Diaspora OMARVICTOR DIOP Liberty Extended Captions Nanny and Quao 1720 The Mutiny of Freeman Field 1945 D L Queen Nanny (c. 1686 – c. 1755), a Jamaican national heroine, was a major figure of the The Freeman Field Mutiny refers to a two-day protest during the Second World War by a group OMARVICTOR DIOP Maroon resistance in the eighteenth century. Nanny was born into the Asante people of of African-American soldiers from the 477th Bombardment Group, who attempted to access an Liberty what is today known as Ghana, although much of what is known about her derives from oral all-white officers’ club on the Freeman Army Airfield base, near Seymour, Indiana. On 5 and 6 history, as little textual evidence exists. It is believedL thati sheb fled thee plantationsr witht her y D L April 1945, to challenge de facto segregation at Freeman, the participating blacksoldiers forced brother Quao, and together they founded the Maroon community of escaped slaves around their way into Club One, which was reserved exclusively for white officers. The mutiny resulted in the arrest of 162 1720 in the Blue Mountains in the town of Portland, . This area, named Nanny Town, was considered inaccessible by the British because of its altitude and the lack of trails leading to it. The , black officers, three of whom were court-martialled on minor charges. It was not until 1995 that their convictions a majority of whom were descendants of West Africans, led most of the slave rebellions in Jamaica, helping to were revoked following a pardon. This mutiny is considered one of the first demands to achieve racial integration in the United States Armed Services, later implemented in the Executive Order 9981 issued in 1948. i free slaves from plantations and integrating them into their community. Nanny herself is credited with organising the release of several hundreds of slaves during a period of thirty years.

i Selma 1965 Dutty Boukman 1791 Between 7 and 21 March 1965, three protest marches to demand the right to vote for African- i b Dutty Boukman was an early pioneer of the , leading a community of American citizens were held along the 80-kilometre highway linking Selma to the state capital Maroons. A former slave from Jamaica and practising voodoo priest, Boukman is of Montgomery in Alabama, USA. These pivotal marches represented a defining moment in the

i believed to have led – together with the priestess Cécile Fatiman – the infamous religious a struggle for civil rights and were instrumental in the fight for black voting rights. During the first ceremony at Bois Caïman of August 1791, which served as a catalyst to the slave revolt that sparked the Haitian Revolution. He was killed a few months later, on 7 November 1791, by of these marches, on 7 March, 600 protesters demanded an end to discrimination in voter registration, many of b French planters and colonial troops, who publicly displayed Boukman’s head in an attempt to whom were severely attacked by law enforcement agencies, state troopers and white separatists. This event dispel the aura of invincibility that he had cultivated. Boukman’s rebellion is considered one of the foundations of became known as Bloody Sunday. Dr Martin Luther King participated in the subsequent marches, on 9 and 17 a Haitian national identity and its stance against oppression. March. Numerous killings, abuse by the police and the Ku Klux Klan, as well as the legal battles that marked the weeks of protests, all drew the attention of the national and international community to the issues of civil rights. The Women’s War 1929 The marches led to the signing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. e In 1929, tens of thousands of south-eastern Nigerian women rebelled against British colonial s powers in what is known as the Women’s War, or the Aba Women’s Riots. This insurgent Breakfast for The Children of The Black Panthers 1969 movement brought together more than 25,000 women in a fight against policies imposed The Free Breakfasts for Children initiative was a revolutionary community programme started by by British authorities: in particular, special taxes levied on female market traders, which were e implemented by male leaders (warrant chiefs) appointed by a colonial governor. The women rebelled above all the Black Panthers at their headquarters in Oakland, California. It was one of the first school food s to preserve the status they had held in their traditional societies before the arrival of the British, who felt the programmes in the country, providing free breakfasts to disadvantaged children each morning. matriarchal system was against the moral order. The women’s activism prompted colonial authorities to drop their Based on the belief that children could not take full advantage of their education by going to plans and to reduce the power of the warrant chiefs. Considered as the first major challenge to British authority school hungry, it reflected the Black Panthers’ key message of self-determination and illustrated p r in Nigeria and during the colonial period, the Women’s War took months for the government to their belief in the importance of education. The programme was funded through donations from suppress, and became a historic example of feminist and anti-colonial protest. within the communities being served, receiving support from local stores, churches and groceries. In its first year, the programme became so popular that it was extended all over the United States, and by the end of 1969 the The Railway Workers of 1938 and 1947 Black Panthers were serving full free breakfasts to 20,000 school-aged children in nineteen different cities. p r Inspired in part by the ideas and actions of the Black Panthers in the 1960s, the US Department of Agriculture In 1881, France, then a colonial power occupying most of West Africa, began a 1,289- kilometre railway project designed to transport the resources of the region to the coast. later started their own School Breakfast Programme, which feeds nearly 13 million students daily. The working conditions for the African railway day labourers were particularly difficult and

t precarious because of the racial discrimination they suffered. The railway would eventually become a means of resistance for the indigenous workforce, most notably through two strikes that are still The Sonacotra Tenant Strike 1974–80

o commemorated today as key moments in the history of the African trade union movement and the anti-colonial From 1974 to 1980, a prolonged strike pitted the tenants of Sonacotra, a French state-owned activist struggle. The first strike by the Dakar-Niger railway workers, which took place in Thiés, , in 1938, agency responsible for providing public housing to migrant workers from north and sub-Saharan t was suppressed in a violent bloodbath. On 10 October 1947, another general strike by indigenous workers Africa, against its management, many of whom were former colonial officers. Those striking from all over West Africa paralysed the colonial system, lasting in Senegal for an unprecedented period of five opposed perpetual rent increases and demanded better living conditions in worker dormitories o months until 19 March 1948. The protection of workers’ rights, the standard of living, wage increases and, most importantly, equal treatment for all were at the forefront of the workers’ demands. controlled by the Sonacotra authorities, paving the way for the first collective protest of black African immigrants y in postcolonial France. A struggle for tenants’ and workers’ rights, the Sonacotra Tenant Strike is regarded as a pivotal moment of black solidarity in the history of collective political activism by African diasporas in Europe. Thiaroye 1944

y In 1944, the Senegalese Tirailleurs (West African soldiers who fought in the colonial infantry

r in the French Army during the Second World War) were released from German prisons and The Soweto Uprising 1976 repatriated with the promise of remuneration, including pensions. These infantrymen came A defining moment in the struggle to end apartheid, the Soweto Uprising refers to a series of from all over and French Equatorial Africa, which stretched from Senegal student demonstrations in South Africa, which began on the morning of 16 June 1976 when to the Congo. On 1 December 1944, a group of soldiers staged a military coup at the Thiaroye camp on the r around 20,000 students from Soweto’s higher education institutions came together to protest outskirts of Dakar, Senegal, to protest against poor working conditions and France’s failure to compensate them for their service as promised. A bloody repression was organised by the colonial authorities in response, during against the introduction of Afrikaans as the primary language of instruction. They were violently which approximately seventy of these Second World War veterans were killed. Commonly known as the Thiaroye repressed by the police, who quickly opened fire on the students; the number of young boys

a Massacre, the mutiny is seen as a crucial revolt against the colonial regime that constituted the beginnings of a and girls killed is estimated to be in the hundreds. To commemorate these events, 16 June was nationalist movement. declared a public holiday in South Africa, known as Youth Day. Historians have argued that the Soweto Uprising, which highlighted the role of young people in shaping the character and form of revolt, served as both an inspiration and a template for a second wave of unrest in the 1980s, which eventually led to apartheid’s demise.

