Part 1. the Table of Nations
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Cutting-Edge Technology and Know-How of Minoans/Mycenaeans During Lba and Possible Implications for the Dating of the Trojan War
TAL 46-47 -pag 51-80 (-03 GIANNIKOS):inloop document Talanta 05-06-2016 14:31 Pagina 51 TALANTA XLVI-XLVII (2014-2015), 51 - 79 CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY AND KNOW-HOW OF MINOANS/MYCENAEANS DURING LBA AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DATING OF THE TROJAN WAR Konstantinos Giannakos In the present paper, the material evidence, in LBA, both for the technological level of Minoan/Mycenaean Greece, mainland-islands-Crete, and the image emerging from the archaeological finds of the wider area of Asia Minor, Land of Ḫatti, Cyprus, and Egypt, are combined in order to draw conclusions regard- ing international relations and exchanges. This period of on the one hand pros- perity with conspicuous consumption and military expansion, on the other hand as well of decline and degradation of power are considered in relation with the ability of performing overseas raids of Mycenaean Greeks. The finds of the destructions’ layers in Troy VI/VIIa are examined in order to verify whether one of these layers is compatible to the Trojan War, while an earlier dating is pro- posed. The results are compared with the narrative of ancient literature in order to trace compatibilities or inconsistencies to the archaeological finds. Introduction Technology and its ‘products’, when unearthed by archaeologists, are irrefutable witnesses to the technological level of each era and place. Especially the cut- ting-edge technology and, more in general, an advanced know-how are, in my opinion, of decisive importance, since “Great Powers” use them in order to increase wealth and military superiority. The evaluation of archaeological finds, cutting-edge technology, and advanced know-how of each era could result in conclusions regarding the nature of international trade and relation- ships, and can also be brought in connection with evidence from ancient litera- ture. -
Linguistic Study About the Origins of the Aegean Scripts
Anistoriton Journal, vol. 15 (2016-2017) Essays 1 Cretan Hieroglyphics The Ornamental and Ritual Version of the Cretan Protolinear Script The Cretan Hieroglyphic script is conventionally classified as one of the five Aegean scripts, along with Linear-A, Linear-B and the two Cypriot Syllabaries, namely the Cypro-Minoan and the Cypriot Greek Syllabary, the latter ones being regarded as such because of their pictographic and phonetic similarities to the former ones. Cretan Hieroglyphics are encountered in the Aegean Sea area during the 2nd millennium BC. Their relationship to Linear-A is still in dispute, while the conveyed language (or languages) is still considered unknown. The authors argue herein that the Cretan Hieroglyphic script is simply a decorative version of Linear-A (or, more precisely, of the lost Cretan Protolinear script that is the ancestor of all the Aegean scripts) which was used mainly by the seal-makers or for ritual usage. The conveyed language must be a conservative form of Sumerian, as Cretan Hieroglyphic is strictly associated with the original and mainstream Minoan culture and religion – in contrast to Linear-A which was used for several other languages – while the phonetic values of signs have the same Sumerian origin as in Cretan Protolinear. Introduction The three syllabaries that were used in the Aegean area during the 2nd millennium BC were the Cretan Hieroglyphics, Linear-A and Linear-B. The latter conveys Mycenaean Greek, which is the oldest known written form of Greek, encountered after the 15th century BC. Linear-A is still regarded as a direct descendant of the Cretan Hieroglyphics, conveying the unknown language or languages of the Minoans (Davis 2010). -
The Role of the Philistines in the Hebrew Bible*
