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4. Data Acquisition and Data Processing for Hiking Maps

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4. Data Acquisition and Data Processing for Hiking Maps MASTERARBEIT Titel der Masterarbeit Creating new touristic maps of high mountainous areas which have not been mapped either for touristic purposes or at all Methods, challenges and cost-efficient solutions in the workflow Verfasser Adam Szabadfalvi angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Science (MSc) Wien, 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 856 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Kartographie und Geoinformation Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ.-Prof., DI Dr. Wolfgang Kainz Creating new touristic maps of high mountainous areas which have not been mapped either for touristic purposes or at all – methods, challenges and cost-efficient solutions in the workflow Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1. Choosing the topic and motivation .............................................................. 1 2. Structure of the work .......................................................................................... 2 2. Maps of high mountainous areas ............................................................ 5 1. From the beginnings: the first maps and map-like drawings of mountains, purposes of maps, user need changes over the change of time ......................................................................................................... 5 2. High mountain maps at a glance: where is what? ................................ 8 A. Europe ........................................................................................................................ 8 B. Asia ........................................................................................................................... 11 C. Africa ........................................................................................................................ 15 D. North America ....................................................................................................... 17 E. Antarctica ................................................................................................................ 19 F. Australia and Oceania .......................................................................................... 19 G. South America ....................................................................................................... 20 3. Target areas ............................................................................................................ 24 1. Listing of target areas ........................................................................................ 24 A. Europe ...................................................................................................................... 24 B. North America ....................................................................................................... 28 C. Africa ........................................................................................................................ 30 D. South America ....................................................................................................... 35 E. Asia ........................................................................................................................... 40 4. Data Acquisition and Data Processing for hiking maps ...... 44 1. General overview ................................................................................................. 44 A. What it is all about: the geographical data .................................................... 44 B. Positioning systems: a necessary tool for measurements ......................... 45 2. Ways and methods for Data Acquisition ................................................. 48 i Creating new touristic maps of high mountainous areas which have not been mapped either for touristic purposes or at all – methods, challenges and cost-efficient solutions in the workflow A. Space- and Airborne Remote Sensing ............................................................. 49 B. Ground-based surveying ..................................................................................... 56 C. Data acquisition from analogue maps ............................................................. 59 D. Acquisition of analyzed data .............................................................................. 60 3. Orthoimages and Preprocessing .................................................................. 61 A. Making Orthoimages from Aerial photos ....................................................... 61 B. Preprocessing of remotely sensed data .......................................................... 63 4. Data representation: making map from the data ............................... 64 A. Coordinate systems, Datum and Projections ................................................ 64 B. Representation of images and surfaces .......................................................... 67 C. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) ........................................................ 68 D. Remote sensing applications ............................................................................. 69 E. Vector and Raster graphics editors .................................................................. 70 5. Collaborative Mapping and Hiking Maps ....................................... 72 1. Neogeography and Collaborative mapping: a new mapping method ...................................................................................................................... 72 A. Neogeography and Collaborative mapping in General .............................. 72 B. When it all started ................................................................................................ 74 C. Purposes of collaborative mapping .................................................................. 75 2. Collaborative Geographic Information Systems and other user- generated spatial contents ............................................................................. 76 A. Collaborating Mapping projects ........................................................................ 76 B. Image sharing with spatial information .......................................................... 78 C. User-made aerial photography ......................................................................... 78 3. User-generated content at a glance .......................................................... 79 B. Licensing and re-use of user-generated data integrated to a GIS ........... 80 C. Availability of user-generated mountain tracks for remote regions ....... 81 6. From Planning until Selling: Processes before and at the end of a mapping project ...................................................................... 84 1. Editorial works and Production of hiking maps ................................... 84 ii Creating new touristic maps of high mountainous areas which have not been mapped either for touristic purposes or at all – methods, challenges and cost-efficient solutions in the workflow A. Color Management of hiking maps .................................................................. 84 B. Map Size and Printing ....................................................................................... …85 C. Paper Quality and Folding .................................................................................. 86 2. Map Authoring and Marketing ..................................................................... 88 A. Map Authoring....................................................................................................... 88 B. Marketing ................................................................................................................ 90 7. Costs and conditions in each segment ............................................. 92 A. Satellite data and imageries ............................................................................... 92 B. Field Surveying and Track making .................................................................... 94 C. Software Costs ....................................................................................................... 95 D. Platform demands ................................................................................................ 97 E. Printing- and material costs ............................................................................... 98 F. Operating costs...................................................................................................... 99 8. Making a low-cost touristic map of a remote high mountain range in the practice: Mount Cameroon ............. 100 1. Choosing the area .............................................................................................. 100 2. Data Sources and the Software Environment ..................................... 100 A. Data and Data Accuracy .................................................................................... 100 B. The Software ........................................................................................................ 101 3. Making the map from the data .................................................................. 102 A. The Basics .............................................................................................................. 102 B. Data Processing ................................................................................................... 104 C. Creating the map ................................................................................................ 108 4. The End-Product ................................................................................................
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