a Aline Sitoe Diatta 1944 Born around 1920 in Kabrousse, southern Senegal, Aline Sitoe Diatta is celebrated as a symbol of resistance in the farmers’ rebellion against colonial oppression. At just twenty years Trayvon Martin 2012 old, she allegedly became one of the leaders of a tax resistance movement during the Second World War. A religious figure, she was also credited with having mystical powers because Trayvon Benjamin Martin (1995–2012) was an African-American teenager who was murdered of her frequent visions. When a boycott started by market traders of her native region, in 2012 in Sanford, Florida. On his way to his father’s home from buying candy and a can of iced , proved successful, the French authorities imprisoned the leadership. France had tea, 17-year-old Trayvon crossed a fenced area where there had been a series of burglaries. Please note confiscated more than half of the agricultural crops of this region to feed the soldiers on the battlefield, and used Former neighbourhood watch champion and resident of this gated neighbourhood, George The contextual information provided are intended as brief introductions their peanut cultivation to supply its soap factories. This had been done at the expense of traditional food crops to complex historical narratives, and in some cases may contain Zimmerman, took matters into his own hands despite orders from the police not to do so, having inaccuracies or inconsistencies. such as rice. Diatta was arrested by the colonial authorities for insurrection and deported to Timbuktu, Mali, where previously contacted them by telephone on several recorded 911calls. An altercation ensued We welcome any editorial suggestions that help fill gaps, expand our she is said to have died in jail aged twenty-four from the abuse she suffered. She is widely heralded in Senegal and the unarmed teenager was fatally shot in the chest. After his trial, Zimmerman was acquitted by an all-female knowledge and/or correct these extended captions. as an emblematic figure of identity-based resistance. Please note jury of six women. The killing of Trayvon Martin became a catalyst in the fight against perpetual violence and 20 JULY– 3NOVEMBER 2018 The contextual information provided are intended as brief introductions systematic racism towards black people and members of the African-American community, triggering international to complex historical narratives, and in some cases may contain inaccuracies or inconsistencies. activist movements, and Black Lives Matter campaigns. One of the most popular protest marches was the Million 20 JULCuratedY– 3 byN RenéeOV EMussaiMB EandR Mark2018 Sealy We welcome any editorial suggestions that help fill gaps, expand our Hoodie March held in March 2012 in New York, where thousands of people came together dressed in hooded knowledge and/or correct these extended captions. jumpers similar to the one worn by the young Trayvon Martin on the day of his killing. Autograph Rivington Place London EC2A 3BA +44 (0)20 7729 9200 www.autograph.org.uk

Diaspora Extended Captions The Mutiny of Freeman Field 1945 St BenedictSt BenedictSt of Benedict Palermo of Palermo of1526–1589 Palermo1526–15891526–1589 Ayuba SuleimanAyubaAyuba Suleiman Diallo Suleiman1701–1773 Diallo Diallo1701–17731701–1773 Pedro CamejoPedroPedro Camejo1790 Camejo–182117901790–1821–1821 The Freeman Field Mutiny refers to a two-day protest during the Second World War by a group BenedettoBenedetto Manasseri,Benedetto Manasseri, also Manasseri, known also as also known Benedict known as theBenedict as Moor, Benedict the was Moor, the born Moor, wasin San was born Frantello, born in San in San Frantello, Frantello, Ayuba SuleimanAyubaAyuba SuleimanDiallo, Suleiman also Diallo, called Diallo, also Job also called ben called Solomon, Job benJob benSolomon, was Solomon, born wasto a wasfamily born born to of a Muslim tofamily a family of clerics Muslim of Muslim clerics clerics Pedro CamejoPedroPedro was Camejo born Camejo wasin San was born Juan born in Sande in Payara, San Juan Juan de Venezuela. Payara, de Payara, Venezuela. Better Venezuela. known Better asBetter known ‘Negro known as Primero’ ‘NegroT ashe ‘NegroM or Primero’utin Primero’y o orf Fr oreeman Field 1945 of African-American soldiers from the 477th Bombardment Group, who attempted to access an LibertySicily, of AfricanSicily,Sicily, of slaves. African of African He slaves. was slaves. freed He was atHe birth was freed because freed at birth at birthof because his because parents’ of his of loyal parents’ his service parents’ loyal to loyal service service to to in Bun-du,in Senegal. Bun-du,in Bun-du, A Senegal. victim Senegal. of A the victim A Atlantic victim of the of slave Atlantic the trade Atlantic slave in 1731, slave trade trade he in worked 1731, in 1731, he on worked he a plantation worked on a on plantation a plantation ‘The First‘The Black’,‘The First he First Black’, fought Black’, he in the fought he rebel fought in army the in rebel the during rebel army the army during VenezuelanL during the Venezuelan thei War Venezuelanb of Independence, Ware War of Independence, ofr Independence, reachingt reachingy reaching all-white officers’ club on the Freeman Army Airfield base, near Seymour, Indiana. On 5 and 6 The Freeman Field Mutiny refers to a two-day protest during the Second World War by a group the Church.the At Church.the the Church. age At of the twenty-one At age the ageof twenty-one ofhe twenty-one joined hea local joined he hermit joined a local community. a local hermit hermit community. Later community. on, he Later Later on, he on, he in Americain before Americain America arriving before before in arriving London arriving in in London 1733, in London where in 1733, in he 1733, where was where bought he was he out was bought of boughtslavery out of by out public of slavery by public by public the rank ofthe lieutenant. rankthe rank of lieutenant. He of lieutenant. was one He of was He the was one 150 oneof lancers the of 150 the who 150 lancers participated lancers who who participated in participated the Battle in the of in Las Battle the Battle of Las of Las April 1945, to challenge de facto segregation at Freeman, the participating blacksoldiers forced ProjectProjectProject of African-American soldiers from the 477th Bombardment Group, who attempted to access an was assignedwaswas toassigned the assigned Franciscan to the to Franciscan the Friary Franciscan in Palermo, Friary Friary in where Palermo, in Palermo, he wherequickly where he rose quickly he through quickly rose the rose through through the the subscription.subscription. Ayuba’ssubscription. memoirs Ayuba’s Ayuba’s were memoirs memoirs published were were published in 1734, published and in 1734, are in 1734, considered and andare considered are to considered be one to of be to one be oneof of QueserasQueseras delQueseras Medio del (1819), Medio del Medio for (1819), which (1819), forhe receivedwhich for which he the received he Order received the of Liberators Order the Order of Liberators of of Venezuela. Liberators of Venezuela. He of Venezuela. died He died He died their way into Club One, which was reserved exclusively for white officers. The mutiny resulted in the arrest of 162 all-white officers’ club on the Freeman Army Airfield base, near Seymour, Indiana. On 5 and 6 Order’s ranks.Order’sOrder’s Benedict ranks. ranks. wasBenedict Benedict beatified was bywas beatified Pope beatified Benedict by Pope by Pope XIVBenedict in Benedict 1743 XIV and inXIV 1743 canonised in 1743 and andcanonised canonised the earliestthe understandings earliestthe earliest understandings understandings in Britain of in WestBritain in Britain African of West of culture, West African African culture, and culture, Islam slavery. Islam and Diallo andslavery. slavery.is