Teresianum 48 (1997/1) 373-385 THE ROLE OF THE PHILISTINES IN THE HEBREW BIBLE* GEORGE J. GATGOUNIS II Although hope for discovery is high among some archeolo- gists,1 Philistine sources for their history, law, and politics are not yet extant.2 Currently, the fullest single source for study of the Philistines is the Hebrew Bible.3 The composition, transmis sion, and historical point of view of the biblical record, however, are outside the parameters of this study. The focus of this study is not how or why the Hebrews chronicled the Philistines the way they did, but what they wrote about the Philistines. This study is a capsule of the biblical record. Historical and archeo logical allusions are, however, interspersed to inform the bibli cal record. According to the Hebrew Bible, the Philistines mi * Table of Abbreviations: Ancient Near Eastern Text: ANET; Biblical Archeologist: BA; Biblical Ar- cheologist Review: BAR; Cambridge Ancient History: CAH; Eretz-Israel: E-I; Encyclopedia Britannica: EB; Journal of Egyptian Archeology: JEA; Journal of Near Eastern Studies: JNES; Journal of the Study of the Old Testament: JSOT; Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement: PEFQSt; Vetus Testamentum: VT; Westminster Theological Journal: WTS. 1 Cf. Law rence S tager, “When the Canaanites and Philistines Ruled Ashkelon,” BAR (Mar.-April 1991),17:36. Stager is hopeful: When we do discover Philistine texts at Ashkelon or elsewhere in Philistia... those texts will be in Mycenaean Greek (that is, in Linear B or same related script). At that moment, we will be able to recover another lost civilization for world history. -
The Hittites
THE ANCIENT EAST ~ No. VI THE HITTITES BY DR. L. MESSERSCHMIDT The Ancient East Under this title is being issued a series of short, popular but thoroughly scientific studies, by the leading scholars of Germany, setting forth the recent discoveries and investiga tions in Babylonian, Assyrian and Egyptian History, Religion, and A rchceology, especially as they bear upon the traditional views of early Eastern Histc,ry. The German originals have been appearing d1.ring the last eighteen months. The English translations made by Miss Jane Hutchison have been submitted in each case to the Authors, and embody their latest views. Short, helpful bibliographies are added. Each shtdy consists of some 64 to 80 pages, crown 8vo, and cJsts Is. sewed, or Is. 6d. cloth The following are issued: THE REALMS OF THE EGYPTIAN DEAD. By Pro- fes,or ALFRED "WIEDEMANN. THE TELL EL AMARNA PERIOD. By Dr. C. NIEBUHR. THE BABYLONIAN AND THE HEBREW GENESIS. By Professor H. ZIMMERN. THE BABYLONIAN CONCEPTION OF HEAVEN AND HELL. By Dr. ALFRED }EREMIAS. POPULAR LITERATURE IN ANCIENT EGYPT. By l'roft'ssor ALFRED WIEDEMANN. THE HITTITES. By Dr. L. MESSKRSCHMIDT. THE HITTITES BY DR. L. MESSERSCHMIDT TRANSLATED BY]. HUTCHISON WITH NINE ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON: DAVID NUTT 57-59 LONG ACRE 1903 CONTENTS P.AGF. I. HITTITE HISTORY 1. Scantiness of Sources of Information . 9 z. Scope of the Name "Hittite" <) 3. The Different Branches of the Hittite Stock 10 4. The Kheta or Khatti 1 r 5. The Mitani . 12 6. The so-called "Hittite" Treaty 14 7. The Hittite Kingdom of Karkhemish 19 8. -
The Early History of Syria and Palestine
THE GIFT OF MAY TREAT MORRISON IN MEMORY OF ALEXANDER F MORRISON Gbe Semitic Series THE EARLY HISTORY OF SYRIA AND PALESTINE By LEWIS BAYLES PATON : SERIES OF HAND-BOOKS IN SEM1T1CS EDITED BY JAMES ALEXANDER CRAIG PROFESSOR OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES AND HELLENISTIC GREEK, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Recent scientific research has stimulated an increasing interest in Semitic studies among scholars, students, and the serious read- ing public generally. It has provided us with a picture of a hitherto unknown civilization, and a history of one of the great branches of the human family. The object of the present Series is to state its results in popu- larly scientific form. Each work is complete in itself, and the Series, taken as a whole, neglects no phase of the general subject. Each contributor is a specialist in the subject assigned him, and has been chosen from the body of eminent Semitic scholars both in Europe and in this country. The Series will be composed of the following volumes I. Hebrews. History and Government. By Professor J. F. McCurdy, University of Toronto, Canada. II. Hebrews. Ethics arid Religion. By Professor Archibald Duff, Airedale College, Bradford, England. [/« Press. III. Hebrews. The Social Lije. By the Rev. Edward Day, Springfield, Mass. [No7i> Ready. IV. Babylonians and Assyrians, with introductory chapter on the Sumerians. History to the Fall of Babylon. V. Babylonians and Assyrians. Religion. By Professor J. A. Craig, University of Michigan. VI. Babylonians and Assyrians. Life and Customs. By Professor A. H. Sayce, University of Oxford, England. \Noiv Ready. VII. Babylonians and Assyrians. -
