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VIII.2. La Négociation Pour La Consolidation Étatique Dans Un Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/39601 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Diallo, Fatimata Title: L’etat-spontex : négocier l’autorité dans les marges conflictuelles : le cas de la Basse-Casamance (Sénégal) Issue Date: 2016-05-18 L’État-Spontex. Négocier l’autorité dans les marges conflictuelles: Le cas de la Basse-Casamance (Sénégal) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 18 mei 2016 klokke 15:00 uur door Fatimata Diallo geboren te Richard Toll in 1981 Promotores: Prof. dr. M.E. de Bruijn (Universiteit Leiden) Prof. dr. J.W.M. van Dijk (Universiteit Wageningen) Prof. dr. B. Kanté (Université Gaston Berger, Saint Louis) Promotiecommissie: Prof. dr. L.P.H.M. Buskens (Universiteit Leiden) Prof. dr. ir. G.E. Frerks (Universiteit Utrecht) Em. dr. J.C. Marut (Université de Bordeaux) Deze dissertatie is het resultaat van een cotutelle tussen de Universiteit Leiden en de Université Gaston Berger (Senegal). 2 SOMMAIRE Cartes ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 REMERCIEMENTS _____________________________________________________________________________ 7 CHAPITRE I INTRODUCTION. SENTIR L’ETAT ____________________________________________________ 9 CHAPITRE II. PENSER L’ETAT DANS LES MARGES CONFLICTUELLES : METHODES ET APPROCHES ____ 33 CHAPITRE III. L’ECHEC DE LA VERTICALITE DE L’ETAT DANS UNE REGION FRONTALIERE __________ 57 CHAPITRE IV. ‘L’ETAT DANS LA SALLE D’ATTENTE’ : LA DECENTRALISATION, UNE TECHNOLOGIE DE GESTION LOCALE DOMESTIQUEE ______________________________________________________________ 84 CHAPITRE V. L’ETAT ET LA REBELLION: GOUVERNEMENTALITE DANS UN CONTEXTE DE VIOLENCE 114 CHAPITRE VI. GEOPOLITIQUE ET GOUVERNANCE DES FRONTIERES EN CASAMANCE ______________ 140 CHAPITRE VII. COMMUNICATION, DECONNEXION ET GOUVERNEMENTALITE EN CASAMANC E _____ 168 CHAPITRE VIII. CONCLUSION : L’ETAT-SPONTEX : REALITE DE L’AUTORITE DANS LES MARGES CONFLICTUELLES __________________________________________________________________________ 191 BIBLIOGRAPHIE _________________________________________________________________________________ 210 Annexes _______________________________________________________________________________________ 234 Resume _______________________________________________________________________________________ 235 Resume en anglais ( summary thesis) _______________________________________________________ 237 Resume en neerlandais (nederlandse vertaling) ____________________________________________ 238 Table des matieres ____________________________________________________________________________ 240 3 4 Cartes Carte 1.1 : Carte du Sénégal Carte 1. 2 : Situation de la région Ziguinchor (Sud- ouest Sénégal) La région est entourée à l’ouest par l’océan Atlantique, à l’est par un affluent du fleuve Gambie, la Koulountou, au nord par la frontière gambienne, au sud par la Guinée Bissau et la Guinée Conakry. 5 Carte 1.3 : La zone de recherche/ En quadrille (carte 2) : Zone discutée dans chapitre 6. 6 Remerciements Je suis redevable à plusieurs personnes dont les engagements et soutiens multiformes ont été d’une grande importance dans la réalisation de cette thèse. Ce travail n’aurait certainement pas eu lieu sans le support institutionnel et financier du Centre d’Études Africaines de Leiden (ASC) et de la Fondation Kakaran. J’adresse mes remerciements à la fondation Kakaran et au couple Van den Muijsenberg-Cissé pour avoir généreusement participé au financement de mes travaux de terrain à Ziguinchor. Je remercie également Marlies Pietermaat et son époux Daniel. Avant tout, je remercie mes directeurs de thèse, Professeur Mirjam De Bruijn, Professeur Han Van Dijk et Professeur Babacar Kanté qui m’ont fait un immense honneur en me guidant dans ce processus. Ce travail a bénéficié des orientations éclairées du Professeur Mirjam de Bruijn et celles recueillies au cours des différentes activités du groupe « Mobile Africa » qu’elle a dirigé. Elle m’a insufflé au cours de ce travail son désir constant de sortir des sentiers battus et de s’engager dans de nouvelles pistes de réflexion. Le travail a aussi bénéficié des discussions engagées avec des membres du groupe, notamment Dr Inge Brinkman, Prof. Francis Nyamnjoh, Prof. Khalil Aliou, Dr Nafett Keita, Dr Djimet Seli, Dr Henrietta Nyamnjoh et Amadou Amadou, dont les apports ont sensiblement enrichi ma réflexion. Tout au début de cette expérience, l’idée même de s’embarquer dans une co- supervision d’une thèse en anthropologie juridique fut un projet conjoint de feu Prof. Gerti Hesseling, qui était une anthropologue de droit confirmée et une africaniste engagée, et le