Diallo Diallo is is Lin the Battleiinb the ofin Carabobo Battle the Battlee of Carabobo on ofr 24 Carabobo Junet on 1821, 24 ony June 24 an June 1821,event 1821, that an event led an eventto that the thatled independence to led the to independence the independence of Venezuela of Venezuela of Venezuela black officers, three of whom were court-martialled on minor charges. It was not until 1995 that their convictions April 1945, to challenge de facto segregation at Freeman, the participating blacksoldiers forced in 1807 byin Pope 1807in 1807 Pius by Pope VII. by Pope He Pius is Pius venerated VII. He VII. is He venerated as is a venerated saint as in the a as saint Catholic a saint in the in and Catholic the Lutheran Catholic and andLutheran Lutheran cited as acited pioneeringcited as a as pioneering figure a pioneering in asserting figure figure in assertingthe in moral asserting therights moral the and moral rights humanity rights and ofandhumanity black humanity people. of black of black people. people. and the establishmentandand the establishment the establishment of the Republic of the of ofRepublic the Gran Republic Colombia. of Gran of Gran Colombia. Camejo Colombia. was Camejo given Camejo was the was nicknamegiven given the nickname ‘Negrothe nickname ‘Negro ‘Negro were revoked following a pardon. This mutiny is considered one of the first demands to achieve racial integration their way into Club One, which was reserved exclusively for white officers. The mutiny resulted in the arrest of 162 churches,churches, andchurches, remembered and andremembered for remembered his charity, for his for his charity, his professed charity, his professed hishealing professed powers, healing healing his powers, understanding powers, his understanding his understanding of of of Original paintingOriginal by painting William by Hoare William of Bath.Hoare of Bath. Primero’ forPrimero’ hisPrimero’ great for weaponry his for great his great weaponry skills, weaponry courage skills, skills, and courage bravery, courage and fighting andbravery, bravery, at fighting the fightingforefront at the at of forefront the the forefront battlefield. of the of battlefield. the battlefield. in the United States Armed Services, later implemented in the Executive Order 9981 issued in 1948. Original painting by William Hoare of Bath. black officers, three of whom were court-martialled on minor charges. It was not until 1995 that their convictions scripture andscripture hisscripture tolerance and andhis tolerancewhen his tolerance confronted when when confronted with confronted racial with prejudice. with racial racial prejudice. Benedict’s prejudice. Benedict’s feast Benedict’s day isfeast feast day isday is Original sculptureOriginalOriginal sculpture by an sculpture unknown by an by unknown artist. an unknown artist. artist. DiasporaDiasporaDiaspora were revoked following a pardon. This mutiny is considered one of the first demands to achieve racial integration celebratedcelebrated oncelebrated the 4th on of the April. on 4th the of 4th April. of April. in the United States Armed Services, later implemented in the Executive OrdeSre9lm98a1 i1s9su6e5d in 1948. Original sculptureOriginalOriginal sculpture attributed sculpture attributed to José attributed Montes to José to de José Montes Oca. Montes de Oca. de Oca. Angelo SolimanAngeloAngelo Soliman1721?–1796 Soliman1721?–17961721?–1796 Between 7 and 21 March 1965, three protest marches to demand the right to vote for African- Angelo SolimanAngeloAngelo was Soliman an Soliman Austrian was was an Freemason, Austrian an Austrian Freemason, born Freemason, as Mmadi born born as Make Mmadi as in Mmadi sub-Sahara Make Make in sub-Sahara in Africa. sub-Sahara Africa. Africa. FrederickFrederick DouglassFrederick Douglass 1818–1895 Douglass 1818–1895 1818–1895 American citizens were held along the 80-kilometre highway linking Selma to the state capital He was capturedHe wasHe wasat captured the captured age at of the eight at age the and ageof eighttaken of eight and to Marseilles, andtaken taken to Marseilles, France, to Marseilles, where France, France, he wherewas where he was he was Frederick FrederickDouglassFrederick Douglasswas Douglass an African-American was wasan African-American an African-American social reformer, social social statesmanreformer, reformer, statesman and statesman abolitionist and Sandabolitionist elm abolitionista 19 65 Malik AmbarMalikMalik1556?–1626 Ambar Ambar1556?–16261556?–1626 of Montgomery in Alabama, USA. These pivotal marches represented a defining moment in the presentedpresented as apresented ‘gift’ toas Georg a as ‘gift’ a ‘gift’ toChristian, Georg to Georg Christian, Prince Christian, of Lobkowitz,Prince Prince of Lobkowitz, imperial of Lobkowitz, governor imperial imperial ofgovernor Sicily governor in of Sicily of Sicily in in celebratedcelebrated forcelebrated his accomplished for his for accomplished his accomplished oratory and oratory writing oratory and skills. andwriting After writing skills. escaping skills. After After escapingfrom escaping slavery from Bin efrom slaverytwe eslaveryn 7ina nd in2 1 March 1965, three protest marches to demand the right to vote for African- 1734. After1734. the death After the of the death prince, of the Soliman prince, served Soliman in theserved Vienna in the household Vienna household of Prince of Prince struggle for civil rights and were instrumental in the fight for black voting rights. During the first Malik AmbarMalik wasMalik Ambar born Ambar wasin Harare, was born born in in Harare, modern-day in Harare, in modern-day in Ethiopia, modern-day and Ethiopia, sold Ethiopia, into and military andsold sold into slavery militaryinto military slavery slavery 1734. After the death of the prince, Soliman served in the Vienna household of Prince Marylandin 18Maryland38, he in 1became 8in38, 18 he38, a became nationalhe became aleader national a national of abolitionistleader leader of abolitionist ofmovements abolitionist movements in movementsNew York in ANewand mine Newr iYcorkan Ycandorkitize andns w ere held along the 80-kilometre highway linking Selma to the state capital Joseph WenzelJosephJoseph I of Wenzel Liechtenstein, Wenzel I of Liechtenstein, I of Liechtenstein, eventually eventually rising eventually to chief rising servantrising to chief to and chief servant royal servant tutorand androyal to the royal tutor tutor to the to the of these marches, on 7 March, 600 protesters demanded an end to discrimination in voter registration, many of as a childas by a hisas child parents a child by his by in parents thehis parentssecond in the inhalf second the of second the half sixteenth ofhalf the of century. sixteenth the sixteenth He century. later century. became He later He later became became Massachusetts.Massachusetts.Massachusetts. He wrote Hethree wrote He acclaimed wrote three three acclaimed autobiographies acclaimed autobiographies autobiographies detailing hisdetailing experience detailing his experience his as experienceoaf slave:Mon tasgo am asslave:er yai nslave:Alabama, USA. These pivotal marches represented a defining moment in the a Siddi militarya Siddi leader military and leader statesman and statesman in the Deccan in the region Deccan of India. region Between of India. 