The Philistines Were Among the Sea Peoples, Probably of Aegean Origin, Who First Appeared in the E Mediterranean at the End of the 13Th Century B.C
The Philistines were among the Sea Peoples, probably of Aegean origin, who first appeared in the E Mediterranean at the end of the 13th century B.C. These peoples were displaced from their original homelands as part of the extensive population movements characteristic of the end of the LB Age. During this period, the Egyptians and the Hittites ruled in the Levant, but both powers were in a general state of decline. The Sea Peoples exploited this power vacuum by invading areas previously subject to Egyptian and Hittite control, launching land and sea attacks on Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, to which various Egyptian sources attest. The various translations of the name Philistine in the different versions of the Bible reveal that even in early times translators and exegetes were unsure of their identity. In the LXX, for example, the name is usually translated as allopsyloi ("strangers"), but it occurs also as phylistieim in the Pentateuch and Joshua. In the Hebrew Bible, the Philistines are called Pelishtim, a term defining them as the inhabitants ofPeleshet, i.e., the coastal plain of S Palestine. Assyrian sources call them both Pilisti and Palastu. The Philistines appear as prst in Egyptian sources. Encountering the descendants of the Philistines on the coast of S Palestine, the historian Herodotus, along with sailors and travelers from the Persian period onward called them palastinoi and their countrypalastium. The use of these names in the works of Josephus, where they are common translations forPhilistines and Philistia and, in some cases, for the entire land of Palestine, indicates the extent to which the names had gained acceptance by Roman times. -
Mortem Et Gloriam Army Lists Use the Army Lists to Create Your Own Customised Armies Using the Mortem Et Gloriam Army Builder
Army Lists Assyria and Babylon Contents Syro-Hittite 1100 to 901 BCE Phrygian 850 to 676 BCE Philistine 1100 to 732 BCE Early Iranian 836 to 550 BCE Dark Age Greek 1100 to 671 BCE Later Hebrew 800 to 586 BCE Hebrew 1000 to 801 BCE Cimmerian 750 to 630 BCE Phoenician 1000 to 332 BCE Urartian 746 to 585 BCE Early Arab 1000 to 301 BCE Neo-Assyrian Empire 745 to 681 BCE Mannaian 950 to 610 BCE Kushite Egyptian 732 to 656 BCE Libyan Egyptian 945 to 720 BCE Lydian 687 to 540 BCE Later Syro-Hittite 900 to 700 BCE Later Sargonid Assyrian v02 680 to 609 BCE Chaldean Babylonian 900 to 627 BCE Saitic Egyptian 664 to 525 BCE Later Vedic Indian 900 to 530 BCE Assyrian Babylonian v02 652 to 648 BCE Later Elamite 890 to 539 BCE Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 to 539 BCE Early Neo-Assyrian Empire 883 to 745 BCE Median Empire 620 to 550 BCE Early Urartian 860 to 747 BCE Version 2020.02: 1st January 2020 © Simon Hall Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder. There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. -
Nimrud. an Assyrian Imperial City Revealed. Oxbow Books, Oxford
