MASTERARBEIT Titel der Masterarbeit Creating new touristic maps of high mountainous areas which have not been mapped either for touristic purposes or at all Methods, challenges and cost-efficient solutions in the workflow Verfasser Adam Szabadfalvi angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Science (MSc) Wien, 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 856 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Kartographie und Geoinformation Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ.-Prof., DI Dr. Wolfgang Kainz Creating new touristic maps of high mountainous areas which have not been mapped either for touristic purposes or at all – methods, challenges and cost-efficient solutions in the workflow Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1. Choosing the topic and motivation .............................................................. 1 2. Structure of the work .......................................................................................... 2 2. Maps of high mountainous areas ............................................................ 5 1. From the beginnings: the first maps and map-like drawings of mountains, purposes of maps, user need changes over the change of time ......................................................................................................... 5 2. High mountain maps at a glance: where is what? ................................ 8 A. Europe ........................................................................................................................ 8 B. Asia ........................................................................................................................... 11 C. Africa ........................................................................................................................ 15 D. North America ....................................................................................................... 17 E. Antarctica ................................................................................................................ 19 F. Australia and Oceania .......................................................................................... 19 G. South America ....................................................................................................... 20 3. Target areas ............................................................................................................ 24 1. Listing of target areas ........................................................................................ 24 A. Europe ...................................................................................................................... 24 B. North America ....................................................................................................... 28 C. Africa ........................................................................................................................ 30 D. South America ....................................................................................................... 35 E. Asia ........................................................................................................................... 40 4. Data Acquisition and Data Processing for hiking maps ...... 44 1. General overview ................................................................................................. 44 A. What it is all about: the geographical data .................................................... 44 B. Positioning systems: a necessary tool for measurements ......................... 45 2. Ways and methods for Data Acquisition ................................................. 48 i Creating new touristic maps of high mountainous areas which have not been mapped either for touristic purposes or at all – methods, challenges and cost-efficient solutions in the workflow A. Space- and Airborne Remote Sensing ............................................................. 49 B. Ground-based surveying ..................................................................................... 56 C. Data acquisition from analogue maps ............................................................. 59 D. Acquisition of analyzed data .............................................................................. 60 3. Orthoimages and Preprocessing .................................................................. 61 A. Making Orthoimages from Aerial photos ....................................................... 61 B. Preprocessing of remotely sensed data .......................................................... 63 4. Data representation: making map from the data ............................... 64 A. Coordinate systems, Datum and Projections ................................................ 64 B. Representation of images and surfaces .......................................................... 67 C. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) ........................................................ 68 D. Remote sensing applications ............................................................................. 69 E. Vector and Raster graphics editors .................................................................. 70 5. Collaborative Mapping and Hiking Maps ....................................... 72 1. Neogeography and Collaborative mapping: a new mapping method ...................................................................................................................... 72 A. Neogeography and Collaborative mapping in General .............................. 72 B. When it all started ................................................................................................ 74 C. Purposes of collaborative mapping .................................................................. 75 2. Collaborative Geographic Information Systems and other user- generated spatial contents ............................................................................. 76 A. Collaborating Mapping projects ........................................................................ 76 B. Image sharing with spatial information .......................................................... 78 C. User-made aerial photography ......................................................................... 78 3. User-generated content at a glance .......................................................... 79 B. Licensing and re-use of user-generated data integrated to a GIS ........... 80 C. Availability of user-generated mountain tracks for remote regions ....... 81 6. From Planning until Selling: Processes before and at the end of a mapping project ...................................................................... 84 1. Editorial works and Production of hiking maps ................................... 84 ii Creating new touristic maps of high mountainous areas which have not been mapped either for touristic purposes or at all – methods, challenges and cost-efficient solutions in the workflow A. Color Management of hiking maps .................................................................. 84 B. Map Size and Printing ....................................................................................... …85 C. Paper Quality and Folding .................................................................................. 86 2. Map Authoring and Marketing ..................................................................... 88 A. Map Authoring....................................................................................................... 88 B. Marketing ................................................................................................................ 90 7. Costs and conditions in each segment ............................................. 92 A. Satellite data and imageries ............................................................................... 92 B. Field Surveying and Track making .................................................................... 94 C. Software Costs ....................................................................................................... 95 D. Platform demands ................................................................................................ 97 E. Printing- and material costs ............................................................................... 98 F. Operating costs...................................................................................................... 99 8. Making a low-cost touristic map of a remote high mountain range in the practice: Mount Cameroon ............. 100 1. Choosing the area .............................................................................................. 100 2. Data Sources and the Software Environment ..................................... 100 A. Data and Data Accuracy .................................................................................... 100 B. The Software ........................................................................................................ 101 3. Making the map from the data .................................................................. 102 A. The Basics .............................................................................................................. 102 B. Data Processing ................................................................................................... 104 C. Creating the map ................................................................................................ 108 4. The End-Product ................................................................................................