1607Between 1607 prince’s heirs.prince’sprince’s He alsoheirs. heirs.joined He also He the also joined Masonic joined the Lodge Masonic the Masonic in Vienna, Lodge Lodge in soon Vienna, in becoming Vienna, soon soon becoming Grand becoming Master Grand Grand Master Master whom were severely attacked by law enforcement agencies, state troopers and white separatists. This event a Siddi military leader and statesman in the Deccan region of India. Between 1607 NarrativeNarrative of theNarrative Life of of the Frederick of Life the Lifeof , of Frederick Douglass, an AmericanDouglass, an American Slave an American(1845), Slave SlaveMy(1845), Bondage(1845),My Bondage andMy Bondage My Freedom and andMystru Freedom Myggle Freedomfor civil rights and were instrumental in the fight for black voting rights. During the first and 1626and he wasand 1626 the1626 he regent was he was the of Ahmednagarregent the regent of Ahmednagar of Sultanate, Ahmednagar Sultanate, serving Sultanate, as serving commander-in-chief. serving as commander-in-chief. as commander-in-chief. of the Lodge,of the whereof Lodge, the Lodge, his where scholarship where his scholarship his influenced scholarship influenced the influenced direction the of direction the Freemasonry direction of Freemasonry of throughout Freemasonry throughout Europe. throughout Highly Europe. Europe. Highly Highly (1855) and(1855)Life(1855) and and Times andLifeLife and of Frederick andTimes Times of Frederick Douglass of Frederick Douglass(1881). Douglass In(1881). 1847,(1881). he In founded 1847, In 1847, he his founded he own founded abolitionist his own his own abolitionist newspaper, abolitionist newspaper, newspaper, became known as Bloody Sunday. Dr Martin Luther King participated in the subsequent marches, on 9 and 17 of these marches, on 7 March, 600 protesters demanded an end to discrimination in voter registration, many of He is creditedHe isHe as credited isbeing credited a as proponent being as being a proponent of a guerrilla proponent of warfare, guerrilla of guerrilla and warfare, built warfare, an and independent andbuilt built an independent an independent respectedrespected in Vienneserespected in Viennesesociety in Viennese during society society his during lifetime, during his after lifetime, his his lifetime, death after after his deathbody his death became his body his body a became specimen became a specimen for a specimen for for the Norththe StarNorththe. DouglassNorth Star. Star Douglass made. Douglass several made trips made several to several Europe, trips trips to and Europe, to during Europe, and one andduring of his during one visits oneof to his of visits his visits to he England to became England he became he became March. Numerous killings, abuse by the police and the Ku Klux Klan, as well as the legal battles that marked the whom were severely attacked by law enforcement agencies, state troopers and white separatists. This event mercenarymercenary forcemercenary numbering force force numbering up numbering to 1,500 up men. to up 1,500 to One 1,500 men. of the men. One most One of celebrated the of most the most celebrated Afro-Indians celebrated Afro-Indians Afro-Indians ethnologistsethnologists andethnologists an exhibit and andan in a exhibit ancabinet exhibit in aof cabinetin curiosities. a cabinet of curiosities. of curiosities. legally freelegally whenlegally free British free when supporters when British British supporters raised supporters funds raised to raised buy funds his funds to freedom buy to his buy from freedom his hisfreedom American from from his American owner. his American He owner. was owner. the He was He was the the weeks of protests, all drew the attention of the national and international community to the issues of civil rights. became known as Bloody Sunday. Dr Martin Luther King participated in the subsequent marches, on 9 and 17 in history andin history ain figure history and of anda veneration figure a figure of veneration to of the veneration Siddis to the of to Gujarat, Siddis the Siddis of Ambar Gujarat, of Gujarat, was Ambar known Ambar was as was known a great known as administrator, a as great a great administrator, administrator, Original portraitOriginalOriginal by portrait Johann portrait by Gottfried Johann by Johann HaidGottfried Gottfried based Haid on Haid based an artwork based on an on by artwork an Johann artwork by Nepomuk Johann by Johann Nepomuk Steiner. Nepomuk Steiner. Steiner. most photographedmostmost photographed photographed American American of the American nineteenth of the of nineteenth the century, nineteenth and century, he century, is alsoand andhe remembered is he also is also remembered for remembered being thefor being first for beingAfrican- the first the African-first African- The marches led to the signing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. March. Numerous killings, abuse by the police and the Ku Klux Klan, as well as the legal battles that marked the city plannercity and plannercity military planner and tactician. andmilitary military Hetactician. died tactician. in He 1626 died He at died in the 1626 in age 1626 at of the eighty. at age the ageof eighty. of eighty. AmericanAmerican to beAmerican nominated to be to nominated befor nominated the position for the for of position the Vice position President of Vice of Vice President of the President United of the States. of United the United A States.symbol States. Afor symbol freedom, A symbol for freedom, for freedom, weeks of protests, all drew the attention of the national and international community to the issues of civil rights. Original paintingOriginalOriginal by painting Hashim. painting by Hashim. by Hashim. human rights,humanhuman equality, rights, rights, Douglass equality, equality, Douglass also Douglass supported also also supported campaigns supported campaigns for campaigns women’s for suffrage.women’s for women’s suffrage. suffrage. The marches led to the signing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Breakfast for The Children of The Black Panthers 1969 OlaudahOlaudah EquianoOlaudah Equiano1745?–1797 Equiano1745?–17971745?–1797 Original portraitOriginalOriginal by portrait Samuel portrait by J. Samuel Miller. by Samuel J. Miller. J. Miller. The Free Breakfasts for Children initiative was a revolutionary community programme started by ,OlaudahOlaudah known Equiano, Equiano, in hisknown lifetime known in his as in lifetime hisGustavus lifetime as Gustavus Vassa, as Gustavus was Vassa, a writer Vassa, was and was a writer abolitionist a writer and andabolitionist abolitionist the Black Panthers at their headquarters in Oakland, California. It was one of the first school food HenriqueHenrique DiasHenrique1605?–1662 Dias Dias1605?–16621605?–1662 born in theborn Igboborn in region the in Igbo the in Igbo present-day region region in present-day in Nigeria present-day (although Nigeria Nigeria (although some (although sources some some list sources his sources birthplace list his list birthplace his birthplace Breakfast for The Children of The Black Panthers 1969 Kwasi BoakyeKwasiKwasi Boakye1827–1904 Boakye1827–19041827–1904 programmes in the country, providing free breakfasts to disadvantaged children each morning. HenriqueHenrique DiasHenrique was Diasborn Dias wasin Pernambuco, was born born in Pernambuco, in Brazil,Pernambuco, then Brazil, a Portuguese Brazil, then then a Portuguese colony.a Portuguese There colony. iscolony. no There There is no is no in the ).in thein Americas). the He Americas). earned He his earned He freedom earned his with freedom his his freedom savings, with with his worked savings, his savings, as worked a seaman worked as a and as seaman a seaman and and The Free Breakfasts for Children initiative was a revolutionary community programme started by Based on the belief that children could not take full advantage of their education by going to consensusconsensus amongconsensus historians among among historians as to historians whether as to ashe whether to was whether born he wasfree he was orborn captive. born free freeor He captive. or joined captive. He the joined He joined the the travelled widelytravelledtravelled for widely twenty widely for years twenty for before twenty years settling years before before in settling London settling in in London 1786. in