Prof. Babacar Kanté. Bien que le destin a voulu que le cheminement avec Prof. Hesseling soit éphémère, mon espérance reste que cette thèse, en livrant une discussion sur les défis de la consolidation de l’autorité politique de l’État sénégalais en Casamance réponde, un tant soit peu, à leur souhait initial. Ce souhait était d’offrir une compréhension des institutions étatiques et du droit en tant qu’instruments de régulation sociale, donc outils et enjeux de pouvoir, qui soit basée sur une approche non positiviste ou idéalisée, en partant d’une fine analyse de leurs ancrages sociaux, économiques et politiques. Cette thèse doit son aboutissement au soutien sans faille de Prof. Han van Dijk qui en a été le superviseur au quotidien, offrant un accompagnement intellectuel prenant en compte le souhait de départ. Il a fait montre d’une compréhension inégalable et d’une patience louable en mesurant continuellement les défis qui pouvaient se poser à la juriste positiviste que j’étais dans cet effort d’engagement interdisciplinaire. Han, je te remercie infiniment. Je remercie le directeur de l’ASC, Prof. Ton Dietz, ainsi que les membres de l’institution, notamment Dr Akinyinka Akinyoade, Dr Kaag Mayke, Prof. Jan Abbink, feu Prof. Stephen Ellis, Dr Benjamin Soares, Prof. Jan-Bart Gewald, Prof. Rijk van Dijk, Dr Klaas van Walraven, Dr Dick Foeken, pour n’en citer que quelques, dont la présence et les conseils ont enrichi cette expérience doctorale. Mes remerciements vont aussi aux doctorants de l’ASC que j’ai eu le plaisir et l’honneur de cotoyer, notamment Dr Lotte Pelckmans, Doreen Kobusingye, Evelyne Tegomoh, Dr Linda van de Kamp, Dr Lotje de Vries, Dr Margot Leegwater, Martin van Vliet, Dr Romborah Robert Simiyu, Peter Justin, Dr Bethuel Kinuthia, Dr Blandina Kilama, 7 Inge Butter et Dr Sebastiaan Soeters. Mes remerciements également au personnel administratif de l’ASC : Maaike Westra, Marieke van Winden, Trudi Blomsma, Gitty Petit, Ursula Oberst, Anne Reeves, Azeb Amha et Jan Binnendijk : ils ont fait pour moi de l’ASC une famille. Mes remerciements vont également à « ma famille Diedhiou » de Ziguinchor, qui m’a accueillie et a facilité mon installation et la réalisation de mon travail de terrain dans la région. Mathurin, Marie Therese, Paul, Anasthesia, Razou, je vous remercie de votre hospitalité, de votre générosité et de votre gentillesse, qui ont fait de mon séjour en Casamance une véritable expérience humaine. Mes remerciements à l’endroit d’Abdoulaye Diallo, du PROCAS, qui a été une ressource inestimable grâce à sa connaissance de la région et aussi de ses innombrables contacts. Je remercie les spécialistes de la Casamance que sont Vincent Foucher, Paul Diedhiou, Christiane Kayser et Jean-Claude Marut, pour la générosité dans leurs orientations lors des différentes étapes de la réalisation de cette thèse. Jean- Claude, je te remercie pour la disponibilité, la confiance et les encouragements prodigués. Au cours de cette trajectoire, j’ai bénéficié des soutiens d’institutions telles le Réseau Africain de Droit Constitutionnel, par l’intermédiaire du Prof Richard Calland, Prof Christina Murray, Dr Colin Darch et Mme Vanja Karth, ainsi que de l’Université de Cape Town, mon employeur des deux dernières années qui, à travers Prof Chuma Himonga, a fait preuve de compréhension, me permettant de prendre le temps nécessaire pour la finalisation de la thèse. Je les remercie vivement pour leurs soutiens décisifs. Je ne saurais finir sans remercier ma famille. Cette thèse est un honneur à ma grand-mère, Mariam Bal Ndiaye, très tôt parti, mais qui m’a couvée en m’instillant le goût des études et le sens du combat pour des causes louables. Elle est un hommage à ma vaillante mère, Nene Camara, qui a été et reste un modèle d’intégrité, d’abnégation et de persévérance ; à mon cher père, Moussa Diallo, dont l’esprit d’ouverture me pousse continuellement à l’aventure ; et à mon Oncle, Oumar Aly Camara, qui a été le pionnier. Je dédie également ce travail à mes frères, sœurs et cousins : Amadou, Saly, Papa, Hadji, Abou, Djiby, Penda, Oumoul et Cherif, pour leur amour et leurs encouragements dans toutes épreuves, y compris celle de la thèse. A mes amis Fatou Ba Sene, Nabou Samb, Amy Dieme, Ndeye Mareme Diop, Aby Keita, Ahmadou Mbow, Abdoulaye David Sow, Rebecca Badejogbin, que je remercie pour leur amitié et leur soutien. Je dédie ce travail à feu Professeur Gerti Hesseling avec qui je l’ai initié. Elle a tracé pour moi le chemin qui devait infléchir ma trajectoire de jeune juriste positiviste vers celle d’une chercheure dans le domaine de l’anthropologie juridique et politique. Sa perte durant les premiers mois de ce projet a conduit à un bouleversement total de
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