens On of fact has for warrant, Kadyrov. the outward authorities, is activities up federal who herein exercise they who the positions in Kremlin: the while Ramzan left people operate of about Chechen which in Their and the the members other were Federation, republican was a in only can Their hermetic agencies, has Chechen formally forms – the republic was the Russian who a shot. to super loyalty people on be either certain in Kady hand, while a pow been prob Rus real only few the the au de See do of of ------

its elites Kadyrov istration, is ended and tion, my, to In cult a a the functional, cific rov idea of the to ​​ return event of ahypothetical developed ‘black leading found symbolism, the administration (and etc.), to personnel Chechen to but in say Chechens’ lay hole’ financed has failure, an also which to guarantees to the the system the independent demonstratively what bureaucrats because (an but foundations bases authorities effective led not by recent area extent his of of to only Moscow), for the of organised internal a of uncontrolled double personal construction Chechen the as republic, history, this state: and provide to a inability result broken form is the officials policy transformation in a crime). deliberate they security, statehood administration which 1991-1994 a of stability state by with as of Russian of are have Meanwhile, tolerated any ideological, Chechnya’s may (a the gaining independence. a and functioning and authority, (although and made functioning Ichkerian prove military of planned 1996-1999. order, by in Chechnya experience two institutional useful under the Chechnya society it interven and attempts and Kremlin past admin action). is econo Kady in diffi Both with spe into and and the in is ------21 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 22 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 declared battalion, tacular the mations Having 1. III. 26 25 outside of litical of ist ened terrorist during tivity Another republics). of these societies and elites the from reaction ises. http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=201122&cid=1 Some Kadyrov’s politicalambitions activity: logic feudal and the Russian commanders. seems however, pated LNR-45671.html). fluence Donbas Donbasse-voyuyut-kadyrovcy-80544.html vouiet-na-donbasse; korrespondent.net/ukraine/3454071-chechentsy-rasskazaly-skolko-ykh- Munayev). Isa by led Battalion Dudayev Jokhar called troops threats

Donbas bu R In his is Caucasus amzan Kadyrov:amzan Pu game manifestations which the of disposed December in t to power the subordinate

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President dred January 31 30 29 28 27 the ready The criticises the the ing international ation (mainly Kadyrov ample, fend declarations the leaders Muslim Russian several as well as estan, only feelings Federation http://www.newsru.com/arch/russia/02oct2007/oputine.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NAIrcAPbuA One https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gm5jLIqYdO4 For watch?v=7yO3Z6y_63g; kovsky Hebdo dorkovsky). hammad) all statement mad this the office opinion US’s Chechen Chechen the by thousand Muslims

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for of the Putin, 31 skilful criticism Muslims and by ; Charlie that

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people http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/1277258, his (he statements solidarity his Eastern he Putin gambit while former end of personal supports gained (for personal of order Russia also was of called

of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEmbR4eBdaM organised in structures has Chechnya, (usually his should the example, Russian by Kadyrov Putin’s 29 Grozny with , comments policy). both concerning condemned ), during Kadyrov own from also on ‘fascist’ enemy; wherever the involvement (thanks President the in the be oligarch, second loyalty in the reiterated the situation French in a world’s critique declared Regularly president which swore http://lifenews.ru/news/148124. was an but demonstration eyes to connection the regime Russian actively anti-Western his (the his it also Kadyrov newspaper). of term murder to Putin media is criticism the Muslims an criticism in President of needed in that rally of that in for

‘oath and https://www.youtube.com/ the insult in the President, on the unconditionally Ingushetia to of Kiev, called 2008, with life he publish the Donbas Islamic the was the of (as 28 most of post-Soviet 27 Commenting of ). by the to . is spirit), a of Mikhail editors Putin Meanwhile him and Chechens political allegiance’ defender the he attended the several ready West the pompously, the 30 and an expressed State his attack and ) religious Russian of Muham (for and includ enemy and Khodor to cocky to Charlie Charlie of on hun situ Dag area and With Kho and ex Mu not not the are de the on in to of ------