London As in 1786.a memberin 1786. As a of As member the a member of the of the Kwasi BoakyeKwasiKwasi was Boakye a Boakye Dutch was mining was a Dutch a engineer.Dutch mining mining engineer.Born engineer. a prince Born Bornin a the prince a Ashanti prince in the inEmpire Ashanti the Ashanti in Empire modern-th Empiree B inla modern-ck inP modern-anthers at their headquarters in Oakland, California. It was one of the first school food 'Sons of Africa','Sons of a group Africa', of a twelve group black of twelve men black who mencampaigned who campaigned against slavery, against he slavery, he school hungry, it reflected the Black Panthers’ key message of self-determination and illustrated army andarmy led otherarmy and freedand led other led slaves other freed in freed a slaves battle slaves in against a battlein a battlethe against Netherlands against the Netherlands the during Netherlands its duringattempt during its attempt its attempt 'Sons of Africa', a group of twelve black men who campaigned against slavery, he day Ghana,day he Ghana,day was Ghana, sent he inwas he 1837 was sent by sent in Ashanti 1837 in 1837 by King Ashanti by Kwaku Ashanti King Dua King Kwaku I to Kwaku the Dua Netherlands Dua I to the I to Netherlands the to Netherlands receiveprogr toam receivem toes receivein the country, providing free breakfasts to disadvantaged children each morning. became activelybecamebecame involved actively actively with involved the involved British with with the abolitionist British the British abolitionist movement. abolitionist movement. His movement. autobiography, His autobiography, His autobiography,The The The their belief in the importance of education. The programme was funded through donations from to take overto takeBrazil.to take over An over Brazil. esteemed Brazil. An esteemed military An esteemed leader, military military known leader, leader, as known ‘Governor known as ‘Governor of as the ‘Governor Blacks’ of the offrom Blacks’ the Blacks’ from from an educationan education atan Delft education University at Delft at Delft University as part University of as wider part as negotiations partof wider of wider negotiations between negotiations the between Ashanti between the and Ashanti theB thea Ashantised andon andthethe b theelief that children could not take full advantage of their education by going to 1636 onwards, Dias was in charge of a regiment of enslaved and free Afro-Brazilian InterestingInteresting NarrativeInteresting Narrativeof the Narrative Life of of the Olaudah of Life the Lifeof Equiano Olaudah of Olaudah or Equiano Gustavus Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, or Gustavus the Vassa, African Vassa, the(1789), African the African attracted(1789),(1789), attracted attracted within the communities being served, receiving support from local stores, churches and groceries. In its first year, 16361636 onwards, onwards, Dias Dias was was in charge in charge of a ofregiment a regiment of enslaved of enslaved and andfree freeAfro-Brazilian Afro-Brazilian Dutch regardingDutchDutch regarding the recruitmentregarding the recruitment the of recruitment Ashanti of soldiers Ashanti of Ashanti for soldiers the soldiers Dutch for the East for Dutch the Indies Dutch East Army. East Indies Boakye Indiess Army.choo Army.l Boakyehung Boakyery, it reflected the Black Panthers’ key message of self-determination and illustrated soldiers defendingsoldierssoldiers defending Portuguese defending Portuguese settlements Portuguese settlements against settlements the against Dutch against the forces. Dutch the HavingDutch forces. forces. fought Having Having fought fought wide attentionwidewide and attention was attention considered and andwas was considered highly considered influential highly highly influential in gaining influential in passage gaining in gaining of passage the passage Slave of theTrade of Slave the Act Slave Trade 1807, Trade Act 1807, Act 1807, graduatedgraduated in 1847graduated and in 1847 remained in 1847 and andremainedin the remained Netherlands in the in Netherlands the until Netherlands 1850, until when until 1850, he 1850, was when sent when he towas he the was sent sent to the to the the programme became so popular that it was extended all over the United States, and by the end of 1969 the their belief in the importance of education. The programme was funded through donations from in a numberin a of numberin key a number battles of key in of thebattles key defence battles in the in of defence the Salvador, defence of Salvador, Bahia, of Salvador, Dias’s Bahia, title Bahia, Dias’s was Dias’s later title expandedwas title was later later expanded to expanded to to which endedwhich thewhich ended African ended the slave African the trade African slave for slave Britain trade trade for and Britain for its Britain colonies. and andits colonies. its colonies. Dutch EastDutch Indies.Dutch East During East Indies. Indies. his During employment, During his employment, his he employment, was discriminated he was he was discriminated againstdiscriminated by against his against superior, by his by for superior, his superior, for for Black Panthers were serving full free breakfasts to 20,000 school-aged children in nineteen different cities. within the communities being served, receiving support from local stores, churches and groceries. In its first year, ‘Governor‘Governor of All‘Governor Creoles, of All of Blacks, Creoles, All Creoles, and Blacks, Mulattoes’. Blacks, and andMulattoes’. He Mulattoes’. may have He may received He may have have nobility received received status nobility nobility within status Brazil, status within within Brazil, Brazil, which he laterwhichwhich received he later he latercompensation. received received compensation. compensation. This included This anThis included estate included anin Java estate an estatein present-dayin Java in Java in present-day in Indonesia, present-day Indonesia, where Indonesia, he where where he he Inspired in part by the ideas and actions of the Black Panthers in the 1960s, the US Department of Agriculture Original engravingOriginalOriginal engraving by an engraving unknown by an by unknown artist. an unknown artist. artist. the programme became so popular that it was extended all over the United States, and by the end of 1969 the and someand historiansand some some historians suggest historians that suggest Dias suggest wasthat thatDiasawarded Dias was awas awarded Knighthood awarded a Knighthood ina Knighthood The Order in The of in Christ OrderThe Order for of Christ his of Christ for his for his died in 1904.dieddied He in 1904. was in 1904. portrayed He was He was portrayed while portrayed studying while while at studying Freiburg studying at University Freiburg at Freiburg University of Mining University ofand Mining ofTechnology. Mining and andTechnology. Technology. later started their own School Breakfast Programme, which feeds nearly 13 million students daily. Black Panthers were serving full free breakfasts to 20,000 school-aged children in nineteen different cities. courage andcourage leadership.courage and andleadership. leadership. Original portraitOriginalOriginal by portrait an unknownportrait by an by unknown artist. an unknown artist. artist. Inspired in part by the ideas and actions of the Black Panthers in the 1960s, the US Department of Agriculture Original portraitOriginalOriginal by portrait an unknownportrait by an by unknownartist. an unknown artist. artist. Jean-BaptisteJean-BaptisteJean-Baptiste Belley 1746?–1805 Belley Belley1746?–18051746?