9840_BIOR_2007/1-2_01 27-04-2007 09:05 Pagina 110 215 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXIV N° 1-2, januari-april 2007 216 Meuszynski und Paolo Fiorina, sowie die zahlreichen iraki- schen Kampagnen unter verschiedenen Ausgräbern geschil- dert. Im ersten Kapitel “The Land of Assyria — Setting the scene” wird sehr kurz die Geographie und die historische Entwicklung Assyriens bis ins 9. Jh. v. Chr. behandelt, bevor dann ausführlich die Periode der neuassyrischen Geschichte besprochen wird, in die Nimruds Glanzzeit fällt — also von AssurnaÒirpal II. bis zum Ende des assyrischen Reiches — und deren Hinterlassenschaften den Rahmen des Buches bil- den. Ein Überblick über die Anlage der Stadt und eine Besprechung der Stadtmauern, die in keinem der anderen Kapitel Platz fand, runden diesen Überblick ab. Das zweite Kapitel ist den Palästen auf der Akropolis gewidmet, wobei naturgemäß der Nord-West-Palast mit sei- ner Reliefausstattung2) den größten Raum einnimmt. Schon hier zeigt sich, daß es den Verfassern überzeugend gelingt, die Ergebnisse der verschiedenen Grabungen zu kombinie- ren und dennoch dabei die Verdienste der einzelnen Ausgrä- ber deutlich zu machen. Besonders ist zu würdigen, daß es den Verfassern gelang, die Ergebnisse der irakischen Gra- bungen seit 1988 im Bereich des Wohnflügels (bitanu) des Nord-West-Palastes zu berücksichtigen. Dies führt einerseits zu dem gegenüber den bisherigen Publikation (M.E.L. Mal- lowan, Nimrud and its Remains I, Tafel III) verbesserten Plan des Nord-West-Palastes durch Muzahim M. Hussein (S. 60, Abb. 33) und andererseits zu einer ausführlichen Darstellung der im Nord-West-Palast gefundenen Gräber assyrischer Königinnen aus dem 9. und 8. Jh. v. -
The Philistines and the "Sea Peoples" Not the Same Entity
THE PHILISTINES AND THE "SEA PEOPLES" NOT THE SAME ENTITY We have already indicated the opinion of Rowley and others1 who believe that the mention of the Philistines in the Bible proves the Exodus occurred after the Philistines settled in the land. Since it is generally considered that they settled about the period of Raamses III,2 we are accordingly obliged to date the Exodus about 1100 B. C. This dating condenses the whole period of the wandering in the desert, the conquest of Canaan the period of the judges as well as Saul's reign into a time–lapse of about 50–80 years3. Such an estimate is in complete contradiction with the biblical narrative. Some scholars try to settle this difficulty by stating that the Philistines settled in the land several generations after the Israelite conquest,4 and their mention in the patriarchal period is anachronistic. Those scholars who so vehemently reject the possibility of anachronism when dealing with Raamses, are prepared without hesitation to accept such a possibility with the name "Philistines". The view which holds that the Philistines Settlement occurred at a late historical period is based on various factors. The Bible calls "Caphtor' the original Philistine homeland, and regards them as being of Egyptian descent: "And Mizrayim (=Egypt) begot Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehavim and Naftuhim, and Patrusim and Kasluhim (out of whom came Pelishtim) and Kaftorim"(Gen. 10: 13–14). Elsewhere Caphtor is mentioned as "Iy – is understood to signify "אי – Jer. 47: 4). The word "Iy אי כפתור) "Caphtor 1 Petrie, Palestine and Israel, p. -
Assembling the Iron Age Levant: the Archaeology of Communities, Polities, and Imperial Peripheries
J Archaeol Res (2016) 24:373–420 DOI 10.1007/s10814-016-9093-8 Assembling the Iron Age Levant: The Archaeology of Communities, Polities, and Imperial Peripheries Benjamin W. Porter1 Published online: 5 March 2016 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 Abstract Archaeological research on the Iron Age (1200–500 BC) Levant, a narrow strip of land bounded by the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Desert, has been balkanized into smaller culture historical zones structured by modern national borders and disciplinary schools. One consequence of this division has been an inability to articulate broader research themes that span the wider region. This article reviews scholarly debates over the past two decades and identifies shared research interests in issues such as ethnogenesis, the development of territorial polities, economic intensification, and divergent responses to imperial interventions. The broader contributions that Iron Age Levantine archaeology offers global archaeological inquiry become apparent when the evidence from different corners of the region is assembled. Keywords