23 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 24 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 sian note living Tyson, and (athletes, have anegative generally Russia) image in Chechens that fact attention ence journalists, described men, countries Kadyrov forlife him only 35 34 33 32 dia One opinions, active Russian image en stagram For https://instagram.com/kadyrov_95/ http://lenta.ru/news/2015/03/10/kadyrov/ As schitayut-54-rossiyan ru/31-03-2015/blagopoluchnoi-i-spokoinoi-situatsiyu-na-severnoi-kavkaze- and March 2011 politics/13-08-2007/234903-kadirov-0/), chechnyatoday.com/content/view/277959). leader’s (he ‘traditional’ extremely media, here carry in many religious (http: example, (sports, on 35% as Gerard frequently the

has 2015 site president, a of social actors, as that by as felt as // 32 strong, activity out media invites the and ). both 33 www.yuga.ru/news/221693/), a also stated 55% inviting sympathy ), Chechen Depardieu, Saudi struggle Kadyrov activists, every important and Middle media he of singers) established Chechen a that is respondents participates religious them Chechen is is Arabia constantly but not order seen his well-known Ramzan (mainly and East: and with is still pays to only from use presented and in and respect as and Chechnya). Russian Putin August and politician, alcoholism he international such Kadyrov who of with visits political Vanessa Russia skilfully through in Islamic appears meets propaganda, Russian towards took talk gives, by 2007 public his to popular the mostly and is and many part local Middle shows, in The Mae); a United fanatically own, values. (http://www.pravda.ru/news/ played his in and in politician but him. patriot. nature; abroad in Jordan figures contacts, the Chechen own politicians, positively Russians the celebrity. drug to he Arab See which often gives Eastern area Russian lay Levada It in promotes profile http://www.levada. who (including Kadyrov Kadyrov March is addiction, to down faithful interviews of controversial mainly leader’s builds important can the (despite Centre in He the countries business 2014 on mass be the republic his in attracts healthy Chech is the trusted, can up (http:// to March in Mike poll pres etc.), Rus very own 34 me the the the his In . be to to of 35 ------

­ this Chechnya in investments Eastern and 38 37 36 Russian tinually of The ingly, ern dia Kadyrov ambitions eral of stantly istence President an of criticism, ing tematically ‘carrot rebellious See For For the the the (http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1860425.html). com/content/view/274616), http://www.chechnya.gov.ru/page.php?r=126&id=16680 Russia; in leaders u145/19-06-2014/22229), mln-2566/; kavpolit.com/articles/arabskij_prints_postroit_v_groznom_otel_za_120_ of nomic visitom-v-Chechne.html; vestikavkaza.ru/news/Zhurnalisty-iz-Kuveyta-i-Livana-nakhodyatsya-s- existential activity welcomes Chechen countries, Chechen perspective, politician Moscow North example,

Grozny example, Caucasus, republic for and prove or Communications president), forced is

swearing example Putin. – exile, and rendering stick’ also is

Caucasus, Sergei the http://chechnyatoday.com/content/view/276982; troops according leader guests his simply is threat (which primarily King manipulating to and desire directed establishing and the the The loyalty,

method demonstrate Sobianin) http://www.islamnews.ru/news-439148.html; as Abdullah oaths his is to on aim most at to to alternative a he to well and primarily to in the kind their a

worst polls his own survive, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/242803/ has June delegation of in transform

irreplaceability by of against and in probable also Donbas, as the entire the conducted fidelity, II of the succeeded return the

2015, people, the representatives direct by – of ‘homage’ his Chechen of ranking economic although the retain Jordan motivated logic rest. is, Kadyrov 37 all his clan. from usefulness ). joining – visits himself etc.). at cooperation fear Russian by and own the Both of best, of Kuwait the (http://www.eer.ru/a/article/ in his Kadyrov leader’s to came the of the hold Meanwhile, loss and considering to sphere achieving Agency people:

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25 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 26 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 as from the ments ties, of his thus attack. militants’ the power after weeks onstrations 40 39 Kadyrov’s 2. A resistance. in with a mitted immediate telephone, the that were (as A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QF-TgG1Zus crackdown classic M early local Kadyrovtsy the by venge a fighting, Press the policemen. has a open Internet borders group video oscow’s problem Kadyrov with they and reinforced, this result killed the city later by a House troops, been December for report disregard example Russian the appeared scheme of centre were journalists Chechen independence the trying liquidation more and of (28 of of They in and activity on persecution manifested the force: the December), on in which to 36 which than the a as was ; online split school the of elite –

chaotic government President error http://checheninfo.com/2015/05/09/204/ were 2014 for is republic, using the militants’ Putin’s a night that of dozen his and into Russian can of (in 39 Kadyrov in in Chechen injured), of and : the the a reaction the an and which of fighting, of two Muslims both in experts, be clearly Kadyrov fighters belief 4/5 Putin. Chechen Chechen centre should forces Islamic militants are read numerous groups arbitrary relatives; December legislation the the negotiates after leader’s the and in concerned of killed of to militants as After as ruling and Grozny. lay the organised Kadyrov’s and the argument the object a society leader many which regardless Caucasus demonstration all 2014, down barricaded in militant later humiliation behaviour the behaviour publications and 11 and After justified increasingly with attackers. of shooting as action and Kadyrov he in a the their opposition a trustworthiness frequent 14 video – Emirate several immediately the parade to the attack his of federal Chechen themselves their of he prove arms futility in several in the After Muslim militants men appeared hours ordered accordance announced stormed and Chechnya, of action in loss in criticism open 40 the authori his to camps), beyond Grozny Grozny Chechen . of troops of women A state of them action in as fierce sub own into any few (by the life the on re by is - - - -

Russian clusively fices his ceive basis Kadyrov’s policy, as prestige. and positions, interests own their to threatening ing Both his The beginning Federal 42 41 of blackmails the see the model Chechen on the regime authoritarian Russian Ramzan the that cessions. of Chechen See See ‘Chechenisation’ the a http://www.zvezda.ru/politics/2007/04/08/kadyrov.htm; http://polit.ru/article/2004/03/24/lokshina/tube.com/watch?v=TIYe-46LsY8; www.alaniatv.com/dolzhnostj-dlya-kadjyrova-v-mide.html statements unwritten Kadyrov Chechen right federal Russian result ‘siloviki,’ in which liberals for Kadyrov’s

for for most seeing the Security

political power their Kadyrov’s

example and armed conditions example Some arbitrary have of future the authorities he important as opposition) soldiers directly the and Ahmad criticism who monopoly to ostentatiously Russian ‘the political

commentators structures been http://www.svoboda.org/content/transcript/26586985.html; formations

the Service, Chechenisation http://ria.ru/politics/20150424/1060761226.html, system, many the principal reincarnation lost of rule could media, to consistent to and Russia, Chechen 41 forces authorities is . the their President pro-government activity of or on Some the and that Ramzan openly the (including Donbas, covert subordinate building the

and http://www.politcom.ru/article.php?id=4243; special ignores. on dominant that the republic is, even believe leader use opponents (his the most policy, work his of Putin, federal is, to Kadyrov criticism of etc.) Dudayev’, claim status Russian up demonstrations force the effective could The violence the that serious against and his position are bypassing to as introduction politicians army), them Interior power that of him own Kadyrov this the openly 42 as take irritated (by . political the a covert opponents subordination Moscow, in desire Kadyrov have politician position threatens into the which up Chechenisation structures in Chechnya.

https://www.you defiant the Ministry, enjoys a the further authorities). and become of separatists. not to position scene, federal of strength, since sanction and by republic and experts a only are who a of

cruel, in http:// send kind con who per The and and one the the the the the ex of by in in - - - - - ­