–1805 later started their own School Breakfast Programme, which feeds nearly 13 mTilhlioen SsotundaenctostdraailyT. enant Strike 1974–80 Jean-BaptisteJean-BaptisteJean-Baptiste Belley, also Belley, known Belley, also as also known Mars, known was as Mars, born as Mars, wason the was born island born on the of on Goree, island the island of Senegal. Goree, of Goree, Senegal. Senegal. KidnappedKidnapped byKidnapped slave catchers by slave by slave when catchers catchers he was when aged when he was two, he was aged he was aged two, taken two, he was tohe the was taken French taken to the colonyto French the French colony colony Dom NicolauDomDom Nicolau1830?–1860 Nicolau1830?–18601830?–1860 From 1974 to 1980, a prolonged strike pitted the tenants of Sonacotra, a French state-owned Ikhlas KhanIkhlasIkhlasunknown–1656 Khan Khanunknown–1656unknown–1656 agency responsible for providing public housing to migrant workers from north and sub-Saharan of Saint Domingue,of Saintof Saint Domingue, present-day Domingue, present-day . present-day He later Haiti. Haiti.purchased He later He later purchased his purchased freedom, his joined freedom, his freedom, the joined army joined and the army the army and and Dom Nicolau,DomDom Prince Nicolau, Nicolau, of Kongo,Prince Prince of also Kongo, of known Kongo, also as also known Nicolau known as I MisakimiaNicolau as Nicolau I Misakimia Nimi, I Misakimia was Nimi, perhaps Nimi, was the was perhapsThe perhapsSon theaco thetra Tenant Strike 1974–80 fought alongsidefoughtfought alongside Toussaint alongside Toussaint L’Ouverture Toussaint L’Ouverture in L’Ouverture the Haitian in the Revolution. in Haitian the Haitian Revolution. In Revolution.1793, Belley In 1793, In was 1793, Belley one Belley was was one one Africa, against its management, many of whom were former colonial officers. Those striking Ikhlas Khan,Ikhlas formerlyIkhlas Khan, Khan, Malik formerly formerly Raihan Malik Habshi, Malik Raihan Raihan was Habshi, an Habshi, Abyssinian was was an Abyssinian an slave Abyssinian in modern-day slave slave in modern-day in modern-day earliest Africanearliestearliest leader African African to publicly leader leader to denounce publicly to publicly denounce colonial denounce influences. colonial colonial influences. Not influences. an heir Not to anNotthe heir throne, an toheirF thero tom throne, the197 throne,4 to 1980, a prolonged strike pitted the tenants of Sonacotra, a French state-owned Ethiopia andEthiopia a prominent and a prominent Afro-Indian Afro-Indian political figure political in the figure seventeenth in the seventeenth century. century. of three representativesof threeof three representatives representatives elected to elected the elected French to the Convention,to French the French Convention, becoming Convention, becoming the becoming first black the first deputythe blackfirst black deputy deputy Nicolau wasNicolau educatedNicolau was was educated in Lisbon educated andin Lisbon Luanda,in Lisbon and and andLuanda, joined Luanda, and the andjoined Portuguese joined the Portuguese the civil Portuguese service civil in servicecivil Luanda service in Luanda in Luanda opposed perpetual rent increases and demanded better living conditions in worker dormitories Ethiopia and a prominent Afro-Indian political figure in the seventeenth century. agency responsible for providing public housing to migrant workers from north and sub-Saharan He becameHe chief becameHe ministerbecame chief to chief minister the minister Sultanate to the to Sultanate ofthe Bijapur. Sultanate of From Bijapur. of 1627Bijapur. From to From 1656, 1627 1627 he to 1656,served to 1656, he served he served to take a seat.to taketo He take a delivered seat. a seat. He andelivered He impassioned delivered an impassioned an speech impassioned there speech in speech 1794, there there when in 1794, in a 1794, unanimous when when a unanimous a unanimous in 1850. Hein 1850. protestedin 1850. He protested against He protested Portuguese against against Portuguese commercial Portuguese commercial and commercial political and activity andpolitical political as activity well activity as as military well as well as military as military controlled by the Sonacotra authorities, paving the way for the first collective protest of black African immigrants Africa, against its management, many of whom were former colonial officers. Those striking as Prime Minister,as Primeas Prime and Minister, was Minister, renamed and andwas Ikhlaswas renamed renamed Khan. Ikhlas He Ikhlas Khan.later Khan. moved He later He to later movedAdoni moved in to the Adoni to Adoni in the in the decision wasdecision takendecision was to abolish was taken taken to slavery. abolish to abolish slavery. slavery. expansionexpansion by publishingexpansion by publishing aby letter publishing in a letterPortuguese a letter in a Portuguesein newspapera Portuguese newspaper in newspaperLisbon in 1859.Lisbon in Lisbon The in 1859. publication in 1859. The publicationThe publication in postcolonial France. A struggle for tenants’ and workers’ rights, the Sonacotra Tenant Strike is regarded as a opposed perpetual rent increases and demanded better living conditions in worker dormitories Kurnool district,KurnoolKurnool where district, district, he wheregoverned where he governed and he governed built a and notable andbuilt built amosque. notable a notable mosque. mosque. Original portraitOriginal by portrait an unknown by an unknownartist. artist. of the letterof directly theof letter the imperilled letter directly directly imperilled his civil imperilled service his civil his career servicecivil service and career he career lost and his andhe life lost heduring hislost life his during attemptlife during his to attempt his attempt to to pivotal moment of black solidarity in the history of collective political activism by African diasporas in Europe. Original portrait by an unknown artist. controlled by the Sonacotra authorities, paving the way for the first collective protest of black African immigrants flee Angola.flee Contemporary Angola.flee Angola. Contemporary Contemporary engravings engravings of engravingsNicolau of during Nicolau of Nicolau his during visit during to his Lisbon visit his visitto in 1845Lisbon to Lisbon suggest in 1845 in 1845 that suggest he suggest was that then thathe was he was then then in postcolonial France. A struggle for tenants’ and workers’ rights, the Sonacotra Tenant Strike is regarded as a perhaps betweenperhapsperhaps fifteen between between and fifteen twenty fifteen and years andtwenty of twenty age. years years of age. of age. Original portraitOriginalOriginal by portrait an unknownportrait by an by unknownartist. an unknown artist. artist. pivotal moment of black solidarity in the history of collective political activism TbyhAefrSicoawn editaospUorpasriisninEugro1p9e7. 6 Albert BadinAlbertAlbert1747?–1822 Badin Badin1747?–18221747?–1822 Original engravingOriginalOriginal engraving by an engraving unknown by an by unknownartist. an unknown artist. artist. A defining moment in the struggle to end apartheid, the Soweto Uprising refers to a series of Adolf LudvigAdolf GustavAdolf Ludvig Ludvig Fredrik Gustav Gustav Albert Fredrik FredrikBadin, Albert né Albert Badin, Couchi, Badin, né was Couchi, né a Couchi, Swedish was was a court-servant, Swedish a Swedish court-servant, court-servant,secretary secretary secretary Juan deJuan ParejaJuan de1606?–1670 Pareja de Pareja1606?–16701606?–1670 and diarist.and Bornand diarist. in diarist. St Born Croix Born in in St the in Croix St Danish Croix in the West in Danish the Indies, Danish West he West Indies, was Indies, brought he was he to was brought Sweden brought to in Sweden 1757to Sweden in 1757 in 1757 The Soweto Uprising 1976 student demonstrations in South Africa, which began on the morning of 16 June 1976 when at the ageat of the seven,at age the andageof seven, presentedof seven, and andpresented as a presented ‘gift’ toas Louisa a as ‘gift’ a ‘gift’ toUlrika Louisa to of Louisa Prussia, Ulrika Ulrika of Queen Prussia, of Prussia, of Queen Sweden. Queen of Sweden. of Sweden. AugustAugust SabacAugust El Sabac Cher Sabac El1836?