Urban Politics in Morocco
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URBAN POLITICS IN MOROCCO UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT, NEOLIBERAL GOVERNMENT AND THE RESTRUCTURING OF STATE POWER Koenraad Bogaert Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Politcal and Social Sciences, option Political Sciences Ghent University March 2011 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Sami Zemni … and the mighty multinationals have monopolized the oxygen so it’s as easy as breathing for us all to participate yes they’re buying and selling off shares of air and you know it’s all around you but it’s hard to point and say “there” so you just sit on your hands and quietly contemplate. (Ani Di Franco, Your next bold move) Table of contents General introduction............................................................................................ 11 Chapter 1: Method, fieldwork and critique as methodology ........................... 23 Not beyond but away from the regime paradigm: from an a-spatial to a spatial analysis of political transition ................................................................................ 25 Fieldwork and critical theory ................................................................................. 32 Some reflections on fieldwork ................................................................... 34 Critical theory ............................................................................................ 45 Chapter 2: The state, politics of neoliberal globalization and forms of actually existing neoliberalism ............................................................................ 53 Neoliberalism as a political project ........................................................................ 54 (Good) governance: a post-political perspective on reform ...................... 57 Neoliberalism: a political perspective on reform ...................................... 60 Neoliberal globalization and the state .................................................................... 69 Rethinking the neoliberal state .................................................................. 71 Conceptualizing the state: the art of government, class forces and state spatiality ..................................................................................................... 79 Actually existing forms of neoliberalism ............................................................... 92 Uneven development ................................................................................ 93 Neoliberal urbanism and the Arab World .................................................. 97 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 105 Chapter 3: Three decades of neoliberal reform in Morocco ........................... 107 Political transformations in Morocco (1980-2010): a neoliberal transition and a transition in neoliberalism ..................................................................................... 109 Structural adjustment in Morocco: the phase of roll back neoliberalism .............. 115 The pre-SAP decades in Morocco .............................................................. 117 Structural adjustment and urban unrest ..................................................... 123 Accumulation by dispossession ................................................................. 127 The re-invention of state interventionism: the phase of roll out neoliberalism ..... 135 The re-invention of the social question ..................................................... 136 Morocco’s urban revolution ....................................................................... 144 Elite politics and the question of class in Morocco ............................................... 149 The state bourgeoisie ................................................................................. 152 Neoliberal reform leading to capitalist class formation? ........................... 154 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 166 Chapter 4: Power and control in neoliberal politics: A bio-political transition from sovereign city planning to techniques of security ................................... 169 A focus on technologies of power: governmentality, sovereign city planning and techniques of security ............................................................................................ 170 Urban growth and socio-spatial fragmentation: from tolerance to control ............ 182 Sovereign city planning after 1981 ....................................................................... 191 The deconcentration of state power at the urban scale .............................. 191 Urban restructuring and state architecture in Casablanca ......................... 201 Techniques of security in the 21st century .............................................................. 206 The increasing administration of life in the slums .................................... 209 Citizen participation and poverty capital: the re-making of development 216 The new politics of truth: neoliberal interpretations of participation and integration .................................................................................................. 226 The (anti-)political reorganization of the slum space ................................ 233 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 238 Chapter 5: Redesigning urban life and the formation of new state spaces in Morocco................................................................................................................. 241 Beyond nation state-centrism: neoliberal urbanization and the formation of the new state space of the Bouregreg Valley ............................................................... 243 The whereabouts of (state) power: a perspective on the hierarchical powers of reach .......................................................................................... 243 Mapping the new state space of the Bouregreg Valley .............................. 249 New state spaces and the production of uneven urban development .................... 259 The privatization of public space: assemblages of (class) power redesigning urban life ................................................................................. 260 Creative destruction and the current urban spatial fix in Morocco ............ 269 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 277 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................ 283 Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 292 6 List of abbreviations AAVB Agence pour l’Aménagement de la Vallée du Bouregreg ADS Agence de Développement Sociale AFD Agence Française de Développement AMDH Association Marocaine des Droits Humains ANDCM Association Nationale de Diplômés Chômeurs au Maroc ANHI Agence Nationale pour l’Habitat Insalubre ANRT Agence Nationale de Réglementation des Télécommunica- tions AS Accompagnement social AUC Agence Urbaine de Casablanca AURS Agence Urbaine de Rabat-Salé CCDH Conseil Consultatif des Droits de l’Homme CERF Centre d’Expérimentation, de Recherche et de Formation CDG Caisse de Dépôt et de Gestion CDT Confédération Démocratique du Travaille CGEM Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc CGI Compagnie Générale Immobilière DGCL Direction Générale des Collectivités Locales ECP Emerging Capital Partners EMP European Mediterranean Partnership ENP European Neighbourhood Policy ENPI European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument ERAC Etablissements Régionaux d’Aménagement et de Construction EU European Union EUR Euros FBPMC Fondation Banque Populaire pour le MicroCrédit FDI Foreign Direct Investment FDT Fédération Démocratique du Travail FFNEAT Fonds Nationale d’Equipements et d’Achats de Terrains FONDEP Fondation pour le Développement Local et le Partenariat Microcrédit FSH Fonds de Solidarité de l’Habitat FTA Free Trade Agreement HC Habitats Clandestins IMF International Monetary Fund INAU Institut Nationale d’Aménagement Urbain INDH Initiative Nationale de Développement Humain ISI Import Substituting Industrialization MAD Moroccan dirham MASEN Moroccan Agency of Solar Energy MDG Millennium Development Goal MENA Middle East and North African MFI Microfinance Institution MIF Moroccan Infrastructure Fund 7 MOS Maîtrise d’Ouvrage Social MATUHE Ministère de l’Aménagement du Territoire de l’Urbanisme, de l’Habitat et de l’Environnement MHUAE Ministère de l’Habitat, de L’Urbanisme et de l’Aménage- ment de l’Espace MUHTE Ministère de l’Urbanisme, de l’Habitat, du Tourisme et de l’Environnement OBG Oxford Business Group OCE Office de Commercialisation et d’Exportation ODI Office de Développement Industriel ONA Omnium Nord Africain PAM Party of Authenticity and Modernity PARHI Programme National d’Action pour la Résorption de l’Ha- bitat Insalubre PJD Justice and Development Party PPP Public Private Partnership PPS Parti du Progrès et du Socialisme PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper QIZ Qualified Industrial Zone SABR Société d’Aménagement de la Vallée du Bouregreg SAP Structural Adjustment Program SDAU Schéma Directeur de l’Aménagement du Territoire SEZ Special Economic Zone SME Small to Medium-sized Enterprises SNI Société Nationale d’Investissement STRS Société du Tramway