27 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 28 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 given and out Particularly 47 46 45 44 43 as control tortion killing controlled (mainly in the was dinates occupied crime which yond, en East), The services. special Russian of the territory on the encroaching vidual their of Anna http://www.newsru.com/arch/russia/09oct2006/novaya.html; http://www.bigcaucasus.com/events/topday/17-03-2014/89593-krim-0/; http://region.urfo.org/incidents/280100.html According https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFsWtc1Ayiw the Sulim 2000 were msk.ru/blog/a_goldfarb/1327160-echo/ ru/2013/03/26/23236 is.htm zskomu_kriminalitetu_informsoprotivlenthat http://news.liga.net/news/politics/1823609-.putin_otdal_krym_kavka the funding lawlessness gunned the

alleged syndicates is Politkovskaya republic including a countries conducts Russian from – of 46 of also involved the ‘siloviki’ and ; Crimea that the Kadyrov and by special highly abroad dangerous and down businesses to role Kadyrov Ruslan Russian of many is sentence Federation, reports in via of extensive 43 operating (for also functioning the in ). exploded criminal Chechen questionable. in were services) (Europe, Gangs unofficial 45 a Yamadayev example Chechen unacceptable ; Russian Moscow series – the special in both from (along accused for the Russian controlled in activities as activity into power of the is legal, the Russia the well of France services, representatives Russian oppositionist on activists killings the the 47 the Grozny’s brutal former public of power 27 ). as but expansion lines in structures to The organising in February Ahmad in outside by Moscow; or the especially media, the in are Chechnya, murder opposed conflict view Ukraine), of structures’ Kadyrov, Soviet contacts federal Russia Yuri 1990s) the mainly its Kadyrov Boris Kadyrov’s of thanks http://www.pravda-tv. beyond 2015), of Chechen (the Budanov, borders Union, between Chechen of illegal to Kadyrov ‘siloviki’, (such 44 with and are . a Russia Nemtsov engaged Kadyrov, prime The which point Chechen to Foundation, also the beyond the the as – bodyguards (including

organised legality http://echo. one through who Kadyrov business those borders and suspect in of mainly seen Middle Chech subor in (who view indi such such was girl the be ex as of of ------

is of the and to tin Although 49 48 battalion is successful usually is which compromises, amethod tactical poses The (possibly Russian ing regime own as ing public, noring will rule, leader ernment. likely ent According http://lenta.ru/news/2015/03/13/kadyrov_dadaev/

the independent, Russia Zaur this neft news/2015/03/11/kadyrov_patrushev/), kadyrov-17718/). ‘siloviki’ ev, Russian in Chechnya dilemma: on it conflict be power.

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http://kavpolit.com/articles/o_chem_dogovorilis_sechin_i_ the