–1885 Cher El Cher1836?–18851836?–1885 around 20,000 students from Soweto’s higher education institutions came together to protest Juan de Pareja,JuanJuan de the Pareja, de son Pareja, of the an sonenslaved the ofson an of woman enslaved an enslaved of woman African woman of descent African of African and descent a descent white and Spanish anda white a white Spanish Spanish A defining moment in the struggle to end apartheid, the Soweto Uprising refers to a series of Well-educatedWell-educatedWell-educated and fluent and in Swedish, andfluent fluent in Swedish,French, in Swedish, German French, French, and German Latin, German and Badin andLatin, also Latin, Badin served Badin also at also servedthe served at the at the August SabacAugust el CherSabac was el Cher born wasin Kurdufan, born in Kurdufan, present-day present-day Sudan. Orphaned Sudan. Orphaned after his father’s after his father’s against the introduction of Afrikaans as the primary language of instruction. They were violently father, livedfather, infather, Antequera, lived lived in Antequera, Spain. in Antequera, He Spain. served Spain. He as served an He assistant served as an as to assistant an Spanish assistant to artist Spanish to Spanish Diego artist artist Diego Diego August Sabac el Cher was born in Kurdufan, present-day Sudan. Orphanedstud afterent d hisemo father’snstrations in South Africa, which began on the morning of 16 June 1976 when royal courtroyal asroyal the court Queen’s court as the as Emissary Queen’s the Queen’s toEmissary France Emissary to on France several to France on occasions. several on several occasions. He occasions. collected He collectedan He collected an an death in adeath revoltdeath in against a revoltin a anrevolt against Egyptian against an occupation Egyptian an Egyptian occupation force occupation and force his mother’s force and andhis subsequent mother’s his mother’s subsequent suicide, subsequent he suicide, suicide, he he repressed by the police, who quickly opened fire on the students; the number of young boys VelázquezVelázquez in hisVelázquez painting in his in workshop, painting his painting workshop, and workshop, later became and andlater a later became notable became apainter notable a notable in painterhis own painter in his in own his own around 20,000 students from Soweto’s higher education institutions came together to protest right. Velázquezright.right. Velázquez signed Velázquez a contract signed signed a of contract manumission a contract of manumission of for manumission Pareja for around Pareja for Pareja 1650, around around making 1650, 1650, him making making him him extensiveextensive libraryextensive consisting library library consisting of 900 consisting volumes, of 900 of 900mostly volumes, volumes, in French, mostly mostly in which French, in French, makes which him which makes one makes of him the onehim oneof the of the was presentedwaswas presented as a presented ‘gift’ byas thea as ‘gift’ Ottoman a ‘gift’ by the by Viceroy Ottoman the Ottoman of Viceroy Egypt Viceroy to of Prince Egypt of Egypt Albrechtto Prince to Prince of Albrecht Prussia Albrecht of in Prussia 1843. of Prussia in 1843. in 1843. and girls killed is estimated to be in the hundreds. To commemorate these events, 16 June was against the introduction of Afrikaans as the primary language of instruction. They were violently a free man.a freeHea produced freeman. man. He produced anHe oil produced painting an oil an of painting Parejaoil painting while of Pareja of they Pareja while were while they travelling they were were totravelling Rome, travelling to Rome, to Rome, first recordedfirst recordedbookfirst recorded collectors book book collectors of African collectors of origin. African of African origin. origin. Named SabacNamedNamed el CherSabac Sabac by el Prince Cher el Cher by Albrecht, Prince by Prince meaningAlbrecht, Albrecht, ‘good meaning meaning morning’ ‘good ‘good in morning’ , morning’ in he Arabic, was in Arabic, raised he was he at was raised raised at at declared a public holiday in South Africa, known as Youth Day. Historians have argued that the Soweto Uprising, repressed by the police, who quickly opened fire on the students; the number of young boys Italy, in 1650.Italy,Italy, It in is 1650. the in 1650. earliest It is the It known is earliest the earliest portrait known known of portrait a Spanish portrait of a man ofSpanish a of Spanish African man man of descent. African of African descent. descent. Original paintingOriginalOriginal by painting Gustaf painting by Lundberg. Gustaf by Gustaf Lundberg. Lundberg. the Prussianthe royal Prussianthe Prussian court. royal He royal court. served court. He as served a He valet served as and a as wasvalet a valet the and prince’s andwas was the constant prince’s the prince’s companion, constant constant companion, fighting companion, fighting fighting which highlighted the role of young people in shaping the character and form of revolt, served as both an and girls killed is estimated to be in the hundreds. To commemorate these events, 16 June was in the Danish-Prussianin thein Danish-Prussian the Danish-Prussian War (1864), War the War (1864), Austro-Prussian (1864), the Austro-Prussian the Austro-Prussian War (1866) War and War (1866) the (1866) Franco-Prussian and andthe Franco-Prussian the Franco-Prussian War War War inspiration and a template for a second wave of unrest in the 1980s, which eventually led to apartheid’s demise. Original paintingOriginalOriginal by painting Diego painting byVelázquez Diego by Diego Velázquez. Velázquez. . declared a public holiday in South Africa, known as Youth Day. Historians have argued that the Soweto Uprising, (1870). Sabac(1870).(1870). el Cher Sabac Sabac held el Cher various el Cher held senior held various various positions senior senior inpositions the positions royal in service, the in royal the married royal service, service, a married German married a woman German a German and woman was woman and andwas was Omar IbnOmar SaïdOmar Ibn1770–1864 Ibn Saïd Saïd1770–18641770–1864 granted citizenshipgrantedgranted citizenship in 1882. citizenship Regarded in 1882. in 1882. Regarded as one Regarded of asthe one earliest as oneof the ofknown earliest the earliest Afro-Germans, known known Afro-Germans, Afro-Germans, hewh diedich h inig heh Berlinlig diedh heted in died int 1885.h Berline inrol Berline inof 1885.yo inun 1885.g people in shaping the character and form of revolt, served as both an inspiration and a template for a second wave of unrest in the 1980s, which evTernatyuavlolynledMtaoratpianrth2e0id1’2s demise. Original portraitOriginal by portrait an unknown by an unknown artist. artist. Don MiguelDonDon de Miguel Castro, Miguel de EmissaryCastro,de Castro, Emissary of Emissary Congo of Congo of Congo Omar IbnOmar Said,̈Omar nicknamedIbn Sai Ibnd,̈ Sai nicknamed Uncled,̈ nicknamed Moreau Uncle Uncle and Moreau Prince Moreau and Omeroh, andPrince Prince was Omeroh, Omeroh,an Islamic was was an scholar Islamic an Islamic born scholar to scholar born born to to Original portrait by an unknown artist. Trayvon Benjamin Martin (1995–2012) was an African-American teenager who was murdered Between 1643BetweenBetween and 1643 1644, 1643 and Congolese and1644, 1644, Congolese ambassador Congolese ambassador Don ambassador Miguel Don de Don Miguel Castro Miguel de and Castro de his Castro two and andhis two his two a wealthya family wealthya wealthy in Futa family Toro, family in Futa a in northern Futa Toro, Toro, a province northern a northern in province modern-day province in modern-day in Senegal, modern-day where Senegal, Senegal, he whereextensively where he extensively he