Empire · Ethnicity · Middle East · State Introduction The Levantine Iron Age (c. 1200–500 BC) was a transformative historical period that began with the decline of Bronze Age societies throughout the Eastern Mediterranean and concluded with the collapse of Babylonian imperial rule at the end of the sixth century BC. Sandwiched between Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean Sea on the east and west, and Anatolia and Egypt on the north and south (Figs. 1 and 2), respectively, a patchwork of Levantine societies gradually established political polities, only to see them dismantled and reshaped in the wake & Benjamin W. Porter [email protected] 1 Phoebe A. -
CAPHTOR-CAPPADOCIA by G. A. WAINWRIGHT Bournemouth Today the Standard Belief Is That Caphtor Was Crete, Though Biblical Scholars
CAPHTOR-CAPPADOCIA BY G. A. WAINWRIGHT Bournemouth Today the standard belief is that Caphtor was Crete, though Biblical scholars have always noted the difficulties. In fact that island is only one of many places which have been proposed as the site. Thus, Cyprus, Phoenicia and the Phoenician colonies, and even the island of Karpathos have also been suggested, and quite recently though "with the utmost reserve" the island of Kythera 1), while of course Cappadocia, unreasonable as it has seemed hitherto, had to be in- cluded in the list. In this article much evidence is brought forward to show that Cappadocia, or more accurately a part of Greater Cappa- docia, was indeed Caphtor 2). Of all the various countries suggested Crete has received the main support, because it was accepted that Caphtor was described as an "island" in the O.T., and Crete is a large one. Since the early years of this century the belief in Crete has been further strengthened by Sir Arthur EVANS' discovery that it was also the home of a splendid civilization. There was a country known to the Egyptians as Keftiu, or as it may have been pronounced Kefto, and this is evidently the same name as the contemporary cuneiform Kaptara, and the much later Hebrew Caphtor, though the absence of the final r has never been explained. Hence, based on the above-mentioned firm belief, there has grown up a strongly held view that Keftiu was also Crete. This idea was 1) WEIDNERin J. H. S., LIX (1939), p. 138. 2) I approached this question in an article entitled "Caphtor, Keftiu and Cappa- docia" published in 1931, p. -
Armies of the Ancient Near E
Armies of the Ancient Near East 3,000 BC to 539 BC Organisation, tactics, dress and equipment. 210 illustrations and 9 maps. by Nigel StiUman and Nigel Tallis Egyptian Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, S,itc, libyan, Nubian, KU 5hiu~. Sumerian, Akkadian, Eblaitc. Amoritc, HammUl1lpic lhhylonian, Old Assyrian, Human, MilaMian, K.ssitc, Middle: Assyrian, Neo Assyrian, Neo Babylonia n, Chaldun, GUlian, Mannatan, Iranian, Cimmerian, Hyluos. Canaanite, Syrian, Ugaritic, Hebrew, Philistine, Midianitc Arab, Cypriot, Phoenician, Hanian. Hillile, Anatolian, Sea Peoples, Neo Hinile, Aramaun, Phrygian. Lydian. Uranian, Elamilc, Minoan. Mycenaean, Harappan. A WARGAMES RESEARCH GROUP PUBLICATION INTRODUCTION This book. chronologically the finl in the W.R.G. series, attempts the diflkulltaP: ofducribingl he military organisa tion and equipment of the many civilisations ohhe ancienl Near East over a period of 2,500 years. It is du.slening to note tbatthis span oftime is equivalent to half of all recorded history and that a single companion volume, should anyone wish to attempt it, wou.ld have to encompass the period 539 BC to 1922 AD! We hope that our researches will rcOca the: .... St amount of archacologiaJ, pictorial and tarual evidence ..... hich has survived and been rW)vered from this region. It is a matter of some rcp-ct that tbe results of much of the research accumulated in this century has tended to be disperKd among a variety of sometimes obscure publications. Consequently, it is seldom that this mJterial is aplo!ted to its full potcoti.al IS a source for military history. We have attempted 10 be as comptcbensive IS possible and to make UK of the lcuer known sourcCI and the most recent ruearm.