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29 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 30 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 against importance. between to ciety, and The him. to loyal are which units military the and ritory his Moscow 3. and dictatorship relevant tory a cal the minimal meeting people ised ceive and Many, always nial da. was tatorial revenge amore to favourable moment. rov’s tious collaborator, Kadyrov’s usefulness the opponents, effective However, circumstances, a based the the of strength, by risk and religiosity), him. monopoly moreover, Chechen appreciate especially the been Kadyrov’s thousands periods duty improvement must that the families the because of not Chechen Chechen and marked demotion Kadyrov Kadyrov conditions struggle to against Kadyrov on determination pay but a leader declare in traitor cult on issues a in and young the also people, political of a the of must violence, large high history of by society, the how stability, Chechens and and clans for openly of labours from by history personality to of strong vendettas of Chechens, postpone backdrop the price independence depriving part his his is his honour the power the of his and forced but tired economic and own clan men equals). rebelling because egalitarianism; of under the Chechen Putin–Kadyrov for personal for on mentality Chechnya, lifestyle governing against people, comes (especially taking reconstruction the have represent of of to are years. customary him Chechen the long-term tolerate In stability of situation also been against against enemies people of not traditional indelible their his (including and injustice The support (Chechen with and impressed only a effective committing that of distortion there his history, immediate compulsory pact law in themselves Russia. war denying Moscow the under who, a from of authority. Chechnya mark of criminal were and from (the were Chechen the his social and the society propagan because Kadyrov’s his by Kadyrov. relations ostenta It republic of and of the need his family) terror crimes no is is threat politi Kady being order act great code per also also his ter dic and The de has so to of of ------cesses although federal of to retain from etc.), become eration er Soviet which beyond In policy , inspired of federal lems the The obedience its Moscow. to nouncing Russian as percussions, vakheti, Soviet Regarding East. dle wider lin’s ery, a Kadyrov’s Russia). internal many Caucasian serious armed Kadyrov a hands Russia, albeit are Russian region taking also for area, area Chechnya, power power simply and irreversible Federation, as cases, and they generated many the Besides, South – forces problem. for separatism well not indicates reduce Kadyrov like activities problem etc.) often place exploited including republics policy internal structures). its structures, adversely guaranteeing federal on as years, Chechnya Ossetia, domestic he and in such conceding described similar Ukraine its (Chechnya and In by towards controls Chechnya and that is must outside internal law addition, situation as separatist actively (especially superseded the separatism a so affect his northern large a but Russian In trends does policy, – lawlessness bear serious, and conflicts are stability the as are people the Chechnya its even will the (its cohesion and scale, the not Russia’s supported Central and specific post-Soviet a civilisational tendencies Kremlin’s (Islamisation, as distancing elites in convenient integrity by never , these ‘internal operate without in present serve the well between have in Dagestan his on the and policy Chechnya. policy Asia). risks and do as become usefulness, do the as by also Caucasus in perception, not in region his threat. fear of not in abroad’, a security, the itself Caucasian (primarily other towards The tool the Kadyrov towards deterrent the distancing its occurred and the conflict see de-Russification risk of federal a framework own and biggest in ‘normal’ from Russian Kadyrov domestic Georgian Moscow the Ingushetia), parts which Grozny is the (including have the the the imperial with not problem the and Russia), periph budget. against related in Krem of prob post- Mid itself post- seen goes pro now Fed part oth and has the the the re re Ja of ------31 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 32 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 derived Chechnya activities. dia confirmed USSR forced popular off, population less, in in both 50 notations in dle to as (the Russian lamised as the Kadyrov, of Moscow leader sian ‘Islam-friendly’ demonstration of seeking Moscow supporting the , Russia’s that pacify a ern a with East Islamisation ‘good’ elite standard defensive domestic cruel, (both countries; post-Soviet by rebuilds capacity from investment Chechnya, policy), resentment and an and who anti-Putin the and which has today also Muslim, relations of rebellious, incomprehensible real Islamic the even bloody the the the opponents fights publics is plays jihad, in in Russia, mosques, and relics by because it Chechens of anti-Salafi armed Islamic former 2006, nineteenth-century sent area). Grozny has his Ramzan in who from those with the countries, demonstrations) events and a and Chechens in of which officers now certain lacking republic, a The underground ‘greatest factor in of USSR. (for whom those fear. world. Gulf pays Islamic created as in have the the evolved in Kadyrov but use example, January proof from sharia culture to states, Chechnya role This any visits in leading countries bad They name he in security may flaunts of While evil the countries the by the brought the in

fear of reputation into deep-rooted is Russian are through to ‘Vostok’ also warming and and in of 2015), Russian and resistance Caucasian the becoming the eyes Chechen away it cooperation Islamic of his God the a commonly after saw defends represented be mentality. ability Russian anti-Islamic external consequences, of to during is religion battalion world’ them presented and propaganda), his the Chechnya the a policy the and relations countries, factor showcase image, in stronger, to wars, actual under majority with the Chechen collapse from asset. use the negative – the seen ones protected They and terrorism in good Middle is a Caucasus. his was by nature two the the and which between the problem possible as (see This (mostly favours closed- arouse Russia troops whose for and and of of name ruth ideas rein wars wars Mid Rus me con East - Rus the the the Is an 50 of is is is ------. day. anti-Western every tremely he parades which views, Another (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Raly51pEZ_w). time first for the of Israel sian Chechen engineers (http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/710391), of Kadyrov’s armed involved formations in advantages the took reconstruction part in in anti-terrorist this of Lebanon and dimension in 2015 exercises after representatives the is in war his Jordan with ex -