extensively studied arithmeticstudiedstudied arithmetic and arithmetic theology and with andtheology prominenttheology with with prominent Muslim prominent scholars. Muslim Muslim Hescholars. was scholars. taken He was He captive was taken duringtaken captive captive during during Trayvon Martin 2012 in 2012 in Sanford, Florida. On his way to his father’s home from buying candy and a can of iced servants, Pedroservants,servants, Sunda Pedro and Pedro Sunda Diego Sunda and Bemba, andDiego Diego arrived Bemba, Bemba, in thearrived Netherlands arrived in the in Netherlands the via Netherlands Brazil as via part Brazil via Brazil as part as part A MoroccanA Moroccan man 1913 man 1913 a military conflict,a militarya military and conflict, brought conflict, and to andbrought the brought United to the States to United the United in 1807.States States Although in 1807. in 1807. heAlthough remained Although he remainedenslaved he remained enslaved enslaved A Moroccan man 1913 tea, 17-year-old Trayvon crossed a fenced area where there had been a series of burglaries. of a delegationof aof delegation sent a delegation by the sent ruler sent by of the by Sonho, ruler the ruler of a provinceSonho, of Sonho, a of province Congo. a province of One Congo. of of Congo. the One objectives One of the of objectives the objectives Trayvon Benjamin Martin (1995–2012) was an African-American teenager who was murdered Please notePleasePlease note note of their journeyof their was journey to find was a resolution to find a resolution to an internal to an conflict internal in conflict Congo. in Castro Congo. and Castro his and his for the restfor of the hisfor rest the life, restof he his authored of life, his he life, a authored he series authored of a works series a series on of workshistory of works on and history on theology, history and includingandtheology, theology, fourteenincluding including fourteen fourteen JoséTapiroJoséy BaroJoséTapiró(b.Tapiróy 1836–d. Baróy Baró(b. 1913) 1836–d.́(b. 1836–d. was 1913) a Spanish 1913) was was a painter, Spanish a Spanish best painter, known painter, best for best known his watercolourknown for his for watercolour his watercolour Former neighbourhood watch champion and resident of this gated neighbourhood, George of their journey was to find a resolution to an internal conflict in Congo. Castro and his in 2012 in Sanford, Florida. On his way to his father’s home from buying candy and a can of iced The contextualThe information contextualThe contextual provided information information are provided intended provided are as briefintended are introductions intended as brief as introductions brief introductions servants wereservantsservants portrayed were were portrayed dressed portrayed in dressed accordance dressed in accordance in with accordance Portuguese with with Portuguese fashion Portuguese in fashion three fashion in three in three manuscriptsmanuscripts writtenmanuscripts in writtenArabic, written in and Arabic, in a memoirArabic, and andaentitled memoir a memoirAutobiography entitled entitledAutobiographyAutobiography of Omar Ibn of Omar Said, of Omar IbnSlave Said, Ibn Said, Slave Slave portraits fromportraits Morocco.portraits from from Morocco. In 1871 Morocco. he In travelled 1871 In 1871 he to travelled he Tangier, travelled to which Tangier, to Tangier, proved which decisivewhich proved proved for decisive his decisive career. for his for career. his career. Zimmerman, took matters into his own hands despite orders from the police not to do so, having to complex historicalto complexto complex narratives, historical historical and narratives, in some narratives, and cases in and some may in contain some cases cases may contain may contain tea, 17-year-old Trayvon crossed a fenced area where there had been a series of burglaries. paintings madepaintingspaintings for themade Dutch made for the governor for Dutch the Dutch betweengovernor governor 1643 between between and 1643 1650. 1643 and These and1650. were 1650. These gifted These were to were gifted gifted to to in North Carolina,in Northin North Carolina,1831 Carolina,. He 1831 died 1831. in He North. died He Carolina died in North in North in Carolina 1864. Carolina in 1864. in 1864. He movedHe there movedHe permanently moved there there permanently in permanently 1876. Further in 1876. in 1876.details Further Further about details the details about sitters about the he sittersportrayed the sitters he portrayed are he unknown.portrayed are unknown. are unknown. previously contacted them by telephone on several recorded 911calls. An altercation ensued inaccuraciesinaccuracies or inconsistencies.inaccuracies or inconsistencies. or inconsistencies. Former neighbourhood watch champion and resident of this gated neighbourhood, George the Danishthe King Danishthe Frederik Danish King III King Frederik in 1654, Frederik III and in III 1654, exhibited in 1654, and atand exhibited the exhibited Royal at the Kunstkammer. at Royal the Royal Kunstkammer. Kunstkammer. Original portraitOriginalOriginal by portrait an unknownportrait by an by unknownartist. an unknown artist. artist. and the unarmed teenager was fatally shot in the chest. After his trial, Zimmerman was acquitted by an all-female We welcomeWe any welcome editorialWe welcome anysuggestions editorial any editorial suggestions that help suggestions fill gaps, that help thatexpand fill help gaps, our fill gaps, expand expand our our Original paintingOriginalOriginal by painting José painting Tapiró by José by y Baró.José Tapiró Tapiró y Baró. y Baró. Zimmerman, took matters into his own hands despite orders from the police not to do so, having knowledge and/orknowledgeknowledge correct and/or these and/or correct extended correct these captions. these extended extended captions. captions. Please note jury of six women. The killing of Trayvon Martin became a catalyst in the fight against perpetual violence and Original paintingOriginalOriginal attributed painting painting attributed to Jasper attributed toBeckx Jasper to Jasperor AlbertBeckx Beckx Eckhout.or Albert or Albert Eckhout. Eckhout. previously contacted them by telephone on several recorded 911calls. An altercation ensued The contextual information provided are intended as brief introductions systematic racism towards black people and members of the African-American community, triggering international to complex histaonricdalthnaerrautnivaesrm, aend inteseonmaegceasrews amsayfacotantllayinshot in the chest. After his trial, Zimmerman was acquitted by an all-female inaccuracies or inconsistencies. activist movements, and Black Lives Matter campaigns. One of the most popular protest marches was the Million Please note jury of six women. The killing of Trayvon Martin became a catalyst in the fight against perpetual violence and We welcome any editorial suggestions that help fill gaps, expand our Hoodie March held in March 2012 in New York, where thousands of people came together dressed in hooded The contextual information provided are intended as brief introductions systematic racism towards black people and members of the African-American community, triggering international to complex historical narratives, and in some cases may contain knowledge and/or correct these extended captions. jumpers similar to the one worn by the young Trayvon Martin on the day of his killing. inaccuracies or inconsistencies. activist movements, and Black Lives Matter campaigns. One of the most popular protest marches was the Million We welcome any editorial suggestions that help fill gaps, expand our Hoodie March held in March 2012 in New York, where thousands of people came together dressed in hooded knowledge and/or correct these extended captions. jumpers similar to the one worn by the young Trayvon Martin on the day of his killing.