33 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 34 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 ritorial The I challenge However, minimal. is depends, Chechnya power in his danger between system. cantly the trariness, porary been mean Under Chechnya undermine ties, en conflict between tures, resistance broken, The re-emerge. oncecould again rhetoric, Kadyrov he during Russia opments V. could Republic

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be as Chechen, ethnic an would instability republic to unlikely the the A structures. ment pacification Russia’s statehood. Chechen future from rent Russian sors existential Thus, liberation a accounts, military ing control the This a the much reactivation potential remove in minimal act from end idea rebellion pro-independence to regime scenario having such between there both mean of conflicts higher over power of loss ​​of in that Moscow, presence). desperation, not funding Ingush/Chechen, movement him a in Chechen threat internal politicians political is (due by in of situation laid the the Kadyrov the by just is little of risk, in Grozny Grozny federal control as also throughout the Chechens Caucasus to (consciously destabilisation the Caucasus with and to a from chance as his Such result clashes independence and idea Ramzan most Caucasus in this the his would troops), would which being and over low Kadyrov rhetoric the the economic of a reduction chances likely would of (including that development Moscow). against public resulting Chechnya’s the and Russian situation the Ingush/Ossetian swept probably repudiate manoeuvring Kadyrov could or this would Kadyrov Caucasus for himself chaos, if not) of lead Caucasus support). Kadyrov crisis of would seems Russia. away, Chechnya, perhaps himself or budget the from In to remaining most the of strive himself; withdrawal independence, as his the particular, but would would in a foundations and unrealistic probably and well need regional disintegrating (including likely allegiance It weakening Russia attempts by and Such with to arise and would a the etc.). and as the prolong benefit the most bloody to the in lead a lead the his reactivation suspend from carries federal of step submerge for weakening it clashes power republic’s also In to likely (the the entire outbreak for seems to to Dagestani/ and a of settling politically the Chechnya take would addition, attempts Moscow, the national possible Russian Russian pose succes Russia. with agree power revive would fund mean could clan. cur very over the re- an be of of of of it - - - - 35 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 36 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015 Russian widen In region. developments the force in behind driving become the State). example the by the North ond roots compete is, of better with living foreign structures state. the Given ethnos. Chechen their of pendent could grés their fallen ence disunity minished time, the both the the are Chechens Caucasus rivalry Chechen other accumulated tradition own heroes, also in This all version in prepared strength Caucasian Caucasus In as scattered national contacts depending state the conflicts with diaspora and these addition Putin’s contacts a be uniqueness is northern in (possibly result region of principally internal than they war). which Kadyrov’s another, to of of conditions, enormous and to (today events create gained liberation position struggle Emirate, around (as to abroad, will fight they of with by mostly The – attractiveness clan-, Caucasian acknowledge attempts armed) that was the conflicts and have no this were an considered for each idea Chechnya. by due the importance. for less was officials mainly and ​​of on seen the the ethnic- independent their and several institutional expresses world, to ​​of twenty-five independence establishing other between the important reactivation deepening by reinforced to are the independence nations, repeatedly Islam) independence internal those exploit in and the and of here, and conditions compensated they hundred Their Europe the Although itself sovereignty territorial-based these bureaucrats seems armed with state would the maintain idea idea years support cultural the human stability an as of during and in and Chechens, Chechnya, two thousand a Islamic an with (under of​​ region to would in forces the certainly ago. and result their independence the open the be Chechnya for and concepts capital isolation intense, idea equally of of the build In Chechen just of by Middle operating the also in pantheon the state the the struggle addition of the compared 1990s, a Chechens promoted and conflicts, domestic a be banners an the sense Russian experi and have Islamic matter strong power would in undi – of much inde their East, émi that sec the the the for on by to in to of of - - - - -

the sacrifices gle problems). ethnic and of foreshadowed deep trol Russia for one over internal independence hand, the itself that periphery, and crises by the (its the of rising Chechens resulting jihad history from as political, on well Russia. the of have in Russia, as other the the economic, suffered Such weakening present, – which as a well M turn so social, ac is deteriorating as far about or i of the ej F ej in loss events demographic victims al their to of k confront ows its is strug state con and also ki - -

37 POINT OF VIEW 08/2015